1
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Pham D, Silberger DJ, Nguyen KN, Gao M, Weaver CT, Hatton RD. Batf stabilizes Th17 cell development via impaired Stat5 recruitment of Ets1-Runx1 complexes. EMBO J 2023; 42:e109803. [PMID: 36917143 PMCID: PMC10106990 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the activator protein-1 (AP-1) factor Batf is required for Th17 cell development, its mechanisms of action to underpin the Th17 program are incompletely understood. Here, we find that Batf ensures Th17 cell identity in part by restricting alternative gene programs through its actions to restrain IL-2 expression and IL-2-induced Stat5 activation. This, in turn, limits Stat5-dependent recruitment of Ets1-Runx1 factors to Th1- and Treg-cell-specific gene loci. Thus, in addition to pioneering regulatory elements in Th17-specific loci, Batf acts indirectly to inhibit the assembly of a Stat5-Ets1-Runx1 complex that enhances the transcription of Th1- and Treg-cell-specific genes. These findings unveil an important role for Stat5-Ets1-Runx1 interactions in transcriptional networks that define alternate T cell fates and indicate that Batf plays an indispensable role in both inducing and maintaining the Th17 program through its actions to regulate the competing actions of Stat5-assembled enhanceosomes that promote Th1- and Treg-cell developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Pham
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Kim N Nguyen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Min Gao
- Informatics InstituteUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
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2
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Martinelli M, Aguilar G, Lee DS, Kromer A, Nguyen N, Wilkins BJ, Akimova T, Beier UH, Ghanem LR. The poly(C)-binding protein Pcbp2 is essential for CD4 + T cell activation and proliferation. iScience 2022; 26:105860. [PMID: 36632062 PMCID: PMC9826892 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein Pcbp2 is widely expressed in the innate and adaptive immune systems and is essential for mouse development. To determine whether Pcbp2 is required for CD4+ T cell development and function, we derived mice with conditional Pcbp2 deletion in CD4+ T cells and assessed their overall phenotype and proliferative responses to activating stimuli. We found that Pcbp2 is essential for T conventional cell (Tconv) proliferation, working through regulation of co-stimulatory signaling. Pcbp2 deficiency in the CD4+ lineage did not impact Treg abundance in vivo or function in vitro. In addition, our data demonstrate a clear association between Pcbp2 control of Runx1 exon 6 splicing in CD4+ T cells and a specific role for Pcbp2 in the maintenance of peripheral CD4+ lymphocyte population size. Last, we show that Pcbp2 function is required for optimal in vivo Tconv cell activation in a T cell adoptive transfer colitis model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Martinelli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gabrielle Aguilar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S.M. Lee
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Kromer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tatiana Akimova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ulf H. Beier
- Division of Nephrology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Louis R. Ghanem
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding author
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3
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Identification of distinct functional thymic programming of fetal and pediatric human γδ thymocytes via single-cell analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5842. [PMID: 36195611 PMCID: PMC9532436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental thymic waves of innate-like and adaptive-like γδ T cells have been described, but the current understanding of γδ T cell development is mainly limited to mouse models. Here, we combine single cell (sc) RNA gene expression and sc γδ T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on fetal and pediatric γδ thymocytes in order to understand the ontogeny of human γδ T cells. Mature fetal γδ thymocytes (both the Vγ9Vδ2 and nonVγ9Vδ2 subsets) are committed to either a type 1, a type 3 or a type 2-like effector fate displaying a wave-like pattern depending on gestation age, and are enriched for public CDR3 features upon maturation. Strikingly, these effector modules express different CDR3 sequences and follow distinct developmental trajectories. In contrast, the pediatric thymus generates only a small effector subset that is highly biased towards Vγ9Vδ2 TCR usage and shows a mixed type 1/type 3 effector profile. Thus, our combined dataset of gene expression and detailed TCR information at the single-cell level identifies distinct functional thymic programming of γδ T cell immunity in human. Knowledge about the ontogeny of T cells in the thymus relies heavily on mouse studies because of difficulty to obtain human material. Here the authors perform a single cell analysis of thymocytes from human fetal and paediatric thymic samples to characterise the development of human γδ T cells in the thymus.
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4
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Brück C, Golumba-Nagy V, Yan S, Esser RL, Thiele J, Stahl D, Pesch CT, Steinbach-Knödgen E, Kofler DM. Th1 and Th17 cells are resistant towards T cell activation-induced downregulation of CD6. Clin Immunol 2022; 238:109025. [PMID: 35487454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell surface molecule CD6 is a modulator of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Recently, it has been reported that CD6 is downregulated on CD4+ T cells following T cell activation. This mechanism could limit the efficacy of anti-CD6 therapeutical antibodies. METHODS We analyzed CD6 expression on activated and non-activated Th1 cells and Th17 cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS Our experiments confirmed a significant downregulation of CD6 on IFNγ- and IL17-negative CD4+ T cells from healthy individuals and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis following T cell activation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. In contrast, CD6 expression remained stable on activated Th17 cells and Th1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Th1 and Th17 cells are resistant towards T cell activation-induced downregulation of CD6. These findings are relevant for the future development of CD6 targeting therapies and show that CD6 expression is differentially regulated in CD4+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Brück
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Golumba-Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth L Esser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Thiele
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Stahl
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carola Tho Pesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Steinbach-Knödgen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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5
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Cheok YY, Tan GMY, Fernandez KC, Chan YT, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Looi CY, Vadivelu J, Abdullah S, Wong WF. Podoplanin Drives Motility of Active Macrophage via Regulating Filamin C During Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702156. [PMID: 34707599 PMCID: PMC8543000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (Pdpn) is a mucin-type transmembrane protein that has been implicated in multiple physiological settings including lymphangiogenesis, platelet aggregation, and cancer metastasis. Here, we reported an absence of Pdpn transcript expression in the resting mouse monocytic macrophages, RAW264.7 cells; intriguingly, a substantial upregulation of Pdpn was observed in activated macrophages following Helicobacter pylori or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Pdpn-knockout macrophages demonstrated intact phagocytic and intracellular bactericidal activities comparable to wild type but exhibited impaired migration due to attenuated filopodia formation. In contrast, an ectopic expression of Pdpn augmented filopodia protrusion in activated macrophages. NanoString analysis uncovered a close dependency of Filamin C gene on the presence of Pdpn, highlighting an involvement of Filamin C in modulation of actin polymerization activity, which controls cell filopodia formation and migration. In addition, interleukin-1β production was significantly declined in the absence of Pdpn, suggesting a role of Pdpn in orchestrating inflammation during H. pylori infection besides cellular migration. Together, our findings unravel the Pdpn network that modulates movement of active macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keith Conrad Fernandez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suhailah Abdullah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Korinfskaya S, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, Barski A. Runx Transcription Factors in T Cells-What Is Beyond Thymic Development? Front Immunol 2021; 12:701924. [PMID: 34421907 PMCID: PMC8377396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx proteins (also known as Runt-domain transcription factors) have been studied for a long time as key regulators of cellular differentiation. RUNX2 has been described as essential for osteogenesis, whereas RUNX1 and RUNX3 are known to control blood cell development during different stages of cell lineage specification. However, recent studies show evidence of complex relationships between RUNX proteins, chromatin-modifying machinery, the cytoskeleton and different transcription factors in various non-embryonic contexts, including mature T cell homeostasis, inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the diversity of Runx functions in mature T helper cells, such as production of cytokines and chemokines by different CD4 T cell populations; apoptosis; and immunologic memory acquisition. We then briefly cover recent findings about the contribution of RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3 to various immunologic diseases. Finally, we discuss areas that require further study to better understand the role that Runx proteins play in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Korinfskaya
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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7
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Lin A, Elbezanti WO, Schirling A, Ahmed A, Van Duyne R, Cocklin S, Klase Z. Alprazolam Prompts HIV-1 Transcriptional Reactivation and Enhances CTL Response Through RUNX1 Inhibition and STAT5 Activation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:663793. [PMID: 34367046 PMCID: PMC8339301 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.663793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic is a significant challenge to the field of medicine. Despite advancements in antiretroviral (ART) development, 38 million people worldwide still live with this disease without a cure. A significant barrier to the eradication of HIV-1 lies in the persistently latent pool that establishes early in the infection. The “shock and kill” strategy relies on the discovery of a latency-reversing agent (LRA) that can robustly reactivate the latent pool and not limit immune clearance. We have found that a benzodiazepine (BDZ), that is commonly prescribed for panic and anxiety disorder, to be an ideal candidate for latency reversal. The BDZ Alprazolam functions as an inhibitor of the transcription factor RUNX1, which negatively regulates HIV-1 transcription. In addition to the displacement of RUNX1 from the HIV-1 5′LTR, Alprazolam potentiates the activation of STAT5 and its recruitment to the viral promoter. The activation of STAT5 in cytotoxic T cells may enable immune activation which is independent of the IL-2 receptor. These findings have significance for the potential use of Alprazolam in a curative strategy and to addressing the neuroinflammation associated with neuroHIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weam Othman Elbezanti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexis Schirling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,HIV-1 Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Adel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Van Duyne
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zachary Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Serrano-Coll H, Ospina JP, Salazar-Peláez L, Cardona-Castro N. Notch Signaling Pathway Expression in the Skin of Leprosy Patients: Association With Skin and Neural Damage. Front Immunol 2020; 11:368. [PMID: 32265900 PMCID: PMC7096478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a debilitating disease that affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is possible that tissue changes during infection with leprosy are related to alterations in the activity of the Notch signaling pathway, an innate signaling pathway in the physiology of the skin and peripheral nerves. Methods: This is a descriptive observational study. Thirty skin biopsies from leprosy patients and 15 from individuals with no history of this disease were evaluated. In these samples, gene expressions of cellular components associated with the Notch signaling pathway, Hes-1, Hey-1, Runx-1 Jagged-1, Notch-1, and Numb, were evaluated using q-PCR, and protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry of Runx-1 and Hes-1. Results: Changes were observed in the transcription of Notch signaling pathway components; Hes-1 was downregulated and Runx-1 upregulated in the skin of infected patients. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, where reduction of Hes-1 expression was found in the epidermis, eccrine glands, and hair follicles. Increased expression of Runx-1 was found in inflammatory cells in the dermis of infected patients; however, it is not related to tissue changes. With these results, a multivariate analysis was performed to determine the causes of transcription factor Hes-1 reduction. It was concluded that tissue inflammation was the main cause. Conclusions: The tissue changes found in the skin of infected patients could be associated with a reduction in the expression of Hes-1, a situation that would promote the survival and proliferation of M. leprae in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Serrano-Coll
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas, Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.,Línea de Investigación en Lepra, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Ospina
- Laboratorio de Dermatopatología, Centro de Investigaciones en Dermatología (CIDERM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina Salazar-Peláez
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas, Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas, Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.,Línea de Investigación en Lepra, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
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9
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Huang T, Yang M, Dong K, Xu M, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhu S, Chen W, Yin J, Jin K, Deng Y, Guan Z, Huang X, Yang J, Han R, Yao M. A transcriptional landscape of 28 porcine tissues obtained by super deepSAGE sequencing. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:229. [PMID: 32171242 PMCID: PMC7071599 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression regulators identified in transcriptome profiling experiments may serve as ideal targets for genetic manipulations in farm animals. RESULTS In this study, we developed a gene expression profile of 76,000+ unique transcripts for 224 porcine samples from 28 tissues collected from 32 animals using Super deepSAGE technology. Excellent sequencing depth was achieved for each multiplexed library, and replicated samples from the same tissues clustered together, demonstrating the high quality of Super deepSAGE data. Comparison with previous research indicated that our results not only have good reproducibility but also have greatly extended the coverage of the sample types as well as the number of genes. Clustering analysis revealed ten groups of genes showing distinct expression patterns among these samples. Our analysis of over-represented binding motifs identified 41 regulators, and we demonstrated a potential application of this dataset in infectious diseases and immune biology research by identifying an LPS-dependent transcription factor, runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The selected genes are specifically responsible for the transcription of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), and vav1 oncogene (VAV1), which belong to the T and B cell signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The Super deepSAGE technology and tissue-differential expression profiles are valuable resources for investigating the porcine gene expression regulation. The identified RUNX1 target genes belong to the T and B cell signaling pathways, making them novel potential targets for the diagnosis and therapy of bacterial infections and other immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghua Huang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Kaihui Dong
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Shijia Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Wang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yin
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Jin
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Zhou Guan
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xiali Huang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Rongxun Han
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
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10
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Ono M. Control of regulatory T-cell differentiation and function by T-cell receptor signalling and Foxp3 transcription factor complexes. Immunology 2020; 160:24-37. [PMID: 32022254 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxp3 controls the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells (Treg). Studies in the past decades identified numerous Foxp3-interacting protein partners. However, it is still not clear how Foxp3 produces the Treg-type transcriptomic landscape through cooperating with its partners. Here I show the current understanding of how Foxp3 transcription factor complexes regulate the differentiation, maintenance and functional maturation of Treg. Importantly, T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling plays central roles in Treg differentiation and Foxp3-mediated gene regulation. Differentiating Treg will have recognized their cognate antigens and received TCR signals before initiating Foxp3 transcription, which is triggered by TCR-induced transcription factors including NFAT, AP-1 and NF-κB. Once expressed, Foxp3 seizes TCR signal-induced transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms through interacting with AML1/Runx1 and NFAT. Thus, Foxp3 modifies gene expression dynamics of TCR-induced genes, which constitute cardinal mechanisms for Treg-mediated immune suppression. Next, I discuss the following key topics, proposing new mechanistic models for Foxp3-mediated gene regulation: (i) how Foxp3 transcription is induced and maintained by the Foxp3-inducing enhanceosome and the Foxp3 autoregulatory transcription factor complex; (ii) molecular mechanisms for effector Treg differentiation (i.e. Treg maturation); (iii) how Foxp3 activates or represses its target genes through recruiting coactivators and corepressors; (iv) the 'decision-making' Foxp3-containing transcription factor complex for Th17 and Treg differentiation; and (v) the roles of post-translational modification in Foxp3 regulation. Thus, this article provides cutting-edge understanding of molecular biology of Foxp3 and Treg, integrating findings by biochemical and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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11
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Bradley A, Hashimoto T, Ono M. Elucidating T Cell Activation-Dependent Mechanisms for Bifurcation of Regulatory and Effector T Cell Differentiation by Multidimensional and Single-Cell Analysis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1444. [PMID: 30061879 PMCID: PMC6048294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In T cells, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling initiates downstream transcriptional mechanisms for T cell activation and differentiation. Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg) require TCR signals for their suppressive function and maintenance in the periphery. It is, however, unclear how TCR signaling controls the transcriptional program of Treg. Since most of studies identified the transcriptional features of Treg in comparison to naïve T cells, the relationship between Treg and non-naïve T cells including memory-phenotype T cells (Tmem) and effector T cells (Teff) is not well understood. Here, we dissect the transcriptomes of various T cell subsets from independent datasets using the multidimensional analysis method canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). We show that at the cell population level, resting Treg share gene modules for activation with Tmem and Teff. Importantly, Tmem activate the distinct transcriptional modules for T cell activation, which are uniquely repressed in Treg. The activation signature of Treg is dependent on TCR signals and is more actively operating in activated Treg. Furthermore, by using a new CCA-based method, single-cell combinatorial CCA, we analyzed unannotated single-cell RNA-seq data from tumor-infiltrating T cells, and revealed that FOXP3 expression occurs predominantly in activated T cells. Moreover, we identified FOXP3-driven and T follicular helper-like differentiation pathways in tumor microenvironments, and their bifurcation point, which is enriched with recently activated T cells. Collectively, our study reveals the activation mechanisms downstream of TCR signals for the bifurcation of Treg and Teff differentiation and their maturation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Bradley
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Kim MS, Gernapudi R, Choi EY, Lapidus RG, Passaniti A. Characterization of CADD522, a small molecule that inhibits RUNX2-DNA binding and exhibits antitumor activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70916-70940. [PMID: 29050333 PMCID: PMC5642608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX2 transcription factor promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis through interactions with a variety of cofactors that activate or repress target genes. Using a direct drug discovery approach we identified CADD522 as a small molecule that inhibits the DNA binding of the runt box domain protein, RUNX2. The current study defines the effect of CADD522 on breast cancer growth and metastasis, and addresses the mechanisms by which it exerts its anti-tumor activity. CADD522 treatment resulted in significant growth inhibition, clonogenic survival, tumorsphere formation, and invasion of breast cancer cells. CADD522 negatively regulated transcription of RUNX2 target genes such as matrix metalloproteinase-13, vascular endothelial growth factor and glucose transporter-1, but upregulated RUNX2 expression by increasing RUNX2 stability. CADD522 reduced RUNX2-mediated increases in glucose uptake and decreased the level of CBF-β and RUNX2 phosphorylation at the S451 residue. These results suggest several potential mechanisms by which CADD522 exerts an inhibitory function on RUNX2-DNA binding; interference with RUNX2 for the DNA binding pocket, inhibition of glucose uptake leading to cell cycle arrest, down-regulation of CBF-β, and reduction of S451-RUNX2 phosphorylation. The administration of CADD522 into MMTV-PyMT mice resulted in significant delay in tumor incidence and reduction in tumor burden. A significant decrease of tumor volume was also observed in a CADD522-treated human triple-negative breast cancer-patient derived xenograft model. CADD522 impaired the lung retention and outgrowth of breast cancer cells in vivo with no apparent toxicity to the mice. Therefore, by inhibiting RUNX2-DNA binding, CADD522 may represent a potential antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sook Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramkishore Gernapudi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antonino Passaniti
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Abstract
Runx genes have been identified in all metazoans and considerable conservation of function observed across a wide range of phyla. Thus, insight gained from studying simple model organisms is invaluable in understanding RUNX biology in higher animals. Consequently, this chapter will focus on the Runx genes in the diploblasts, which includes sea anemones and sponges, as well as the lower triploblasts, including the sea urchin, nematode, planaria and insect. Due to the high degree of functional redundancy amongst vertebrate Runx genes, simpler model organisms with a solo Runx gene, like C. elegans, are invaluable systems in which to probe the molecular basis of RUNX function within a whole organism. Additionally, comparative analyses of Runx sequence and function allows for the development of novel evolutionary insights. Strikingly, recent data has emerged that reveals the presence of a Runx gene in a protist, demonstrating even more widespread occurrence of Runx genes than was previously thought. This review will summarize recent progress in using invertebrate organisms to investigate RUNX function during development and regeneration, highlighting emerging unifying themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hughes
- Faculteit Techniek, Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, Laan van Scheut 2, 6503 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Woollard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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14
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Luo MC, Zhou SY, Feng DY, Xiao J, Li WY, Xu CD, Wang HY, Zhou T. Runt-related Transcription Factor 1 (RUNX1) Binds to p50 in Macrophages and Enhances TLR4-triggered Inflammation and Septic Shock. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22011-22020. [PMID: 27573239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate inflammatory response plays critical roles in eliminating pathogens, whereas an excessive inflammatory response can cause tissue damage. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), a master regulator of hematopoiesis, plays critical roles in T cells; however, its roles in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation in macrophages are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that upon TLR4 ligand stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophages reduced the expression levels of RUNX1 Silencing of Runx1 attenuated the LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-6 production levels, but the TNF-α levels were not affected. Overexpression of RUNX1 promoted IL-1β and IL-6 production in response to LPS stimulation. Moreover, RUNX1 interacted with the NF-κB subunit p50, and coexpression of RUNX1 with p50 further enhanced the NF-κB luciferase activity. Importantly, treatment with the RUNX1 inhibitor, Ro 5-3335, protected mice from LPS-induced endotoxic shock and substantially reduced the IL-6 levels. These findings suggest that RUNX1 may be a new potential target for resolving TLR4-associated uncontrolled inflammation and preventing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Cai Luo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Dan-Ying Feng
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Jun Xiao
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei-Yun Li
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Di Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
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15
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Clark MP, Leaman DW, Hazelhurst LA, Hwang ES, Quinn A. An aza-anthrapyrazole negatively regulates Th1 activity and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:74-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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The artificial loss of Runx1 reduces the expression of quiescence-associated transcription factors in CD4 + T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Mendoza L, Méndez A. A dynamical model of the regulatory network controlling lymphopoiesis. Biosystems 2015; 137:26-33. [PMID: 26408858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the large number of diseases associated to a malfunction of the hematopoietic system, there is an interest in knowing the molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation of blood cell lineages. However, the structure and dynamical properties of the underlying regulatory network controlling this process is not well understood. This manuscript presents a regulatory network of 81 nodes, representing several types of molecules that regulate each other during the process of lymphopoiesis. The regulatory interactions were inferred mostly from published experimental data. However, 15 out of 159 regulatory interactions are predictions arising from the present study. The network is modelled as a continuous dynamical system, in the form of a set of differential equations. The dynamical behaviour of the model describes the differentiation process from the common lymphocyte precursor (CLP) to several mature B and T cell types; namely, plasma cell (PC), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. The model qualitatively recapitulates key cellular differentiation events, being able to represent the directional and branched nature of lymphopoiesis, going from a multipotent progenitor to fully differentiated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico.
| | - Akram Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
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18
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The BMP Pathway Participates in Human Naive CD4+ T Cell Activation and Homeostasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131453. [PMID: 26110906 PMCID: PMC4481406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) form a group of secreted factors that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. Among different roles in a number of immune cell types, BMPs are known to regulate T cell development within the thymus, although the role of BMP signaling in human mature T cells remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that canonical BMP signaling is necessary during two critical events that regulate the size and function of human naive CD4+ T cell population: activation and homeostasis. Upon stimulation via TCR, naive CD4+ T cells upregulate the expression of BMP ligands triggering canonical BMP signaling in CD25+ cells. Blockade of BMP signaling severely impairs CD4+ T cell proliferation after activation mainly through regulation of IL-2, since the addition of this cytokine recuperates normal T cell expansion after inhibition of BMP signaling. Similarly, activation of canonical BMP pathway is required for both the maintenance of cell survival and the homeostatic proliferation induced by IL-7, a key factor for T cell homeostasis. Moreover, upregulation of two critical receptors for T cell homeostasis, CXCR4 and CCR9, triggered by IL-7 is also abrogated in the absence of BMP signaling. Collectively, we describe important roles of the canonical BMP signaling in human naive CD4+ T cell activation and homeostasis that could be valuable for clinical application.
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19
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Suppression of cell division-associated genes by Helicobacter pylori attenuates proliferation of RAW264.7 monocytic macrophage cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11046. [PMID: 26078204 PMCID: PMC4468580 DOI: 10.1038/srep11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori at multiplicity of infection (MOI ≥ 50) have been shown to cause apoptosis in RAW264.7 monocytic macrophage cells. Because chronic gastric infection by H. pylori results in the persistence of macrophages in the host's gut, it is likely that H. pylori is present at low to moderate, rather than high numbers in the infected host. At present, the effect of low-MOI H. pylori infection on macrophage has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the genome-wide transcriptional regulation of H. pylori-infected RAW264.7 cells at MOI 1, 5 and 10 in the absence of cellular apoptosis. Microarray data revealed up- and down-regulation of 1341 and 1591 genes, respectively. The expression of genes encoding for DNA replication and cell cycle-associated molecules, including Aurora-B kinase (AurkB) were down-regulated. Immunoblot analysis verified the decreased expression of AurkB and downstream phosphorylation of Cdk1 caused by H. pylori infection. Consistently, we observed that H. pylori infection inhibited cell proliferation and progression through the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints. In summary, we suggest that H. pylori disrupts expression of cell cycle-associated genes, thereby impeding proliferation of RAW264.7 cells, and such disruption may be an immunoevasive strategy utilized by H. pylori.
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20
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Qin X, Jiang Q, Matsuo Y, Kawane T, Komori H, Moriishi T, Taniuchi I, Ito K, Kawai Y, Rokutanda S, Izumi S, Komori T. Cbfb regulates bone development by stabilizing Runx family proteins. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:706-14. [PMID: 25262822 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Runx family proteins, Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3, play important roles in skeletal development. Runx2 is required for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation, and haplodeficiency of RUNX2 causes cleidocranial dysplasia, which is characterized by open fontanelles and sutures and hypoplastic clavicles. Cbfb forms a heterodimer with Runx family proteins and enhances their DNA-binding capacity. Cbfb-deficient (Cbfb(-/-) ) mice die at midgestation because of the lack of fetal liver hematopoiesis. We previously reported that the partial rescue of hematopoiesis in Cbfb(-/-) mice revealed the requirement of Cbfb in skeletal development. However, the precise functions of Cbfb in skeletal development still remain to be clarified. We deleted Cbfb in mesenchymal cells giving rise to both chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages by mating Cbfb(fl/fl) mice with Dermo1 Cre knock-in mice. Cbfb(fl/fl/Cre) mice showed dwarfism, both intramembranous and endochondral ossifications were retarded, and chondrocyte maturation and proliferation and osteoblast differentiation were inhibited. The differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts were severely inhibited in vitro, and the reporter activities of Ihh, Col10a1, and Bglap2 promoter constructs were reduced in Cbfb(fl/fl/Cre) chondrocytes or osteoblasts. The proteins of Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3 were reduced in the cartilaginous limb skeletons and calvariae of Cbfb(fl/fl/Cre) embryos compared with the respective protein in the respective tissue of Cbfb(fl/fl) embryos at E15.5, although the reduction of Runx2 protein in calvariae was much milder than that in cartilaginous limb skeletons. All of the Runx family proteins were severely reduced in Cbfb(fl/fl/Cre) primary osteoblasts, and Runx2 protein was less stable in Cbfb(fl/fl/Cre) osteoblasts than Cbfb(fl/fl) osteoblasts. These findings indicate that Cbfb is required for skeletal development by regulating chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation and osteoblast differentiation; that Cbfb plays an important role in the stabilization of Runx family proteins; and that Runx2 protein stability is less dependent on Cbfb in calvariae than in cartilaginous limb skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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The RUNX1–PU.1 axis in the control of hematopoiesis. Int J Hematol 2015; 101:319-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Klase Z, Yedavalli VSRK, Houzet L, Perkins M, Maldarelli F, Brenchley J, Strebel K, Liu P, Jeang KT. Activation of HIV-1 from latent infection via synergy of RUNX1 inhibitor Ro5-3335 and SAHA. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003997. [PMID: 24651404 PMCID: PMC3961356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to the elimination of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a pool of long-lived, latently infected CD4+ memory T-cells. The search for treatments to re-activate latent HIV to aid in clearance is hindered by the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that lead to transcriptional silencing of viral gene expression in host cells. Here we identify a previously unknown role for RUNX1 in HIV-1 transcriptional latency. The RUNX proteins, in combination with the co-factor CBF-β, are critical transcriptional regulators in T-cells. RUNX1 strongly modulates CD4 expression and contributes to CD4+ T-cell function. We show that RUNX1 can bind DNA sequences within the HIV-1 LTR and that this binding represses transcription. Using patient samples we show a negative correlation between RUNX1 expression and viral load. Furthermore, we find that pharmacologic inhibition of RUNX1 by a small molecule inhibitor, Ro5-3335, synergizes with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA (Vorinostat) to enhance the activation of latent HIV-1 in both cell lines and PBMCs from patients. Our findings indicate that RUNX1 and CBF-β cooperate in cells to modulate HIV-1 replication, identifying for the first time RUNX1 as a cellular factor involved in HIV-1 latency. This work highlights the therapeutic potential of inhibitors of RUNX1 to re-activate virus and aid in clearance of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klase
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Venkat S. R. K. Yedavalli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurent Houzet
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Molly Perkins
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- Host Virus Interaction Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Klaus Strebel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Liu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Teh Jeang
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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23
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Liu X, Yin S, Cao W, Fan W, Yu L, Yin L, Wang L, Wang J. Runt-related transcription factor 3 is involved in the altered phenotype and function in ThPok-deficient invariant natural killer T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:232-44. [PMID: 24561456 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the CD4-lineage transcription factor ThPok and the CD8-lineage transcription factor, runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3), in T-cell development has been extensively documented. However, little is known about the roles of these transcription factors in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell development. CD1d-restricted iNKT cells are committed to the CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(-) sublineages, which respond to antigen stimulation with rapid and potent release of T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokines. However, previous reports have demonstrated a new population of CD8(+) NKT cells in ThPok-deficient mice. In the current study, we sought to determine whether Runx3 was involved in the re-expression of CD8 and function of iNKT cells in the absence of ThPok. We used mice lacking Runx3, ThPok or both and verified that Runx3 was partially responsible for the appearance of CD8(+) iNKT cells in ThPok knockout mice. Additionally, Runx3 participated in the immune response mediated by iNKT cells in a model of α-galactosylceramide-induced acute hepatitis. These results indicate that Runx3 is crucial for the phenotypic and functional changes observed in ThPok-deficient iNKT cells.
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Wong WF, Looi CY, Kon S, Movahed E, Funaki T, Chang LY, Satake M, Kohu K. T-cell receptor signaling inducesproximal Runx1transactivation via a calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:894-904. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Fen Wong
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute for Development; Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute for Development; Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Tomo Funaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute for Development; Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Li Yen Chang
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Masanobu Satake
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute for Development; Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
- Network Medicine; Global COE Program; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kohu
- Cancer Science Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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25
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Kim DY, Kwon E, Hartley PD, Crosby DC, Mann S, Krogan NJ, Gross JD. CBFβ stabilizes HIV Vif to counteract APOBEC3 at the expense of RUNX1 target gene expression. Mol Cell 2013; 49:632-44. [PMID: 23333304 PMCID: PMC3582769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory protein Vif hijacks a cellular Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase, CRL5, to promote degradation of the APOBEC3 (A3) family of restriction factors. Recently, the cellular transcription cofactor CBFβ was shown to form a complex with CRL5-Vif and to be essential for A3 degradation and viral infectivity. We now demonstrate that CBFβ is required for assembling a well-ordered CRL5-Vif complex by inhibiting Vif oligomerization and by activating CRL5-Vif via direct interaction. The CRL5-Vif-CBFβ holoenzyme forms a well-defined heterohexamer, indicating that Vif simultaneously hijacks CRL5 and CBFβ. Heterodimers of CBFβ and RUNX transcription factors contribute toward the regulation of genes, including those with immune system functions. We show that binding of Vif to CBFβ is mutually exclusive with RUNX heterodimerization and impacts the expression of genes whose regulatory domains are associated with RUNX1. Our results provide a mechanism by which a pathogen with limited coding capacity uses one factor to hijack multiple host pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Eunju Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Paul D. Hartley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - David C. Crosby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Sumanjit Mann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - John D. Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Park ES, Park J, Franceschi RT, Jo M. The role for runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) as a transcriptional repressor in luteinizing granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 362:165-75. [PMID: 22713854 PMCID: PMC3864655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors induced by the LH surge play a vital role in reprogramming the gene expression in periovulatory follicles. The present study investigated the role of RUNX2 transcription factor in regulating the expression of Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 using cultured granulosa cells isolated from PMSG-primed immature rats. hCG or forskolin+PMA induced the transient increase in Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 expression, while the expression of Runx2 continued to increase until 48 h. The knockdown of the agonist-stimulated Runx2 expression increased Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 expression and PGE(2) levels in luteinizing granulosa cells. Conversely, the over-expression of RUNX2 inhibited the expression of these genes and PGE(2) levels. The mutation of RUNX binding motifs in the Runx1 promoter enhanced transcriptional activity of the Runx1 promoter. The knockdown and overexpression of Runx2 increased and decreased Runx1 promoter activity, respectively. ChIP assays revealed the binding of RUNX2 in the Runx1 and Ptgs2 promoters. Together, these novel findings provide support for the role of RUNX2 in down-regulation of Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 during the late ovulatory period to support proper ovulation and/or luteinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sil Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
| | - Renny T. Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011N University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 1011N University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Gong Y, Wang Z, Liang Z, Duan H, Ouyang L, Yu Q, Xu Z, Shen G, Weng X, Wu X. Soluble MOG35-55/I-A(b) dimers ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing encephalitogenic T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47435. [PMID: 23077616 PMCID: PMC3471819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The MOG35-55 peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in C57BL/6 mice is a useful animal model to explore therapeutic approaches to T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases because the dominant T-cell epitope(s) have been defined. It is rational that antigen-specific immunosuppression can be induced by using MHC-peptide complexes as specific TCR ligand(s) that interact with autoreactive T cells in the absence of co-stimulation. In this study, a soluble divalent MOG35-55/I-A(b) fusion protein (MOG35-55/I-A(b) dimer) was constructed to specifically target the autoreactive CD4+ T cells in the EAE mouse. Intraperitoneal administration of the MOG35-55/I-A(b) dimer significantly delayed and ameliorated EAE symptoms by reducing EAE-related inflammation in the mouse CNS and reducing encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. We observed that dimer intervention at a concentration of 1.2 nM suppressed MOG35-55 peptide-specific 2D2 transgenic T cells (2D2 T cells) proliferation by over 90% after in vitro activation with MOG35-55 peptide. The mechanisms involved in this antigen-specific dimer-mediated suppression were found to be downregulated TCR-CD3 expression as well as upregulated expression of membrane-bound TGF-β (mTGF-β) and IL-10 suppressive cytokines by the autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrates that soluble divalent MHC class II molecules can abrogate pathogenic T cells in EAE. Furthermore, our data suggests that this strategy may provide an efficient and clinically useful option to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Gong
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lichen Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiufang Weng
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongwen Wu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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28
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Li L, Patsoukis N, Petkova V, Boussiotis VA. Runx1 and Runx3 are involved in the generation and function of highly suppressive IL-17-producing T regulatory cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45115. [PMID: 22984619 PMCID: PMC3440330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) display phenotypic and functional plasticity that is regulated by cytokines and other immune cells. Previously, we determined that during co-culture with CD4+CD25− T cells and antigen presenting cells, Tregs produced IL-17. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of IL-17-producing Treg (Tr17) cells and their molecular and functional properties. We determined that during stimulation via TCR/CD3 and CD28, the combination of IL-1β and IL-2 was necessary and sufficient for the generation of Tr17 cells. Tr17 cells expressed Runx1 transcription factor, which was required for sustained expression of Foxp3 and RORγt and for production of IL-17. Surprisingly, Tr17 cells also expressed Runx3, which regulated transcription of perforin and granzyme B thereby mediating cytotoxic activity. Our studies indicate that Tr17 cells concomitantly express Foxp3, RORγt, Runx1 and Runx3 and are capable of producing IL-17 while mediating potent suppressive and cytotoxic function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/immunology
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/immunology
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Granzymes/genetics
- Granzymes/immunology
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Perforin/genetics
- Perforin/immunology
- Perforin/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lequn Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Victoria Petkova
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vassiliki A. Boussiotis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Anderson DM, George R, Noyes MB, Rowton M, Liu W, Jiang R, Wolfe SA, Wilson-Rawls J, Rawls A. Characterization of the DNA-binding properties of the Mohawk homeobox transcription factor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35351-35359. [PMID: 22923612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factor Mohawk (Mkx) is a potent transcriptional repressor expressed in the embryonic precursors of skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone. MKX has recently been shown to be a critical regulator of musculoskeletal tissue differentiation and gene expression; however, the genetic pathways through which MKX functions and its DNA-binding properties are currently unknown. Using a modified bacterial one-hybrid site selection assay, we determined the core DNA-recognition motif of the mouse monomeric Mkx homeodomain to be A-C-A. Using cell-based assays, we have identified a minimal Mkx-responsive element (MRE) located within the Mkx promoter, which is composed of a highly conserved inverted repeat of the core Mkx recognition motif. Using the minimal MRE sequence, we have further identified conserved MREs within the locus of Sox6, a transcription factor that represses slow fiber gene expression during skeletal muscle differentiation. Real-time PCR and immunostaining of in vitro differentiated muscle satellite cells isolated from Mkx-null mice revealed an increase in the expression of Sox6 and down-regulation of slow fiber structural genes. Together, these data identify the unique DNA-recognition properties of MKX and reveal a novel role for Mkx in promoting slow fiber type specification during skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Anderson
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Rajani George
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Marcus B Noyes
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Megan Rowton
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Wenjin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Scot A Wolfe
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501; Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501.
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30
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Soung DY, Talebian L, Matheny CJ, Guzzo R, Speck ME, Lieberman JR, Speck NA, Drissi H. Runx1 dose-dependently regulates endochondral ossification during skeletal development and fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1585-97. [PMID: 22431360 PMCID: PMC3377839 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Runx1 is expressed in skeletal elements, but its role in fracture repair has not been analyzed. We created mice with a hypomorphic Runx1 allele (Runx1(L148A) ) and generated Runx1(L148A/-) mice in which >50% of Runx1 activity was abrogated. Runx1(L148A/-) mice were viable but runted. Their growth plates had extended proliferating and hypertrophic zones, and the percentages of Sox9-, Runx2-, and Runx3-positive cells were decreased. Femoral fracture experiments revealed delayed cartilaginous callus formation, and the expression of chondrogenic markers was decreased. Conditional ablation of Runx1 in the mesenchymal progenitor cells of the limb with Prx1-Cre conferred no obvious limb phenotype; however, cartilaginous callus formation was delayed following fracture. Embryonic limb bud-derived mesenchymal cells showed delayed chondrogenesis when the Runx1 allele was deleted ex vivo with adenoviral-expressed Cre. Collectively, our data suggest that Runx1 is required for commitment and differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells into the chondrogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Y Soung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06034, USA.
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31
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Wong WF, Kohu K, Nakamura A, Ebina M, Kikuchi T, Tazawa R, Tanaka K, Kon S, Funaki T, Sugahara-Tobinai A, Looi CY, Endo S, Funayama R, Kurokawa M, Habu S, Ishii N, Fukumoto M, Nakata K, Takai T, Satake M. Runx1 deficiency in CD4+ T cells causes fatal autoimmune inflammatory lung disease due to spontaneous hyperactivation of cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5408-20. [PMID: 22551552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Runx1 transcription factor is abundantly expressed in naive T cells but rapidly downregulated in activated T cells, suggesting that it plays an important role in a naive stage. In the current study, Runx1(-/-)Bcl2(tg) mice harboring Runx1-deleted CD4(+) T cells developed a fatal autoimmune lung disease. CD4(+) T cells from these mice were spontaneously activated, preferentially homed to the lung, and expressed various cytokines, including IL-17 and IL-21. Among these, the deregulation of IL-21 transcription was likely to be associated with Runx binding sites located in an IL-21 intron. IL-17 produced in Runx1-deleted cells mobilized innate immune responses, such as those promoted by neutrophils and monocytes, whereas IL-21 triggered humoral responses, such as plasma cells. Thus, at an initial stage, peribronchovascular regions in the lung were infiltrated by CD4(+) lymphocytes, whereas at a terminal stage, interstitial regions were massively occupied by immune cells, and alveolar spaces were filled with granular exudates that resembled pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in humans. Mice suffered from respiratory failure, as well as systemic inflammatory responses. Our data indicate that Runx1 plays an essential role in repressing the transcription of cytokine genes in naive CD4(+) T cells and, thereby, maintains cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Fen Wong
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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32
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Bendfeldt H, Benary M, Scheel T, Frischbutter S, Abajyan A, Radbruch A, Herzel H, Baumgrass R. Stable IL-2 decision making by endogenous c-Fos amounts in peripheral memory T-helper cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18386-97. [PMID: 22474330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-2 performs opposite functions supporting efficient immune responses and playing a key role in peripheral tolerance. Therefore, precise fine-tuning of IL-2 expression is crucial for adjusting the immune response. Combining transcription factor analysis at the single cell and the single nucleus level using flow cytometry with statistical analysis, we showed that physiological differences in the expression levels of c-Fos and NFATc2, but not of c-Jun and NF-κBp65, are limiting for the decision whether IL-2 is expressed in a strongly activated human memory T-helper (Th) cell. Variation in the expression of c-Fos leads to substantial diversity of IL-2 expression in ∼40% of the memory Th cells. The remaining cells exhibit an equally high c-Fos expression level, thereby ensuring robustness in IL-2 response within the population. These findings reveal how memory Th cells benefit from regulated variation in transcription factor expression to achieve a certain stability and variability of cytokine expression in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bendfeldt
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, A. Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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