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Morandini L, Caulier S, Bragard C, Mahillon J. Bacillus cereus sensu lato antimicrobial arsenal: An overview. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127697. [PMID: 38522411 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group contains genetically closed bacteria displaying a variety of phenotypic features and lifestyles. The group is mainly known through the properties of three major species: the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the foodborne opportunistic strains of B. cereus sensu stricto. Yet, the actual diversity of the group is far broader and includes multiple lifestyles. Another less-appreciated aspect of B. cereus members lies within their antimicrobial potential which deserves consideration in the context of growing emergence of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides, and makes it crucial to find new sources of antimicrobial molecules. This review presents the state of knowledge on the known antimicrobial compounds of the B. cereus group members, which are grouped according to their chemical features and biosynthetic pathways. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the antimicrobial range exhibited by this group of bacteria, underscoring the interest in its potent biocontrol arsenal and encouraging further research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Caulier
- Laboratory of Plant Health, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Laboratory of Plant Health, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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Hemthanon T, Promdonkoy B, Boonserm P. Screening and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for high production of Vip3A and Cry proteins and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108020. [PMID: 37956858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an entomopathogenic bacterium that produces crystalline (Cry and Cyt) and soluble (vegetative insecticidal proteins or Vips) proteins during the sporulation and vegetative growth phases, respectively. Combining Cry and Vip proteins could delay insect resistance development and exhibit synergistic activity against various insect pests. This study aims to screen Bt isolates collected from Thailand for high Vip3A and Cry protein production levels and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. Among the selected Bt isolates with high target protein synthesis, Bt isolate 506 was found to be safe for further biopesticide formulation due to the absence of non-specific metabolite, as determined by the detection of thermo-stable β-exotoxin I based on biological assays and PCR analysis. Bt isolate 506 showed the presence of Cry1A, Cry2A, and Vip3A-type proteins identified as Cry1Aa45, Cry2Aa22, and Vip3A87, respectively. The insecticidal activity of whole culture extracts containing Vip3A and Cry mixtures and culture supernatants containing secreted Vip3A protein was evaluated against the second-instar larvae of S. exigua and S. frugiperda. The Bt isolate 506 showed high toxicity against both insects, and the insecticidal proteins produced by this isolate retained their activity after heating at 50 °C. This Bt isolate is a promising candidate for further development as a biopesticide against lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharathip Hemthanon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Wang Z, Liu C, Shi Y, Huang M, Song Z, Simal-Gandara J, Li N, Shi J. Classification, application, multifarious activities and production improvement of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-14. [PMID: 36876514 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2185588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopeptides, a class of compounds consisting of a peptide ring and a fatty acid chain, are secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus spp. As their hydrophilic and oleophilic properties, lipopeptides are widely used in food, medicine, environment and other industrial or agricultural fields. Compared with artificial synthetic surfactants, microbial lipopeptides have the advantages of low toxicity, high efficiency and versatility, resulting in urgent market demand and broad development prospect of lipopeptides. However, due to the complex metabolic network and precursor requirements of synthesis, the specific and strict synthesis pathway, and the coexistence of multiple homologous substances, the production of lipopeptides by microorganisms has the problems of high cost and low production efficiency, limiting the mass production of lipopeptides and large-scale application in industry. This review summarizes the types of Bacillus-produced lipopeptides and their biosynthetic pathways, introduces the versatility of lipopeptides, and describes the methods to improve the production of lipopeptides, including genetic engineering and optimization of fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Mingming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zunyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Ourense, Spain
| | - Ningyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jingying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Ramírez V, Martínez J, Bustillos-Cristales MDR, Catañeda-Antonio D, Munive JA, Baez A. Bacillus cereus MH778713 elicits tomato plant protection against Fusarium oxysporum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:470-482. [PMID: 34137137 PMCID: PMC9291537 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The genus Fusarium comprises plant pathogenic species with agricultural relevance. Fusarium oxysporum causes tomato wilt disease with significant production losses. The use of agrochemicals to control the Fusarium wilt of tomato is not environmentally friendly. Bacillus species, as biocontrol agents, provide a safe and sustainable means to control Fusarium-induced plant diseases. In this study, the ability of Bacillus cereus MH778713, a strain isolated from root nodules of Prosopis laevigata, to protect tomato plants against Fusarium wilt was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacillus cereus MH778713 and its volatiles inhibited the radial growth of F. oxysporum and stimulated tomato seedling growth in in vitro and in vivo tests. When tomato plants growing in the greenhouse were inoculated with B. cereus MH778713, the percentage of wilted plants decreased from 96% to 12%, indicating an effective crop protection against Fusarium wilt. Among the metabolites produced by B. cereus MH778713, hentriacontane and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol promoted tomato seedling growth and showed antifungal activity against the target pathogen. CONCLUSION The inoculation of B. cereus MH778713 on tomato seedlings helped plants to manage Fusarium wilt, suggesting the potential of B. cereus MH778713 as a biocontrol agent. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results complement our previous studies on chromium tolerance and bioremediation traits of B. cereus MH778713 by highlighting the potential of this metal-resistant micro-organism to boost crop growth and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Javier Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Dispositivos Semiconductores, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | - Dolores Catañeda-Antonio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - José-Antonio Munive
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Antonino Baez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens utilize cell-cell communication systems, such as quorum sensing (QS), to coordinate genetic programs during host colonization and infection. The human-restricted pathosymbiont Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]) uses the Rgg2/Rgg3 QS system to modify the bacterial surface, enabling biofilm formation and lysozyme resistance. Here, we demonstrate that innate immune cell responses to GAS are substantially altered by the QS status of the bacteria. We found that macrophage activation, stimulated by multiple agonists and assessed by cytokine production and NF-κB activity, was substantially suppressed upon interaction with QS-active GAS but not QS-inactive bacteria. Neither macrophage viability nor bacterial adherence, internalization, or survival were altered by the QS activation status, yet tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon beta (IFN-β) levels and NF-κB reporter activity were drastically lower following infection with QS-active GAS. Suppression required contact between viable bacteria and macrophages. A QS-regulated biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in the GAS genome, encoding several putative enzymes, was also required for macrophage modulation. Our findings suggest a model wherein upon contact with macrophages, QS-active GAS produce a BGC-derived factor capable of suppressing inflammatory responses. The suppressive capability of QS-active GAS is abolished after treatment with a specific QS inhibitor. These observations suggest that interfering with the ability of bacteria to collaborate via QS can serve as a strategy to counteract microbial efforts to manipulate host defenses.
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R. Plants-nematodes-microbes crosstalk within soil: A trade-off among friends or foes. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126755. [PMID: 33845302 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with enormous biotic and abiotic components within ecosystem. For instance, microbes, insects, herbivores, animals, nematodes etc. In general, these interactions are studied independently with plants, that condenses only specific information about the interaction. However, the limitation to study the cross-interactions masks the collaborative role of organisms within ecosystem. Beneficial microbes are most prominent organisms that are needed to be studied due to their bidirectional nature towards plants. Fascinatingly, Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) have been profoundly observed to cause mass destruction of agricultural crops worldwide. The huge demand for agriculture for present-day population requires optimization of production potential by curbing the damage caused by PPNs. Chemical nematicides combats their proliferation, but their extended usage has abruptly affected flora, fauna and human populations. Because of consistent pressing issues in regard to environment, the use of biocontrol agents are most favourable alternatives for managing agriculture. However, this association is somehow, tug of war, and understanding of plant-nematode-microbial relation would enable the agriculturists to monitor the overall development of plants along with limiting the use of agrochemicals. Soil microbes are contemporary bio-nematicides emerging in the market, that stimulates the plant growth and impedes PPNs populations. They form natural enemies and trap nematodes, henceforth, it is crucial to understand these interactions for ecological and biotechnological perspectives for commercial use. Moreover, acquiring the diversity of their relationship and molecular-based mechanisms, outlines their cascade of signaling events to serve as biotechnological ecosystem engineers. The omics based mechanisms encompassing hormone gene regulatory pathways and elicitors released by microbes are able to modulate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes within plants. This is achieved via Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) or acquired systemic channels. Taking into account all these validations, the present review mainly advocates the relationship among microbes and nematodes in plants. It is believed that this review will boost zest and zeal within researchers to effectively understand the plant-nematodes-microbes relations and their ecological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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Wang Z, Wang K, Bravo A, Soberón M, Cai J, Shu C, Zhang J. Coexistence of cry9 with the vip3A Gene in an Identical Plasmid of Bacillus thuringiensis Indicates Their Synergistic Insecticidal Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14081-14090. [PMID: 33180493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains may express several insecticidal proteins with synergistic features, achieving high insecticidal toxicity and delaying development of resistance in insect pests. Previous work showed that Cry9Aa and Vip3Aa proteins present synergistic activity against Chilo suppressalis. In this study, genome-wide analysis of 489 Bt genomes revealed that cry9A was associated with the vip3A gene in seven Bt strains. Among all Bt genomes analyzed, not a single strain was found to have the cry9A gene alone without the presence of the vip3A gene. The complete genome sequencing of two Bt strains, 4AP1 and 4AO1, revealed that cry9A and vip3A genes were located in the same plasmid in both strains. The genome context analysis suggested a recombination mechanism responsible for the insertion of the cry9A gene into the plasmid containing vip3A. The coexistence of Cry9A with Vip3A proteins in strain 4AP1 was confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and western blot analyses. Furthermore, another Cry9 protein codified by the gene in the identical plasmid also showed synergistic activity with the Vip3A protein. Overall, our results support that cry9 genes coexisted with vip3A and that complete genome sequencing combined with protein expression analysis may be used to identify associations of insecticidal proteins with potential synergistic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Jilin Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Dong Z, Xie C, Bravo A, Soberón M, Mahillon J, Sun M, Peng D. The CRISPR-Cas systems were selectively inactivated during evolution of Bacillus cereus group for adaptation to diverse environments. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1479-1493. [PMID: 32132663 PMCID: PMC7242445 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems are considered as barriers to horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, the influence of such systems on HGT within species is unclear. Also, little is known about the impact of CRISPR-Cas systems on bacterial evolution at the population level. Here, using Bacillus cereus sensu lato as model, we investigate the interplay between CRISPR-Cas systems and HGT at the population scale. We found that only a small fraction of the strains have CRISPR-Cas systems (13.9% of 1871), and most of such systems are defective based on their gene content analysis. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the CRISPR-Cas systems are barriers to HGT within this group, since strains harboring active systems contain less mobile genetic elements (MGEs), have lower fraction of unique genes and also display limited environmental distributions than strains without active CRISPR-Cas systems. The introduction of a functional CRISPR-Cas system into a strain lacking the system resulted in reduced adaptability to various stresses and decreased pathogenicity of the transformant strain, indicating that B. cereus group strains could benefit from inactivating such systems. Our work provides a large-scale case to support that the CRISPR-Cas systems are barriers to HGT within species, and that in the B. cereus group the inactivation of CRISPR-Cas systems correlated with acquisition of MGEs that could result in better adaptation to diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanshuai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 2 - L7.05.12, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Malovichko YV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Repertoire of the Bacillus thuringiensis Virulence Factors Unrelated to Major Classes of Protein Toxins and Its Role in Specificity of Host-Pathogen Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E347. [PMID: 31212976 PMCID: PMC6628457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive soil bacteria that infects invertebrates, predominantly of Arthropoda phylum. Due to its immense host range Bt has become a leading producer of biopesticides applied both in biotechnology and agriculture. Cytotoxic effect of Bt, as well as its host specificity, are commonly attributed either to proteinaceous crystal parasporal toxins (Cry and Cyt) produced by bacteria in a stationary phase or to soluble toxins of Vip and Sip families secreted by vegetative cells. At the same time, numerous non-toxin virulence factors of Bt have been discovered, including metalloproteases, chitinases, aminopolyol antibiotics and nucleotide-mimicking moieties. These agents act at each stage of the B. thuringiensis invasion and contribute to cytotoxic properties of Bt strains enhancing toxin activity, ensuring host immune response evasion and participating in extracellular matrix degeneration. In this review we attempt to classify Bt virulence factors unrelated to major groups of protein toxins and discuss their putative role in the establishment of Bt specificity to various groups of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Anton A Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Kirill S Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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11
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The potential of Bacilli rhizobacteria for sustainable crop production and environmental sustainability. Microbiol Res 2019; 219:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Yang W, Ruan L, Tao J, Peng D, Zheng J, Sun M. Single Amino Acid Substitution in Homogentisate Dioxygenase Affects Melanin Production in Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2242. [PMID: 30364256 PMCID: PMC6193087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis formulation losing its activity under field conditions due to UV radiation and photoprotection of B. thuringiensis based on melanin has attracted the attention of researchers for many years. Here, a single amino acid substitution (G272E) in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was found to be responsible for pigment overproduction in B. thuringiensis BMB181, a derivative of BMB171. Disrupting the gene encoding homogentisate dioxygenase in BMB171 induced the accumulation of the homogentisic acid and provoked an increased pigment formation. To gain insights into homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase in B. thuringiensis, we constructed a total of 14 mutations with a single amino acid substitution, and six of the mutant proteins were found to affect the melanin production when substituted by alanine. This study provides a new way to construct pigment-overproducing strains by impairing the homogentisate dioxygenase with a single mutation in B. thuringiensis, and the findings will facilitate a better understanding of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangming Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Zheng D, Zeng Z, Xue B, Deng Y, Sun M, Tang YJ, Ruan L. Bacillus thuringiensis produces the lipopeptide thumolycin to antagonize microbes and nematodes. Microbiol Res 2018; 215:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Pérez MP, Sauka DH, Onco MI, Berretta MF, Benintende GB. Selection of Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic to cotton boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis , Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:264-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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15
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Shafi J, Tian H, Ji M. Bacillus species as versatile weapons for plant pathogens: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1286950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Shafi
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mingshan Ji
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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16
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Du C, Cao S, Shi X, Nie X, Zheng J, Deng Y, Ruan L, Peng D, Sun M. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of a Gene Operon for trans-Aconitic Acid, a Novel Nematicide from Bacillus thuringiensis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3517-3530. [PMID: 28087696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
trans-Aconitic acid (TAA) is an isomer of cis-aconitic acid (CAA), an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that is synthesized by aconitase. Although TAA production has been detected in bacteria and plants for many years and is known to be a potent inhibitor of aconitase, its biosynthetic origins and the physiological relevance of its activity have remained unclear. We have serendipitously uncovered key information relevant to both of these questions. Specifically, in a search for novel nematicidal factors from Bacillus thuringiensis, a significant nematode pathogen harboring many protein virulence factors, we discovered a high yielding component that showed activity against the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita and surprisingly identified it as TAA. Comparison with CAA, which displayed a much weaker nematicidal effect, suggested that TAA is specifically synthesized by B. thuringiensis as a virulence factor. Analysis of mutants deficient in plasmids that were anticipated to encode virulence factors allowed us to isolate a TAA biosynthesis-related (tbr) operon consisting of two genes, tbrA and tbrB We expressed the corresponding proteins, TbrA and TbrB, and characterized them as an aconitate isomerase and TAA transporter, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis of the TAA biosynthetic gene cluster revealed the association of the TAA genes with transposable elements relevant for horizontal gene transfer as well as a distribution across B. cereus bacteria and other B. thuringiensis strains, suggesting a general role for TAA in the interactions of B. cereus group bacteria with nematode hosts in the soil environment. This study reveals new bioactivity for TAA and the TAA biosynthetic pathway, improving our understanding of virulence factors employed by B. thuringiensis pathogenesis and providing potential implications for nematode management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiyun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangtao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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17
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Complete genome sequence of Fictibacillus arsenicus G25-54, a strain with toxicity to nematodes. J Biotechnol 2017; 241:98-100. [PMID: 27902921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) can infect almost all crops and cause huge economic losses in agriculture worldwide. An in-depth understanding of bacteria with nematicidal activity is essential for an effective and environmentally friendly control of RKNs. Fictibacillus arsenicus G25-54, a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium isolated from a submerged sand bank, shows nematicidal activity against free-living Caenorhabditis elegans and RKNs. Here, we report the complete genome of F. arsenicus G25-54, which contains a circular chromosome and encodes ten potential nematicidal factors with twelve secondary metabolite gene clusters. Additionally, it encodes five arsenic resistance and transformation related proteins, which may provide the potential arsenic-resistance activity.
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18
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Nematicidal spore-forming Bacilli share similar virulence factors and mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31341. [PMID: 27539267 PMCID: PMC4990965 DOI: 10.1038/srep31341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the soil environment, Bacilli can affect nematode development, fecundity and survival. However, although many Bacillus species can kill nematodes, the virulence mechanisms Bacilli utilize remain unknown. In this study, we collected 120 strains comprising 30 species across the Bacillaceae and Paenibacillaceae families of the Bacillales order and measured their nematicidal activities in vitro. Comparison of these strains’ nematicidal capacities revealed that nine species, including Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. firmus, B. toyonensis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Brevibacillus laterosporus and B. brevis, were highly nematicidal, the first of which showed the highest activity. Genome sequencing and analysis identified many potential virulence factors, which grouped into five types. At least four possible mechanisms were deduced on the basis of the combination of these factors and the bacterial nematicidal activity, including a pore-forming mechanism of crystal proteins, an inhibition-like mechanism of thuringiensin and a degradation mechanism of proteases and/or chitinases. Our results demonstrate that 120 spore-forming Bacilli across different families share virulence factors that may contribute to their nematicidal capacity.
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Wang P, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xu J, Deng Y, Peng D, Ruan L, Sun M. Mob/oriT, a mobilizable site-specific recombination system for unmarked genetic manipulation in Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:108. [PMID: 27286821 PMCID: PMC4902927 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus are two important species in B. cereus group. The intensive study of these strains at the molecular level and construction of genetically modified bacteria requires the development of efficient genetic tools. To insert genes into or delete genes from bacterial chromosomes, marker-less manipulation methods were employed. Results We present a novel genetic manipulation method for B. thuringiensis and B. cereus strains that does not leave selection markers. Our approach takes advantage of the relaxase Mob02281 encoded by plasmid pBMB0228 from Bacillus thuringiensis. In addition to its mobilization function, this Mob protein can mediate recombination between oriT sites. The Mob02281 mobilization module was associated with a spectinomycin-resistance gene to form a Mob-Spc cassette, which was flanked by the core 24-bp oriT sequences from pBMB0228. A strain in which the wild-type chromosome was replaced with the modified copy containing the Mob-Spc cassette at the target locus was obtained via homologous recombination. Thus, the spectinomycin-resistance gene can be used to screen for Mob-Spc cassette integration mutants. Recombination between the two oriT sequences mediated by Mob02281, encoded by the Mob-Spc cassette, resulted in the excision of the Mob-Spc cassette, producing the desired chromosomal alteration without introducing unwanted selection markers. We used this system to generate an in-frame deletion of a target gene in B. thuringiensis as well as a gene located in an operon of B. cereus. Moreover, we demonstrated that this system can be used to introduce a single gene or an expression cassette of interest in B. thuringiensis. Conclusion The Mob/oriT recombination system provides an efficient method for unmarked genetic manipulation and for constructing genetically modified bacteria of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus. Our method extends the available genetic tools for B. thuringiensis and B. cereus strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0492-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Geng C, Nie X, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Lin J, Sun M, Peng D. A novel serine protease, Sep1, from Bacillus firmus DS-1 has nematicidal activity and degrades multiple intestinal-associated nematode proteins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25012. [PMID: 27118554 PMCID: PMC4846997 DOI: 10.1038/srep25012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause serious harm to agricultural production. Bacillus firmus shows excellent control of PPNs and has been produced as a commercial nematicide. However, its nematicidal factors and mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we showed that B. firmus strain DS-1 has high toxicity against Meloidogyne incognita and soybean cyst nematode. We sequenced the whole genome of DS-1 and identified multiple potential virulence factors. We then focused on a peptidase S8 superfamily protein called Sep1 and demonstrated that it had toxicity against the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and M. incognita. The Sep1 protein exhibited serine protease activity and degraded the intestinal tissues of nematodes. Thus, the Sep1 protease of B. firmus is a novel biocontrol factor with activity against a root-knot nematode. We then used C. elegans as a model to elucidate the nematicidal mechanism of Sep1, and the results showed that Sep1 could degrade multiple intestinal and cuticle-associated proteins and destroyed host physical barriers. The knowledge gained in our study will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of B. firmus against PPNs and will aid in the development of novel bio-agents with increased efficacy for controlling PPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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21
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Natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics in Actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:401-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nucleoside antibiotics constitute an important family of microbial natural products bearing diverse bioactivities and unusual structural features. Their biosynthetic logics are unique with involvement of complex multi-enzymatic reactions leading to the intricate molecules from simple building blocks. Understanding how nature builds this family of antibiotics in post-genomic era sets the stage for rational enhancement of their production, and also paves the way for targeted persuasion of the cell factories to make artificial designer nucleoside drugs and leads via synthetic biology approaches. In this review, we discuss the recent progress and perspectives on the natural and engineered biosynthesis of nucleoside antibiotics.
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22
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Ruan L, Wang H, Cai G, Peng D, Zhou H, Zheng J, Zhu L, Wang X, Yu H, Li S, Geng C, Sun M. A two-domain protein triggers heat shock pathway and necrosis pathway both in model plant and nematode. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4547-65. [PMID: 26147248 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis is equipped with multiple virulent factors. The genome sequence of B. thuringiensis YBT1520 revealed the presence of a two-domain protein named Nel which is composed of a necrosis-inducing phytophthora protein 1-like domain found in phytopathogens and a ricin B-like lectin domain. The merging of two distantly related domains is relatively rare. Nel induced necrosis and pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI) on model plants. The Nel also exhibited inhibition activity to nematode. Microscopic observation showed that the toxicity of Nel to nematodes targets the intestine. Quantitative proteomics revealed that Nel stimulated the host defence. The Nel thus possesses dual roles, as both toxin and elicitor. Remarkably, the Nel protein triggered a similar response, induction of the heat shock pathway and the necrosis pathway, in both model plants and nematodes. The unusual ability of Nel to function across kingdom suggests a highly conserved mechanism in eukaryotes that predates the divergence of plants and animal. It is also speculated that the two-domain protein is the result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between phytopathogens and entomopathogens. Our results provide an example that HGT occurs between members of different species or even genera with lower frequency are particularly important for evolution of new bacterial pathogen lineages with new virulence. Bacillus thuringiensis occupies the same ecological niches, plant and soil, as phytopathogens, providing the opportunity for gene exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ge Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haoquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Seng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ce Geng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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23
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Matseliuk EV. Bacillus thuringiensis elastases with insecticide activity. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2015. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech8.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Palma L, Muñoz D, Berry C, Murillo J, Caballero P. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins: an overview of their biocidal activity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3296-325. [PMID: 25514092 PMCID: PMC4280536 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram positive, spore-forming bacterium that synthesizes parasporal crystalline inclusions containing Cry and Cyt proteins, some of which are toxic against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes and human-cancer cells. These toxins have been successfully used as bioinsecticides against caterpillars, beetles, and flies, including mosquitoes and blackflies. Bt also synthesizes insecticidal proteins during the vegetative growth phase, which are subsequently secreted into the growth medium. These proteins are commonly known as vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) and hold insecticidal activity against lepidopteran, coleopteran and some homopteran pests. A less well characterized secretory protein with no amino acid similarity to Vip proteins has shown insecticidal activity against coleopteran pests and is termed Sip (secreted insecticidal protein). Bin-like and ETX_MTX2-family proteins (Pfam PF03318), which share amino acid similarities with mosquitocidal binary (Bin) and Mtx2 toxins, respectively, from Lysinibacillus sphaericus, are also produced by some Bt strains. In addition, vast numbers of Bt isolates naturally present in the soil and the phylloplane also synthesize crystal proteins whose biological activity is still unknown. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the known active Bt toxins to date and discuss their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Palma
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja, 31192 Navarra, Spain.
| | - Delia Muñoz
- Grupo de Protección Cultivos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain.
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Jesús Murillo
- Grupo de Protección Cultivos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain.
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja, 31192 Navarra, Spain.
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25
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Sauka DH, Pérez MP, López NN, Onco MI, Berretta MF, Benintende GB. PCR-based prediction of type I β-exotoxin production in Bacillus thuringiensis strains. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 122:28-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Jimenez JC, Federle MJ. Quorum sensing in group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:127. [PMID: 25309879 PMCID: PMC4162386 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a widespread phenomenon in the microbial world that has important implications in the coordination of population-wide responses in several bacterial pathogens. In Group A Streptococcus (GAS), many questions surrounding QS systems remain to be solved pertaining to their function and their contribution to the GAS lifestyle in the host. The QS systems of GAS described to date can be categorized into four groups: regulator gene of glucosyltransferase (Rgg), Sil, lantibiotic systems, and LuxS/AI-2. The Rgg family of proteins, a conserved group of transcription factors that modify their activity in response to signaling peptides, has been shown to regulate genes involved in virulence, biofilm formation and competence. The sil locus, whose expression is regulated by the activity of signaling peptides and a putative two-component system (TCS), has been implicated on regulating genes involved with invasive disease in GAS isolates. Lantibiotic regulatory systems are involved in the production of bacteriocins and their autoregulation, and some of these genes have been shown to target both bacterial organisms as well as processes of survival inside the infected host. Finally AI-2 (dihydroxy pentanedione, DPD), synthesized by the LuxS enzyme in several bacteria including GAS, has been proposed to be a universal bacterial communication molecule. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of these four systems, the putative functions of their targets, and pose critical questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cristobal Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Federle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Liu X, Ruan L, Peng D, Li L, Sun M, Yu Z. Thuringiensin: a thermostable secondary metabolite from Bacillus thuringiensis with insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2229-38. [PMID: 25068925 PMCID: PMC4147579 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thuringiensin (Thu), also known as β-exotoxin, is a thermostable secondary metabolite secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis. It has insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects, including species belonging to the orders Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Isoptera, and several nematode species. The chemical formula of Thu is C22H32O19N5P, and it is composed of adenosine, glucose, phosphoric acid, and gluconic diacid. In contrast to the more frequently studied insecticidal crystal protein, Thu is not a protein but a small molecule oligosaccharide. In this review, a detailed and updated description of the characteristics, structure, insecticidal mechanism, separation and purification technology, and genetic determinants of Thu is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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28
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Iatsenko I, Nikolov A, Sommer RJ. Identification of distinct Bacillus thuringiensis 4A4 nematicidal factors using the model nematodes Pristionchus pacificus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2050-63. [PMID: 25025708 PMCID: PMC4113741 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6072050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis has been extensively used for the biological control of insect pests. Nematicidal B. thuringiensis strains have also been identified; however, virulence factors of such strains are poorly investigated. Here, we describe virulence factors of the nematicidal B. thuringiensis 4A4 strain, using the model nematodes Pristionchus pacificus and Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that B. thuringiensis 4A4 kills both nematodes via intestinal damage. Whole genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis 4A4 identified Cry21Ha, Cry1Ba, Vip1/Vip2 and β-exotoxin as potential nematicidal factors. Only Cry21Ha showed toxicity to C. elegans, while neither Cry nor Vip toxins were active against P. pacificus, when expressed in E. coli. Purified crystals also failed to intoxicate P. pacificus, while autoclaved spore-crystal mixture of B. thuringiensis 4A4 retained toxicity, suggesting that primary β-exotoxin is responsible for P. pacificus killing. In support of this, we found that a β-exotoxin-deficient variant of B. thuringiensis 4A4, generated by plasmid curing lost virulence to the nematodes. Thus, using two model nematodes we revealed virulence factors of the nematicidal strain B. thuringiensis 4A4 and showed the multifactorial nature of its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Iatsenko
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Angel Nikolov
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis NBIN-866 with High Nematocidal Activity. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/3/e00429-14. [PMID: 24855295 PMCID: PMC4031334 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00429-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis NBIN-866, a Gram-positive bacterium, was isolated from soil in China. We announce here the draft genome sequence of strain B. thuringiensis NBIN-866, which possesses highly nematocidal factors, such as proteins and small molecular peptides.
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Zheng J, Peng D, Ruan L, Sun M. Evolution and dynamics of megaplasmids with genome sizes larger than 100 kb in the Bacillus cereus group. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:262. [PMID: 24295128 PMCID: PMC4219350 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmids play a crucial role in the evolution of bacterial genomes by mediating horizontal gene transfer. However, the origin and evolution of most plasmids remains unclear, especially for megaplasmids. Strains of the Bacillus cereus group contain up to 13 plasmids with genome sizes ranging from 2 kb to 600 kb, and thus can be used to study plasmid dynamics and evolution. RESULTS This work studied the origin and evolution of 31 B. cereus group megaplasmids (>100 kb) focusing on the most conserved regions on plasmids, minireplicons. Sixty-five putative minireplicons were identified and classified to six types on the basis of proteins that are essential for replication. Twenty-nine of the 31 megaplasmids contained two or more minireplicons. Phylogenetic analysis of the protein sequences showed that different minireplicons on the same megaplasmid have different evolutionary histories. Therefore, we speculated that these megaplasmids are the results of fusion of smaller plasmids. All plasmids of a bacterial strain must be compatible. In megaplasmids of the B. cereus group, individual minireplicons of different megaplasmids in the same strain belong to different types or subtypes. Thus, the subtypes of each minireplicon they contain may determine the incompatibilities of megaplasmids. A broader analysis of all 1285 bacterial plasmids with putative known minireplicons whose complete genome sequences were available from GenBank revealed that 34% (443 plasmids) of the plasmids have two or more minireplicons. This indicates that plasmid fusion events are general among bacterial plasmids. CONCLUSIONS Megaplasmids of B. cereus group are fusion of smaller plasmids, and the fusion of plasmids likely occurs frequently in the B. cereus group and in other bacterial taxa. Plasmid fusion may be one of the major mechanisms for formation of novel megaplasmids in the evolution of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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31
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Wang Y, Peng D, Dong Z, Zhu L, Guo S, Sun M. Cloning and analysis of a large plasmid pBMB165 from Bacillus thuringiensis revealed a novel plasmid organization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81746. [PMID: 24312580 PMCID: PMC3847046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a rapid cloning strategy for large native plasmids via a contig linkage map by BAC libraries. Using this method, we cloned a large plasmid pBMB165 from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar tenebrionis strain YBT-1765. Complete sequencing showed that pBMB165 is 77,627 bp long with a GC-content of 35.36%, and contains 103 open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence analysis and comparison reveals that pBMB165 represents a novel plasmid organization: it mainly consists of a pXO2-like replicon and mobile genetic elements (an inducible prophage BMBTP3 and a set of transposable elements). This is the first description of this plasmid organization pattern, which may result from recombination events among the plasmid replicon, prophage and transposable elements. This plasmid organization reveals that the prophage BMBTP3 may use the plasmid replicon to maintain its genetic stability. Our results provide a new approach to understanding co-evolution between bacterial plasmids and bacteriophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suxia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zhou J, Xu Z, Chen S. Simulation and prediction of the thuringiensin abiotic degradation processes in aqueous solution by a radius basis function neural network model. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:442-447. [PMID: 23273880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The thuringiensin abiotic degradation processes in aqueous solution under different conditions, with a pH range of 5.0-9.0 and a temperature range of 10-40°C, were systematically investigated by an exponential decay model and a radius basis function (RBF) neural network model, respectively. The half-lives of thuringiensin calculated by the exponential decay model ranged from 2.72 d to 16.19 d under the different conditions mentioned above. Furthermore, an RBF model with accuracy of 0.1 and SPREAD value 5 was employed to model the degradation processes. The results showed that the model could simulate and predict the degradation processes well. Both the half-lives and the prediction data showed that thuringiensin was an easily degradable antibiotic, which could be an important factor in the evaluation of its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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A Bacillus thuringiensis host strain with high melanin production for preparation of light-stable biopesticides. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Development and validation of a confirmative LC-MS/MS method for the determination of ß-exotoxin thuringiensin in plant protection products and selected greenhouse crops. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bacillus thuringiensis metalloproteinase Bmp1 functions as a nematicidal virulence factor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:460-8. [PMID: 23124228 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02551-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Bacillus thuringiensis strains have high toxicity to nematodes. Nematicidal activity has been found in several families of crystal proteins, such as Cry5, Cry6, and Cry55. The B. thuringiensis strain YBT-1518 has three cry genes that have high nematicidal activity. The whole genome sequence of this strain contains multiple potential virulence factors. To evaluate the pathogenic potential of virulence factors, we focused on a metalloproteinase called Bmp1. It encompasses a consecutive N-terminal signal peptide, an FTP superfamily domain, an M4 neutral protease GluZincin superfamily, two Big-3 superfamily motifs, and a Gram-positive anchor superfamily motif as a C-terminal domain. Here, we showed that purified Bmp1 protein showed metalloproteinase activity and toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans (the 50% lethal concentration is 610 ± 9.37 μg/ml). In addition, mixing Cry5Ba with Bmp1 protein enhanced the toxicity 7.9-fold (the expected toxicity of the two proteins calculated from their separate toxicities) against C. elegans. Confocal microscopic observation revealed that Bmp1 protein was detected from around the mouth and esophagus to the intestine. Striking microscopic images revealed that Bmp1 degrades intestine tissues, and the Cry5Ba causes intestinal shrinkage from the body wall. Thus, the B. thuringiensis Bmp1 metalloproteinase is a nematicidal virulence factor. These findings give a new insight into the relationship between B. thuringiensis and its host nematodes.
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Zhu Y, Ji F, Shang H, Zhu Q, Wang P, Xu C, Deng Y, Peng D, Ruan L, Sun M. Gene clusters located on two large plasmids determine spore crystal association (SCA) in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. finitimus strain YBT-020. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27164. [PMID: 22076131 PMCID: PMC3208593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals in Bacillus thuringiensis are usually formed in the mother cell compartment during sporulation and are separated from the spores after mother cell lysis. In a few strains, crystals are produced inside the exosporium and are associated with the spores after sporulation. This special phenotype, named ‘spore crystal association’ (SCA), typically occurs in B. thuringiensis subsp. finitimus. Our aim was to identify genes determining the SCA phenotype in B. thuringiensis subsp. finitimus strain YBT-020. Plasmid conjugation experiments indicated that the SCA phenotype in this strain was tightly linked with two large plasmids (pBMB26 and pBMB28). A shuttle bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of strain YBT-020 was constructed. Six fragments from BAC clones were screened from this library and discovered to cover the full length of pBMB26; four others were found to cover pBMB28. Using fragment complementation testing, two fragments, each of approximately 35 kb and located on pBMB26 and pBMB28, were observed to recover the SCA phenotype in an acrystalliferous mutant, B. thuringiensis strain BMB171. Furthermore, deletion analysis indicated that the crystal protein gene cry26Aa from pBMB26, along with five genes from pBMB28, were indispensable to the SCA phenotype. Gene disruption and frame-shift mutation analyses revealed that two of the five genes from pBMB28, which showed low similarity to crystal proteins, determined the location of crystals inside the exosporium. Gene disruption revealed that the three remaining genes, similar to spore germination genes, contributed to the stability of the SCA phenotype in strain YBT-020. Our results thus identified the genes determining the SCA phenotype in B. thuringiensis subsp. finitimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Ji
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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[Analyze and compare metabolic pathways of Bacillus cereus group]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1057-66. [PMID: 21993280 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A large number of data and information was obtained from genome sequencing and high-throughput genomic studies, use of the information to study metabolic networks become a new hotspot in biological research. This article compared different methods to reconstruct metabolic networks and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each methods, and then introduced some researches about carbohydrate metabolism pathways, amino acid metabolic pathways, and energy metabolism pathways of 9 strains of Bacillus cereus, 6 strains of B. anthracis,,6 strain of B. thuringiensis, and finds out their similarities and characteristics. These three strains have some necessary metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid cycle, alanine metabolism, histidine metabolism, and energy metabolism, but they may have some specific pathways. B cereus has higher efficiency in utilizing monosaccharide, B. anthracis is rich in degradation and transport pathways of amino acids. A glutamate metabolic bypass way exists in B. thuringiensis. Analysis of metabolic pathways provides a new way to study and use food toxin, anthrax toxin, and insecticidal toxin of these strains in future.
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Kang Q, Bai L, Deng Z. Toward steadfast growth of antibiotic research in China: from natural products to engineered biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1228-41. [PMID: 21930196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used for clinical treatment and preventing or curing diseases in agriculture. Cloning and studies of their biosynthetic gene clusters are vital for yield enhancement and engineering new derivatives with new and prominent activities. In recent years, research in this aspect is impressively active in China. This article reviews biosynthetic progress on 28 antibiotics, including polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptides, peptidyl nucleoside, nucleoside, and others. Their biosynthetic mechanisms were disclosed, and their derivatives with new structures/activities were obtained by gene inactivation, mutasynthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Kang
- State key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Luo Y, Ruan LF, Zhao CM, Wang CX, Peng DH, Sun M. Validation of the intact zwittermicin A biosynthetic gene cluster and discovery of a complementary resistance mechanism in Bacillus thuringiensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4161-9. [PMID: 21730118 PMCID: PMC3165285 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00111-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwittermicin A (ZmA) is a hybrid polyketide-nonribosomal peptide produced by certain Bacillus cereus group strains. It displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Its biosynthetic pathway in B. cereus has been proposed through analysis of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) modules involved in ZmA biosynthesis. In this study, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain YBT-1520 genomic DNA. The presence of known genes involved in the biosynthesis of ZmA in this BAC library was investigated by PCR techniques. Nine positive clones were identified, two of which (covering an approximately 60-kb region) could confer ZmA biosynthesis ability upon B. thuringiensis BMB171 after simultaneous transfer into this host by two compatible shuttle BAC vectors. Another previously unidentified gene cluster, named zmaWXY, was found to improve the yield of ZmA and was experimentally defined to function as a ZmA resistance transporter which expels ZmA from the cells. Putative transposase genes were detected on the flanking regions of the two gene clusters (the ZmA synthetic cluster and zmaWXY), which suggests a mobile nature of these two gene clusters. The intact ZmA gene cluster was validated, and a resistance mechanism complementary to that for zmaR (the previously identified ZmA self-resistance gene) was revealed. This study also provided a straightforward strategy to isolate and identify a huge gene cluster from Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Fang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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40
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Complete genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain CT-43. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3407-8. [PMID: 21551307 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05085-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis has been widely used as an agricultural biopesticide for a long time. As a producing strain, B. thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain CT-43 is highly toxic to lepidopterous and dipterous insects. It can form various parasporal crystals consisting of Cry1Aa3, Cry1Ba1, Cry1Ia14, Cry2Aa9, and Cry2Ab1. During fermentation, it simultaneously generates vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa10 and the insecticidal nucleotide analogue thuringiensin. Here, we report the finished, annotated genome sequence of B. thuringiensis strain CT-43.
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