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Bali P, Lozano-Pope I, Hernandez J, Estrada MV, Corr M, Turner MA, Bouvet M, Benner C, Obonyo M. TRIF-IFN-I pathway in Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer in an accelerated murine disease model and patient biopsies. iScience 2024; 27:109457. [PMID: 38558931 PMCID: PMC10981133 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a known cause of many digestive diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms by which H. pylori infection triggers these disorders are still not clearly understood. Gastric cancer is a slow progressing disease, which makes it difficult to study. We have developed an accelerated disease progression mouse model, which leverages mice deficient in the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 gene (Myd88-/-) infected with Helicobacter felis (H. felis). Using this model and gastric biopsy samples from patients, we report that activation of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway promotes Helicobacter-induced disease progression toward severe gastric pathology and gastric cancer development. Further, results implicated downstream targets of this pathway in disease pathogenesis. These findings may facilitate stratification of Helicobacter-infected patients and thus enable treatment prioritization of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Bali
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ivonne Lozano-Pope
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica V. Estrada
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Turner
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marygorret Obonyo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bali P, Lozano-Pope I, Hernandez J, Estrada MV, Corr M, Turner MA, Bouvet M, Benner C, Obonyo M. Activation of the TRIF pathway and downstream targets results in the development of precancerous lesions during infection with Helicobacter. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.04.543598. [PMID: 37333238 PMCID: PMC10274671 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection is an established cause of many digestive diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. However, the mechanism by which infection with H. pylori causes these disorders is still not clearly understood. This is due to insufficient knowledge of pathways that promote H. pylori -induced disease progression. We have established a Helicobacter -induced accelerated disease progression mouse model, which involves infecting mice deficient in the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 gene ( Myd88 -/- ) with H. felis . Using this model, we report here that that progression of H. felis -induced inflammation to high-grade dysplasia was associated with activation of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway and upregulation of related downstream target genes, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). These observations were further corroborated by the enrichment of ISRE motifs in the promoters of upregulated genes. Further we showed that H. felis -induced inflammation in mice deficient in Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF, Trif Lps 2 ) did not progress to severe gastric pathology, indicating a role of the TRIF signaling pathway in disease pathogenesis and progression. Indeed, survival analysis in gastric biopsy samples from gastric cancer patients illustrated that high expression of Trif was significantly associated with poor survival in gastric cancer.
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Guanine nucleotide-binding protein 2, GNBP2, accelerates the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via regulation of STAT3 signaling transduction pathway. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1-11. [PMID: 36346541 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanine nucleotide-binding protein 2 (GNBP2) is a GTPase that has critical roles in host immunity and some types of cancer, but its function in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE This work explored the role of GNBP2 in ccRCC progression and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Two public human cancer databases TNMplot and TISIDB were employed to analyze the expression pattern of GNBP2 during ccRCC progression and the correlation between GNBP2 expression and clinical features of ccRCC patients. GNBP2 functions in ccRCC cells were determined by EdU staining, flow cytometry, scratch wound assay, transwell assay, and xenograft model. Gene expression was evaluated using qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS GNBP2 expression was significantly elevated in ccRCC tissues and increased gradually with the increasing tumor grades. Patients with higher GNBP2 expression had shorter overall survival times. Knockdown of GNBP2 suppressed tumor cell proliferation and cell cycle progression and reduced the capability of migration and invasion, while GNBP2 overexpression exhibited protumor effects. GNBP2 silencing by RNA interference significantly inhibited the tumor growth of tumor-bearing nude mice and decreased the proliferation marker Ki67. Mechanistically, GNBP2 downregulation suppressed the STAT3 signaling transduction, as it reduced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and modulated the expression of the target genes, including c-Myc, MMP2, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that GNBP2 promotes ccRCC progression by regulating STAT3 signaling transduction, indicating that GNBP2 might be a promising molecular target for ccRCC therapy.
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Zhang S, Chen K, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Xu L, Liu T, Yu S. Lower Expression of GBP2 Associated With Less Immune Cell Infiltration and Poor Prognosis in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM). J Immunother 2022; 45:274-283. [PMID: 35543550 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2) could bind to guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) and exhibits antiviral activity against influenza virus through the innate immune response. Some researchers have demonstrated that the value of GBP2 in predicting the prognosis of multiple cancers and the complex correlation with immune response. However, the correlation of GBP2 to prognosis and immune cell infiltration level were unknown in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM). The GBP2 expression in multiple cancers were evaluated through Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Oncomine. We also evaluated the influence of GBP2 on overall survival in multiple caners through GEPIA, TIMER, and tissue microarray. The correlation between GBP2 expression level and immune cell or gene markers of immune infiltration level was explored on TIMER and GEPIA. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using the TCGA dataset. The GBP2 expression level represented a significant reduction and the GBP2 expression was lower compared with the SKCM-Metastasis with P<0.01. Lower GBP2 expression was significantly correlated with the poor overall survival of SKCM patients. Simultaneously, higher GBP2 expression predicted the better SKCM-free survival with P=0.019. GBP2 expression was positively correlated with the infiltration cells of B-cell, CD8+ T-cell, CD4+ T-cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell in SKCM. And there was a significant negative correlation between the expression of GBP2 and DNA methylation in the cBioPortal database (P=3.39e-42). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that GBP2 was closely correlated with multiple pathways of immune response in cancer. In conclusion, Lower expression of GBP2 associated with less immune cell infiltration and poor prognosis in SKCM and the high promoter methylation of GBP2 represented a promising biomarker for poor prognostication in SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Chen
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology and Immunology Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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The Large GTPase, GBP-2, Regulates Rho Family GTPases to Inhibit Migration and Invadosome Formation in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225632. [PMID: 34830789 PMCID: PMC8616281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Too many women still die of breast cancer each year. Those breast cancers that kill are those with cells that have migrated away from the primary tumor in the breast and established new tumors at other sites in the body. These tumors are not reached when the original tumor in the breast is removed. This study was designed to determine why some breast cancers move away from their primary tumor and others do not. We have identified a protein that inhibits this movement. Understanding this finding may provide us with ways to inhibit tumor cell movement in patients. Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Despite advances in early detection and treatment, it is predicted that over 43,000 women will die of breast cancer in 2021. To lower this number, more information about the molecular players in breast cancer are needed. Guanylate-Binding Protein-2 has been correlated with better prognosis in breast cancer. In this study, we asked if the expression of GBP-2 in breast cancer merely provided a biomarker for improved prognosis or whether it actually contributed to improving outcome. To answer this, the 4T1 model of murine breast cancer was used. 4T1 cells themselves are highly aggressive and highly metastatic, while 67NR cells, isolated from the same tumor, do not leave the primary site. The expression of GBP-2 was examined in the two cell lines and found to be inversely correlated with aggressiveness/metastasis. Proliferation, migration, and invadosome formation were analyzed after altering the expression levels of GBP-2. Our experiments show that GBP-2 does not alter the proliferation of these cells but inhibits migration and invadosome formation downstream of regulation of Rho GTPases. Together these data demonstrate that GBP-2 is responsible for cell autonomous activities that make breast cancer cells less aggressive.
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Rahvar F, Salimi M, Mozdarani H. Plasma GBP2 promoter methylation is associated with advanced stages in breast cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190230. [PMID: 33211060 PMCID: PMC7783727 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood methylated cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a minimally invasive cancer biomarker
has great importance in cancer management. Guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2)
has been considered as a possible controlling factor in tumor development.
GBP2 gene expression and its promoter methylation status in
both plasma cfDNA and tumor tissues of ductal carcinoma breast cancer patients
were analyzed using SYBR green comparative Real-Time RT-PCR and, Methyl-specific
PCR techniques, respectively in order to find a possible cancer-related marker.
The results revealed that GBP2 gene expression and promoter
methylation were inversely associated. GBP2 was down-regulated
in tumors with emphasis on triple negative status, nodal involvement and higher
cancer stages (p<0.0001). GBP2 promoter
methylation on both cfDNA and tumor tissues were positively correlated and was
detected in about 88% of breast cancer patients mostly in (Lymph node positive)
LN+ and higher stages. Data provided shreds of evidence that
GBP2 promoter methylation in circulating DNA may be
considered as a possible effective non-invasive molecular marker in poor
prognostic breast cancer patients with the evidence of its relation to disease
stage and lymph node metastasis. However further studies need to evaluate the
involvement of GBP2 promoter methylation in progression-free
survival or overall survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rahvar
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Salimi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mozdarani
- Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNG) has long been implicated as a central orchestrator of antitumor immune responses in the elimination stage of the immunoediting paradigm. However, mounting evidence suggests that IFNG may also have important and significant protumor roles to play in the equilibrium and escape phases through its regulatory effects on immunoevasive functions that promote tumorigenesis. These seemingly contradictory effects of IFNG undoubtedly play profound roles in not only the activation of inflammatory response to cancer but also in the determination of its outcome. In the face of the recent explosion of anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies in the clinic, it is critical that a complete understanding is achieved of the underpinnings of the mechanisms that determine the two faces of IFNG signaling in cancer. Here, the current state of this dichotomy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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He T, Sun R, Li Y, Katusic ZS. Effects of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on MicroRNA Expression Profile in Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1005-1009. [PMID: 29860902 PMCID: PMC6050915 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718761658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying proangiogenic function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF) are not fully understood. The current study was designed to explore the microRNA
(miRNA) profile in human early endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs, also referred to as
CFU-Hill cells) treated with BDNF. Treatment of early EPCs with BDNF for 7 d significantly
increased the colony formation of outgrowth endothelial cells. BDNF suppressed the
expression of miR-4716-5p, miR-3928, miR-433, miR-1294, miR-1539, and miR-19b-1*. In
contrast, BDNF significantly increased the levels of miR-432*, miR-4499, miR-3911,
miR-1183, miR-4669, miR-636, miR-4717-3p, miR-4298, miR485-5p, and miR-181c. Since miR-433
has been reported to augment hematopoietic cells proliferation and differentiation, we
examined the role of miR-433 in regenerative effects of BDNF. BDNF stimulated the protein
expression of guanylate-binding protein 2 via the suppression of miR-433. However, the
knockdown of miR-433 was not sufficient to significantly increase the number of outgrowth
endothelial cell colonies, suggesting that modulation of miR-433 alone does not stimulate
regenerative capacity of EPCs. In aggregate, our results also suggest that the effect of
BDNF on regenerative function of EPCs may depend on complex changes in the expression of
microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrong He
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruohan Sun
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- 3 Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Renuka, Agnihotri N, Bhatnagar A. Differential ratios of fish/corn oil ameliorated the colon carcinoma in rat by altering intestinal intraepithelial CD8+ T lymphocytes, dendritic cells population and modulating the intracellular cytokines. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:600-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Zhang GM, Zheng L, He H, Song CC, Zhang ZJ, Cao XK, Lei CZ, Lan XY, Qi XL, Chen H, Huang YZ. Associations of GBP2 gene copy number variations with growth traits and transcriptional expression in Chinese cattle. Gene 2018; 647:101-106. [PMID: 29325733 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) recently have been recognized as another important genetic variability followed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2) gene plays an important role in cell proliferation. This study was performed to determine the presence of GBP2 CNV (relative to Angus cattle) in 466 individuals representing six main cattle breeds from China, identify its relationship with growth, and explore the biological effects of gene expression. There were two CNV regions in the GBP2 gene, for three types, CNV1 loss type (relative to Angus cattle) was more frequent in XN than other breeds, and CNV2 loss type (relative to Angus cattle) was more frequent in XN and CDM than other breeds. Though the GBP2 gene copy number presented no correlation with the transcriptional expression of JX (P > .05), but the transcriptional expression in heart is higher than other tissues, and the copy number in muscles and fat of JX is higher than others breeds. Statistical analysis revealed that the GBP2 gene CNV1 and CNV2 were significantly associated with growth traits (P < .05). In conclusion, this research established the correlations between CNVs of GBP2 gene and growth traits in different cattle breeds, and our results suggested that the CNVs in GBP2 gene may be considered markers for the molecular breeding of Chinese beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Li Zheng
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Hua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Cheng-Chuang Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zi-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Xiu-Kai Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chu-Zhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xian-Yong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xing-Lei Qi
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County, Biyang, Henan 463700, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Guanylate-binding protein 2 regulates Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission to suppress breast cancer cell invasion. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3151. [PMID: 29072687 PMCID: PMC5680924 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2) is a member of the large GTPase superfamily that is strongly induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Although the biochemical characteristics of GBP2 have been reported in detail, its biological function has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first demonstration that GBP2 inhibits mitochondrial fission and cell metastasis in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our previous work demonstrated that dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission has a key role in breast cancer cell invasion. In this study, we demonstrate that GBP2 binds directly to Drp1. Elimination of Drp1 by shRNA or Mdivi-1 (a Drp1-specific inhibitor) suppressed GBP2's regulatory function. Furthermore, GBP2 blocks Drp1 translocation from the cytosol to mitochondria, thereby attenuating Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and breast cancer cell invasion. In summary, our data provide new insights into the function and molecular mechanisms underlying GBP2's regulation of breast cancer cell invasion.
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Chhabra Y, Yong HXL, Fane ME, Soogrim A, Lim W, Mahiuddin DN, Kim RSQ, Ashcroft M, Beatson SA, Ainger SA, Smit DJ, Jagirdar K, Walker GJ, Sturm RA, Smith AG. Genetic variation in IRF4 expression modulates growth characteristics, tyrosinase expression and interferon-gamma response in melanocytic cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:51-63. [PMID: 28755520 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A SNP within intron4 of the interferon regulatory factor4 (IRF4) gene, rs12203592*C/T, has been independently associated with pigmentation and age-specific effects on naevus count in European-derived populations. We have characterized the cis-regulatory activity of this intronic region and using human foreskin-derived melanoblast strains, we have explored the correlation between IRF4 rs12203592 homozygous C/C and T/T genotypes with TYR enzyme activity, supporting its association with pigmentation traits. Further, higher IRF4 protein levels directed by the rs12203592*C allele were associated with increased basal proliferation but decreased cell viability following UVR, an etiological factor in melanoma development. Since UVR, and accompanying IFNγ-mediated inflammatory response, is associated with melanomagenesis, we evaluated its effects in the context of IRF4 status. Manipulation of IRF4 levels followed by IFNγ treatment revealed a subset of chemokines and immuno-evasive molecules that are sensitive to IRF4 expression level and genotype including CTLA4 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hilary X L Yong
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arish Soogrim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wen Lim
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dayana Nur Mahiuddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reuben S Q Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melinda Ashcroft
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen A Ainger
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Smit
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Lopes-Bastos B, Jin L, Ruge F, Owen S, Sanders A, Cogle C, Chester J, Jiang WG, Cai J. Association of breast carcinoma growth with a non-canonical axis of IFNγ/IDO1/TSP1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85024-85039. [PMID: 29156701 PMCID: PMC5689591 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between cancers and the surrounding microenvironment have an important role in tumour evolution. In this study, our data suggested that through thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), tumour-associated microvessel provides a dormant niche to sustain inactive status of breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cells. TSP1 levels in the tumour stroma were negatively correlated with vascular indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in IDC tissues. IDO1 is an intracellular enzyme initiating the first and rate-limited step of tryptophan breakdown. Lower stromal TSP1 levels and positive tumour vascular IDO1 staining seems to associate with poor survive of patients with IDC. IDC cells induced a significantly increase in IDO1 expression in endothelial cells (ECs). IFNγ exerts a similar effect on ECs. We hypothesized a tryptophan starvation theory that since tryptophan is essential for the synthesis of TSP1, IDO1 induce a decrease in tryptophan availability and a reduction in TSP1 synthesis in ECs, leading to overcoming the dormancy state of IDC cells and exacerbating conditions such as tumour invasion and metastasis. These findings identify a non-canonical role of IFNγ/IDO1/TSP1 axis in microvascular niche-dominated dormancy of breast invasive ductal carcinoma with a solid foundation for further investigation of therapeutic and prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lopes-Bastos
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Liang Jin
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christopher Cogle
- School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0278, USA
| | - John Chester
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jun Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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14
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Zatula A, Dikic A, Mulder C, Sharma A, Vågbø CB, Sousa MML, Waage A, Slupphaug G. Proteome alterations associated with transformation of multiple myeloma to secondary plasma cell leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19427-19442. [PMID: 28038447 PMCID: PMC5386695 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell leukemia is a rare and aggressive plasma cell neoplasm that may either originate de novo (primary PCL) or by leukemic transformation of multiple myeloma (MM) to secondary PCL (sPCL). The prognosis of sPCL is very poor, and currently no standard treatment is available due to lack of prospective clinical studies. In an attempt to elucidate factors contributing to transformation, we have performed super-SILAC quantitative proteome profiling of malignant plasma cells collected from the same patient at both the MM and sPCL stages of the disease. 795 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the MM and sPCL samples. Gene ontology analysis indicated a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis in sPCL as well as marked down-regulation of enzymes involved in glycan synthesis, potentially mediating altered glycosylation of surface receptors. There was no significant change in overall genomic 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the two stages, indicating that epigenetic dysregulation was not a major driver of transformation to sPCL. The present study constitutes the first attempt to provide a comprehensive map of the altered protein expression profile accompanying transformation of MM to sPCL in a single patient, identifying several candidate proteins that can be targeted by currently available small molecule drugs. Our dataset furthermore constitutes a reference dataset for further proteomic analysis of sPCL transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Zatula
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aida Dikic
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Celine Mulder
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Present address: University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,PROMEC Core Facility for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Cathrine B Vågbø
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,PROMEC Core Facility for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Mirta M L Sousa
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, Department of Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,PROMEC Core Facility for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
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15
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Wadi S, Tipton AR, Trendel JA, Khuder SA, Vestal DJ. hGBP-1 Expression Predicts Shorter Progression-Free Survival in Ovarian Cancers, While Contributing to Paclitaxel Resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7:994-1007. [PMID: 28090373 PMCID: PMC5226657 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2016.713097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the gynecological cancer with the poorest prognosis. One significant reason is the development of resistance to the chemotherapeutic drugs used in its treatment. The large GTPase, hGBP-1, has been implicated in paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cell lines. Forced expression of hGBP-1 in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells protects them from paclitaxel-induced cell death. However, prior to this study, nothing was known about whether hGBP-1 was expressed in ovarian tumors and whether its expression correlated with paclitaxel resistance. hGBP-1 is expressed in 17% of ovarian tumors from patients that have not yet received treatment. However, at least 80% of the ovarian tumors that recurred after therapies that included a tax-ane, either paclitaxel or docetaxel, were positive for hGBP-1. In addition, hGBP-1 expression predicts a significantly shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancers. Based on these studies, hGBP-1 could prove to be a potential biomarker for paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Wadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Aaron R Tipton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jill A Trendel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sadik A Khuder
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Deborah J Vestal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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16
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Guanylate-Binding Protein-1 protects ovarian cancer cell lines but not breast cancer cell lines from killing by paclitaxel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1617-23. [PMID: 27590579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Forced expression of the cytokine-induced large GTPase, human Guanylate-Binding Protein-1 (hGBP-1), in ovarian cancer cell lines increases resistance to paclitaxel. Elevated hGBP-1 RNA in ovarian tumors correlates with shorter recurrence-free survival. In contract, hGBP-1 is part of a gene signature predicting improved prognosis in all subtypes of breast cancers. hGBP-1 does not confer paclitaxel resistance on MCF-7 and TMX2-28 breast cancer cells. Expression of the isotype of the hGBP-1-interacting protein, PIM1, which may contribute to paclitaxel resistance when associated with hGBP-1, is different in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Breast cancer cell lines express the 44 kDa isoform of PIM-1, and ovarian cancer cell lines express the 33 kDa isoform.
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17
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Carrega P, Campana S, Bonaccorsi I, Ferlazzo G. The Yin and Yang of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Cancer. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:29-35. [PMID: 27296768 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent appreciation of novel subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) as important regulators of tissue homeostasis, inflammation and repair, raise questions regarding the presence and role of these cells in cancer tissues. In addition to natural killer and fetal lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, the ILC family comprises non-cytolytic, cytokine-producing cells that are classified into ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 based on phenotypic and functional characteristics. Differently from natural killer cells, which are the prototypical members of ILC1 and whose role in tumors is better established, the involvement of other ILC subsets in cancer progression or resistance is still fuzzy and in several instances controversial, since current studies indicate both context-dependent beneficial or pathogenic effects. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of these novel ILC subsets in the context of tumor immunology, highlighting how ILC subsets might behave either as friends or foes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Carrega
- Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova 16148, Italy; Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Stefania Campana
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, University of Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Irene Bonaccorsi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, University of Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, 98125, Italy; Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, University of Messina, 98125, Italy; Cell Therapy Program, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Messina 98125, Italy.
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18
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Samoilova KA, Zimin AA, Buinyakova AI, Makela AM, Zhevago NA. Regulatory systemic effect of postsurgical polychromatic light (480-3400 nm) irradiation of breast cancer patients on the proliferation of tumor and normal cells in vitro. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:555-63. [PMID: 26436466 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to study the effect of phototherapy (PT) with percutaneous exposures to polychromatic visible and IR light (pVIS + pIR) on breast cancer (BC) patients at the early postmastectomy period, on the growth-promoting (GP) properties of their blood serum, by evaluating its capability to support proliferation of normal and tumor human cells in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS After mastectomy, one group of patients was treated daily for 1 week on the sacral area with pVIS + pIR light (480-3400 nm, 40 mW/cm(2), 95% polarization, 24 J/cm(2)). The second group used as a control was sham irradiated. Blood serum samples collected before surgery, and 1 and 8 days after surgery, were added (2.5%) into nutrition media for cells instead of 10% of fetal calf serum. Cell targets were cultures of human fibroblasts (FBs), keratinocytes (KCs), three lines of the human BC cells (BT-474, HBL-100, Hs 578T) and cells of human epidermoid carcinoma (A-431). Cell number was evaluated by staining cell nuclei with crystal violet and a spectrometric assay of the extracted dye. RESULTS The day after mastectomy there were no significant changes in the GP activity of sera. After a 7-day PT course, an increase of this activity was recorded for normal FBs and KCs by 18% and 24%, respectively, in comparison with presurgical levels. GP activity of the same patients' sera for all tumor cells, BT-474, HBL-100, Hs 578T and A-431, decreased by 32%, 17%, 11%, and 7% respectively. As a result, enhancement of proliferation of KCs and FBs and inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells was seen. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest an effect at the systemic level where pVIS + pIR light may stimulate growth of human skin cells and simultaneously downregulate the proliferation of tumor cells, including BC cells. This argues in favor of the oncological safety of PT for BC patients postsurgically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira A Samoilova
- 1 Institute of Cytology , Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander A Zimin
- 1 Institute of Cytology , Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Buinyakova
- 2 Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences , St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Natalia A Zhevago
- 1 Institute of Cytology , Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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19
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West AC, Mattarollo SR, Shortt J, Cluse LA, Christiansen AJ, Smyth MJ, Johnstone RW. An intact immune system is required for the anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7265-76. [PMID: 24158093 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic effects such as induction of apoptosis and/or inhibition of cell proliferation have been proposed as the major antitumor responses to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). These compounds can also mediate immune-modulatory effects that may contribute to their anticancer effects. However, HDACi can also induce anti-inflammatory, and potentially immunosuppressive, outcomes. We therefore sought to clarify the role of the immune system in mediating the efficacy of HDACi in a physiologic setting, using preclinical, syngeneic murine models of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. We showed an intact immune system was required for the robust anticancer effects of the HDACi vorinostat and panobinostat against a colon adenocarcinoma and two aggressive models of leukemia/lymphoma. Importantly, although HDACi-treated immunocompromised mice bearing established lymphoma succumbed to disease significantly earlier than tumor bearing, HDACi-treated wild-type (WT) mice, treatment with the conventional chemotherapeutic etoposide equivalently enhanced the survival of both strains. IFN-γ and tumor cell signaling through IFN-γR were particularly important for the anticancer effects of HDACi, and vorinostat and IFN-γ acted in concert to enhance the immunogenicity of tumor cells. Furthermore, we show that a combination of vorinostat with α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), an IFN-γ-inducing agent, was significantly more potent against established lymphoma than vorinostat treatment alone. Intriguingly, B cells, but not natural killer cells or CD8(+) T cells, were implicated as effectors of the vorinostat antitumor immune response. Together, our data suggest HDACi are immunostimulatory during cancer treatment and that combinatorial therapeutic regimes with immunotherapies should be considered in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C West
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Therapeutics Program, and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; and School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Zhang Y, Davis C, Ryan J, Janney C, Peña MMO. Development and characterization of a reliable mouse model of colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:903-18. [PMID: 23748471 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States (American Cancer Society, Cancer facts and figures 2012, 20121). The major cause of death is metastasis and frequently, the target organ is the liver. Successful metastasis depends on acquired properties in cancer cells that promote invasion and migration, and on multiple interactions between tumors and host-derived cells in the microenvironment. These processes, however, occur asymptomatically, thus, metastasis remains poorly understood and often diagnosed only at the final stage. To facilitate the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these processes and to identify the molecular regulators, particularly at the early stages, we developed a mouse model of hepatic metastasis of CRC by cecal implantation of a mouse adenocarcinoma cell line in an immune competent host that reliably recapitulates all steps of tumor growth and metastasis within a defined period. By in vivo selection, we isolated cells of varying metastatic potential. The most highly metastatic CT26-FL3 cells produced liver metastasis as early as 10 days after implantation in 90 % of host mice. These cells expressed elevated levels of genes whose products promote invasion, migration, and mobilization of bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs). Mice bearing tumors from CT26-FL3 had elevated serum levels of OPN, MMP9, S100A8, S100A9, SAA3, and VEGFA that promote invasion and BMDC mobilization, and showed enhanced BMDC recruitment to the liver where they established a pre-metastatic niche. This model provides an important platform to characterize metastatic cells and elucidate tumor-host interactions and mechanisms that drive liver metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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21
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Gerber SA, Sedlacek AL, Cron KR, Murphy SP, Frelinger JG, Lord EM. IFN-γ mediates the antitumor effects of radiation therapy in a murine colon tumor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2345-54. [PMID: 23583648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatments using ionizing radiation (IR) therapy are thought to act primarily through the induction of tumor cell damage at a molecular level. However, a new concept has recently emerged, suggesting that the immune system is required for effective IR therapy. Our work here has identified interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as an essential cytokine for the efficacy of IR therapy. Local IR (15 Gy) to mice bearing Colon38, a colon adenocarcinoma, decreases tumor burden in wild-type animals. Interestingly, IR therapy had no effect on tumor burden in IFNγKO mice. We further determined that intratumoral levels of IFN-γ increased 2 days following IR, which directly correlated with a decrease in tumor burden that was not a result of direct cytotoxic effects of IFN-γ on tumor cells. T cells from IR-treated tumors exhibited a far greater capacity to lyse tumor cells in a (51)Cr release assay, a process that was dependent on IFN-γ. CD8(+) T cells were the predominant producers of IFN-γ, as demonstrated by IFN-γ intracellular staining and studies in IFN-γ reporter mice. Elimination of CD8(+) T cells by antibody treatment reduced the intratumoral levels of IFN-γ by over 90%. More importantly, elimination of CD8(+) T cells completely abrogated the effects of radiation therapy. Our data suggest that IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in mediating the antitumor effects of IR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Gerber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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22
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Roy S, Bonfield T, Tartakoff AM. Non-apoptotic toxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toward murine cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54245. [PMID: 23358229 PMCID: PMC3554662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although P. aeruginosa is especially dangerous in cystic fibrosis (CF), there is no consensus as to how it kills representative cell types that are of key importance in the lung. This study concerns the acute toxicity of the sequenced strain, PAO1, toward a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Toxicity requires brief contact with the target cell, but is then delayed for more than 12 h. None of the classical toxic effectors of this organism is required and cell death occurs without phagocytosis or acute perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton. Apoptosis is not required for toxicity toward either RAW 264.7 cells or for alveolar macrophages. Transcriptional profiling shows that encounter between PAO1 and RAW 264.7 cells elicits an early inflammatory response, followed by growth arrest. As an independent strategy to understand the mechanism of toxicity, we selected variant RAW 264.7 cells that resist PAO1. Upon exposure to P. aeruginosa, they are hyper-responsive with regard to classical inflammatory cytokine production and show transient downregulation of transcripts that are required for cell growth. They do not show obvious morphologic changes. Although they do not increase interferon transcripts, when exposed to PAO1 they dramatically upregulate a subset of the responses that are characteristic of exposure to g-interferon, including several guanylate-binding proteins. The present observations provide a novel foundation for learning how to equip cells with resistance to a complex challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tracey Bonfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Tartakoff
- Pathology Department and Cell Biology Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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23
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Spekker K, Leineweber M, Degrandi D, Ince V, Brunder S, Schmidt SK, Stuhlsatz S, Howard JC, Schares G, Degistirici O, Meisel R, Sorg RV, Seissler J, Hemphill A, Pfeffer K, Däubener W. Antimicrobial effects of murine mesenchymal stromal cells directed against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum: role of immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs). Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 202:197-206. [PMID: 23269418 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have a multilineage differentiation potential and provide immunosuppressive and antimicrobial functions. Murine as well as human MSCs restrict the proliferation of T cells. However, species-specific differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms have been described. Here, we analyzed the antiparasitic effector mechanisms active in murine MSCs. Murine MSCs, in contrast to human MSCs, could not restrict the growth of a highly virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii (BK) after stimulation with IFN-γ. However, the growth of a type II strain of T. gondii (ME49) was strongly inhibited by IFN-γ-activated murine MSCs. Immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) as well as guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) contributed to this antiparasitic effect. Further analysis showed that IFN-γ-activated mMSCs also inhibit the growth of Neospora caninum, a parasite belonging to the apicomplexan group as well. Detailed studies with murine IFN-γ-activated MSC indicated an involvement in IRGs like Irga6, Irgb6 and Irgd in the inhibition of N. caninum. Additional data showed that, furthermore, GBPs like mGBP1 and mGBP2 could have played a role in the anti-N. caninum effect of murine MSCs. These data underline that MSCs, in addition to their regenerative and immunosuppressive activity, function as antiparasitic effector cells as well. However, IRGs are not present in the human genome, indicating a species-specific difference in anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum effect between human and murine MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Spekker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1 Geb. 22.21, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Antimicrobial effects of murine mesenchymal stromal cells directed against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum: role of immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs). Med Microbiol Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23269418 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have a multilineage differentiation potential and provide immunosuppressive and antimicrobial functions. Murine as well as human MSCs restrict the proliferation of T cells. However, species-specific differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms have been described. Here, we analyzed the antiparasitic effector mechanisms active in murine MSCs. Murine MSCs, in contrast to human MSCs, could not restrict the growth of a highly virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii (BK) after stimulation with IFN-γ. However, the growth of a type II strain of T. gondii (ME49) was strongly inhibited by IFN-γ-activated murine MSCs. Immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) as well as guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) contributed to this antiparasitic effect. Further analysis showed that IFN-γ-activated mMSCs also inhibit the growth of Neospora caninum, a parasite belonging to the apicomplexan group as well. Detailed studies with murine IFN-γ-activated MSC indicated an involvement in IRGs like Irga6, Irgb6 and Irgd in the inhibition of N. caninum. Additional data showed that, furthermore, GBPs like mGBP1 and mGBP2 could have played a role in the anti-N. caninum effect of murine MSCs. These data underline that MSCs, in addition to their regenerative and immunosuppressive activity, function as antiparasitic effector cells as well. However, IRGs are not present in the human genome, indicating a species-specific difference in anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum effect between human and murine MSCs.
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25
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Godoy P, Cadenas C, Hellwig B, Marchan R, Stewart J, Reif R, Lohr M, Gehrmann M, Rahnenführer J, Schmidt M, Hengstler JG. Interferon-inducible guanylate binding protein (GBP2) is associated with better prognosis in breast cancer and indicates an efficient T cell response. Breast Cancer 2012; 21:491-9. [PMID: 23001506 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-012-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interferon-inducible guanylate binding protein (GBP2) has been discussed as a possible control factor in tumor development, which is controlled by p53, and inhibits NF-Kappa B and Rac protein as well as expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9. However, the potential role that GBP2 plays in tumor development and prognosis has not yet been studied. METHODS We analyzed whether GBP2 mRNA levels are associated with metastasis-free interval in 766 patients with node negative breast carcinomas who did not receive systemic chemotherapy. Furthermore, response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy was studied in 768 breast cancer patients. RESULTS High expression of GBP2 in breast carcinomas was associated with better prognosis in the univariate (P < 0.001, hazard ratio 0.763, 95 % CI 0.650-0.896) as well as in the multivariate Cox analysis (P = 0.008, hazard ratio 0.731, 95 % CI 0.580-0.920) adjusted to the established clinical factors age, pT stage, grading, hormone and ERBB2 receptor status. The association was particularly strong in subgroups with high proliferation and positive estrogen receptor status but did not reach significance in carcinomas with low expression of proliferation associated genes. Besides its prognostic capacity, GBP2 also predicted pathologically complete response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy (P = 0.0037, odds ratio 1.39, 95 % CI 1.11-1.74). Interestingly, GBP2 correlated with a recently established T cell signature, indicating tumor infiltration with T cells (R = 0.607, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION GBP2 is associated with better prognosis in fast proliferating tumors and probably represents a marker of an efficient T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 76, 44139, Dortmund, Germany,
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26
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miR-433 is aberrantly expressed in myeloproliferative neoplasms and suppresses hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation. Leukemia 2012; 27:344-52. [PMID: 22864358 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are most frequently characterized by the JAK2V617F gain-of-function mutation, but several studies showed that JAK2V617F may not be the initiating event in MPN development, and recent publications indicate that additional alterations such as chromatin modification and microRNA (miRNA) deregulation may have an important role in MPN pathogenesis. Here we report that 61 miRNAs were significantly deregulated in CD34+ cells from MPN patients compared with controls (P<0.01). Global miRNA analysis also revealed that polycythemia vera (JAKV617F) and essential thrombocythemia (JAK2 wild type) patients have significantly different miRNA expression profiles from each other. Among the deregulated miRNAs, expression of miR-134, -214 and -433 was not affected by changes in JAK2 activity, suggesting that additional signaling pathways are responsible for the deregulation of these miRNAs in MPN. Despite its upregulation in MPN CD34+ and during normal erythropoiesis, both overexpression and knockdown studies suggest that miR-433 negatively regulates CD34+ proliferation and differentiation ex vivo. Its novel target GBP2 is downregulated during normal erythropoiesis and regulates proliferation and erythroid differentiation in TF-1 cells, indicating that miR-433 negatively regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation and erythropoiesis by directly targeting GBP2.
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27
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Yamamoto M, Okuyama M, Ma JS, Kimura T, Kamiyama N, Saiga H, Ohshima J, Sasai M, Kayama H, Okamoto T, Huang DCS, Soldati-Favre D, Horie K, Takeda J, Takeda K. A cluster of interferon-γ-inducible p65 GTPases plays a critical role in host defense against Toxoplasma gondii. Immunity 2012; 37:302-13. [PMID: 22795875 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is essential for host defense against intracellular pathogens. Stimulation of innate immune cells by IFN-γ upregulates ∼2,000 effector genes such as immunity-related GTPases including p65 guanylate-binding protein (Gbp) family genes. We show that a cluster of Gbp genes was required for host cellular immunity against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We generated mice deficient for all six Gbp genes located on chromosome 3 (Gbp(chr3)) by targeted chromosome engineering. Mice lacking Gbp(chr3) were highly susceptible to T. gondii infection, resulting in increased parasite burden in immune organs. Furthermore, Gbp(chr3)-deleted macrophages were defective in IFN-γ-mediated suppression of T. gondii intracellular growth and recruitment of IFN-γ-inducible p47 GTPase Irgb6 to the parasitophorous vacuole. In addition, some members of Gbp(chr3) restored the protective response against T. gondii in Gbp(chr3)-deleted cells. Our results suggest that Gbp(chr3) play a pivotal role in anti-T. gondii host defense by controlling IFN-γ-mediated Irgb6-dependent cellular innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Nordmann A, Wixler L, Boergeling Y, Wixler V, Ludwig S. A new splice variant of the human guanylate-binding protein 3 mediates anti-influenza activity through inhibition of viral transcription and replication. FASEB J 2011; 26:1290-300. [PMID: 22106366 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-189886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) belong to the family of large GTPases that are induced in response to interferons. GBPs contain an N-terminal globular GTPase domain and a C-terminal α-helical regulatory domain that are connected by a short middle domain. Antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus and encephalomyocarditis virus has been shown for hGBP-1; however, no anti-influenza virus properties for GBPs have been described to date. Here we show that hGBP-1 and hGBP-3 possess anti-influenza viral activity. Furthermore, we have identified a novel splice variant of hGBP-3, named hGBP-3ΔC, with a largely modified C-terminal α-helical domain. While all three GBP isoforms were up-regulated on influenza virus infection, hGBP-3ΔC showed the most prominent antiviral activity in epithelial cells. Mutational analysis of hGBPs revealed that the globular domain is the principal antiviral effector domain, and GTP-binding, but not hydrolysis, is necessary for antiviral action. Furthermore, we showed that hGBP-3ΔC strongly represses the activity of the viral polymerase complex, which results in decreased synthesis of viral vRNA, cRNA, mRNA, and viral proteins, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nordmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Interferon-γ is a cytokine whose biological activity is conventionally associated with cytostatic/cytotoxic and antitumor mechanisms during cell-mediated adaptive immune response. It has been used clinically to treat a variety of malignancies, albeit with mixed results and side effects that can be severe. Despite ample evidence implicating a role for IFN-γ in tumor immune surveillance, a steady flow of reports has suggested that it may also have protumorigenic effects under certain circumstances. We propose that, in fact, IFN-γ treatment is a double-edged sword whose anti- and protumorigenic activities are dependent on the cellular, microenvironmental, and/or molecular context. As such, inhibition of the IFN-γ/IFN-γ receptor pathway may prove to be a viable new therapeutic target for a subset of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raza Zaidi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Virreira Winter S, Niedelman W, Jensen KD, Rosowski EE, Julien L, Spooner E, Caradonna K, Burleigh BA, Saeij JPJ, Ploegh HL, Frickel EM. Determinants of GBP recruitment to Toxoplasma gondii vacuoles and the parasitic factors that control it. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24434. [PMID: 21931713 PMCID: PMC3169597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is a major cytokine that mediates resistance against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are strongly induced by IFN-γ. We studied the behavior of murine GBP1 (mGBP1) upon infection with T. gondii in vitro and confirmed that IFN-γ-dependent re-localization of mGBP1 to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) correlates with the virulence type of the parasite. We identified three parasitic factors, ROP16, ROP18, and GRA15 that determine strain-specific accumulation of mGBP1 on the PV. These highly polymorphic proteins are held responsible for a large part of the strain-specific differences in virulence. Therefore, our data suggest that virulence of T. gondii in animals may rely in part on recognition by GBPs. However, phagosomes or vacuoles containing Trypanosoma cruzi did not recruit mGBP1. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed mGBP2, mGBP4, and mGBP5 as binding partners of mGBP1. Indeed, mGBP2 and mGBP5 co-localize with mGBP1 in T. gondii-infected cells. T. gondii thus elicits a cell-autonomous immune response in mice with GBPs involved. Three parasitic virulence factors and unknown IFN-γ-dependent host factors regulate this complex process. Depending on the virulence of the strains involved, numerous GBPs are brought to the PV as part of a large, multimeric structure to combat T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Niedelman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kirk D. Jensen
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily E. Rosowski
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Julien
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Spooner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kacey Caradonna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Burleigh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HLP); (E-MF)
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HLP); (E-MF)
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31
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Balasubramanian S, Fan M, Messmer-Blust AF, Yang CH, Trendel JA, Jeyaratnam JA, Pfeffer LM, Vestal DJ. The interferon-gamma-induced GTPase, mGBP-2, inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by inhibiting NF-kappaB and Rac protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20054-64. [PMID: 21502320 PMCID: PMC3103378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is important in numerous normal and pathological processes, including the angiogenic switch during tumor development and tumor metastasis. Whereas TNF-α and other cytokines up-regulate MMP-9 expression, interferons (IFNs) inhibit MMP-9 expression. We found that IFN-γ treatment or forced expression of the IFN-induced GTPase, mGBP-2, inhibit TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, by inhibiting MMP-9 transcription. The NF-κB transcription factor is required for full induction of MMP-9 by TNF-α. Both IFN-γ and mGBP-2 inhibit the transcription of a NF-κB-dependent reporter construct, suggesting that mGBP-2 inhibits MMP-9 induction via inhibition of NF-κB-mediated transcription. Interestingly, mGBP-2 does not inhibit TNF-α-induced degradation of IκBα or p65/RelA translocation into the nucleus. However, mGBP-2 inhibits p65 binding to a κB oligonucleotide probe in gel shift assays and to the MMP-9 promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, TNF-α activation of NF-κB in NIH 3T3 cells is dependent on Rac activation, as evidenced by the inhibition of TNF-α induction of NF-κB-mediated transcription by a dominant inhibitory form of Rac1. A role for Rac in the inhibitory action of mGBP-2 on NF-κB is further shown by the findings that mGBP-2 inhibits TNF-α activation of endogenous Rac and constitutively activate Rac can restore NF-κB transcription in the presence of mGBP-2. This is a novel mechanism by which IFNs can inhibit the cytokine induction of MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Balasubramanian
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606 and
| | - Meiyun Fan
- the Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | | | - Chuan H. Yang
- the Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Jill A. Trendel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606 and
| | - Jonathan A. Jeyaratnam
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606 and
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- the Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Deborah J. Vestal
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606 and
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Vestal DJ, Jeyaratnam JA. The guanylate-binding proteins: emerging insights into the biochemical properties and functions of this family of large interferon-induced guanosine triphosphatase. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:89-97. [PMID: 21142871 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified by their unusual ability to bind guanosine monophosphate (GMP) nucleotide agarose, the guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) were used extensively to promote our understanding of interferon-induced gene transcription and as markers of interferon responsiveness. Structural and biochemical analyses of human GBP-1 subsequently demonstrated that the GBPs are a unique subfamily of guanosine triphosphatase (GTPases) that hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to both guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and GMP. As members of the larger dynamin superfamily of GTPases, GBPs exhibit such properties as nucleotide-dependent oligomerization and concentration-dependent GTPase activity. Recently, progress has been made in assigning functions to members of the GBP family. While many of these functions involve protection against intracellular pathogens, a growing number of them are not directly related to pathogen protection. It is currently unclear how the unusual properties of GBPs contribute to this growing list of functions. As future studies uncover the molecular mechanism(s) of action of the GBPs, we will gain a greater understanding of how individual GBPs can mediate what currently appears to be a divergent set of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Vestal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
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33
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Liu SY, Sanchez DJ, Cheng G. New developments in the induction and antiviral effectors of type I interferon. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 23:57-64. [PMID: 21123041 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are cytokines of the innate immune system that induce antiviral protein expression in response to viral infection. Various proteins and pathways have been shown to recognize nucleic acid ligands especially from RNA viruses. Here, we will review recent developments including transcription of DNA virus genomes into RNA ligands, and the recognition of viruses by TLR2 for interferon induction. The induced IFNs activate many interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that have direct antiviral effects. Recent studies have identified IFITM proteins as the first ISG to inhibit viral entry processes and revealed mechanistic understanding of known antiviral ISGs such as ISG15 and Viperin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Balasubramanian S, Messmer-Blust AF, Jeyaratnam JA, Vestal DJ. Role of GTP binding, isoprenylation, and the C-terminal α-helices in the inhibition of cell spreading by the interferon-induced GTPase, mouse guanylate-binding protein-2. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 31:291-8. [PMID: 20950129 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ pre-exposure inhibits Rac activation by either integrin engagement or platelet-derived growth factor treatment. Interferon-γ does this by inducing expression of the large guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) mouse guanylate-binding protein (mGBP-2). Inhibiting Rac results in the retardation of cell spreading. Analysis of variants of mGBP-2 containing amino acid substitutions in the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding domain suggests that GTP binding, and possibly dimerization, of mGBP-2 is necessary to inhibit cell spreading. However, isoprenylation is also required. Removal of the N-terminal GTP-binding globular domain from mGBP-2 yields a protein with only the extended C-terminal α-helices that lacks enzymatic activity. The ability of the C-terminal α-helices alone to inhibit cell spreading suggests that this is the domain that interacts with the downstream effectors of mGBP-2. Interestingly, mGBP-2 can inhibit cell spreading whether it is geranylgeranylated or farnesylated. This study begins to define the properties of mGBP-2 responsible for inhibiting cell spreading.
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35
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Messmer-Blust AF, Balasubramanian S, Gorbacheva VY, Jeyaratnam JA, Vestal DJ. The interferon-gamma-induced murine guanylate-binding protein-2 inhibits rac activation during cell spreading on fibronectin and after platelet-derived growth factor treatment: role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2514-28. [PMID: 20505078 PMCID: PMC2903678 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cells to certain cytokines can alter how these same cells respond to later cues from other agents, such as extracellular matrix or growth factors. Interferon (IFN)-gamma pre-exposure inhibits the spreading of fibroblasts on fibronectin. Expression of the IFN-gamma-induced GTPase murine guanylate-binding protein-2 (mGBP-2) can phenocopy this inhibition and small interfering RNA knockdown of mGBP-2 prevents IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of cell spreading. Either IFN-gamma treatment or mGBP-2 expression inhibits Rac activation during cell spreading. Rac is required for cell spreading. mGBP-2 also inhibits the activation of Akt during cell spreading on fibronectin. mGBP-2 is incorporated into a protein complex containing the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), p110. The association of mGBP-2 with p110 seems important for the inhibition of cell spreading because S52N mGBP-2, which does not incorporate into the protein complex with p110, is unable to inhibit cell spreading. PI3-K activation during cell spreading on fibronectin was inhibited in the presence of mGBP-2. Both IFN-gamma and mGBP-2 also inhibit cell spreading initiated by platelet-derived growth factor treatment, which is also accompanied by inhibition of Rac activation by mGBP-2. This is the first report of a novel mechanism by which IFN-gamma can alter how cells respond to subsequent extracellular signals, by the induction of mGBP-2.
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36
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Kobayashi S, Nagano H, Marubashi S, Hama N, Eguchi TAH, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Doki Y, Mori M. Guanylate-binding protein 2 mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes of liver transplant recipients as a marker for acute cellular rejection. Transpl Int 2010; 23:390-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Lipnik K, Naschberger E, Gonin-Laurent N, Kodajova P, Petznek H, Rungaldier S, Astigiano S, Ferrini S, Stürzl M, Hohenadl C. Interferon gamma-induced human guanylate binding protein 1 inhibits mammary tumor growth in mice. Mol Med 2010; 16:177-87. [PMID: 20454519 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) has recently been implicated in cancer immunosurveillance. Among the most abundant proteins induced by IFN-gamma are guanylate binding proteins (GBPs), which belong to the superfamily of large GTPases and are widely expressed in various species. Here, we investigated whether the well-known human GBP-1 (hGBP-1), which has been shown to exert antiangiogenic activities and was described as a prognostic marker in colorectal carcinomas, may contribute to an IFN-gamma-mediated tumor defense. To this end, an IFN-independent, inducible hGBP-1 expression system was established in murine mammary carcinoma (TS/A) cells, which were then transplanted into syngeneic immune-competent Balb/c mice. Animals carrying TS/A cells that had been given doxycycline for induction of hGBP-1 expression revealed a significantly reduced tumor growth compared with mock-treated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of the respective tumors demonstrated a tightly regulated, high-level expression of hGBP-1. No signs of an enhanced immunosurveillance were observed by investigating the number of infiltrating B and T cells. However, hemoglobin levels as well as the number of proliferating tumor cells were shown to be significantly reduced in hGBP-1-expressing tumors. This finding corresponded to reduced amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) released by hGBP-1-expressing TS/A cells in vitro and reduced VEGF-A protein levels in the corresponding mammary tumors in vivo. The results suggest that hGBP-1 may contribute to IFN-gamma-mediated antitumorigenic activities by inhibiting paracrine effects of tumor cells on angiogenesis. Consequently, owing to these activities GBPs might be considered as potent members in an innate, IFN-gamma-induced antitumoral defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Lipnik
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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38
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Hama N, Yanagisawa Y, Dono K, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Nagano H, Umeshita K, Watanabe S, Uchiyama Y, Monden M. Gene expression profiling of acute cellular rejection in rat liver transplantation using DNA microarrays. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:509-21. [PMID: 19399741 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is still a major problem in organ transplantation, and its genetic and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We used DNA microarrays to investigate the gene expression profiles in ACR. We hypothesized that changes of gene expression in grafts could also be detected in peripheral blood leukocytes. We first compared the gene expression profiles in liver isografts (Lewis to Lewis) and allografts (Dark Agouti to Lewis) harvested from rats at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after transplantation. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that gene expression started to change on day 3, and 89 differentially expressed genes were extracted from allografts in comparison with isografts at day 3. Most of the up-regulated genes were associated with graft-infiltrating leukocytes. We then confirmed the similarity of gene expression changes in peripheral leukocytes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated the gene expression changes in other inflammatory and liver dysfunction models. Two interferon-gamma inducible genes, interferon regulatory factor 1 and guanylate nucleotide binding protein 2, were overexpressed in both the peripheral leukocytes and liver graft during ACR. Although further studies are necessary, these 2 genes in peripheral leukocytes could be potentially useful markers for rejection or immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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39
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Guimarães DP, Oliveira IM, de Moraes E, Paiva GR, Souza DM, Barnas C, Olmedo DB, Pinto CE, Faria PA, De Moura Gallo CV, Small IA, Ferreira CG, Hainaut P. Interferon-inducible guanylate binding protein (GBP)-2: a novel p53-regulated tumor marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:272-9. [PMID: 19003964 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TP53 mutations are common in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). To identify biological markers of possible relevance in esophageal SCC, we (i) searched for genes expressed in a p53-dependent manner in TE-1, an esophageal SCC cell line expressing the temperature-sensitive TP53 mutant V272M, and (ii) investigated the expression of one of those genes, the interferon-inducible Guanylate Binding Protein 2 (GBP-2), in esophageal SCC tissues. Clontech Human Cancer 1.2 arrays containing 1,176 human cancer gene-related sequences were used to identify differentially expressed genes in TE-1 cells at permissive (32 degrees C) and nonpermissive (37 degrees C) temperatures. The expression of GBP-2 and IRF-1, its main transcriptional regulator, was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective series of 41 esophageal SCC cases with a clear transition zone from noncancer, apparently normal epithelium to invasive cancer. The expression of the GBP-2 gene is consistently increased in TE-1 at 32 degrees C in a p53-dependent manner, as confirmed by inhibition of p53 expression by RNA interference. Increase in GBP-2 is accompanied by an increase in protein levels of IRF-1, the main transcriptional regulator of GBP-2, and in the formation of complexes between p53 and IRF-1. GBP-2 expression is significantly higher in esophageal SCC than in adjacent normal epithelium (p<0.01), in which GBP-2 staining is limited to the basal layer. Our results suggest that p53 up-regulates GBP-2 by cooperating with IRF-1. The association of GBP-2 expression with proliferative squamous cells suggests that GBP-2 may represent a marker of interest in esophageal SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise P Guimarães
- Molecular Carcinogenesis and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Cedex 08, France
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40
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Kresse A, Konermann C, Degrandi D, Beuter-Gunia C, Wuerthner J, Pfeffer K, Beer S. Analyses of murine GBP homology clusters based on in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:158. [PMID: 18402675 PMCID: PMC2387175 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between pathogens and hosts lead to a massive upregulation of antimicrobial host effector molecules. Among these, the 65 kDa guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are interesting candidates as intricate components of the host effector molecule repertoire. Members of the GBP family are highly conserved in vertebrates. Previous reports indicate an antiviral activity of human GBP1 (hGBP1) and murine GBP2 (mGBP2). We recently demonstrated that distinct murine GBP (mGBP) family members are highly upregulated upon Toxoplasma gondii infection and localize around the intracellular protozoa T. gondii. Moreover, we characterised five new mGBP family members within the murine 65 kDa GBP family. Here, we identified a new mGBP locus named mGbp11. Based on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), expressed sequence tag (EST), and RT-PCR analyses this study provides a detailed insight into the genomic localization and organization of the mGBPs. These analyses revealed a 166-kb spanning region on chromosome 3 harboring five transcribed mGBPs (mGbp1, mGbp2, mGbp3, mGbp5, and mGbp7) and one pseudogene (pseudomGbp1), as well as a 332-kb spanning region on chromosome 5 consisting of six transcribed mGBPs (mGbp4, mGbp6, mGbp8, mGbp9, mGbp10, and mGbp11), and one pseudogene (pseudomgbp2). Besides the strikingly high homology of 65% to 98% within the coding sequences, the mGBPs on chromosome 5 cluster also exhibit a highly homologous exon-intron structure whereas the mGBP on chromosome 3 reveals a more divergent exon-intron structure. This study details the comprehensive genomic organization of mGBPs and suggests that a continuously changing microbial environment has exerted evolutionary pressure on this gene family leading to multiple gene amplifications. A list of links for this article can be found in the Availability and requirements section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kresse
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Degrandi D, Konermann C, Beuter-Gunia C, Kresse A, Würthner J, Kurig S, Beer S, Pfeffer K. Extensive characterization of IFN-induced GTPases mGBP1 to mGBP10 involved in host defense. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7729-40. [PMID: 18025219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IFN-gamma orchestrates a potent antimicrobial host response. However, the underlying molecular basis for this immunological defense system is largely unknown. In a systematic approach to identify IFN-gamma-regulated host effector molecules, a notable number of transcripts with consensus GTP-binding motives were obtained. Further extensive transcriptome and genome analyses identified five novel family members of murine guanylate-binding proteins (mGBPs) now designated mGBP6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Moreover, in this study, all 10 mGBP members (mGBP1-10) were extensively characterized. mGBPs are selectively up-regulated in vitro by a set of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR agonists as well as in vivo after Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii infection. After IFN-gamma stimulation, mGBP1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 9 are associated with intracellular Toxoplasma parasites and, interestingly, virulent Toxoplasma interfere with mGBP recruitment. Taken together, mGBPs comprise an important set of host defense molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Degrandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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42
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Emerging themes in IFN-gamma-induced macrophage immunity by the p47 and p65 GTPase families. Immunobiology 2007; 212:771-84. [PMID: 18086378 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates have evolved complex immune specificity repertoires beyond the primordial components found in lower multi-cellular organisms to combat microbial infections. The type II interferon (IFN-gamma) pathway represents one such system, bridging innate and acquired immunity and providing host protection in a cell-autonomous manner. Recent large-scale transcriptome analyses of IFN-gamma-dependent gene expression in effector cells such as macrophages have highlighted the prominence of two families of GTPases -- p47 IRGs and p65 GBPs -- that are now beginning to emerge as major determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Here we discuss the recent clarification of known family members, their cellular biochemistry and host defense functions as a means to understanding the complex innate immune response engendered in higher vertebrates such as humans and mice.
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Taylor GA. IRG proteins: key mediators of interferon-regulated host resistance to intracellular pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1099-107. [PMID: 17359233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunity-related GTPases (IRG) (also known as p47 GTPases) are a family of proteins found in vertebrates, which play critical roles in mediating innate resistance to intracellular pathogens. The proteins are expressed at high levels following infection with bacteria, protozoa or viruses, as a consequence of interferon-stimulated transcription. Their absence in gene-targeted mice leads to profoundly decreased resistance to many bacteria and protozoa that varies markedly with the particular IRG protein that has been targeted. The proteins are thought to function by localizing to pathogen-containing vacuoles in host cells, such as macrophages, and then regulating the processing of the vacuole and ultimately driving elimination of the pathogen. This review details current knowledge of IRG proteins and their key roles in host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center and GRECC/ VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Olszewski MA, Gray J, Vestal DJ. In silico genomic analysis of the human and murine guanylate-binding protein (GBP) gene clusters. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 26:328-52. [PMID: 16689661 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) were among the first interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) discovered, but until recently, little was known about their functions and even less about the composition of the gene family. Analysis of the promoter of human GBP-1 contributed significantly toward the understanding of Jak-Stat signaling and the delineation of the IFN-gamma activation site (GAS) and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter elements. In this study, we have examined the genomic arrangement and composition of the GBPs in both mouse and humans. There are seven GBP paralogs in humans and at least one pseudogene, all of which are located in a cluster of genes on chromosome 1. Five of the six MuGBPs and a GBP pseudogene are clustered in a syntenic region on chromosome 3. The sixth MuGBP, MuGBP-4, and three GBP pseudogenes are located on chromosome 5. As might be expected, the GBPs share similar genomic organizations of introns and exons. Five of the MuGBPs had previously been shown to be coordinately induced by IFNs, and as expected, all of the MuGBPs have GAS and ISRE elements in their promoters. Interestingly, not all of the HuGBPs have GAS and ISRE elements, suggesting that not all GBPs are IFN responsive in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Olszewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Mastronardi C, Whelan F, Yildiz OA, Hannestad J, Elashoff D, McCann SM, Licinio J, Wong ML. Caspase 1 deficiency reduces inflammation-induced brain transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7205-10. [PMID: 17409187 PMCID: PMC1847598 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701366104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a life-threatening medical condition characterized by a severe and generalized inflammatory state that can lead to multiple organ failure and shock. The CNS regulates many features of SIRS such as fever, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine responses. Central and systemic manifestations of SIRS can be induced by LPS or IL-1beta administration. The crucial role of IL-1beta in inflammation has been further highlighted by studies of mice lacking caspase 1 (casp1, also known as IL-1beta convertase), a protease that cleaves pro-IL-1beta into mature IL-1beta. Indeed, casp1 knockout (casp1(-/-)) mice survive lethal doses of LPS. The key role of IL-1beta in sickness behavior and its de novo expression in the CNS during inflammation led us to test the hypothesis that IL-1beta plays a major role modulating the brain transcriptome during SIRS. We show a gene-environment effect caused by LPS administration in casp1(-/-) mice. During SIRS, the expression of several genes, such as chemokines, GTPases, the metalloprotease ADAMTS1, IL-1RA, the inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, was differentially increased in casp1(-/-) mice. Our findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular changes that take place within the CNS during sepsis and SIRS and the development of new therapies for these serious conditions. Our results indicate that those genes may also play a role in several neuropsychiatric conditions in which inflammation has been implicated and indicate that casp1 might be a potential therapeutic target for such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mastronardi
- *Center on Pharmacogenomics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Fiona Whelan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761
| | - Ozlem A. Yildiz
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761
| | - Jonas Hannestad
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024; and
| | - Samuel M. McCann
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Paraguay 2155, p.16. 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio Licinio
- *Center on Pharmacogenomics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- *Center on Pharmacogenomics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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Temporal dynamics of gene expression in the lung in a baboon model of E. coli sepsis. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:58. [PMID: 17324256 PMCID: PMC1819384 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial invasion during sepsis induces disregulated systemic responses that could lead to fatal lung failure. The purpose of this study was to relate the temporal dynamics of gene expression to the pathophysiological changes in the lung during the first and second stages of E. coli sepsis in baboons. Results Using human oligonucleotide microarrays, we have explored the temporal changes of gene expression in the lung of baboons challenged with sublethal doses of E. coli. Temporal expression pattern and biological significance of the differentially expressed genes were explored using clustering and pathway analysis software. Expression of selected genes was validated by real-time PCR. Cytokine levels in tissue and plasma were assayed by multiplex ELISA. Changes in lung ultrastructure were visualized by electron microscopy. We found that genes involved in primary inflammation, innate immune response, and apoptosis peaked at 2 hrs. Inflammatory and immune response genes that function in the stimulation of monocytes, natural killer and T-cells, and in the modulation of cell adhesion peaked at 8 hrs, while genes involved in wound healing and functional recovery were upregulated at 24 hrs. Conclusion The analysis of gene expression modulation in response to sepsis provides the baseline information that is crucial for the understanding of the pathophysiology of systemic inflammation and may facilitate the development of future approaches for sepsis therapy.
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Abstract
Mammalian cells respond to interferons (IFNs) secreted during infection by the transcriptional upregulation of as many as a thousand genes. This remarkable transition prepares cells and organisms for resistance to infection, and many IFN-regulated gene products are players in well-understood resistance programs. Oddly, however, many of the most abundantly induced proteins are GTPases whose functions are not well understood. Here we review the progress that has been made toward understanding the roles of individual GTPase families in disease resistance and the hints of common mechanisms that are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Martens
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunities are the two major arms of the immune system, which rely on distinct cell types. These cells can be distinguished not only by the source of diversity for non-self recognition, of germline or somatic origin, but also by their localization and the pattern and rates of response after encounter of antigenic triggers. In addition, subsets of lymphocytes exist whose receptors require rearrangement but result in semi-invariant structures with a high degree of self-specificity. We hypothesized that these innate-like lymphocytes might share a common gene transcription signature that relates them to classic members of the innate immune system. This relationship was first observed in agonist-induced CD8alphaalpha T cells in fetal/neonatal thymus. We then asked whether this notion could be extended to other innate-like lymphocytes, by comparison of gene expression profiles of innate-like lymphocytes and closely paired adaptive system counterparts (NKT versus CD4T, CD8alphaalphaT versus CD8alphabetaT, and B1 versus B2). A statistically significant 'innate signature' indeed was distilled. Particularly intriguing was the high representation of interferon-inducible guanosine triphophatases crucial for resistance against intracellular pathogens and of small G proteins involved in intracellular vacuole maturation and trafficking. Overall, this combined expression pattern can be designated as an innate signature among lymphocytes.
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Hashiramoto A, Mizukami H, Yamashita T. Ganglioside GM3 promotes cell migration by regulating MAPK and c-Fos/AP-1. Oncogene 2006; 25:3948-55. [PMID: 16491123 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides have been proposed as modulators of transmembrane signaling. Recently, GM3, a glycosphingolipid containing monosaialic acids, is thought to be one of the key molecules of signal transduction in mammalian cells. In this study, we used mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines (MEFs) established from sialyltransferase-I knockout mice (GM3 synthase KO mice) to evaluate the regulation of mitogenic signals by gangliosides. Cell proliferation assay revealed a higher growth potential of GM3 KO MEFs. Immunoblots showed upregulation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in GM3 KO MEFs, and these signals resulted in enhanced translocation of ERK into the nuclei. Further, both exogenous and endogenous add-back of GM3 decreased the activities of MAPK in GM3 KO MEFs. In addition, GM3 KO MEFs formed foci in high-density culture condition, and analyses of cell cycle modulators revealed the resistance of GM3 KO MEFs for entering cell cycle arrest. Finally, sustained expressions of c-Fos in GM3 KO MEFs were shown to correlate with DNA-binding activity between c-Fos and AP-1. These results demonstrate that the deletion of sialyltransferase-I changes the character of MEFs to a highly activated state of the MAPK pathway, indicating the critical role of GM3 as a regulator of membrane-transmitted signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hashiramoto
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Robertsen B, Zou J, Secombes C, Leong JA. Molecular and expression analysis of an interferon-gamma-inducible guanylate-binding protein from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:1023-33. [PMID: 16504293 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are some of the most abundant proteins accumulating in mammalian cells in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). GBPs have been suggested to function in antiviral activity, macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation and inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and invasiveness. Here we confirm that IFN-gamma-inducible GBP also exist in fish. A 2 kb GBP cDNA was cloned from head kidney of rainbow trout treated with an IFN-inducing compound. The open reading frame predicts a 635 amino acid protein (rbtGBP) of 72.7 kDa possessing a tripartite GTP binding motif and a secondary structure similar to human GBP1. Like most mammalian GBPs, rbtGBP possesses an isoprenylation motif at the C-terminal end. The overall amino acid sequence identity between rbtGBP and mammalian GBPs is only 41-47%, however. The rainbow trout macrophage cell line RTS11 showed a dose-dependent increase in rbtGBP transcripts in response to IFN-gamma after 6h of stimulation, with rbtGBP being undetectable in non-treated RTS11 cells. Moreover, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) induced increased GBP transcript levels in RTS11 and RTG2 cells after 4-6 h of stimulation, and in head kidney and liver of live fish after 24 h. These studies suggest that rbtGBP is an early response gene in rainbow trout, which may have similar functions in IFN-gamma mediated responses as mammalian GBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børre Robertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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