1
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Wong Min M, Liu L, Karboune S. Investigating the Potential of Phenolic Compounds and Carbohydrates as Acceptor Substrates for Levansucrase-Catalyzed Transfructosylation Reaction. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400107. [PMID: 38536122 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This study characterizes the acceptor specificity of levansucrases (LSs) from Gluconobacter oxydans (LS1), Vibrio natriegens (LS2), Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (LS3), and Paraburkholderia graminis (LS4) using sucrose as fructosyl donor and selected phenolic compounds and carbohydrates as acceptors. Overall, V. natriegens LS2 proved to be the best biocatalyst for the transfructosylation of phenolic compounds. More than one fructosyl unit could be attached to fructosylated phenolic compounds. The transfructosylation of epicatechin by P. graminis LS4 resulted in the most diversified products, with up to five fructosyl units transferred. In addition to the LS source, the acceptor specificity of LS towards phenolic compounds and their transfructosylation products were found to greatly depend on their chemical structure: the number of phenolic rings, the reactivity of hydroxyl groups and the presence of aliphatic chains or methoxy groups. Similarly, for carbohydrates, the transfructosylation yield was dependent on both the LS source and the acceptor type. The highest yield of fructosylated-trisaccharides was Erlose from the transfructosylation of maltose catalyzed by LS2, with production reaching 200 g/L. LS2 was more selective towards the transfructosylation of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates, while reactions catalyzed by LS1, LS3 and LS4 also produced fructooligosaccharides. This study shows the high potential for the application of LSs in the glycosylation of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Wong Min
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Xu W, Zhang X, Ni D, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. A review of fructosyl-transferases from catalytic characteristics and structural features to reaction mechanisms and product specificity. Food Chem 2024; 440:138250. [PMID: 38154282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes are accountable for the synthesis and degradation of glycosidic bonds among diverse carbohydrates. Fructosyl-transferases represent a subclass of these enzymes, employing sucrose as a substrate to generate fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and fructan polymers. This category primarily includes levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10), inulosucrase (IS, EC 2.4.1.9), and β-fructofuranosidase (Ffase, EC 3.2.1.26). These three enzymes possess a similar five-bladed β-propeller fold and employ an anomer-retaining reaction mechanism mediated by nucleophiles, transition state stabilizers, and general acids/bases. However, they exhibit distinct product profiles, characterized by variations in linkage specificity and molecular mass distribution. Consequently, this article comprehensively explores recent advancements in the catalytic characteristics, structural features, reaction mechanisms, and product specificity of levansucrase, inulosucrase, and β-fructofuranosidase (abbreviated as LS, IS, and Ffase, respectively). Furthermore, it discusses the potential for modifying catalytic properties and product specificity through structure-based design, which enables the rational production of custom fructan and FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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3
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Ni D, Zhang S, Liu X, Zhu Y, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. Production, effects, and applications of fructans with various molecular weights. Food Chem 2024; 437:137895. [PMID: 37924765 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructan, a widespread functional polysaccharide, has been used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and material production fields because of its versatile physicochemical properties and biological activities. Inulin from plants and levan from microorganisms are two of the most extensively studied fructans. Fructans from different plants or microorganisms have inconsistent molecular weights, and the molecular weight of fructan affects its properties, functions, and applications. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the production and application of fructans having various molecular weights, and biotechnological processes have been explored to produce tailor-made fructans from sucrose. This review encompasses the introduction of extraction, enzymatic transformation, and fermentation production processes for fructans with diverse molecular weights. Notably, it highlights the enzymes involved in fructan biosynthesis and underscores their physiological effects, with a special emphasis on their prebiotic properties. Moreover, the applications of fructans with varying molecular weights are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd, Weihai, Shandong 264333, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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4
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Klaewkla M, Wangpaiboon K, Pichyangkura R, Charoenwongpaiboon T. Unraveling the role of flexible coil near calcium binding site of levansucrase on thermostability and product profile via proline substitution and molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2024; 92:170-178. [PMID: 37753539 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to its bioactivity and versatile applications, levan has appeared as a promising biomaterial. Levansucrase is responsible for the conversion of sucrose into levan. With the goal of enhancing levan production, the strategy for enhancing the stability of levansucrase is being intensively studied. To make proteins more stable under high temperatures, proline, the most rigid residue, can be introduced into previously flexible regions. Herein, G249, D250, N251, and H252 on the flexible coil close to the calcium binding site of Bacillus licheniformis levansucrase were replaced with proline. Mutations at G249P greatly enhance both the enzyme's thermodynamic and kinetic stability, while those at H252P improve solely the enzyme's kinetic stability. GPC analysis revealed that G249P synthesize more levan, but H252P generate primarily oligosaccharides. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and MM/GBSA analysis revealed that G249P mutation increased not only the stability of levansucrase, but also affinity toward fructan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Dobrange E, Porras-Domínguez JR, Van den Ende W. The Complex GH32 Enzyme Orchestra from Priestia megaterium Holds the Key to Better Discriminate Sucrose-6-phosphate Hydrolases from Other β-Fructofuranosidases in Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1302-1320. [PMID: 38175162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Inulin is widely used as a prebiotic and emerging as a priming compound to counteract plant diseases. We isolated inulin-degrading strains from the lettuce phyllosphere, identified as Bacillus subtilis and Priestia megaterium, species hosting well-known biocontrol organisms. To better understand their varying inulin degradation strategies, three intracellular β-fructofuranosidases from P. megaterium NBRC15308 were characterized after expression in Escherichia coli: a predicted sucrose-6-phosphate (Suc6P) hydrolase (SacAP1, supported by molecular docking), an exofructanase (SacAP2), and an invertase (SacAP3). Based on protein multiple sequence and structure alignments of bacterial glycoside hydrolase family 32 enzymes, we identified conserved residues predicted to be involved in binding phosphorylated (Suc6P hydrolases) or nonphosphorylated substrates (invertases and fructanases). Suc6P hydrolases feature positively charged residues near the structural catalytic pocket (histidine, arginine, or lysine), whereas other β-fructofuranosidases contain tryptophans. This correlates with our phylogenetic tree, grouping all predicted Suc6P hydrolases in a clan associated with genomic regions coding for transporters involved in substrate phosphorylation. These results will help to discriminate between Suc6P hydrolases and other β-fructofuranosidases in future studies and to better understand the interaction of B. subtilis and P. megaterium endophytes with sucrose and/or fructans, sugars naturally present in plants or exogenously applied in the context of defense priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Dobrange
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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6
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Li D, Miyasaka Y, Kubota A, Kozono T, Kitano Y, Sasaki N, Fujii T, Tochio T, Kadota Y, Nishikawa A, Tonozuka T. Characterization and alteration of product specificity of Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica β-fructosyltransferase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:981-990. [PMID: 37280168 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The trisaccharide 1-kestose, a major constituent of fructooligosaccharide, has strong prebiotic effects. We used high-performance liquid chromatography and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to show that BiBftA, a β-fructosyltransferase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 68, from Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica catalyzes transfructosylation of sucrose to produce mostly 1-kestose and levan polysaccharides. We substituted His395 and Phe473 in BiBftA with Arg and Tyr, respectively, and analyzed the reactions of the mutant enzymes with 180 g/L sucrose. The ratio of the molar concentrations of glucose and 1-kestose in the reaction mixture with wild-type BiBftA was 100:8.1, whereas that in the reaction mixture with the variant H395R/F473Y was 100:45.5, indicating that H395R/F473Y predominantly accumulated 1-kestose from sucrose. The X-ray crystal structure of H395R/F473Y suggests that its catalytic pocket is unfavorable for binding of sucrose while favorable for transfructosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Kubota
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Kozono
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Sasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Tochio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kadota
- Research and Development Center, B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tonozuka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Zhang X, Xu W, Ni D, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Successful Manipulation of the Product Spectrum of the Erwinia amylovora Levansucrase by Modifying the Residues around loop1, Loop 3, and Loop 4. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:680-689. [PMID: 36538710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10) catalyzes the synthesis of levan by successively transferring the fructosyl moiety from sucrose to an elongated fructan chain. Although the product distribution of LS from Erwinia amylovora (Ea-LS) was studied under different sucrose concentrations, the effect of residues on the product formation is yet unknown. The first levanhexaose-complexed structure of LS from Bacillus subtilis (Bs-SacB) provided information on the oligosaccharide binding sites (OB sites), from +1 to +4 subsites. Since Ea-LS would efficiently produce fructooligosaccharides, a substitution mutation of OB sites in Bs-SacB and the corresponding residues of Ea-LS were conducted to investigate how these mutants would influence the product distribution. As a result, a series of mutants with different product spectrum were obtained. Notably, the mutants of G98E, V151F, and N200T around loop 1, loop 3, and loop 4 all showed a significant increase in both the molecular mass and the yield of high-molecular-mass levan, suggesting that the product profile of Ea-LS was significantly modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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8
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Chu J, Tian Y, Li Q, Liu G, Yu Q, Jiang T, He B. Engineering the β-Fructofuranosidase Fru6 with Promoted Transfructosylating Capacity for Fructooligosaccharide Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9694-9702. [PMID: 35900332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Levan-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) exhibit enhanced health-promoting prebiotic effects on gut microbiota. The wild type (WT) of β-fructofuranosidase Fru6 could mainly yield 6-ketose. Semirational design and mutagenesis of Fru6 were exploited to promote the transfructosylating capacity for FOS. The promising variants not only improved the formation of 6-kestose but also newly produced tetrasaccharides of 6,6-nystose and 1,6-nystose (a new type of FOS), and combinatorial mutation boosted the production of 6-kestose and tetrasaccharides (39.9 g/L 6,6-nystose and 4.6 g/L 1,6-nystose). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed that the mutated positions reshaped the pocket of Fru6 to accommodate bulky 6-kestose in a reactive conformation with better accessibility for tetrasaccharides formation. Using favored conditions, the variant S165A/H357A could yield 6-kestose up to 335 g/L, and tetrasaccharides (6,6-nystose and 1,6-nystose) reached a high level of 121.1 g/L (134.5 times of the mutant S423A). The β-(2,6)-linked FOS may show the potential application for the prebiotic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
| | - Yani Tian
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
| | - Gaofei Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
| | - Qi Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
| | - Tianyue Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing211800, China
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9
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Karboune S, Seo S, Li M, Waglay A, Lagacé L. Biotransformation of sucrose rich Maple syrups into fructooligosaccharides, oligolevans and levans using levansucrase biocatalyst: Bioprocess optimization and prebiotic activity assessment. Food Chem 2022; 382:132355. [PMID: 35152014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup was investigated as a source to produce FOSs and β-(2-6)-linked-oligolevans/levans. The modulation of this biotransformation was achieved through the control of Maple syrup °Bx and reaction conditions. Reaction time was identified as the most influential factor for the oligolevans/FOSs production in Maple syrup 30°Bx reaction system as well as for the oligolevans/levans synthesis in the 66°Bx one. In the predictive model of oligolevans/levans production in Maple syrup 60°Bx, the interactive effect between levansucrase unit and reaction time was significant (p-value of 0.0008). The optimal conditions for oligolevans/FOSs production (109.20 g/L) in Maple syrup 30°Bx were 3.73 U/mL, pH 6.60 and 23.12 h; while 5 U/mL, pH 6.04 and 29.92 h were identified as the optimal conditions for oligolevans/levans production (147.09 g/L) in Maple syrup 66°Bx. As compared to inulin-type commercial FOSs, the fermentation of oligolevans/FOSs from Maple syrup led to a higher count of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis and resulted in a higher production of lactic acid. This study lays the foundation for the biotransformation of Maple syrups into functional prebiotic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Sooyoun Seo
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mengxi Li
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Amanda Waglay
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Luc Lagacé
- Centre de recherche, de développement et de transfert technologique acéricole inc, 142 rang Lainesse St-Norbert d'Arthabaska, Québec G0P 1B0, Canada
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10
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Levan-type fructooligosaccharides synthesis by novel levansucrase-inulosucrase fusion enzyme. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Xu W, Ni D, Hou X, Pijning T, Guskov A, Rao Y, Mu W. Crystal Structure of Levansucrase from the Gram-Negative Bacterium Brenneria Provides Insights into Its Product Size Specificity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5095-5105. [PMID: 35388691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial levansucrases (LSs, EC 2.4.1.10) have been widely studied for the synthesis of β-(2,6)-fructans (levan) from sucrose. LSs synthesize levan-type fructo-oligosaccharides, high-molecular-mass levan polymer or combinations of both. Here, we report crystal structures of LS from the G--bacterium Brenneria sp. EniD 312 (Brs-LS) in its apo form, as well as of two mutants (A154S, H327A) targeting positions known to affect LS reaction specificity. In addition, we report a structure of Brs-LS complexed with sucrose, the first crystal structure of a G--LS with a bound substrate. The overall structure of Brs-LS is similar to that of G-- and G+-LSs, with the nucleophile (D68), transition stabilizer (D225), and a general acid/base (E309) in its active site. The H327A mutant lacks an essential interaction with glucosyl moieties of bound substrates in subsite +1, explaining the observed smaller products synthesized by this mutant. The A154S mutation affects the hydrogen-bond network around the transition stabilizing residue (D225) and the nucleophile (D68), and may affect the affinity of the enzyme for sucrose such that it becomes less effective in transfructosylation. Taken together, this study provides novel insights into the roles of structural elements and residues in the product specificity of LSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Biomolecular X-ray Crystallography, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Guskov
- Biomolecular X-ray Crystallography, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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12
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Enzymatic and structural characterization of β-fructofuranosidase from the honeybee gut bacterium Frischella perrara. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2455-2470. [PMID: 35267055 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharide is a mixture of mostly the trisaccharide 1-kestose (GF2), tetrasaccharide nystose (GF3), and fructosyl nystose (GF4). Enzymes that hydrolyze GF3 may be useful for preparing GF2 from the fructooligosaccharide mixture. A β-fructofuranosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32) from the honeybee gut bacterium Frischella perrara (FperFFase) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The time course of the hydrolysis of 60 mM sucrose, GF2, and GF3 by FperFFase was analyzed, showing that the hydrolytic activity of FperFFase for trisaccharide GF2 was lower than those for disaccharide sucrose and tetrasaccharide GF3. The crystal structure of FperFFase and its structure in complex with fructose were determined. FperFFase was found to be structurally homologous to bifidobacterial β-fructofuranosidases even though bifidobacterial enzymes preferably hydrolyze GF2 and the amino acid residues interacting with fructose at subsite - 1 are mostly conserved between them. A proline residue was inserted between Asp298 and Ser299 using site-directed mutagenesis, and the activity of the variant 298P299 was measured. The ratio of activities for 60 mM GF2/GF3 by wild-type FperFFase was 35.5%, while that of 298P299 was 23.6%, indicating that the structure of the loop comprising Trp297-Asp298-Ser299 correlated with the substrate preference of FperFFase. The crystal structure also shows that a loop consisting of residues 117-127 is likely to contribute to the substrate binding of FperFFase. The results obtained herein suggest that FperFFase is potentially useful for the manufacture of GF2. KEY POINTS: • Frischella β-fructofuranosidase hydrolyzed nystose more efficiently than 1-kestose. • Trp297-Asp298-Ser299 was shown to be correlated with the substrate preference. • Loop consisting of residues 117-127 appears to contribute to the substrate binding.
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13
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Characterization of a novel fructosyltransferase InuCA from Lactobacillus crispatus that attaches to the cell surface by electrostatic interaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0239921. [PMID: 34910558 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02399-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructosyltransferases (FTases), a group of carbohydrate-active enzymes, synthesize fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and fructans, which are promising prebiotics for human health. Here we originally identified a novel FTase InuCA from L. crispatus, a dominant species in the vaginal microbiotas of human. InuCA was characterized by a shortest C-terminus and the highest isoelectric point among the reported Lactobacillus FTases. InuCA was an inulosucrase and produced a serial of FOS using sucrose as substrate at a moderate temperature. Surprisingly, the C-terminal deletion mutant synthesized oligosaccharides with fructosyl chain longer than that of the wild type, suggesting that the C-terminal part blocked the binding of long-chain receptor. Moreover, InuCA bound to the cell surface by electrostatic interaction, which was dependent on the environmental pH and represented a distinctive binding mode in FTases. The catalytic and structural properties of InuCA will be contributed to the FTases engineering and the knowledge of the adaptation of L. crispatus in the vaginal environment. Importance L. crispatus is one of the most important species in human vaginal microbiotas and its persistence is strongly negatively correlated with the vaginal diseases. Our research reveals that a novel inulosucrase InuCA is present in L. cirspatus. InuCA keeps the ability to synthesize prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides, although it lacks a large part of the C-terminal region compared to other FTases. Remarkably, the short C-terminus of InuCA blocks the transfructosylation activity for producing oligosaccharides with longer chain, which is meaningful to the directional modification of FTases and the oligosaccharide products. Besides the catalytic activity, InuCA is anchored on the cell surface dependent on the environmental pH and may be also involved in the adhesion of L. crispatus to the vaginal epithelial cells. Since L. crispatus plays an essential role in the normal vaginal micro-ecosystem, the described work will be helpful to elucidate the functional genes and colonization mechanism of the dominant species.
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14
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Zhang X, Liang Y, Yang H, Yang H, Chen S, Huang F, Hou Y, Huang R. A novel fusion levansucrase improves thermostability of polymerization and production of high molecular weight levan. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Ni D, Kırtel O, Yin D, Xu W, Chen Q, Öner ET, Mu W. Improving the catalytic behaviors of Lactobacillus-derived fructansucrases by truncation strategies. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 149:109857. [PMID: 34311894 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructansucrases (FSs), including inulosucrase (IS) and levansucrase (LS), are the members of the Glycoside Hydrolase family 68 (GH68) enzymes. IS and LS catalyze the polymerization of the fructosyl moiety from sucrose to inulin- and levan-type fructans, respectively. Lactobacillus-derived FSs have relatively extended N- and C-terminal sequences. However, the functional roles of these sequences in their enzymatic properties and fructan biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (basionym: Lactobacillus reuteri) 121 could produce both IS and LS, abbreviated as Lare121-IS and Lare121-LS, respectively. In this study, it was found that the terminal truncation displayed an obvious effect on their activities and the N-terminal truncated variants, Lare121-ISΔ177-701 and Lare121-LSΔ154-686, displayed the highest activities. Melting temperature (Tm) and the thermostability at 50 °C were measured to evaluate the stability of various truncated versions, revealing the different effects of N-terminal on the stability. The average molecular weight and polymerization degree of the fructans produced by different truncated variants did not change considerably, indicating that N-terminal truncation had low influence on fructan biosynthesis. In addition, it was found that N-terminal truncation could also improve the activity of other reported FSs from Lactobacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Onur Kırtel
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dejing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Ghauri K, Pijning T, Munawar N, Ali H, Ghauri MA, Anwar MA, Wallis R. Crystal structure of an inulosucrase from
Halalkalicoccus
jeotgali
B3T, a halophilic archaeal strain. FEBS J 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Department of Biomolecular X‐ray Crystallography Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences United Arab Emirates University Al‐Ain UAE
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Industrial Biotechnology Division National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Munir A. Anwar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department of Respiratory Sciences Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building University of Leicester UK
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17
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Ghauri K, Pijning T, Munawar N, Ali H, Ghauri MA, Anwar MA, Wallis R. Crystal structure of an inulosucrase from Halalkalicoccus jeotgali B3T, a halophilic archaeal strain. FEBS J 2021; 288:5723-5736. [PMID: 33783128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several archaea harbor genes that code for fructosyltransferase (FTF) enzymes. These enzymes have not been characterized yet at structure-function level, but are of extreme interest in view of their potential role in the synthesis of novel compounds for food, nutrition, and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, 3D structure of an inulin-type fructan producing enzyme, inulosucrase (InuHj), from the archaeon Halalkalicoccus jeotgali was resolved in its apo form and with bound substrate (sucrose) molecule and first transglycosylation product (1-kestose). This is the first crystal structure of an FTF from halophilic archaea. Its overall five-bladed β-propeller fold is conserved with previously reported FTFs, but also shows some unique features. The InuHj structure is closer to those of Gram-negative bacteria, with exceptions such as residue E266, which is conserved in FTFs of Gram-positive bacteria and has possible role in fructan polymer synthesis in these bacteria as compared to fructooligosaccharide (FOS) production by FTFs of Gram-negative bacteria. Highly negative electrostatic surface potential of InuHj, due to a large amount of acidic residues, likely contributes to its halophilicity. The complex of InuHj with 1-kestose indicates that the residues D287 in the 4B-4C loop, Y330 in 4D-5A, and D361 in the unique α2 helix may interact with longer FOSs and facilitate the binding of longer FOS chains during synthesis. The outcome of this work will provide targets for future structure-function studies of FTF enzymes, particularly those from archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Department of Biomolecular X-ray Crystallography, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Ghauri
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munir A Anwar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, UK
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18
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Okuyama M, Serizawa R, Tanuma M, Kikuchi A, Sadahiro J, Tagami T, Lang W, Kimura A. Molecular insight into regioselectivity of transfructosylation catalyzed by GH68 levansucrase and β-fructofuranosidase. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100398. [PMID: 33571525 PMCID: PMC7961098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 68 (GH68) enzymes catalyze β-fructosyltransfer from sucrose to another sucrose, the so-called transfructosylation. Although regioselectivity of transfructosylation is divergent in GH68 enzymes, there is insufficient information available on the structural factor(s) involved in the selectivity. Here, we found two GH68 enzymes, β-fructofuranosidase (FFZm) and levansucrase (LSZm), encoded tandemly in the genome of Zymomonas mobilis, displayed different selectivity: FFZm catalyzed the β-(2→1)-transfructosylation (1-TF), whereas LSZm did both of 1-TF and β-(2→6)-transfructosylation (6-TF). We identified His79FFZm and Ala343FFZm and their corresponding Asn84LSZm and Ser345LSZm respectively as the structural factors for those regioselectivities. LSZm with the respective substitution of FFZm-type His and Ala for its Asn84LSZm and Ser345LSZm (N84H/S345A-LSZm) lost 6-TF and enhanced 1-TF. Conversely, the LSZm-type replacement of His79FFZm and Ala343FFZm in FFZm (H79N/A343S-FFZm) almost lost 1-TF and acquired 6-TF. H79N/A343S-FFZm exhibited the selectivity like LSZm but did not produce the β-(2→6)-fructoside-linked levan and/or long levanooligosaccharides that LSZm did. We assumed Phe189LSZm to be a responsible residue for the elongation of levan chain in LSZm and mutated the corresponding Leu187FFZm in FFZm to Phe. An H79N/L187F/A343S-FFZm produced a higher quantity of long levanooligosaccharides than H79N/A343S-FFZm (or H79N-FFZm), although without levan formation, suggesting that LSZm has another structural factor for levan production. We also found that FFZm generated a sucrose analog, β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-mannopyranoside, by β-fructosyltransfer to d-mannose and regarded His79FFZm and Ala343FFZm as key residues for this acceptor specificity. In summary, this study provides insight into the structural factors of regioselectivity and acceptor specificity in transfructosylation of GH68 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Okuyama
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Serizawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanari Tanuma
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asako Kikuchi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Juri Sadahiro
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tagami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Weeranuch Lang
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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19
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Raga-Carbajal E, Díaz-Vilchis A, Rojas-Trejo SP, Rudiño-Piñera E, Olvera C. The molecular basis of the nonprocessive elongation mechanism in levansucrases. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100178. [PMID: 33303628 PMCID: PMC7948499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Levansucrases (LSs) synthesize levan, a β2-6-linked fructose polymer, by successively transferring the fructosyl moiety from sucrose to a growing acceptor molecule. Elucidation of the levan polymerization mechanism is important for using LSs in the production of size-defined products for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For a deeper understanding of the levan synthesis reaction, we determined the crystallographic structure of Bacillus subtilis LS (SacB) in complex with a levan-type fructooligosaccharide and utilized site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues involved in substrate binding. The presence of a levanhexaose molecule in the central catalytic cavity allowed us to identify five substrate-binding subsites (−1, +1, +2, +3, and +4). Mutants affecting residues belonging to the identified acceptor subsites showed similar substrate affinity (Km) values to the wildtype (WT) Km value but had a lower turnover number and transfructosylation/hydrolysis ratio. Of importance, compared with the WT, the variants progressively yielded smaller-sized low-molecular-weight levans, as the affected subsites that were closer to the catalytic site, but without affecting their ability to synthesized high-molecular-weight levans. Furthermore, an additional oligosaccharide-binding site 20 Å away from the catalytic pocket was identified, and its potential participation in the elongation mechanism is discussed. Our results clarify, for the first time, the interaction of the enzyme with an acceptor/product oligosaccharide and elucidate the molecular basis of the nonprocessive levan elongation mechanism of LSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Raga-Carbajal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Adelaida Díaz-Vilchis
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sonia P Rojas-Trejo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Clarita Olvera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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20
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Tonozuka T, Kitamura J, Nagaya M, Kawai R, Nishikawa A, Hirano K, Tamura K, Fujii T, Tochio T. Crystal structure of a glycoside hydrolase family 68 β-fructosyltransferase from Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica in complex with fructose. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2508-2520. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1804317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An enzyme belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 68 (GH68) from Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica NBRC 3744 was expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemical characterization showed that the enzyme was identified to be a β-fructosyltransferase (BiBftA). Crystallization of a full-length BiBftA was initially attempted, but no crystals were obtained. We constructed a variant in which 5 residues (Pro199-Gly203) and 13 residues (Leu522-Gln534) in potentially flexible regions were deleted, and we successfully crystallized this variant BiBftA. BiBftA is composed of a five-bladed β-propeller fold as in other GH68 enzymes. The structure of BiBftA in complex with fructose unexpectedly indicated that one β-fructofuranose (β-Fruf) molecule and one β-fructopyranose molecule bind to the catalytic pocket. The orientation of β-Fruf at subsite −1 is tilted from the orientation observed in most GH68 enzymes, presenting a second structure of a GH68 enzyme in complex with the tilted binding mode of β-Fruf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tonozuka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kitamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Nagaya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reika Kawai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Investigating the Product Profiles and Structural Relationships of New Levansucrases with Conventional and Non-Conventional Substrates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155402. [PMID: 32751348 PMCID: PMC7432509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of complex oligosaccharides is desired for their potential as prebiotics, and their role in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10), a fructosyl-transferase, can catalyze the synthesis of these compounds. LS acquires a fructosyl residue from a donor molecule and performs a non-Lenoir transfer to an acceptor molecule, via β-(2→6)-glycosidic linkages. Genome mining was used to uncover new LS enzymes with increased transfructosylating activity and wider acceptor promiscuity, with an initial screening revealing five LS enzymes. The product profiles and activities of these enzymes were examined after their incubation with sucrose. Alternate acceptor molecules were also incubated with the enzymes to study their consumption. LSs from Gluconobacter oxydans and Novosphingobium aromaticivorans synthesized fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) with up to 13 units in length. Alignment of their amino acid sequences and substrate docking with homology models identified structural elements causing differences in their product spectra. Raffinose, over sucrose, was the preferred donor molecule for the LS from Vibrio natriegens, N. aromaticivorans, and Paraburkolderia graminis. The LSs examined were found to have wide acceptor promiscuity, utilizing monosaccharides, disaccharides, and two alcohols to a high degree.
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22
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Implications of the mutation S164A on Bacillus subtilis levansucrase product specificity and insights into protein interactions acting upon levan synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:898-908. [PMID: 32553967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutation S164A largely affects the transfructosylation properties of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase (SacB). The variant uses acceptors such as glucose and short levans with an average molecular weight of 7.6 kDa more efficiently than SacB, leading to the enhanced synthesis of medium and high molecular weight polymer and a blasto-oligosaccharide series with a polymerization degree of 2-10. A 3-fold increase in blasto-oligosaccharides yield is provoked by the modified interplay between the variant and glucose. Despite its modified product specificity, protein-carbohydrate and protein-protein interactions are still a major factor affecting size and distribution of levan molecular weight. This study highlights the importance of critical factors such as protein concentration in the analysis of wild-type and mutagenized levansucrases. Docking experiments with the crystal structures of SacB and variant S164A - the latter obtained at a 2.6 Å resolution - identified unreported potential binding subsites for fructosyl moieties on the surface of both enzymes.
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23
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Phengnoi P, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Wangpaiboon K, Klaewkla M, Nakapong S, Visessanguan W, Ito K, Pichyangkura R, Kuttiyawong K. Levansucrase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KK9 and Its Y237S Variant Producing the High Bioactive Levan-Type Fructooligosaccharides. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E692. [PMID: 32365662 PMCID: PMC7277640 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Levan-typed fructooligosaccharide (LFOS), a β-2,6 linked oligofructose, displays the potential application as a prebiotic and therapeutic dietary supplement. In the present study, LFOS was synthesized using levansucrase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KK9 (LsKK9). The wild-type LsKK9 was cloned and expressed in E. coli, and purified by cation exchanger chromatography. Additionally, Y237S variant of LsKK9 was constructed based on sequence alignment and structural analysis to enhance the LFOS production. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis indicated that Y237S variant efficiently produced a higher amount of short-chain LFOS than wild type. Also, the concentration of enzyme and sucrose in the reactions was optimized. Finally, prebiotic activity assay demonstrated that LFOS produced by Y237S variant had higher prebiotic activity than that of the wild-type enzyme, making the variant enzyme attractive for food biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsakorn Phengnoi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | | | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.W.); (M.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Methus Klaewkla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.W.); (M.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Santhana Nakapong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand;
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Kazuo Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan;
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.W.); (M.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Kamontip Kuttiyawong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
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24
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The Structure of Sucrose-Soaked Levansucrase Crystals from Erwinia tasmaniensis reveals a Binding Pocket for Levanbiose. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010083. [PMID: 31877648 PMCID: PMC6981717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its potential role in the synthesis of novel prebiotics and applications in the pharmaceutical industry, a strong interest has developed in the enzyme levansucrase (LSC, EC 2.4.1.10). LSC catalyzes both the hydrolysis of sucrose (or sucroselike substrates) and the transfructosylation of a wide range of acceptors. LSC from the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia tasmaniensis (EtLSC) is an interesting biocatalyst due to its high-yield production of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). In order to learn more about the process of chain elongation, we obtained the crystal structure of EtLSC in complex with levanbiose (LBS). LBS is an FOS intermediate formed during the synthesis of longer-chain FOSs and levan. Analysis of the LBS binding pocket revealed that its structure was conserved in several related species. The binding pocket discovered in this crystal structure is an ideal target for future mutagenesis studies in order to understand its biological relevance and to engineer LSCs into tailored products.
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25
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Wangpaiboon K, Pitakchatwong C, Panpetch P, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Field RA, Pichyangkura R. Modified properties of alternan polymers arising from deletion of SH3-like motifs in Leuconostoc citreum ABK-1 alternansucrase. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 220:103-109. [PMID: 31196527 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternansucrase (ALT, EC 2.4.1.140) catalyses the formation of an alternating 〈-1, 3/1, 6-linked glucan, with periodic branch points, from sucrose substrate. Beyond the catalytic domain, this enzyme harbours seven additional C-terminal SH3-like repeats. We herein generated two truncated alternansucrases, possessing deletions of three and seven adjacent SH3 motifs, giving Δ3SHALT and Δ7SHALT. Δ3SHALT and Δ7SHALT exhibited kcat/Km for transglycosylation activity 2.3- and 1.5-fold lower than wild-type ALT (WTALT), while hydrolysis was detected only in the truncated ALTs, oligosaccharide patterns and polymer glycosidic linkage were similar to that of WTALT. The viscosities of ALT polymers increase by ˜100-fold at 15% (w/v), with gel-like states formed at 12.5, 15.0, and 20.0% (w/v) produced by polymer from WTALT, Δ3SHALT, and Δ7SHALT, respectively. The average nanoparticle sizes of Δ3SHALT and Δ7SHALT polymers were 80 nm, compared to 90 nm from WTALT. In conclusion, even relatively subtle differences in the structure of ALT-produced alternan give rise to profound impact on the glucan polymer physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Pawinee Panpetch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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A close look at the structural features and reaction conditions that modulate the synthesis of low and high molecular weight fructans by levansucrases. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:130-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Kanjanatanin P, Pichyangkura R, Sitthiyotha T, Charoenwongpaiboon T, Wangpaiboon K, Chunsrivirot S. Computational design of Bacillus licheniformis RN-01 levansucrase for control of the chain length of levan-type fructooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:1239-1248. [PMID: 31437510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Levansucrase (LS) from Gram-positive bacteria generally produces a large quantity of levan polymer, a polyfructose with glucose at the end (GFn) but a small quantity of levan-type fructooligosaccharides (LFOs). The properties of levan and LFOs depend on their chain lengths, thereby determining their potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries such as prebiotics and anti-tumor agents. Therefore, an ability to redesign and engineer the active site of levansucrase for synthesis of products with desired degree of polymerization (DP) is very beneficial. We employed computational protein design, docking and molecular dynamics to redesign and engineer the active site of Bacillus licheniformis RN-01 levansucrase for production of LFOs with DP up to five (GF4), using two approaches: 1) blocking oligosaccharide binding track of GF3-LS complex with large aromatic residues and 2) eliminating hydrogen bond interactions between terminal glucose of GF4 and side chains of binding residues of GF4-LS complex. The designed enzymes and their product patterns from these two approaches were experimentally characterized. The experimental results show that the first approach was successful in creating N251W and N251W/K372Y mutants that synthesized LFOs with DP up to five. This work illustrates how computer-aided approaches can offer novel opportunities to engineer enzymes for desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsakorn Kanjanatanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thassanai Sitthiyotha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanapon Charoenwongpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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28
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Salama BM, Helmy WA, Ragab TIM, Ali MM, Taie HAA, Esawy MA. Characterization of a new efficient low molecular weightBacillus subtilisNRC16levansucrase and its levan. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1004-1015. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem M. Salama
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and drug Industry Division; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
| | - Wafaa A. Helmy
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and drug Industry Division; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
| | - Tamer I. M. Ragab
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and drug Industry Division; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
| | - Mamdouh M. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
| | - Hanan A. A. Taie
- Department of Plant Biochemistry; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
| | - Mona A. Esawy
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and drug Industry Division; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
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29
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Zhao H, Greiner S, Scheffzek K, Rausch T, Wang G. A 6&1-FEH Encodes an Enzyme for Fructan Degradation and Interact with Invertase Inhibitor Protein in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3807. [PMID: 31382684 PMCID: PMC6696269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
About 15% of higher plants have acquired the ability to convert sucrose into fructans. Fructan degradation is catalyzed by fructan exohydrolases (FEHs), which are structurally related to cell wall invertases (CWI). However, the biological function(s) of FEH enzymes in non-fructan species have remained largely enigmatic. In the present study, one maize CWI-related enzyme named Zm-6&1-FEH1, displaying FEH activity, was explored with respect to its substrate specificities, its expression during plant development, and its possible interaction with CWI inhibitor protein. Following heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris and in N. benthamiana leaves, recombinant Zm-6&1-FEH1 revealed substrate specificities of levan and inulin, and also displayed partially invertase activity. Expression of Zm-6&1-FEH1 as monitored by qPCR was strongly dependent on plant development and was further modulated by abiotic stress. To explore whether maize FEH can interact with invertase inhibitor protein, Zm-6&1-FEH1 and maize invertase inhibitor Zm-INVINH1 were co-expressed in N. benthamiana leaves. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis and in vitro enzyme inhibition assays indicated productive complex formation. In summary, the results provide support to the hypothesis that in non-fructan species FEH enzymes may modulate the regulation of CWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Steffen Greiner
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffzek
- Division Biological Chemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Innrain 80, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Rausch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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The K296-D320 region of recombinant levansucrase BA-SacB can affect the sensitivity of Escherichia coli host to sucrose. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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31
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Exploring the sequence variability of polymerization-involved residues in the production of levan- and inulin-type fructooligosaccharides with a levansucrase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7720. [PMID: 31118468 PMCID: PMC6531494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between the gut microbiome composition and human health has long been recognized, such that the host-microbiome interplay is at present the subject of the so-called “precision medicine”. Non-digestible fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can modulate the microbial composition and therefore their consumption occupies a central place in a strategy seeking to reverse microbiome-linked diseases. We created a small library of Bacillus megaterium levansucrase variants with focus on the synthesis of levan- and inulin-type FOS. Modifications were introduced at positions R370, K373 and F419, which are either part of the oligosaccharide elongation pathway or are located in the vicinity of residues that modulate polymerization. These amino acids were exchanged by residues of different characteristics, some of them being extremely low- or non-represented in enzymes of the levansucrase family (Glycoside Hydrolase 68, GH68). F419 seemed to play a minor role in FOS binding. However, changes at R370 abated the levansucrase capacity to synthesize levan-type oligosaccharides, with some mutations turning the product specificity towards neo-FOS and the inulin-like sugar 1-kestose. Although variants retaining the native R370 produced efficiently levan-type tri-, tetra- and pentasaccharides, their capacity to elongate these FOS was hampered by including the mutation K373H or K373L. Mutant K373H, for instance, generated 37- and 5.6-fold higher yields of 6-kestose and 6-nystose, respectively, than the wild-type enzyme, while maintaining a similar catalytic activity. The effect of mutations on the levansucrase product specificity is discussed.
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32
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Klaewkla M, Chunsrivirot S, Wangpaiboon K, Pichyangkura R, Field RA, Prousoontorn MH. Rational re-design of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase for product chain length control. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14957-14965. [PMID: 35516339 PMCID: PMC9064246 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are well-known prebiotics that are widely used in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. Inulosucrase (E.C. 2.4.1.9) can potentially be used to synthesise FOSs from sucrose. In this study, inulosucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 was engineered by site-directed mutagenesis to change the FOS chain length. Three variants (R483F, R483Y and R483W) were designed, and their binding free energies with 1,1,1-kestopentaose (GF4) were calculated with the Rosetta software. R483F and R483Y were predicted to bind with GF4 better than the wild type, suggesting that these engineered enzymes should be able to effectively extend GF4 by one residue and produce a greater quantity of GF5 than the wild type. MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that R483F, R483Y and R483W variants could synthesise shorter chain FOSs with a degree of polymerization (DP) up to 11, 10, and 10, respectively, while wild type produced longer FOSs and in polymeric form. Although the decrease in catalytic activity and the increase of hydrolysis/transglycosylation activity ratio was observed, the variants could effectively synthesise FOSs with the yield up to 73% of substrate. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that these variants produced a larger quantity of GF5 than wild type, which was in good agreement with the predicted binding free energy results. Our findings demonstrate the success of using aromatic amino acid residues, at position D418, to block the oligosaccharide binding track of inulosucrase in controlling product chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Methus Klaewkla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UH UK
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33
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Polsinelli I, Caliandro R, Salomone-Stagni M, Demitri N, Rejzek M, Field RA, Benini S. Comparison of the Levansucrase from the epiphyte Erwinia tasmaniensis vs its homologue from the phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:496-501. [PMID: 30660564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Erwinia tasmaniensis is an epiphytic bacterium related to the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora, the etiological agent of fire blight. In this study the levansucrase from E. tasmaniensis (EtLsc) has been compared with the homologous enzyme from E. amylovora (EaLsc). We characterized the enzymatic activity and compared the products profile of both enzymes by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography coupled with Pulsed Amperometric Detector (HPAEC-PAD). Moreover we determined the crystal structure of EtLsc to understand the structural peculiarity causing the different product profiles of the two homologues. EtLsc exhibits increased efficiency in the production of FOS, resulting in a better catalyst for biotechnological synthesis than EaLsc. Based on our results, we propose that the role of this enzyme in the life cycle of the two bacteria is most likely related to survival, rather than linked to pathogenicity in E. amylovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Polsinelli
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rosanna Caliandro
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Salomone-Stagni
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Benini
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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34
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Ertl J, Ortiz‐Soto ME, Le TA, Bechold J, Shan J, Teßmar J, Engels B, Seibel J. Tuning the Product Spectrum of a Glycoside Hydrolase Enzyme by a Combination of Site‐Directed Mutagenesis and Tyrosine‐Specific Chemical Modification. Chemistry 2019; 25:6533-6541. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ertl
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Thien Anh Le
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität Würzburg Emil-Fischer Strasse 42 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Julian Bechold
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Junwen Shan
- Abteilung für Funktionswerkstoffe der Medizin und der ZahnheilkundeUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jörg Teßmar
- Abteilung für Funktionswerkstoffe der Medizin und der ZahnheilkundeUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität Würzburg Emil-Fischer Strasse 42 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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35
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Ni D, Xu W, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Inulin and its enzymatic production by inulosucrase: Characteristics, structural features, molecular modifications and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:306-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Hill A, Chen L, Mariage A, Petit JL, de Berardinis V, Karboune S. Discovery of new levansucrase enzymes with interesting properties and improved catalytic activity to produce levan and fructooligosaccharides. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mining for new levansucrase enzymes with high levan production, transfructosylating activity, and thermal stability and studying their kinetics and acceptor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hill
- Department of Food Science
- McGill University
- Quebec
- H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Lily Chen
- Department of Food Science
- McGill University
- Quebec
- H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Aline Mariage
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope
- Institut François Jacob
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ Evry
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope
- Institut François Jacob
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ Evry
| | | | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science
- McGill University
- Quebec
- H9X 3V9 Canada
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37
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Xu W, Ni D, Zhang W, Guang C, Zhang T, Mu W. Recent advances in Levansucrase and Inulosucrase: evolution, characteristics, and application. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3630-3647. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1506421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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38
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Sitthiyotha T, Na Ayutthaya PP, Wangpaiboon K, Chunsrivirot S, Hengsakul Prousoontorn M, Pichyangkura R. Modulation of fructooligosaccharide chain length and insight into the product binding motif of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 209:111-121. [PMID: 30732790 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inulosucrase (E.C. 2.4.1.9) is a bacterial fructosyltransferase that synthesizes inulin-type fructooligosaccharide, using sucrose as a substrate. We modulated the size of fructooligosaccharide synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase using rational designed mutagenesis. Nine residues: D478, D479, S482, R483, N543, W551, N555, N561 and D689, were changed based on the active site architecture and amino acids potentially interacting with saccharides. The selected residues were substituted with alanine to investigate the contribution of these residues to FOS chain length. Enzymatic activity assays demonstrated that the transglycosylation/hydrolysis ratios of D479A, R483A, N543A, W551A and N555A mutants were significantly different from that of the wild type. Almost all mutants, except D478A, synthesized oligosaccharides with different size distribution compared to that of wild type. Molecular docking further provides insights into the product binding motif of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase and strengthens an important role of amino acid residues at remote locations from the active site on the enzymatic activity and product specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanapon Charoenwongpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thassanai Sitthiyotha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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39
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Understanding the transfer reaction network behind the non-processive synthesis of low molecular weight levan catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis levansucrase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15035. [PMID: 30301900 PMCID: PMC6177408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under specific reaction conditions, levansucrase from Bacillus subtilis (SacB) catalyzes the synthesis of a low molecular weight levan through the non-processive elongation of a great number of intermediates. To deepen understanding of the polymer elongation mechanism, we conducted a meticulous examination of the fructooligosaccharide profile evolution during the levan synthesis. As a result, the formation of primary and secondary intermediates series in different reaction stages was observed. The origin of the series was identified through comparison with product profiles obtained in acceptor reactions employing levanbiose, blastose, 1-kestose, 6-kestose, and neo-kestose, and supported with the isolation and NMR analyses of some relevant products, demonstrating that all of them are inherent products during levan formation from sucrose. These results allowed to establish the network of fructosyl transfer reactions involved in the non-processive levan synthesis. Overall, our results reveal how the relaxed acceptor specificity of SacB during the initial steps of the synthesis is responsible for the formation of several levan series, which constitute the final low molecular weight levan distribution.
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40
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Sitthiyotha T, Pichyangkura R, Chunsrivirot S. Molecular dynamics provides insight into how N251A and N251Y mutations in the active site of Bacillus licheniformis RN-01 levansucrase disrupt production of long-chain levan. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204915. [PMID: 30278092 PMCID: PMC6168164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Produced by levansucrase, levan and levan oligosaccharides (GFn) have potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries such as prebiotics, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory agents. Previous study reported that Bacillus licheniformis RN-01 levansucrase could produce levan oligosaccharides and long-chain levan. However, its N251A and N251Y mutants could effectively produce short-chain oligosaccharides upto GF3, but they could not produce long-chain levan. We hypothesized that these mutations probably reduced GF3 binding affinity in levansucrase active site that contains fructosyl-Asp93 intermediate and caused GF3 to be in an unfavorable orientation for transfructosylation; therefore, levansucrase could not effectively extend GF3 by one fructosyl residue to produce GF4 and subsequently long-chain levan. However, these mutations probably did not significantly reduce binding affinity or drastically change orientation of GF2; therefore, levansucrase could still extend GF2 to produce GF3. Using this hypothesis, we employed molecular dynamics to investigate effects of these mutations on GF2/GF3 binding in levansucrase active site. Our results reasonably support this hypothesis as N251A and N251Y mutations did not significantly reduce GF2 binding affinity, as calculated by MM-GBSA technique and hydrogen bond occupations, or drastically change orientation of GF2 in levansucrase active site, as measured by distance between atoms necessary for transfructosylation. However, these mutations drastically decreased GF3 binding affinity and caused GF3 to be in an unfavorable orientation for transfructosylation. Furthermore, the free energy decomposition and hydrogen bond occupation results suggest the importance of Arg255 in GF2/GF3 binding in levansucrase active site. This study provides important and novel insight into the effects of N251A and N251Y mutations on GF2/GF3 binding in levansucrase active site and how they may disrupt production of long-chain levan. This knowledge could be beneficial in designing levansucrase to efficiently produce levan oligosaccharides with desired length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thassanai Sitthiyotha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Xu W, Ni D, Yu S, Zhang T, Mu W. Insights into hydrolysis versus transfructosylation: Mutagenesis studies of a novel levansucrase from Brenneria sp. EniD312. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:335-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Kirtel O, Menéndez C, Versluys M, Van den Ende W, Hernández L, Toksoy Öner E. Levansucrase from Halomonas smyrnensis AAD6T: first halophilic GH-J clan enzyme recombinantly expressed, purified, and characterized. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9207-9220. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ortiz-Soto ME, Ertl J, Mut J, Adelmann J, Le TA, Shan J, Teßmar J, Schlosser A, Engels B, Seibel J. Product-oriented chemical surface modification of a levansucrase (SacB) via an ene-type reaction. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5312-5321. [PMID: 30009003 PMCID: PMC6009436 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate processing enzymes are sophisticated tools of living systems that have evolved to execute specific reactions on sugars. Here we present for the first time the site-selective chemical modification of exposed tyrosine residues in SacB, a levansucrase from Bacillus megaterium (Bm-LS) for enzyme engineering purposes via an ene-type reaction. Bm-LS is unable to sustain the synthesis of high molecular weight (HMW) levan (a fructose polymer) due to protein-oligosaccharide dissociation events occurring at an early stage during polymer elongation. We switched the catalyst from levan-like oligosaccharide synthesis to the efficient production of a HMW fructan polymer through the covalent addition of a flexible chemical side-chain that fluctuates over the central binding cavity of the enzyme preventing premature oligosaccharide disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Ortiz-Soto
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Julia Ertl
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Jürgen Mut
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Juliane Adelmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Thien Anh Le
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Emil-Fischer Strasse 42 , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Junwen Shan
- Abteilung für Funktionswerkstoffe der Medizin und der Zahnheilkunde , Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Pleicherwall 2 , D-97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Teßmar
- Abteilung für Funktionswerkstoffe der Medizin und der Zahnheilkunde , Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Pleicherwall 2 , D-97070 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin , Universität Würzburg , Josef-Schneider Str. 2, Haus D15 , 97080 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Emil-Fischer Strasse 42 , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
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Physicochemical properties of a high molecular weight levan from Brenneria sp. EniD312. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:810-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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He C, Yang Y, Zhao R, Qu J, Jin L, Lu L, Xu L, Xiao M. Rational designed mutagenesis of levansucrase from Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1 for product specificity study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3217-3228. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Kralj S, Leeflang C, Sierra EI, Kempiński B, Alkan V, Kolkman M. Synthesis of fructooligosaccharides (FosA) and inulin (InuO) by GH68 fructosyltransferases from Bacillus agaradhaerens strain WDG185. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 179:350-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Possiel C, Bäuerle A, Seibel J. A Chemoenzymatic Route to a Class of Sucrose Esters. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Possiel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexandra Bäuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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48
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Investigating and optimizing the immobilization of levansucrase for increased transfructosylation activity and thermal stability. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Porras-Domínguez JR, Rodríguez-Alegría ME, Ávila-Fernández Á, Montiel-Salgado S, López-Munguía A. Levan-type fructooligosaccharides synthesis by a levansucrase-endolevanase fusion enzyme (LevB 1SacB). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:40-48. [PMID: 28962785 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the enzymatic production of levan type-fructooligosaccharides (L-FOS) with a DP from 2 to 10, through simultaneous synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. This was accomplished by LevB1SacB, a new enzyme resulting from the fusion of SacB, a levansucrase from Bacillus subtilis and LevB1, an endolevanase from B. licheniformis. In the fusion enzyme, SacB retains its catalytic behavior with a decrease in kcat from 164 to 108s-1. LevB1 in LevB1SacB kinetic behavior improves considerably reaching saturation with levan and following Michaelis-Menten kinetics, quite differently from the previously reported first order kinetic behavior. We also report that LevB1SacB or both enzymes (LevB1 & SacB) at equimolar concentrations in simultaneous reactions result in an optimal, wide and diverse L-FOS profile, including 6-kestose, levanbiose and blastose among other L-FOS and 1-kestose, which accumulates as by-product of SacB levan synthesis. Yields of around 40% (w/w) were obtained from 600g/l sucrose with either LevB1SacB or LevB1 & SacB. The reaction was successfully scaled up to a stirred 2l bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R Porras-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biotecnología UNAM, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Ángela Ávila-Fernández
- Centro de Investigación, DACS-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez no. 2838-A, Col. Tamulte, CP 86150, Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Silvia Montiel-Salgado
- Instituto de Biotecnología UNAM, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Agustín López-Munguía
- Instituto de Biotecnología UNAM, Av. Universidad #2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Ortiz-Soto ME, Possiel C, Görl J, Vogel A, Schmiedel R, Seibel J. Impaired coordination of nucleophile and increased hydrophobicity in the +1 subsite shift levansucrase activity towards transfructosylation. Glycobiology 2017; 27:755-765. [PMID: 28575294 PMCID: PMC5881714 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial levansucrases produce β(2,6)-linked levan-type polysaccharides using sucrose or sucrose analogs as donor/acceptor substrates. However, the dominant reaction of Bacillus megaterium levansucrase (Bm-LS) is hydrolysis. Single domain levansucrases from Gram-positive bacteria display a wide substrate-binding pocket with open access to water, challenging engineering for transfructosylation-efficient enzymes. We pursued a shift in reaction specificity by either modifying the water distribution in the active site or the coordination of the catalytic acid/base (E352) and the nucleophile (D95), thus affecting the fructosyl-transfer rate and allowing acceptors other than water to occupy the active site. Two serine (173/422) and two water-binding tyrosine (421/439) residues located in the first shell of the catalytic pocket were modified. Library variants of S173, Y421 and S422, which coordinate the position of D95 and E352, show increased transfructosylation (30–200%) and modified product spectra. Substitutions at position 422 have a higher impact on sucrose affinity, while changes at position 173 and 421 have a strong effect on the overall catalytic rate. As most retaining glycoside hydrolases (GHs) Bm-LS catalyzes hydrolysis and transglycosylation via a double displacement reaction involving two-transition states (TS1 and TS2). Hydrogen bonds of D95 with the side chains of S173 and S422 contribute a total of 2.4 kcal mol−1 to TS1 stabilization, while hydrogen bonds between invariant Y421, E352 and the glucosyl C-2 hydroxyl-group of sucrose contribute 2.15 kcal mol−1 stabilization. Changes at Y439 render predominantly hydrolytic variants synthesizing shorter oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Ortiz-Soto
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Germany
| | - Christian Possiel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Germany
| | - Julian Görl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Germany
| | - Andreas Vogel
- c-LEcta GmbH, Leipzig, Perlickstr. 5, 04103, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Am Hubland 97074, Germany
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