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Shi W, Feng Y, Tang J, Xu Y, Wang W, Zhang L, Jiang X, Ding Z, Xi K, Chen L, Gu Y. A Genetically Engineered "Reinforced Concrete" Scaffold Regulates the N2 Neutrophil Innate Immune Cascade to Repair Bone Defects. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304585. [PMID: 38411324 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune response is crucial to inflammation, but how neutrophils and macrophages act in bone repair and tissue engineering treatment strategies await clarification. In this study, it is found that N2 neutrophils release stronger "eat me" signals to induce macrophage phagocytosis and polarize into the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Guided by this biological mechanism, a mesoporous bioactive glass scaffold (MBG) is filled with hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) hydrogel loaded with Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) adenovirus (Ad@H), constructing a genetically engineered composite scaffold (Ad@H/M). The scaffold not only has good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, but also provides mechanical stress support for bone repair. Adenovirus infection quickly induces N2 neutrophils, upregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to promote the inflammatory response and macrophage phagocytosis. Macrophages perform phagocytosis and polarize towards the M2 phenotype, mediating the inflammatory response by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT-NF-κB pathway, maintaining homeostasis of the osteogenic microenvironment. The role of the Ad@H/M scaffold in regulating early inflammation and promoting long-term bone regeneration is further validated in vivo. In brief, this study focuses on the cascade of reactions between neutrophils and macrophage subtypes, and reports a composite scaffold that coordinates the innate immune response to promote bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yichang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zhouye Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
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Kang Q, Li L, Pang Y, Zhu W, Meng L. An update on Ym1 and its immunoregulatory role in diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891220. [PMID: 35967383 PMCID: PMC9366555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ym1 is a rodent-specific chitinase-like protein (CLP) lacking catalytic activity, whose cellular origins are mainly macrophages, neutrophils and other cells. Although the detailed function of Ym1 remains poorly understood, Ym1 has been generally recognized as a fundamental feature of alternative activation of macrophages in mice and hence one of the prevalent detecting targets in macrophage phenotype distinguishment. Studies have pointed out that Ym1 may have regulatory effects, which are multifaceted and even contradictory, far more than just a mere marker. Allergic lung inflammation, parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, and central nervous system diseases have been found associations with Ym1 to varying degrees. Thus, insights into Ym1’s role in diseases would help us understand the pathogenesis of different diseases and clarify the genuine roles of CLPs in mammals. This review summarizes the information on Ym1 from the gene to its expression and regulation and focuses on the association between Ym1 and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Kang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Luyao Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yucheng Pang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
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Macrophage NOX2 NADPH oxidase maintains alveolar homeostasis in mice. Blood 2022; 139:2855-2870. [PMID: 35357446 PMCID: PMC9101249 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021015365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) plays a key role in pathogen killing and immunoregulation. Genetic defects in NOX2 result in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), associated with microbial infections and inflammatory disorders, often involving the lung. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the predominant immune cell in the airways at steady state, and limiting their activation is important, given the constant exposure to inhaled materials, yet the importance of NOX2 in this process is not well understood. In this study, we showed a previously undescribed role for NOX2 in maintaining lung homeostasis by suppressing AM activation, in CGD mice or mice with selective loss of NOX2 preferentially in macrophages. AMs lacking NOX2 had increased cytokine responses to Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and TLR4 stimulation ex vivo. Moreover, between 4 and 12 week of age, mice with global NOX2 deletion developed an activated CD11bhigh subset of AMs with epigenetic and transcriptional profiles reflecting immune activation compared with WT AMs. The presence of CD11bhigh AMs in CGD mice correlated with an increased number of alveolar neutrophils and proinflammatory cytokines at steady state and increased lung inflammation after insults. Moreover, deletion of NOX2 preferentially in macrophages was sufficient for mice to develop an activated CD11bhigh AM subset and accompanying proinflammatory sequelae. In addition, we showed that the altered resident macrophage transcriptional profile in the absence of NOX2 is tissue specific, as those changes were not seen in resident peritoneal macrophages. Thus, these data demonstrate that the absence of NOX2 in alveolar macrophages leads to their proinflammatory remodeling and dysregulates alveolar homeostasis.
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4
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Poczobutt JM, Mikosz AM, Poirier C, Beatman EL, Serban KA, Gally F, Cao D, McCubbrey AL, Cornell CF, Schweitzer KS, Berdyshev EV, Bronova IA, Paris F, Petrache I. Altered Macrophage Function Associated with Crystalline Lung Inflammation in Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:629-640. [PMID: 33662226 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0229oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of ASM (acid sphingomyelinase) causes the lysosomal storage Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). Patients with NPD type B may develop progressive interstitial lung disease with frequent respiratory infections. Although several investigations using the ASM-deficient (ASMKO) mouse NPD model revealed inflammation and foamy macrophages, there is little insight into the pathogenesis of NPD-associated lung disease. Using ASMKO mice, we report that ASM deficiency is associated with a complex inflammatory phenotype characterized by marked accumulation of monocyte-derived CD11b+ macrophages and expansion of airspace/alveolar CD11c+ CD11b- macrophages, both with increased size, granularity, and foaminess. Both the alternative and classical pathways were activated, with decreased in situ phagocytosis of opsonized (Fc-coated) targets, preserved clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), secretion of Th2 cytokines, increased CD11c+/CD11b+ cells, and more than a twofold increase in lung and plasma proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and noninflammatory lung cells of ASMKO lungs also exhibited marked accumulation of chitinase-like protein Ym1/2, which formed large eosinophilic polygonal Charcot-Leyden-like crystals. In addition to providing insight into novel features of lung inflammation that may be associated with NPD, our report provides a novel connection between ASM and the development of crystal-associated lung inflammation with alterations in macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karina A Serban
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Fabienne Gally
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | - Kelly S Schweitzer
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | - François Paris
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; and.,Le Regional Center for Research in Cancerology and Immunology Nantes/Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Irina Petrache
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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5
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Mai N, Knowlden SA, Miller-Rhodes K, Prifti V, Sims M, Grier M, Nelson M, Halterman MW. Effects of 9-t-butyl doxycycline on the innate immune response to CNS ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 118:104601. [PMID: 33385413 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers a cascade of neuroinflammatory and peripheral immune responses that contribute to post-ischemic reperfusion injury. Prior work conducted in CNS ischemia models underscore the potential to harness non-antibiotic properties of tetracycline antibiotics for therapeutic benefit. In the present study, we explored the immunomodulatory effects of the tetracycline derivative 9-tert-butyl doxycycline (9-TB) in a mouse model of transient global ischemia that mimics immunologic aspects of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Pharmacokinetic studies performed in C57BL/6 mice demonstrate that within four hours after delivery, levels of 9-TB in the brain were 1.6 and 9.5-fold higher than those obtained using minocycline and doxycycline, respectively. Minocycline and 9-TB also dampened inflammation, measured by reduced TNFα-inducible, NF-κβ-dependent luciferase activity in a microglial reporter line. Notably, daily 9-TB treatment following ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo induced the retention of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) within the spleen while simultaneously biasing CNS PMNs towards an anti-inflammatory (CD11bLowYm1+) phenotype. These studies indicate that aside from exhibiting enhanced CNS delivery, 9-TB alters both the trafficking and polarization of PMNs in the context of CNS ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; The Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sara A Knowlden
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; The Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kathleen Miller-Rhodes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; The Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Viollandi Prifti
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; The Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Max Sims
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; The Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mark Grier
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Mark Nelson
- Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Marc W Halterman
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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6
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Riazanski V, Sui Z, Nelson DJ. Kinetic Separation of Oxidative and Non-oxidative Metabolism in Single Phagosomes from Alveolar Macrophages: Impact on Bacterial Killing. iScience 2020; 23:101759. [PMID: 33251491 PMCID: PMC7677711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of the two phagosomal catabolic processes, oxidative and metabolic, was assessed in the killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in phagosomes of alveolar macrophages (AMs) from wild-type (p47-phox+/+) or NOX-defective (p47-phox−/−) mice. Free radical release and degradative acidification within AM phagosomes is sequential and separable. The initial NOX activity, identifiable as a transient alkalinization, leads to fast bacterial wall permeabilization by ROS. This is followed by V-ATPase-induced acidification and enzymatic bacterial degradation contributed through phagosomal-lysosomal fusion. The alkalinization/acidification ratio was variable among phagosomes within single cells of a given genotype and not as a function of macrophage M1 or M2 classification, possibly owing to uneven distribution of phagosomal transporter proteins. Irregular, excessive NOX activity prevents phago-lysosomal fusion, and the lack of V-ATPase-induced acidification leads to bacterial stasis in the phagosome. Thus, efficient phagosomal bacterial killing is a result of tightly balanced activity between two processes. Phagosomal NOX and V-ATPase activation is sequential and separable in macrophages Superoxide (O2-) inhibits lysosomal fusion thereby inhibiting phagosomal acidification Phagosomes in single cells are heterogeneous in NOX activity and thereby acidification NOX activity is the dominant factor in bactericidal efficacy in macrophage phagosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riazanski
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Zihao Sui
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Deborah J. Nelson
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
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7
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Zhu W, Lönnblom E, Förster M, Johannesson M, Tao P, Meng L, Lu S, Holmdahl R. Natural polymorphism of Ym1 regulates pneumonitis through alternative activation of macrophages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/43/eaba9337. [PMID: 33087360 PMCID: PMC7577715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have positionally cloned the Ym1 gene, with a duplication and a promoter polymorphism, as a major regulator of inflammation. Mice with the RIIIS/J haplotype, with the absence of Ym1 expression, showed reduced susceptibility to mannan-enhanced collagen antibody-induced arthritis and to chronic arthritis induced by intranasal exposure of mannan. Depletion of lung macrophages alleviated arthritis, whereas intranasal supplement of Ym1 protein to Ym1-deficient mice reversed the disease, suggesting a key role of Ym1 for inflammatory activity by lung macrophages. Ym1-deficient mice with pneumonitis had less eosinophil infiltration, reduced production of type II cytokines and IgG1, and skewing of macrophages toward alternative activation due to enhanced STAT6 activation. Proteomics analysis connected Ym1 polymorphism with changed lipid metabolism. Induced PPAR-γ and lipid metabolism in Ym1-deficient macrophages contributed to cellular polarization. In conclusion, the natural polymorphism of Ym1 regulates alternative activation of macrophages associated with pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael Förster
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Pei Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 710061 Xi'an, China
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- The National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004 Xi'an, China.
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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8
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Regenerating islet-derived protein (Reg)3β plays a crucial role in attenuation of ileitis and colitis in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100738. [PMID: 32072024 PMCID: PMC7016002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived protein (Reg)3β belongs to a member of the Reg family of proteins and has pleiotropic functions, including antimicrobial activity and tissue repair. However, whether Reg3β plays a protective role in the development of colitis and ileitis has not been fully investigated. We generated transgenic mice expressing a short form of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIPs) that promotes necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death. cFLIPs transgenic (CFLARs Tg) mice develop severe ileitis in utero. Although Reg3β is undetectable in the small intestine of wild-type embryos, its expression is aberrantly elevated in the small intestine of CFLARs Tg embryos. To test whether elevated Reg3β attenuates or exacerbates ileitis in CFLARs Tg mice, we generated a Reg3b−/− strain. Reg3b−/− mice grew to adulthood without apparent abnormalities. Deletion of Reg3b in CFLARs Tg mice exacerbated the embryonic lethality of CFLARs Tg mice. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, characterized by body weight loss and infiltration of neutrophils, was exacerbated in Reg3b−/− compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, the expression of Interleukin 6, an inflammatory cytokine and Chitinase-like 3, a marker for tissue repair macrophages was elevated in the colon of Reg3b−/− mice compared to wild-type mice after DSS treatment. Together, these results suggest that attenuation of colitis and ileitis is a result of Reg3β′s real function. The expression of Reg3β is elevated in the embryonic small intestine of CFLARs Tg mice. Reg3b−/− mice grow to adulthood without apparent abnormalities. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis is exacerbated in Reg3b−/− mice. Deletion of Reg3b exacerbates ileitis in CFLARs Tg mice.
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Key Words
- Arg1, Arginase-1
- CFLARs Tg, cFLIPs transgenic
- Cellular FLICE-Inhibitory protein
- Chitinase-like 3, Chil3
- Colitis
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Dextran sulfate sodium
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- IL, interleukin
- ILC3, group 3 innate lymphoid cell
- Ileitis
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain–like protein
- Mrc1, Mannose receptor C-type 1
- RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase
- RORγt, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t
- Reg, regenerating islet-derived protein
- Regenerating islet-derived protein
- Retnla, Resistin-like alpha
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- cFLIPs and L, cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, short and long forms
- pSTAT3, phospho-STAT3
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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9
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Persson EK, Verstraete K, Heyndrickx I, Gevaert E, Aegerter H, Percier JM, Deswarte K, Verschueren KHG, Dansercoer A, Gras D, Chanez P, Bachert C, Gonçalves A, Van Gorp H, De Haard H, Blanchetot C, Saunders M, Hammad H, Savvides SN, Lambrecht BN. Protein crystallization promotes type 2 immunity and is reversible by antibody treatment. Science 2019; 364:364/6442/eaaw4295. [PMID: 31123109 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although spontaneous protein crystallization is a rare event in vivo, Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) consisting of galectin-10 (Gal10) protein are frequently observed in eosinophilic diseases, such as asthma. We found that CLCs derived from patients showed crystal packing and Gal10 structure identical to those of Gal10 crystals grown in vitro. When administered to the airways, crystalline Gal10 stimulated innate and adaptive immunity and acted as a type 2 adjuvant. By contrast, a soluble Gal10 mutein was inert. Antibodies directed against key epitopes of the CLC crystallization interface dissolved preexisting CLCs in patient-derived mucus within hours and reversed crystal-driven inflammation, goblet-cell metaplasia, immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) in a humanized mouse model of asthma. Thus, protein crystals may promote hallmark features of asthma and are targetable by crystal-dissolving antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Persson
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Heyndrickx
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Aegerter
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kim Deswarte
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen H G Verschueren
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Dansercoer
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- BioImaging Core, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hanne Van Gorp
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hamida Hammad
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Ariyaratne A, Finney CAM. Eosinophils and Macrophages within the Th2-Induced Granuloma: Balancing Killing and Healing in a Tight Space. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00127-19. [PMID: 31285249 PMCID: PMC6759305 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00127-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granuloma formation is a key host immune response generated to confine invading pathogens and limit extensive host damage. It consists of an accumulation of host immune cells around a pathogen. This host response has been extensively studied in the context of inflammatory diseases. However, there is much less known about Th2-type granulomas generated in response to parasitic worms. Based on in vitro data, innate immune cells within the granuloma are thought to immobilize and kill parasites but also act to repair damaged tissue. Understanding this dual function is key. The two billion people and many livestock/wild animals infected with helminths demonstrate that granulomas are not effective at clearing infection. However, the lack of high mortality highlights their importance in ensuring that parasite migration/tissue damage is restricted and wound healing is effective. In this review, we define two key cellular players (macrophages and eosinophils) and their associated molecular players involved in Th2 granuloma function. To date, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, which is in part due to a lack of conclusive studies. Most have been performed in vitro rather than in vivo, using cells that have not been obtained from granulomas. Experiments using genetically modified mouse strains and/or antibody/chemical-mediated cell depletion have also generated conflicting results depending on the model. We discuss the caveats of previous studies and the new tools available that will help fill the gaps in our knowledge and allow a better understanding of the balance between immune killing and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ariyaratne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Constance A M Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Ikeda N, Asano K, Kikuchi K, Uchida Y, Ikegami H, Takagi R, Yotsumoto S, Shibuya T, Makino-Okamura C, Fukuyama H, Watanabe T, Ohmuraya M, Araki K, Nishitai G, Tanaka M. Emergence of immunoregulatory Ym1 +Ly6C hi monocytes during recovery phase of tissue injury. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/28/eaat0207. [PMID: 30291130 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ly6Chi monocytes migrate to injured sites and induce inflammation in the acute phase of tissue injury. However, once the causes of tissue injury are eliminated, monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. It remains unclear whether the emergence of these immunoregulatory macrophages is attributed to the phenotypic conversion of inflammatory monocytes in situ or to the recruitment of bone marrow-derived regulatory cells de novo. Here, we identified a subpopulation of Ly6Chi monocytes that contribute to the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. Ym1+Ly6Chi monocytes greatly expanded in bone marrow during the recovery phase of systemic inflammation or tissue injury. Ym1+Ly6Chi monocytes infiltrating into an injured site exhibited immunoregulatory and tissue-reparative phenotypes. Deletion of Ym1+Ly6Chi monocytes resulted in delayed recovery from colitis. These results demonstrate that a distinct monocyte subpopulation destined to act in immunoregulation is generated in bone marrow and participates in resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ikeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenta Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Uchida
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ikegami
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryo Takagi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yotsumoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takumi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Gen Nishitai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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12
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van der Weyden L, Speak AO, Swiatkowska A, Clare S, Schejtman A, Santilli G, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Pulmonary metastatic colonisation and granulomas in NOX2-deficient mice. J Pathol 2018; 246:300-310. [PMID: 30062795 PMCID: PMC6221033 DOI: 10.1002/path.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients, and successful colonisation of a secondary organ by circulating tumour cells (CTCs) is the rate‐limiting step of this process. We used tail‐vein injection of B16‐F10 melanoma cells into mice to mimic the presence of CTCs and to allow for the assessment of host (microenvironmental) factors that regulate pulmonary metastatic colonisation. We found that mice deficient for the individual subunits of the NADPH oxidase of myeloid cells, NOX2 (encoded by Cyba, Cybb, Ncf1, Ncf2, and Ncf4), all showed decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation. To understand the role of NOX2 in controlling tumour cell survival in the pulmonary microenvironment, we focused on Cyba‐deficient (Cybatm1a) mice, which showed the most significant decrease in metastatic colonisation. Interestingly, histological assessment of pulmonary metastatic colonisation was not possible in Cybatm1a mice, owing to the presence of large granulomas composed of galectin‐3 (Mac‐2)‐positive macrophages and eosinophilic deposits; granulomas of variable penetrance and severity were also found in Cybatm1a mice that were not injected with melanoma cells, and these contributed to their decreased survival. The decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation of Cybatm1a mice was not due to any overt defects in vascular permeability, and bone marrow chimaeras confirmed a role for the haematological system in the reduced metastatic colonisation phenotype. Examination of the lymphocyte populations, which are known key regulators of metastatic colonisation, revealed an enhanced proportion of activated T and natural killer cells in the lungs of Cybatm1a mice, relative to controls. The reduced metastatic colonisation, presence of granulomas and altered immune cell populations observed in Cybatm1a lungs were mirrored in Ncf2‐deficient (Ncf2tm1a) mice. Thus, we show that NOX2 deficiency results in both granulomas and the accumulation of antitumoural immune cells in the lungs that probably mediate the decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology (III), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology (III), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh, Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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13
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LXR/RXR signaling and neutrophil phenotype following myocardial infarction classify sex differences in remodeling. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:40. [PMID: 30132266 PMCID: PMC6105266 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in heart failure development following myocardial infarction (MI) are not fully understood. We hypothesized that differential MI signaling could explain variations in outcomes. Analysis of the mouse heart attack research tool 1.0 (422 mice; young = 5.4 ± 0.1; old = 23.3 ± 0.1 months of age) was used to dissect MI signaling pathways, which was validated in a new cohort of mice (4.8 ± 0.2 months of age); and substantiated in humans. Plasma collected at visit 2 from the MI subset of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS; a community-based study consisting of middle aged and older adults of African ancestry) underwent glycoproteomics grouped by outcome: (1) heart failure hospitalization after visit 2 (n = 3 men/12 women) and (2) without hospitalization through 2012 (n = 24 men/21 women). Compared to young male mice, the infarct region of young females had fewer, but more efficient tissue clearing neutrophils with reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression. Apolipoprotein (Apo) F, which acts upstream of the liver X receptors/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) pathway, was elevated in the day 7 infarcts of old mice compared to young controls and was increased in both men and women with heart failure. In vitro, Apo F stimulated CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ activation in male neutrophils to turn off NF-κB activation and stimulate LXR/RXR signaling to initiate resolution. Female neutrophils were desensitized to Apo F and instead relied on thrombospondin-1 stimulation of CD36 to upregulate AMP-activated protein kinase, resulting in an overall better wound healing strategy. With age, female mice were desensitized to LXR/RXR signaling, resulting in enhanced interleukin-6 activation, a finding replicated in the JHS community cohort. This is the first report to uncover sex differences in post-MI neutrophil signaling that yielded better outcomes in young females and worse outcomes with age.
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14
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Chitinase-like proteins as regulators of innate immunity and tissue repair: helpful lessons for asthma? Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:141-151. [PMID: 29351964 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 of proteins. Chitinases are expressed in mammals and lower organisms, facilitate chitin degradation, and hence act as host-defence enzymes. Gene duplication and loss-of-function mutations of enzymatically active chitinases have resulted in the expression of a diverse range of CLPs across different species. CLPs are genes that are increasingly associated with inflammation and tissue remodelling not only in mammals but also across distant species. While the focus has remained on understanding the functions and expression patterns of CLPs during disease in humans, studies in mouse and lower organisms have revealed important and overlapping roles of the CLP family during physiology, host defence and pathology. This review will summarise recent insights into the regulatory functions of CLPs on innate immune pathways and discuss how these effects are not only important for host defence and tissue injury/repair after pathogen invasion, but also how they have extensive implications for pathological processes involved in diseases such as asthma.
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15
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Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Goerdt S. Human Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins as Indicators for Inflammation and Cancer. Biomark Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Glyco_18 domain-containing proteins constitute a family of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins. Chitotriosidase and AMCase are true enzymes which hydrolyse chitin and have a C-terminal chitin-binding domain. YKL-40, YKL-39, SI-CLP and murine YM1/2 proteins possess solely Glyco_18 domain and do not have the hydrolytic activity. The major sources of Glyco_18 containing proteins are macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial cells, chondrocytes, synovial cells, and cancer cells. Both macrophages and neutrophils use the regulated secretory mechanism for the release of Glyco_18 containing proteins. Glyco_18 containing proteins are established biomarkers for human diseases. Chitotriosidase is overproduced by lipid-laden macrophages and is a major marker for the inherited lysosomal storage Gaucher disease. AMCase and murine lectin YM1 are upregulated in Th2-environment, and enzymatic activity of AMCase contributes to asthma pathogenesis. YKL proteins act as soluble mediators for the cell proliferation and migration, and are also involved in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 reflect the macrophage activation in atherosclerotic plaques. Serum level of YKL-40 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for numerous types of solid tumors. YKL-39 is a marker for the activation of chondrocytes and the progression of the osteoarthritis in human. Recently identified SI-CLP is upregulated by Th2 cytokine IL-4 as well as by glucocorticoids. This unique feature of SI-CLP makes it an attractive candidate for the examination of individual sensitivity of patients to glucocorticoid treatment and prediction of side effects of glucocorticoid therapy. Human chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are found in tissues and circulation, and can be detected by non-invasive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Alexei Gratchev
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
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16
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Murase T, Yamamoto T, Koide A, Yagi Y, Kagawa S, Tsuruya S, Abe Y, Umehara T, Ikematsu K. Temporal expression of chitinase-like 3 in wounded murine skin. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1623-1631. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Wu F, Wei J, Liu Z, Zeng X, Yu Z, Lv Z, Sun X, Wu Z. Soluble antigen derived from IV larva of Angiostrongylus cantonensis promotes chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3) expression induced by interleukin-13. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3737-46. [PMID: 27256220 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) is an emerging food-borne parasitic disease, which refers basically to eosinophilic meningitis. Chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3), a member of chitinase-like protein family which has chemotactic activity for eosinophils, is reported to be highly upregulated in brain of mouse infected with A. cantonensis. The mechanisms of high expression of Chil3 and the association between A. cantonensis and Chil3 are rarely reported. In order to understand the mechanism of high expression of Chil3 in A. cantonensis-infected mouse, we measured the level of Chil3 in RAW 264.7 and BV2 cell lines stimulated with soluble antigen of A. cantonensis by qPCR and ELISA. To explore the role of Chil3 in inflammation caused by A. cantonensis, we extracted and cultured brain mononuclear cells (BMNCs) and detected the eosinophil chemotactic activity of Chil3 using transwell assay and flow cytometer. Furthermore, we treated the infected mice by injection with rmChil3 and then counted the number of larvae in brains of infected mice and treated mice to examine the association between the worm and Chil3. Our results showed the soluble antigen from A. cantonensis could promote the Chil3 expression in macrophage and microglial cell lines induced by interleukin-13. In conclusion, we supposed that high expression of Chil3 enhanced by soluble antigens from A. cantonensis might be the reason of serious eosinophil infiltration in mouse brain after A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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18
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Zamakhchari MF, Sima C, Sama K, Fine N, Glogauer M, Van Dyke TE, Gyurko R. Lack of p47(phox) in Akita Diabetic Mice Is Associated with Interstitial Pneumonia, Fibrosis, and Oral Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:659-70. [PMID: 26747235 PMCID: PMC4816692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species production is central to the development of diabetic complications. The contribution of leukocyte reactive oxygen species produced by the NADPH oxidase to altered inflammatory responses associated with uncontrolled hyperglycemia is poorly understood. To get insight into the role of phagocytic superoxide in the onset of diabetic complications, we used a model of periodontitis in mice with chronic hyperglycemia and lack of leukocyte p47(phox) (Akita/Ncf1) bred from C57BL/6-Ins2(Akita)/J (Akita) and neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 knockout (Ncf1) mice. Akita/Nfc1 mice showed progressive cachexia starting at early age and increased mortality by six months. Their lungs developed infiltrative interstitial lesions that obliterated air spaces as early as 12 weeks when fungal colonization of lungs also was observed. Neutrophils of Akita/Ncf1 mice had normal degranulation and phagocytic efficiency when compared with wild-type mice. Although Akita/Ncf1 mice had increased prevalence of oral infections and more severe periodontitis compared with wild-type mice, bone loss was only marginally higher compared with Akita and Ncf1 null mice. Altogether these results indicate that lack of leukocyte superoxide production in mice with chronic hyperglycemia results in interstitial pneumonia and increased susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai F Zamakhchari
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kishore Sama
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noah Fine
- The Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- The Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Gyurko
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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19
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Ma Y, Yabluchanskiy A, Iyer RP, Cannon PL, Flynn ER, Jung M, Henry J, Cates CA, Deleon-Pennell KY, Lindsey ML. Temporal neutrophil polarization following myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:51-61. [PMID: 26825554 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although macrophage phenotypes have been well studied in the myocardial infarction (MI) setting, this study investigated temporal neutrophil polarization and activation mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Neutrophils isolated from the infarcted left ventricle (LV) of mice showed high expression of proinflammatory markers at Day 1 and anti-inflammatory markers at Days 5 and 7 post-MI, indicating distinct neutrophil phenotypes along the post-MI time continuum. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that although proinflammatory N1 neutrophils were always predominant (>80% of total neutrophils at each time point), the percentage of N2 neutrophils increased post-MI from 2.4 ± 0.6% at Day 1 to 18.1 ± 3.0% at Day 7. In vitro, peripheral blood neutrophils were polarized to proinflammatory N1 by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ or anti-inflammatory N2 by interleukin-4, indicating high plasticity potential. The in vivo post-MI relevant LV damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) polarized neutrophils to a proinflammatory N1 phenotype by activating toll-like receptor-4. Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibited proinflammatory production in neutrophils. N1 neutrophils positively correlated with infarct wall thinning at Day 7 post-MI, possibly due to high production of matrix metalloproteinases-12 and -25. CONCLUSION This study is the first to identify the existence of N1 and N2 neutrophils in the infarct region and reveals that N1 polarization could be mediated by DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Presley L Cannon
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Flynn
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Mira Jung
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jeffrey Henry
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Courtney A Cates
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Kristine Y Deleon-Pennell
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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20
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Barberà-Cremades M, Baroja-Mazo A, Pelegrín P. Purinergic signaling during macrophage differentiation results in M2 alternative activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:289-99. [PMID: 26382298 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0514-267rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a highly heterogenic cell population of the innate immune system, with important roles in the initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response. Purinergic signaling regulates both M1 and M2 macrophage function at different levels by controlling the secretion of cytokines, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species. We found that extracellular nucleotides arrest macrophage differentiation from bone marrow precursors via adenosine and P2 receptors. This results in a mature macrophage with increased expression of M2, but not M1, genes. Similar to adenosine and ATP, macrophage growth arrested with LPS treatment resulted in an increase of the M2-related marker Ym1. Recombinant Ym1 was able to affect macrophage proliferation and could, potentially, be involved in the arrest of macrophage growth during hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barberà-Cremades
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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21
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Nishime C, Kawai K, Yamamoto T, Katano I, Monnai M, Goda N, Mizushima T, Suemizu H, Nakamura M, Murata M, Suematsu M, Wakui M. Innate Response to Human Cancer Cells with or without IL-2 Receptor Common γ-Chain Function in NOD Background Mice Lacking Adaptive Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1883-90. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Brodaczewska K, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Doligalska M. Chitin, a key factor in immune regulation: lesson from infection with fungi and chitin bearing parasites. Acta Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26204004 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The probability of infection with fungi, as well as parasitic nematodes or arthropods may increase in overcrowded population of animals and human. The widespread overuse of drugs and immunosuppressants for veterinary or medical treatment create an opportunity for many pathogenic species. The aim of the review is to present the common molecular characteristics of such pathogens as fungi and nematodes and other chitin bearing animals, which may both activate and downregulate the immune response of the host. Although these pathogens are evolutionary distinct and distant, they may provoke similar immune mechanisms. The role of chitin in these phenomena will be reviewed, highlighting the immune reactions that may be induced in mammals by this natural polymer.
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Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:816460. [PMID: 26089604 PMCID: PMC4452191 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1132] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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Goren I, Pfeilschifter J, Frank S. Uptake of neutrophil-derived Ym1 protein distinguishes wound macrophages in the absence of interleukin-4 signaling in murine wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3249-61. [PMID: 25307347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of regenerative wound-healing macrophages as alternatively activated macrophages is currently questioned by the absence of IL-4 in wound tissue. Yet, murine wound tissue expressed high levels of Ym1 (chitinase 3-like 3), an established marker of the IL-4-induced alternatively activated macrophage phenotype. Ym1 was expressed in wound neutrophils but not in macrophages. Initially, Ym1-free wound-healing macrophages, invading from the wound margins, became gradually positive for the protein in the absence of IL-4 signaling and Stat6 activation, as they entered the neutrophil-populated wound regions. IL-4 failed to induce Ym1 protein in ex vivo-cultured wound tissue explants containing wound-healing macrophages. Recombinant Ym1 protein was selectively taken up by macrophages but not by keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Cultured macrophages lost the ability to take up the recombinant protein when four highly conserved residues and the 70-amino acid small α+β domain essential for Ym1 function were removed. The data suggest that the IL-4/Stat6-independent presence of Ym1 protein in wound-healing macrophages is of exogenous origin, with Ym1 taken up from wound neutrophils as the cellular source. The data suggest that in situ determination of wound-healing macrophages, often defined by Ym1, might not essentially describe an IL-4-dependent macrophage phenotype. Consequently, wound-healing macrophages should not be classified by the established categories of the well-accepted but simplified paradigm of M1/M2 macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Goren
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Frank
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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26
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Veerisetty AC, Liu P, Alcorn JL, Hecht JT. Chondrocyte-specific pathology during skeletal growth and therapeutics in a murine model of pseudoachondroplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1258-68. [PMID: 24194321 PMCID: PMC4075045 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) cause pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe dwarfing condition. Pain, a significant complication, has generally been attributed to joint abnormalities and erosion and early onset osteoarthritis. Previously, we found that the inflammatory-related transcripts were elevated in growth plate and articular cartilages, indicating that inflammation plays an important role in the chondrocyte disease pathology and may contribute to the overall pain sequelae. Here, we describe the effects of D469-delCOMP expression on the skeleton and growth plate chondrocytes with the aim to define a treatment window and thereby reduce pain. Consistent with the human PSACH phenotype, skeletal development of D469del-COMP mice was normal and similar to controls at birth. By postnatal day 7 (P7), the D469del-COMP skeleton, limbs, skull and snout were reduced and this reduction was progressive during postnatal growth, resulting in a short-limbed dwarfed mouse. Modulation of prenatal and postnatal expression of D469del-COMP showed minimal retention/cell death at P7 with some retention/cell death by P14, suggesting that earlier treatment intervention at the time of PSACH diagnosis may produce optimal results. Important and novel findings were an increase in inflammatory proteins generally starting at P21 and that exercise exacerbates inflammation. These observations suggest that pain in PSACH may be related to an intrinsic inflammatory process that can be treated symptomatically and is not related to early joint erosion. We also show that genetic ablation of CHOP dampens the inflammatory response observed in mice expressing D469del-COMP. Toward identifying potential treatments, drugs known to decrease cellular stress (lithium, phenylbutyric acid, and valproate) were assessed. Interestingly, all diminished the chondrocyte pathology but had untoward outcomes on mouse growth, development, and longevity. Collectively, these results define an early treatment window in which chondrocytes can be salvaged, thereby potentially increasing skeletal growth and decreasing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, TX, USA
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27
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Gonzalez-Escobedo G, La Perle KMD, Gunn JS. Histopathological analysis of Salmonella chronic carriage in the mouse hepatopancreatobiliary system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84058. [PMID: 24349565 PMCID: PMC3861519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi asymptomatic chronic carriage represents a challenge for the diagnosis and prevention of typhoid fever in endemic areas. Such carriers are thought to be reservoirs for further spread of the disease. Gallbladder carriage has been demonstrated to be mediated by biofilm formation on gallstones and by intracellular persistence in the gallbladder epithelium of mice. In addition, both gallstones and chronic carriage have been associated with chronic inflammation and the development of gallbladder carcinoma. However, the pathogenic relationship between typhoid carriage and the development of pre-malignant and/or malignant lesions in the hepatopancreatobiliary system as well as the host-pathogen interactions occurring during chronic carriage remains unclear. In this study, we monitored the histopathological features of chronic carriage up to 1 year post-infection. Chronic cholecystitis and hepatitis ranging from mild to severe were present in infected mice regardless of the presence of gallstones. Biliary epithelial hyperplasia was observed more commonly in the gallbladder of mice with gallstones (uninfected or infected). However, pre-malignant lesions, atypical hyperplasia and metaplasia of the gallbladder and exocrine pancreas, respectively, were only associated with chronic Salmonella carriage. This study has implications regarding the role of Salmonella chronic infection and inflammation in the development of pre-malignant lesions in the epithelium of the gallbladder and pancreas that could lead to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gonzalez-Escobedo
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Krista M. D. La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John S. Gunn
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Moraga A, Nombela F, Vivancos J, Hamilton JA, Corbí ÁL, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. N2 neutrophils, novel players in brain inflammation after stroke: modulation by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. Stroke 2013; 44:3498-508. [PMID: 24135932 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophils have been traditionally recognized as major mediators of a deleterious inflammatory response in acute ischemic stroke, but their potential as a therapeutic target remains unexplored. Recent evidence indicates that neutrophils may acquire different phenotypes and contribute to resolution of inflammation through the release of anti-inflammatory mediators. Thus, similar to M2 macrophages, neutrophils have been proposed to shift toward an N2 phenotype, a polarization that is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ dependent in macrophages. We hypothesize that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation with rosiglitazone induces changes in neutrophilic mobilization and phenotype that might influence stroke outcome. METHODS Brain sections and cell suspensions were prepared from mice exposed to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Double immunostaining with stereological counting of brain sections and flow-cytometry analysis of brain cell suspensions were performed. RESULTS Rosiglitazone accelerated neutrophil infiltration to the ischemic core, concomitantly to neuroprotection. Some neutrophils (≈31%) expressed M2 markers, namely Ym1 and CD206 (mannose receptor). After treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone, most neutrophils (≈77%) acquired an N2 phenotype. Interestingly, rosiglitazone increased neutrophil engulfment by microglia/macrophages, a clearance that preferentially affected the N2 subset. CONCLUSIONS We present the first evidence of neutrophil reprogramming toward an N2 phenotype in brain inflammation, which can be modulated by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ nuclear receptor. We also show that N2 polarization is associated with an increased neutrophil clearance, thus suggesting that this switch is a crucial event for resolution of inflammation that may participate in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Cuartero
- From the Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (M.I.C., I.B., A.M., I.L., M.A.M.); Servicio de Neurología and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (F.N., J.V.); Arthritis and Inflammation Research Centre, University of Melbourne and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (J.A.H.); and Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain (A.L.C.)
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Elmore SA, Hoenerhoff M, Katsuta O, Kokoshima H, Maronpot R, Nagai H, Satoh H, Tanaka Y, Tochitani T, Tsuchiya S, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2013 Joint JSTP/NTP Satellite Symposium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:231-57. [PMID: 23914068 PMCID: PMC3695348 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first joint Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) and National Toxicology
Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held on January
29th at Okura Frontier Hotel in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, in advance of the
JSTP’s 29th Annual Meeting. The goal of this Symposium was to present current
diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This
article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or
nomenclature issues that were presented, select images that were used for audience voting
or discussion, and the voting results. Some lesions and topics covered during the
symposium include: treatment-related atypical hepatocellular foci of cellular alteration
in B6C3F1 mice; purulent ventriculoencephalitis in a young BALB/c mouse; a subcutaneous
malignant schwannoma in a RccHan:WIST rat; spontaneous nasal septum
hyalinosis/eosinophilic substance in B6C3F1 mice; a rare pancreatic ductal cell adenoma in
a young Lewis rat; eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; hyaline
glomerulopathy in two female ddY mice; treatment-related intrahepatic erythrocytes in
B6C3F1 mice; treatment-related subendothelial hepatocytes in B6C3F1 mice; spontaneous
thyroid follicular cell vacuolar degeneration in a cynomolgus monkey; congenital hepatic
fibrosis in a 1-year-old cat; a spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the middle ear in a young
Crl:CD(SD) rat; and finally a series of cases illustrating some differences between
cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in Sprague Dawley and F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
Mp are crucial for tissue repair and regeneration but can also contribute to tissue damage and fibrosis. Mp can adopt a variety of functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli; two of the best-characterized in vitro phenotypes are a proinflammatory "M1" phenotype, produced by exposure to IFN-γ and TNF-α, and an anti-inflammatory "M2a" phenotype, produced by IL-4 or IL-13. M2a Mp are frequently termed "wound healing" Mp, as they express factors that are important for tissue repair. This review will summarize current knowledge of Mp phenotypes during tissue repair and will argue that these in vivo Mp populations are heterogeneous and temporally regulated and do not conform to existing, in vitro-defined M1 or M2 phenotypes. Mp during the early stages of tissue repair exhibit a more proinflammatory phenotype than their later counterparts, which in turn may exhibit some M2a-associated characteristics. However, phenotypic markers that appear to be coregulated in cultured Mp can be expressed independently of each other in vivo. Additionally, M1- and M2-associated markers may be expressed simultaneously by actual tissue-repair Mp. Improved understanding of Mp phenotypes and their regulation may assist in generation of novel therapies based on manipulating Mp function to improve healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Elmore SA, Berridge BR, Boyle MC, Cora MC, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kooistra L, Laast VA, Morrison JP, Rao D, Rinke M, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2012 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:151-80. [PMID: 23262640 PMCID: PMC4195569 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2012 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Boston in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 31st annual meeting. The goal of the NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting or discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; differentiating adrenal cortical cystic degeneration from adenoma; atypical eosinophilic foci of altered hepatocytes; differentiating cardiac schwannoma from cardiomyopathy; diagnosis of cardiac papillary muscle lesions; intrahepatocytic erythrocytes and venous subendothelial hepatocytes; lesions in Rathke's cleft and pars distalis; pernicious anemia and megaloblastic disorders; embryonic neuroepithelial dysplasia, holoprosencephaly and exencephaly; and INHAND nomenclature for select cardiovascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Van Dyken SJ, Locksley RM. Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-mediated alternatively activated macrophages: roles in homeostasis and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:317-43. [PMID: 23298208 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity, assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune responses such as allergic inflammation and helminth infection. This alternatively activated phenotype is induced by the canonical type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which mediate expression of several characteristic markers along with a dramatic shift in macrophage metabolic pathways that influence surrounding cells and tissues. We discuss recent advances in the understanding of IL-4- and IL-13-mediated alternatively activated macrophages and type 2 immune responses; such advances have led to an expanded appreciation for functions of these cells beyond immunity, including maintenance of physiologic homeostasis and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Van Dyken
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Mashima R, Arimura S, Kajikawa S, Oda H, Nakae S, Yamanashi Y. Dok adaptors play anti-inflammatory roles in pulmonary homeostasis. Genes Cells 2012. [PMID: 23205702 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung with airflow obstruction and bronchospasm, characterized by pulmonary eosinophilia, airway remodeling, increased airway hyperresponsiveness to environmental stimuli, and excessive Th2-type cytokine production. Recent studies indicate that crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems is crucial for this disease. We and others have showed that the Dok (downstream of tyrosine kinases) family adaptors, Dok-1, Dok-2, and Dok-3, play essential roles in negative regulation of a wide variety of signaling pathways in both innate and adaptive immunities. Here, histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity showed spontaneous pulmonary inflammation in Dok-1-/- Dok-2-/- Dok-3-/- (TKO) mice, but not in Dok-1-/- Dok-2-/- or Dok-3-/- mice, with hallmarks of asthma, including eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, and subepithelial fibrosis. Consistently, TKO mice, but not the other mutants, showed increased airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine inhalation. In addition, Th2-type cytokine concentrations in BALF were increased in TKO mice. These findings provide strong evidence that Dok-1, Dok-2, and Dok-3 cooperatively play critical anti-inflammatory roles in lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Lassègue B, San Martín A, Griendling KK. Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2012; 110:1364-90. [PMID: 22581922 PMCID: PMC3365576 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Thoolen B, Maronpot RR, Harada T, Nyska A, Rousseaux C, Nolte T, Malarkey DE, Kaufmann W, Küttler K, Deschl U, Nakae D, Gregson R, Vinlove MP, Brix AE, Singh B, Belpoggi F, Ward JM. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse hepatobiliary system. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 38:5S-81S. [PMID: 21191096 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310386499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and differential diagnosis for classifying microscopic lesions observed in the hepatobiliary system of laboratory rats and mice, with color microphotographs illustrating examples of some lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available for society members electronically on the internet (http://goreni.org). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions of the hepatobiliary system in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Thoolen
- Global Pathology Support, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Dewals BG, Marillier RG, Hoving JC, Leeto M, Schwegmann A, Brombacher F. IL-4Ralpha-independent expression of mannose receptor and Ym1 by macrophages depends on their IL-10 responsiveness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e689. [PMID: 20502521 PMCID: PMC2872644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-4Ralpha-dependent responses are essential for granuloma formation and host survival during acute schistosomiasis. Previously, we demonstrated that mice deficient for macrophage-specific IL-4Ralpha (LysM(cre)Il4ra(-/lox)) developed increased hepatotoxicity and gut inflammation; whereas inflammation was restricted to the liver of mice lacking T cell-specific IL-4Ralpha expression (iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox)). In the study presented here we further investigated their role in liver granulomatous inflammation. Frequencies and numbers of macrophage, lymphocyte or granulocyte populations, as well as Th1/Th2 cytokine responses were similar in Schistosoma mansoni-infected LysM(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) liver granulomas, when compared to Il4ra(-/lox) control mice. In contrast, a shift to Th1 responses with high IFN-gamma and low IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 was observed in the severely disrupted granulomas of iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) and Il4ra(-/-) mice. As expected, alternative macrophage activation was reduced in both LysM(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) and iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) granulomas with low arginase 1 and heightened nitric oxide synthase RNA expression in granuloma macrophages of both mouse strains. Interestingly, a discrete subpopulation of SSC(high)CD11b+I-A/I-E(high)CD204+ macrophages retained expression of mannose receptor (MMR) and Ym1 in LysM(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) but not in iLck(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) granulomas. While aaMphi were in close proximity to the parasite eggs in Il4ra(-/lox) control mice, MMR+Ym1+ macrophages in LysM(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice were restricted to the periphery of the granuloma, indicating that they might have different functions. In vivo IL-10 neutralisation resulted in the disappearance of MMR+Ym1+ macrophages in LysM(cre)Il4ra(-/lox) mice. Together, these results show that IL-4Ralpha-responsive T cells are essential to drive alternative macrophage activation and to control granulomatous inflammation in the liver. The data further suggest that in the absence of macrophage-specific IL-4Ralpha signalling, IL-10 is able to drive mannose receptor- and Ym1-positive macrophages, associated with control of hepatic granulomatous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Dewals
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reece G. Marillier
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer C. Hoving
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mosiuoa Leeto
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anita Schwegmann
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Sanders AM, Stehle JR, Blanks MJ, Riedlinger G, Kim-Shapiro JW, Monjazeb AM, Adams JM, Willingham MC, Cui Z. Cancer resistance of SR/CR mice in the genetic knockout backgrounds of leukocyte effector mechanisms: determinations for functional requirements. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:121. [PMID: 20356394 PMCID: PMC2861034 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous Regression/Complete Resistant (SR/CR) mice are a colony of cancer-resistant mice that can detect and rapidly destroy malignant cells with innate cellular immunity, predominately mediated by granulocytes. Our previous studies suggest that several effector mechanisms, such as perforin, granzymes, or complements, may be involved in the killing of cancer cells. However, none of these effector mechanisms is known as critical for granulocytes. Additionally, it is unclear which effector mechanisms are required for the cancer killing activity of specific leukocyte populations and the survival of SR/CR mice against the challenges of lethal cancer cells. We hypothesized that if any of these effector mechanisms was required for the resistance to cancer cells, its functional knockout in SR/CR mice should render them sensitive to cancer challenges. This was tested by cross breeding SR/CR mice into the individual genetic knockout backgrounds of perforin (Prf-/-), superoxide (Cybb-/), or inducible nitric oxide (Nos2-/). Methods SR/CR mice were bred into individual Prf-/-, Cybb-/-, or Nos2-/- genetic backgrounds and then challenged with sarcoma 180 (S180). Their overall survival was compared to controls. The cancer killing efficiency of purified populations of macrophages and neutrophils from these immunodeficient mice was also examined. Results When these genetically engineered mice were challenged with cancer cells, the knockout backgrounds of Prf-/-, Cybb-/-, or Nos2-/- did not completely abolish the SR/CR cancer resistant phenotype. However, the Nos2-/- background did appear to weaken the resistance. Incidentally, it was also observed that the male mice in these immunocompromised backgrounds tended to be less cancer-resistant than SR/CR controls. Conclusion Despite the previously known roles of perforin, superoxide or nitric oxide in the effector mechanisms of innate immune responses, these effector mechanisms were not required for cancer-resistance in SR/CR mice. The resistance was functional when any one of these effector mechanisms was completely absent, except some noticeably reduced penetrance, but not abolishment, of the phenotype in the male background in comparison to female background. These results also indicate that some other effector mechanism(s) of granulocytes may be involved in the killing of cancer cells in SR/CR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Daley JM, Brancato SK, Thomay AA, Reichner JS, Albina JE. The phenotype of murine wound macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:59-67. [PMID: 20052800 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0409236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of wound macrophages has not been studied by direct examination of these cells, yet macrophages recruited to sites of injury are described as alternatively activated macrophages, requiring IL-4 or IL-13 for phenotypic expression. This study characterized wound macrophage phenotype in the PVA sponge wound model in mice. Eighty-five percent of wound macrophages isolated 1 day after injury expressed Gr-1, but only 20% of those isolated at 7 days expressed this antigen. Macrophages from 1-, 3-, and 7-day wounds expressed markers of alternative activation,including mannose receptor, dectin-1, arginase 1,and Ym1, but did not contain iNOS. Day 1 wound macrophages produced more TNF-alpha, more IL-6, and less TGF-beta than Day 7 wound macrophages. Wound macrophages did not produce IL-10. The cytokines considered necessary for alternative activation of macrophages,IL-4 and IL-13, were not detected in the wound environment and were not produced by wound cells.Wound macrophages did not contain PStat6. Wound fluids inhibited IL-13-dependent phosphorylation of Stat6 and contained IL-13Ralpha2, a soluble decoy receptor for IL-13. The phenotype of wound macrophages was not altered in mice lacking IL-4Ralpha, which is required for Stat6-dependent signaling of IL-4 and IL-13.Wound macrophages exhibit a complex phenotype,which includes traits associated with alternative and classical activation and changes as the wound matures.The wound macrophage phenotype does not require IL-4 or IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Daley
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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39
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Urch JE, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Brosson D, Liu Z, Eijsink VGH, Texier C, van Aalten DMF. Structural and functional characterization of a putative polysaccharide deacetylase of the human parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1197-209. [PMID: 19472335 DOI: 10.1002/pro.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an intracellular eukaryotic parasite considered to be an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. The infectious stage of this parasite is a unicellular spore that is surrounded by a chitin containing endospore layer and an external proteinaceous exospore. A putative chitin deacetylase (ECU11_0510) localizes to the interface between the plasma membrane and the endospore. Chitin deacetylases are family 4 carbohydrate esterases in the CAZY classification, and several bacterial members of this family are involved in evading lysis by host glycosidases, through partial de-N-acetylation of cell wall peptidoglycan. Similarly, ECU11_0510 could be important for E. cuniculi survival in the host, by protecting the chitin layer from hydrolysis by human chitinases. Here, we describe the biochemical, structural, and glycan binding properties of the protein. Enzymatic analyses showed that the putative deacetylase is unable to deacetylate chitooligosaccharides or crystalline beta-chitin. Furthermore, carbohydrate microarray analysis revealed that the protein bound neither chitooligosaccharides nor any of a wide range of other glycans or chitin. The high resolution crystal structure revealed dramatic rearrangements in the positions of catalytic and substrate binding residues, which explain the loss of deacetylase activity, adding to the unusual structural plasticity observed in other members of this esterase family. Thus, it appears that the ECU11_0510 protein is not a carbohydrate deacetylase and may fulfill an as yet undiscovered role in the E. cuniculi parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Urch
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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40
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Richter C, Juan MHS, Will J, Brandes RP, Kalinke U, Akira S, Pfeilschifter JM, Hultqvist M, Holmdahl R, Radeke HH. Ncf1Provides a Reactive Oxygen Species-Independent Negative Feedback Regulation of TLR9-Induced IL-12p70 in Murine Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4183-91. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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41
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Liu Q, Cheng LI, Yi L, Zhu N, Wood A, Changpriroa CM, Ward JM, Jackson SH. p47phox deficiency induces macrophage dysfunction resulting in progressive crystalline macrophage pneumonia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:153-63. [PMID: 19095958 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-deficient (p47(phox-/-)) mice are a model of human chronic granulomatous disease; these mice are prone to develop systemic infections and inflammatory diseases. The use of antibiotic (Bactrim) prophylaxis in a specific pathogen-free environment, however, impedes infection in the majority of p47(phox-/-) mice. We examined infection-free p47(phox-/-) mice between 1 and 14 months of age and found that they developed proliferative macrophage lesions containing Ym1/Ym2 protein and crystals in lung, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Here, we show that the lung lesions progressed from single macrophages with intracellular Ym1/Ym2 protein crystals to severe diffuse crystalline macrophage pneumonia without histological evidence of either granulation tissue or pulmonary fibrosis. Ym1/Ym2 is a chitinase-like secretory protein that is transiently induced in alternatively activated macrophages during T-helper (Th)2-biased pathogenesis and during chemical and traumatic inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage from p47(phox-/-) mice contained significantly higher levels of Th-1 (interferon-gamma), Th-2 (interleukin-4), and Th-17 (interleukin-17)-associated cytokines than wild-type mice, as well as copious amounts of interleukin-12, indicating that Ym1-secreting p47(phox-/-) macrophages are also integrated into classically activated macrophage responses. These results suggest that p47(phox-/-) macrophages are extremely pliable, due in part to an intrinsic dysfunction of macrophage activation pathways that allows for distinct classical or alternative activation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1456, USA
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Schäppi MG, Jaquet V, Belli DC, Krause KH. Hyperinflammation in chronic granulomatous disease and anti-inflammatory role of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:255-71. [PMID: 18509648 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency caused by the lack of the superoxide-producing phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. However, CGD patients not only suffer from recurrent infections, but also present with inflammatory, non-infectious conditions. Among the latter, granulomas figure prominently, which gave the name to the disease, and colitis, which is frequent and leads to a substantial morbidity. In this paper, we systematically review the inflammatory lesions in different organs of CGD patients and compare them to observations in CGD mouse models. In addition to the more classical inflammatory lesions, CGD patients and their relatives have increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, and CGD mice are arthritis-prone. Possible mechanisms involved in CGD hyperinflammation include decreased degradation of phagocytosed material, redox-dependent termination of proinflammatory mediators and/or signaling, as well as redox-dependent cross-talk between phagocytes and lymphocytes (e.g. defective tryptophan catabolism). As a conclusion from this review, we propose the existence of ROS high and ROS low inflammatory responses, which are triggered as a function of the level of reactive oxygen species and have specific characteristics in terms of physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela G Schäppi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Song HM, Jang AS, Ahn MH, Takizawa H, Lee SH, Kwon JH, Lee YM, Rhim TY, Park CS. Ym1 and Ym2 expression in a mouse model exposed to diesel exhaust particles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:110-116. [PMID: 18214922 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinase may play a role in regulating allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE We studied the role of chitinase in a mouse model exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Mice were exposed to intranasal DEP (0.6 mg/mL) for 5 days and challenged with aerosolized DEP (6 mg/m(3)) on days 6-8. Enhanced pause (Penh), as an airway obstruction marker, was measured on day 9, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissues were collected on day 10. The expression of Ym1 and Ym2 mRNA was assessed in lung tissue extracts by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS DEP induced significant increases in methacholine-induced Penh and IL-4 levels in BAL fluid relative to the control group. Peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates were prominent in the DEP group. DEP induced Ym1 and Ym2 mRNA expression in lung tissue extracts relative to the control group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DEP induced airway hyperresponsiveness and Ym mRNA expression via a Th2 cell-biased response, suggesting that chitinase may play an important role in airway inflammation and responsiveness upon exposure to DEP in a mouse model, and may therefore be involved in regulating allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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44
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Lee E, Yook J, Haa K, Chang HW. Induction of Ym1/2 in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells by IL-4 and identification of Ym1/2 in connective tissue type-like mast cells derived from bone marrow cells cultured with IL-4 and stem cell factor. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 83:468-74. [PMID: 16174095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in allergic inflammation by releasing various bioactive mediators. The function of mast cells is enhanced by various stimuli, partly due to the induction of specific genes and their products. Although many inducible genes have been identified, a significant number of genes remain to be identified. Therefore, this study used PCR-selected cDNA subtraction to establish the profile of induced genes in the connective tissue (CT) type-like mast cells derived from bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of IL-4 and stem cell factor. Two hundred and fifty cDNA clones were obtained from the CT type-like mast cells by PCR-selected cDNA subtraction. Among them, Ym1/2, a chitinase-like protein, is one of the most abundantly induced genes. Ym1 is produced by activated macrophages in a parasitic infection, whereas its isotype, Ym2, is highly upregulated in allergic lung disease. In order to differentiate which isotype is expressed in bone marrow cells, specific primers for bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), and CT type-like mast cells were used for RT-PCR. The results showed that Ym1 was constitutively expressed in bone marrow cells and gradually decreased in the presence of IL-3, whereas Ym2 was induced only in the presence of IL-4. CT type-like mast cells from bone marrow cells expressed Ym1 throughout the culture period and Ym2 was induced only by the addition of IL-4 into BMMC, indicating that IL-4 is essential for the expression of Ym1/2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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45
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Mall MA, Harkema JR, Trojanek JB, Treis D, Livraghi A, Schubert S, Zhou Z, Kreda SM, Tilley SL, Hudson EJ, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC. Development of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in beta-epithelial Na+ channel-overexpressing mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:730-42. [PMID: 18079494 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200708-1233oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, but its pathogenesis is not well understood. Previous studies have shown that airway surface dehydration in beta-epithelial Na(+) channel (betaENaC)-overexpressing mice caused a chronic lung disease with high neonatal pulmonary mortality and chronic bronchitis in adult survivors. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the initiating lesions and investigate the natural progression of lung disease caused by airway surface dehydration. METHODS Lung morphology, gene expression, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung mechanics were studied at different ages in betaENaC-overexpressing mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mucus obstruction in betaENaC-overexpressing mice originated in the trachea in the first days of life and was associated with hypoxia, airway epithelial necrosis, and death. In surviving betaENaC-overexpressing mice, mucus obstruction extended into the lungs and was accompanied by goblet cell metaplasia, increased mucin expression, and airway inflammation with transient perinatal increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and macrophages, IL-13 and eosinophils, and persistent increases in keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC), neutrophils, and chitinases in the lung. betaENaC-overexpressing mice also developed emphysema with increased lung volumes, distal airspace enlargement, and increased lung compliance. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that airway surface dehydration is sufficient to initiate persistent neutrophilic airway inflammation with chronic airways mucus obstruction and to cause transient eosinophilic airway inflammation and emphysema. These results suggest that deficient airway surface hydration may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases of different etiologies and serve as a target for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Mall
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bussink AP, van Eijk M, Renkema GH, Aerts JM, Boot RG. The biology of the Gaucher cell: the cradle of human chitinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 252:71-128. [PMID: 16984816 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)52001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder and is caused by inherited deficiencies of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme responsible for the lysosomal breakdown of the lipid glucosylceramide. GD is characterized by the accumulation of pathological, lipid laden macrophages, so-called Gaucher cells. Following the development of enzyme replacement therapy for GD, the search for suitable surrogate disease markers resulted in the identification of a thousand-fold increased chitinase activity in plasma from symptomatic Gaucher patients and that decreases upon successful therapeutic intervention. Biochemical investigations identified a single enzyme, named chitotriosidase, to be responsible for this activity. Chitotriosidase was found to be an excellent marker for lipid laden macrophages in Gaucher patients and is now widely used to assist clinical management of patients. In the wake of the identification of chitotriosidase, the presence of other members of the chitinase family in mammals was discovered. Amongst these is AMCase, an enzyme recently implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Chitinases are omnipresent throughout nature and are also produced by vertebrates in which they play important roles in defence against chitin-containing pathogens and in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Bussink
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Mizoguchi E, Mizoguchi A. Is the sugar always sweet in intestinal inflammation? Immunol Res 2007; 37:47-60. [PMID: 17496346 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses are mediated mainly by protein/protein interactions. In addition, protein/carbohydrate (sugar) interactions through specific protein families termed lectin and chi-lectin are also involved in several immune and biological responses under not only the state of health but also inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, recent studies have identified unexpected roles of animal lectins (galectin-1 and galectin-4) and chi-lectin (chitinase 3-like-1) in intestinal inflammation. Galectin-1 contributes to the suppression of intestinal inflammation by the induction of effector T cell apoptosis. In contrast, galectin-4 is involved in the exacerbation of this inflammation by specifically stimulating intestinal CD4+ T cells to produce IL-6. CHI3L1 enhances the host/microbial interaction that leads to the exacerbation of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss a novel aspect of lectin/carbohydrate interactions in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mizoguchi
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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HogenEsch H, Dunham A, Seymour R, Renninger M, Sundberg JP. Expression of chitinase-like proteins in the skin of chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm/cpdm) mice. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:808-14. [PMID: 16984263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian chitinase-like proteins belong to a family of proteins structurally related to chitinases but devoid of enzymatic activity. They have a postulated role in remodeling of extracellular matrix and defense mechanisms against chitin-containing pathogens. The expression of these proteins is increased in parasitic infections and allergic airway disease, but their expression in dermatitis has not been examined. The mRNA expression of two chitinase 3-like (Chi3L) proteins, Chi3L3 (Ym1) and Chi3L4 (Ym2), was determined in the skin of normal mice, chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpdm/cpdm) mutant mice and mice with experimentally induced contact hypersensitivity reaction. The localization of Chi3L3 and Chi3L4 proteins in cells was determined by fluorescence microscopy of double-labeled frozen sections of skin, and confirmed in vitro by stimulation of macrophages and mast cells with cytokines. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a 976-fold increase of Chi3l4 mRNA expression and a 24-fold increase of Chi3l3 mRNA expression in the skin of cpdm/cpdm mice. Their expression was also increased in the ears of mice with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity, but the increase was greater for Chi3l3 mRNA (51-fold) than Chi3l4 mRNA (32-fold). Western blot analysis with an antibody against Chi3L3 and Chi3L4 confirmed the increased amount of these proteins in the skin of cpdm/cpdm mice. Two-color immunofluorescence identified macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells as cellular sources of Chi3L3 and Chi3L4 proteins. Eosinophils and neutrophils did not contain detectable concentrations of these proteins. Treatment of macrophages and mast cells in vitro with interleukin-4 induced expression of Chi3l3 and Chi3l4 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Marchesi F, Minucci S, Pelicci PG, Gobbi A, Scanziani E. Immunohistochemical detection of Ym1/Ym2 chitinase-like lectins associated with hyalinosis and polypoid adenomas of the transitional epithelium in a mouse with acute myeloid leukemia. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:773-6. [PMID: 16966459 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An 8-month-old PML/RARalpha knock-in female mouse developed a promyelocytic-like myeloid leukemia with an expected latency. At necropsy, besides the typical findings associated with myeloid leukemia, a severe unilateral hydronephrosis was observed. By histopathologic examination, 2 polypoid adenomas arising from the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis and ureter were detected. The epithelial cells of the polypoid adenomas showed accumulation of hyaline eosinophilic material within the cytoplasm. Large amounts of extracellular eosinophilic crystals were also associated with the transitional cell adenomas. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the eosinophilic intracytoplasmic material and the extracellular eosinophilic crystals were composed of Ym proteins. A unilateral hyaline droplet tubular nephropathy was associated with the myeloid leukemia. Expression of Ym proteins characterized both the neoplastic myeloid infiltrates and the tubular hyaline droplets. In the present PML/RARalpha knock-in female mouse, the accumulation of Ym proteins associated with the myeloid leukemia and with the polypoid adenomas of the transitional epithelium underlies 2 distinct pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marchesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Hoenerhoff MJ, Starost MF, Ward JM. Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia as a major cause of death in 129S4/SvJae mice. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:682-8. [PMID: 16966445 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia is an idiopathic disease that occurs in many strains and stocks of mice, more commonly in strains on a C57BL/6 background. The disease occurs sporadically in most strains of mice and varies from mild and subclinical to severe and fulminating, sometimes resulting in respiratory distress and death. In this study, 94 aged male and female 129S4/SvJae mice were evaluated for eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia lesions. There was an 87% incidence, with females overrepresented. Histologically, there were multifocal to coalescing inflammatory infiltrates composed of numerous large eosinophilic macrophages and multinucleate cells admixed with eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells within alveolar and bronchiolar spaces, associated with refractile, brightly eosinophilic, angular crystals. Alveolar macrophages and multinucleate cells contained fine needlelike to rectangular intracytoplasmic crystalline material. Similar crystals were often free within alveoli and conducting airways, often associated with mucous metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. This disease may occur spontaneously or in concert with other pulmonary lesions, such as pulmonary adenomas, lymphoproliferative disease, allergic pulmonary disease, and parasitic or fungal infections. The characteristic crystals morphologically resemble Charcot-Leyden crystals, which represent eosinophil breakdown products in humans with eosinophil-related disease. However, crystals in eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia are composed predominantly of Ym1 protein, a chitinase-like protein associated with neutrophil granule products and secreted by activated macrophages. The function of Ym1 protein is not fully understood but is believed to be involved in host immune defense, eosinophil recruitment, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions consistent with tissue repair. The mechanism of induction of eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia with Ym1 crystal formation is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hoenerhoff
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, 41 Library Drive, Building 41, Room C619, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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