1
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Song Y, Amaya JA, Murarka VC, Mendez H, Hogan M, Muldoon J, Evans P, Ortin Y, Kelly SL, Lamb DC, Poulos TL, Caffrey P. Biosynthesis of a new skyllamycin in Streptomyces nodosus: a cytochrome P450 forms an epoxide in the cinnamoyl chain. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2835-2843. [PMID: 38511621 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Activation of a silent gene cluster in Streptomyces nodosus leads to synthesis of a cinnamoyl-containing non-ribosomal peptide (CCNP) that is related to skyllamycins. This novel CCNP was isolated and its structure was interrogated using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The isolated compound is an oxidised skyllamycin A in which an additional oxygen atom is incorporated in the cinnamoyl side-chain in the form of an epoxide. The gene for the epoxide-forming cytochrome P450 was identified by targeted disruption. The enzyme was overproduced in Escherichia coli and a 1.43 Å high-resolution crystal structure was determined. This is the first crystal structure for a P450 that forms an epoxide in a substituted cinnamoyl chain of a lipopeptide. These results confirm the proposed functions of P450s encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters for other epoxidized CCNPs and will assist investigation of how epoxide stereochemistry is determined in these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Song
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jose A Amaya
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Vidhi C Murarka
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hugo Mendez
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mark Hogan
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jimmy Muldoon
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yannick Ortin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David C Lamb
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Patrick Caffrey
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Amaya JA, Manley OM, Bian JC, Rutland CD, Leschinsky N, Ratigan SC, Makris TM. Enhancing ferryl accumulation in H 2O 2-dependent cytochrome P450s. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112458. [PMID: 38141432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy is presented to enhance the accumulation of ferryl (iron(IV)-oxo) species in H2O2 dependent cytochrome P450s (CYPs) of the CYP152 family. We report the characterization of a highly chemoselective CYP decarboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus (OleTSA) that is soluble at high concentrations. Examination of OleTSA Compound I (CpdI) accumulation with a variety of fatty acid substrates reveals a dependence on resting spin-state equilibrium. Alteration of this equilibrium through targeted mutagenesis of the proximal pocket favors the high-spin form, and as a result, enhances Cpd-I accumulation to nearly stoichiometric yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Olivia M Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America; Department of Structural and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Julia C Bian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Cooper D Rutland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Steven C Ratigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America; Department of Structural and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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3
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Lee JHZ, Bruning JB, Bell SG. An In Crystallo Reaction with an Engineered Cytochrome P450 Peroxygenase. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303335. [PMID: 37971151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are a class of heme-thiolate enzymes that insert oxygen into unactivated C-H bonds. These enzymes can be converted into peroxygenases via protein engineering, which enables their activity to occur using hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) without the requirement for additional nicotinamide co-factors or partner proteins. Here, we demonstrate that soaking crystals of an engineered P450 peroxygenase with H2 O2 enables the enzymatic reaction to occur within the crystal. Crystals of the designed P450 peroxygenase, the T252E mutant of CYP199A4, in complex with 4-methoxybenzoic acid were soaked with different concentrations of H2 O2 for varying times to initiate the in crystallo O-demethylation reaction. Crystal structures of T252E-CYP199A4 showed a distinct loss of electron density that was consistent with the O-demethylated metabolite, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. A new X-ray crystal structure of this enzyme with the 4-hydroxybenzoic acid product was obtained to enable comparison alongside the existing substrate-bound structure. The visualisation of enzymatic catalysis in action is challenging in structural biology and the ability to initiate the reactions of P450 enzymes, in crystallo by simply soaking crystals with H2 O2 will enable new structural biology methods and techniques to be applied to study their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H Z Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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4
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Jiang Y, Li S. P450 fatty acid decarboxylase. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:339-374. [PMID: 37977736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
P450 fatty acid decarboxylases are able to utilize hydrogen peroxide as the sole cofactor to decarboxylate free fatty acids to produce α-olefins with abundant applications as drop-in biofuels and important chemical precursors. In this chapter, we review diverse approaches for discovery, characterization, engineering, and applications of P450 fatty acid decarboxylases. Information gained from structural data has been advancing our understandings of the unique mechanisms underlying alkene production, and providing important insights for exploring new activities. To build an efficient olefin-producing system, various engineering strategies have been proposed and applied to this unusual P450 catalytic system. Furthermore, we highlight a select number of applied examples of P450 fatty acid decarboxylases in enzyme cascades and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China.
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5
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Liu F, He L, Dong S, Xuan J, Cui Q, Feng Y. Artificial Small Molecules as Cofactors and Biomacromolecular Building Blocks in Synthetic Biology: Design, Synthesis, Applications, and Challenges. Molecules 2023; 28:5850. [PMID: 37570818 PMCID: PMC10421094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are essential catalysts for various chemical reactions in biological systems and often rely on metal ions or cofactors to stabilize their structure or perform functions. Improving enzyme performance has always been an important direction of protein engineering. In recent years, various artificial small molecules have been successfully used in enzyme engineering. The types of enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways in cells can be expanded by the incorporation of these artificial small molecules either as cofactors or as building blocks of proteins and nucleic acids, which greatly promotes the development and application of biotechnology. In this review, we summarized research on artificial small molecules including biological metal cluster mimics, coenzyme analogs (mNADs), designer cofactors, non-natural nucleotides (XNAs), and non-natural amino acids (nnAAs), focusing on their design, synthesis, and applications as well as the current challenges in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling He
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sheng Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinsong Xuan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Fatty Acid 2-Hydroxylase and 2-Hydroxylated Sphingolipids: Metabolism and Function in Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054908. [PMID: 36902339 PMCID: PMC10002949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids containing acyl residues that are hydroxylated at C-2 are found in most, if not all, eukaryotes and certain bacteria. 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids are present in many organs and cell types, though they are especially abundant in myelin and skin. The enzyme fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is involved in the synthesis of many but not all 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids. Deficiency in FA2H causes a neurodegenerative disease known as hereditary spastic paraplegia 35 (HSP35/SPG35) or fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN). FA2H likely also plays a role in other diseases. A low expression level of FA2H correlates with a poor prognosis in many cancers. This review presents an updated overview of the metabolism and function of 2-hydroxylated sphingolipids and the FA2H enzyme under physiological conditions and in diseases.
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7
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Giuriato D, Correddu D, Catucci G, Di Nardo G, Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Gilardi G. Design of a H 2 O 2 -generating P450 SPα fusion protein for high yield fatty acid conversion. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4501. [PMID: 36334042 PMCID: PMC9679977 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomonas paucimobilis' P450SPα (CYP152B1) is a good candidate as industrial biocatalyst. This enzyme is able to use hydrogen peroxide as unique cofactor to catalyze the fatty acids conversion to α-hydroxy fatty acids, thus avoiding the use of expensive electron-donor(s) and redox partner(s). Nevertheless, the toxicity of exogenous H2 O2 toward proteins and cells often results in the failure of the reaction scale-up when it is directly added as co-substrate. In order to bypass this problem, we designed a H2 O2 self-producing enzyme by fusing the P450SPα to the monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX), as H2 O2 donor system, in a unique polypeptide chain, obtaining the P450SPα -polyG-MSOX fusion protein. The purified P450SPα -polyG-MSOX protein displayed high purity (A417 /A280 = 0.6) and H2 O2 -tolerance (kdecay = 0.0021 ± 0.000055 min-1 ; ΔA417 = 0.018 ± 0.001) as well as good thermal stability (Tm : 59.3 ± 0.3°C and 63.2 ± 0.02°C for P450SPα and MSOX domains, respectively). The data show how the catalytic interplay between the two domains can be finely regulated by using 500 mM sarcosine as sacrificial substrate to generate H2 O2 . Indeed, the fusion protein resulted in a high conversion yield toward fat waste biomass-representative fatty acids, that is, lauric acid (TON = 6,800 compared to the isolated P450SPα TON = 2,307); myristic acid (TON = 6,750); and palmitic acid (TON = 1,962).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giuriato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
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8
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Zhang K, Yu A, Chu X, Li F, Liu J, Liu L, Bai W, He C, Wang X. Biocatalytic Enantioselective β‐Hydroxylation of Unactivated C−H Bonds in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204290. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Aiqin Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Xuan Chu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Fudong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics School of Life Sciences Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Testing Center Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Wen‐Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
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9
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Zhang K, Yu A, Chu X, Li F, Liu J, Liu L, Bai W, He C, Wang X. Biocatalytic Enantioselective β‐Hydroxylation of Unactivated C−H Bonds in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Aiqin Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Xuan Chu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Fudong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics School of Life Sciences Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Testing Center Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Wen‐Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
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10
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Di S, Fan S, Jiang F, Cong Z. A Unique P450 Peroxygenase System Facilitated by a Dual-Functional Small Molecule: Concept, Application, and Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030529. [PMID: 35326179 PMCID: PMC8944620 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are promising versatile oxidative biocatalysts. However, the practical use of P450s in vitro is limited by their dependence on the co-enzyme NAD(P)H and the complex electron transport system. Using H2O2 simplifies the catalytic cycle of P450s; however, most P450s are inactive in the presence of H2O2. By mimicking the molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of natural peroxygenases and peroxidases, an artificial P450 peroxygenase system has been designed with the assistance of a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM). DFSMs, such as N-(ω-imidazolyl fatty acyl)-l-amino acids, use an acyl amino acid as an anchoring group to bind the enzyme, and the imidazolyl group at the other end functions as a general acid-base catalyst in the activation of H2O2. In combination with protein engineering, the DFSM-facilitated P450 peroxygenase system has been used in various oxidation reactions of non-native substrates, such as alkene epoxidation, thioanisole sulfoxidation, and alkanes and aromatic hydroxylation, which showed unique activities and selectivity. Moreover, the DFSM-facilitated P450 peroxygenase system can switch to the peroxidase mode by mechanism-guided protein engineering. In this short review, the design, mechanism, evolution, application, and perspective of these novel non-natural P450 peroxygenases for the oxidation of non-native substrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengjie Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-80662758
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11
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Dong YL, Chong GG, Li CX, Chen Q, Pan J, Li AT, Xu JH. Carving the Active Site of CYP153A7 Monooxygenase for Improving Terminal Hydroxylation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200063. [PMID: 35257464 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The P450-mediated terminal hydroxylation of non-activated C-H bonds is a chemically challenging reaction. CYP153A7 monooxygenase discovered in Sphingomonas sp. HXN200 belongs to the CYP153A subfamily and shows a pronounced terminal selectivity. Herein, we report the significantly improved terminal hydroxylation activity of CYP153A7 by redesign of the substrate binding pocket based on molecular docking of CYP153A7-C 8:0 and sequence alignments. Some of the resultant single mutants were advantageous over the wild-type enzyme with higher reaction rates, achieving a complete conversion of n- octanoic acid (C 8:0. 1 mM) in a shorter period. Especially, a single-mutation variant, D258E, showed 3.8-fold higher catalytic efficiency than the wild type toward the terminal hydroxylation of medium-chain fatty acid C 8:0 into the high value-added product 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Dong
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Gang-Gang Chong
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Qi Chen
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jiang Pan
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Ai-Tao Li
- Hubei University, College of Life Science, CHINA
| | - Jian-He Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
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12
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EPR characterization of the heme domain of a self-sufficient cytochrome P450 (CYP116B5). J Inorg Biochem 2022; 231:111785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Onoda H, Tanaka S, Watanabe Y, Shoji O. Exploring hitherto uninvestigated reactions of the fatty acid peroxygenase CYP152A1: catalase reaction and Compound I formation. Faraday Discuss 2022; 234:304-314. [PMID: 35179151 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CYP152A1 (cytochrome P450BSβ) is a fatty acid peroxygenase, which specifically catalyses the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. We have found that CYP152A1 possesses catalase activity, which competes with the hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids, the oxidation of non-native substrates, and haem degradation. Using hydrogen peroxide, Compound I of CYP152A1 could not be observed, due to its swift decomposition via catalase activity, where Compound I reacts with another molecule of hydrogen peroxide to form O2. In contrast, a clear spectral change indicative of Compound I formation was observed when mCPBA was employed as the oxidant. This work presents valuable insights into an important role for the catalase activity of CYP152A1 in avoiding enzyme deactivation when no substrate is available for oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan. .,Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
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14
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Jiang Y, Peng W, Li Z, You C, Zhao Y, Tang D, Wang B, Li S. Unexpected Reactions of α,β‐Unsaturated Fatty Acids Provide Insight into the Mechanisms of CYP152 Peroxygenases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Shandong University No. 72 Binhai Road Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 189 Songling Road Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Shandong University No. 72 Binhai Road Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 189 Songling Road Qingdao Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Cai You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Shandong University No. 72 Binhai Road Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Shandong University No. 72 Binhai Road Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Shandong University No. 72 Binhai Road Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
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15
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Jiang Y, Peng W, Li Z, You C, Zhao Y, Tang D, Wang B, Li S. Unexpected Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Provide Insight into the Mechanisms of CYP152 Peroxygenases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24694-24701. [PMID: 34523786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CYP152 peroxygenases catalyze decarboxylation and hydroxylation of fatty acids using H2 O2 as cofactor. To understand the molecular basis for the chemo- and regioselectivity of these unique P450 enzymes, we analyze the activities of three CYP152 peroxygenases (OleTJE , P450SPα , P450BSβ ) towards cis- and trans-dodecenoic acids as substrate probes. The unexpected 6S-hydroxylation of the trans-isomer and 4R-hydroxylation of the cis-isomer by OleTJE , and molecular docking results suggest that the unprecedented selectivity is due to OleTJE 's preference of C2-C3 cis-configuration. In addition to the common epoxide products, undecanal is the unexpected major product of P450SPα and P450BSβ regardless of the cis/trans-configuration of substrates. The combined H2 18 O2 tracing experiments, MD simulations, and QM/MM calculations unravel an unusual mechanism for Compound I-mediated aldehyde formation in which the active site water derived from H2 O2 activation is involved in the generation of a four-membered ring lactone intermediate. These findings provide new insights into the unusual mechanisms of CYP152 peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cai You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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16
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Mukherjee M, Dey A. Rejigging Electron and Proton Transfer to Transition between Dioxygenase, Monooxygenase, Peroxygenase, and Oxygen Reduction Activity: Insights from Bioinspired Constructs of Heme Enzymes. JACS AU 2021; 1:1296-1311. [PMID: 34604840 PMCID: PMC8479764 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature has employed heme proteins to execute a diverse set of vital life processes. Years of research have been devoted to understanding the factors which bias these heme enzymes, with all having a heme cofactor, toward distinct catalytic activity. Among them, axial ligation, distal super structure, and substrate binding pockets are few very vividly recognized ones. Detailed mechanistic investigation of these heme enzymes suggested that several of these enzymes, while functionally divergent, use similar intermediates. Furthermore, the formation and decay of these intermediates depend on proton and electron transfer processes in the enzyme active site. Over the past decade, work in this group, using in situ surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy of synthetic and biosynthetic analogues of heme enzymes, a general idea of how proton and electron transfer rates relate to the lifetime of different O2 derived intermediates has been developed. These findings suggest that the enzymatic activities of all these heme enzymes can be integrated into one general cycle which can be branched out to different catalytic pathways by regulating the lifetime and population of each of these intermediates. This regulation can further be achieved by tuning the electron and proton transfer steps. By strategically populating one of these intermediates during oxygen reduction, one can navigate through different catalytic processes to a desired direction by altering proton and electron transfer steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjistha Mukherjee
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, WB India, 700032
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, WB India, 700032
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17
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Zhang L, Wang Q. Harnessing P450 Enzyme for Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100439. [PMID: 34542923 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYPs) catalyze the oxidative transformation of a wide range of organic substrates. Their functions are crucial to xenobiotic metabolism and steroid transformation in humans and other organisms. The enzymes are promising for synthetic biology applications but limited by several drawbacks including low turnover rates, poor stability, the dependance of expensive cofactors and redox partners, and the narrow substrate scope. To conquer these obstacles, emerging strategies including substrate engineering, usage of decoy and decoy-based small molecules auxiliaries, designing of artificial enzyme cascades and the incorporation of materials have been explored based on the unique properties of P450s. These strategies can be applied to a wide range of P450s and can be combined with protein engineering to improve the enzymatic activities. This minireview will focus on some recent developments of these strategies which have been used to leverage P450 catalysis. Remaining challenges and future opportunities will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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18
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Rotilio L, Swoboda A, Ebner K, Rinnofner C, Glieder A, Kroutil W, Mattevi A. Structural and biochemical studies enlighten the unspecific peroxygenase from Hypoxylon sp. EC38 as an efficient oxidative biocatalyst. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11511-11525. [PMID: 34540338 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPO) are glycosylated fungal enzymes that can selectively oxidize C-H bonds. UPOs employ hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor and reductant. With such an easy-to-handle co-substrate and without the need of a reducing agent, UPOs are emerging as convenient oxidative biocatalysts. Here, an unspecific peroxygenase from Hypoxylon sp. EC38 (HspUPO) was identified in an activity-based screen of six putative peroxygenase enzymes that were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The enzyme was found to tolerate selected organic solvents such as acetonitrile and acetone. HspUPO is a versatile catalyst performing various reactions, such as the oxidation of prim- and sec-alcohols, epoxidations and hydroxylations. Semi-preparative biotransformations were demonstrated for the non-enantioselective oxidation of racemic 1-phenylethanol rac -1b (TON = 13000), giving the product with 88% isolated yield, and the oxidation of indole 6a to give indigo 6b (TON = 2800) with 98% isolated yield. HspUPO features a compact and rigid three-dimensional conformation that wraps around the heme and defines a funnel-shaped tunnel that leads to the heme iron from the protein surface. The tunnel extends along a distance of about 12 Å with a fairly constant diameter in its innermost segment. Its surface comprises both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups for dealing with small-to-medium size substrates of variable polarities. The structural investigation of several protein-ligand complexes revealed that the active site of HspUPO is accessible to molecules of varying bulkiness and polarity with minimal or no conformational changes, explaining the relatively broad substrate scope of the enzyme. With its convenient expression system, robust operational properties, relatively small size, well-defined structural features, and diverse reaction scope, HspUPO is an exploitable candidate for peroxygenase-based biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotilio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alexander Swoboda
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Ebner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Gaz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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19
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Chen H, Huang M, Yan W, Bai WJ, Wang X. Enzymatic Regio- and Enantioselective C–H Oxyfunctionalization of Fatty Acids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mengfei Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wenliang Yan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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20
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Wapshott-Stehli HL, Grunden AM. Temperature and solvent exposure response of three fatty acid peroxygenase enzymes for application in industrial enzyme processes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 571:60-65. [PMID: 34303964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are a useful feedstock for a range of industrial chemical synthesis applications. However, efficiently converting FFAs to molecules for biofuel and other high-value chemicals requires more efficient and cost-effective catalysts. Cytochrome P450 fatty acid peroxygenases (CYP152) have a unique chemistry that allows use of the peroxide shunt pathway for biochemical conversion of FFAs. Known CYP152s are heat labile, however, requiring characterization of more thermotolerant versions for use in industrial applications. A fatty acid peroxygenase from Bacillus methanolicus (CYP152K6) was shown here to have a higher optimal reaction temperature than OleT (CYP152L1). CYP152K6 was stable up to 50 °C and showed great stability in 3% acetone and dimethylformamide. Stability in solvents helps the enzyme's substrates remain soluble in solution for more efficient catalysis, and heat stability allows enzymes to remain active longer during industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Grunden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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21
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Advances in enzymatic oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107703. [PMID: 33545329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxyfunctionalizations of aliphatic compounds are difficult chemical reactions, where enzymes can play an important role due to their stereo- and regio-selectivity and operation under mild reaction conditions. P450 monooxygenases are well-known biocatalysts that mediate oxyfunctionalization reactions in different living organisms (from bacteria to humans). Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), discovered in fungi, have arisen as "dream biocatalysts" of great biotechnological interest because they catalyze the oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, avoiding the necessity of expensive cofactors and regeneration systems, and only depending on H2O2 for their catalysis. Here, we summarize recent advances in aliphatic oxyfunctionalization reactions by UPOs, as well as the molecular determinants of the enzyme structures responsible for their activities, emphasizing the differences found between well-known P450s and the novel fungal peroxygenases.
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22
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In situ H 2O 2 generation methods in the context of enzyme biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109744. [PMID: 33750536 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile oxidant that has use in medical and biotechnology industries. Many enzymes require this oxidant as a reaction mediator in order to undergo their oxygenation chemistries. While there is a reliable method for generating hydrogen peroxide via an anthraquinone cycle, there are several advantages for generating hydrogen in situ. As highlighted in this review, this is particularly beneficial in the case of biocatalysts that require hydrogen peroxide as a reaction mediator because the exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide can damage their reactive heme centers and render them inactive. In addition, generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ does not dilute the reaction mixture and cause solution parameters to change. The environment would also benefit from a hydrogen peroxide synthesis cycle that does not rely on nonrenewable chemicals obtained from fossil fuels. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ for biocatalysis using enzymes, bioelectrocatalyis, photocatalysis, and cold temperature plasmas are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to reaction processes that support high total turnover numbers (TTNs) of the hydrogen peroxide-requiring enzymes. Discussion of innovations in the use of hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme cascades for antimicrobial activity, wastewater effluent treatment, and biosensors are also included.
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23
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Armbruster J, Steinmassl M, Müller Bogotá CA, Berg G, Nidetzky B, Dennig A. P450 Jα : A New, Robust and α-Selective Fatty Acid Hydroxylase Displaying Unexpected 1-Alkene Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:15910-15921. [PMID: 32449211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxyfunctionalization of fatty acids (FAs) is a key step in the design of novel synthetic pathways for biobased/biodegradable polymers, surfactants and fuels. Here, we show the isolation and characterization of a robust FA α-hydroxylase (P450Jα ) which catalyses the selective conversion of a broad range of FAs (C6:0-C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) with H2 O2 as oxidant. Under optimized reaction conditions P450Jα yields α-hydroxy acids all with >95 % regioselectivity, high specific activity (up to 15.2 U mg-1 ) and efficient coupling of oxidant to product (up to 85 %). Lauric acid (C12:0) turned out to be an excellent substrate with respect to productivity (TON=394 min-1 ). On preparative scale, conversion of C12:0 reached 83 % (0.9 g L-1 ) when supplementing H2 O2 in fed-batch mode. Under similar conditions P450Jα allowed further the first biocatalytic α-hydroxylation of oleic acid (88 % conversion on 100 mL scale) at high selectivity and in good yields (1.1 g L-1 ; 79 % isolated yield). Unexpectedly, P450Jα displayed also 1-alkene formation from shorter chain FAs (≤C10:0) showing that oxidative decarboxylation is more widely distributed across this enzyme family than reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Armbruster
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mathilde Steinmassl
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina A Müller Bogotá
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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24
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Wang S, Jiang S, Chen H, Bai WJ, Wang X. Directed Evolution of a Hydroxylase into a Decarboxylase for Synthesis of 1-Alkenes from Fatty Acids. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shengsheng Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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25
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Mukherjee M, Dey A. A heterogeneous bio-inspired peroxide shunt for catalytic oxidation of organic molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11593-11596. [PMID: 32852503 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heme enzymes are capable of catalytically oxidising organic substrates using peroxide via the formation of a high-valent intermediate. Iron porphyrins with three different axial ligands are created on self-assembled monolayer-modified gold electrodes, which can oxidize C-H bonds and epoxidize alkenes efficiently. The kinetic isotope effects suggest that the hydrogen atom transfer reaction by a highly reactive oxidant is likely to be the rate-determining step. Effect of different axial ligands and different secondary structures of the iron porphyrin confirms that the thiolate axial ligand with a hydrophobic distal pocket is the most efficient for this oxidation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjistha Mukherjee
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India.
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26
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Kobayashi Y, Kohara K, Kiuchi Y, Onoda H, Shoji O, Yamaguchi H. Control of microenvironment around enzymes by hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6723-6726. [PMID: 32421111 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We prepared enzyme-immobilized hydrogels and investigated the effects of the cross-linking density and polymer properties on their oxidation reaction rate. The oxidation rate of enzyme-immobilized hydrogels increased as the cross-linking density in the hydrogels increased. In addition, we controlled the oxidation rate using hydrogels exhibiting an appropriate interaction with a decoy molecule in the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kohara
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kiuchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0802, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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27
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Bioengineering of Cytochrome P450 OleT JE: How Does Substrate Positioning Affect the Product Distributions? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112675. [PMID: 32526971 PMCID: PMC7321372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 are versatile enzymes found in all forms of life. Most P450s use dioxygen on a heme center to activate substrates, but one class of P450s utilizes hydrogen peroxide instead. Within the class of P450 peroxygenases, the P450 OleTJE isozyme binds fatty acid substrates and converts them into a range of products through the α-hydroxylation, β-hydroxylation and decarboxylation of the substrate. The latter produces hydrocarbon products and hence can be used as biofuels. The origin of these product distributions is unclear, and, as such, we decided to investigate substrate positioning in the active site and find out what the effect is on the chemoselectivity of the reaction. In this work we present a detailed computational study on the wild-type and engineered structures of P450 OleTJE using a combination of density functional theory and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. We initially explore the wild-type structure with a variety of methods and models and show that various substrate activation transition states are close in energy and hence small perturbations as through the protein may affect product distributions. We then engineered the protein by generating an in silico model of the double mutant Asn242Arg/Arg245Asn that moves the position of an active site Arg residue in the substrate-binding pocket that is known to form a salt-bridge with the substrate. The substrate activation by the iron(IV)-oxo heme cation radical species (Compound I) was again studied using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. Dramatic differences in reactivity patterns, barrier heights and structure are seen, which shows the importance of correct substrate positioning in the protein and the effect of the second-coordination sphere on the selectivity and activity of enzymes.
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28
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Watanabe Y, Aiba Y, Ariyasu S, Abe S. Molecular Design and Regulation of Metalloenzyme Activities through Two Novel Approaches: Ferritin and P450s. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Aiba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Ariyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuda-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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29
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Hammerer L, Friess M, Cerne J, Fuchs M, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Vanhessche K, Plocek T, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Controlling the Regioselectivity of Fatty Acid Hydroxylation (C10) at α‐ and β‐Position by CYP152A1 (P450Bsβ) Variants. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Hammerer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Friess
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jeyson Cerne
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz Humboldtstrasse 50 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Koenraad Vanhessche
- Aroma Chemical Services International S.A Route de St-Julien 184 CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland
| | - Thomas Plocek
- Aroma Chemical Services International S.A Route de St-Julien 184 CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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30
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Modular Diversity of the BLUF Proteins and Their Potential for the Development of Diverse Optogenetic Tools. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9183924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organisms can respond to varying light conditions using a wide range of sensory photoreceptors. These photoreceptors can be standalone proteins or represent a module in multidomain proteins, where one or more modules sense light as an input signal which is converted into an output response via structural rearrangements in these receptors. The output signals are utilized downstream by effector proteins or multiprotein clusters to modulate their activity, which could further affect specific interactions, gene regulation or enzymatic catalysis. The blue-light using flavin (BLUF) photosensory module is an autonomous unit that is naturally distributed among functionally distinct proteins. In this study, we identified 34 BLUF photoreceptors of prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin from available bioinformatics sequence databases. Interestingly, our analysis shows diverse BLUF-effector arrangements with a functional association that was previously unknown or thought to be rare among the BLUF class of sensory proteins, such as endonucleases, tet repressor family (tetR), regulators of G-protein signaling, GAL4 transcription family and several other previously unidentified effectors, such as RhoGEF, Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine Binding protein (PBP), ankyrin and leucine-rich repeats. Interaction studies and the indexing of BLUF domains further show the diversity of BLUF-effector combinations. These diverse modular architectures highlight how the organism’s behaviour, cellular processes, and distinct cellular outputs are regulated by integrating BLUF sensing modules in combination with a plethora of diverse signatures. Our analysis highlights the modular diversity of BLUF containing proteins and opens the possibility of creating a rational design of novel functional chimeras using a BLUF architecture with relevant cellular effectors. Thus, the BLUF domain could be a potential candidate for the development of powerful novel optogenetic tools for its application in modulating diverse cell signaling.
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31
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Greule A, Stok JE, De Voss JJ, Cryle MJ. Unrivalled diversity: the many roles and reactions of bacterial cytochromes P450 in secondary metabolism. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:757-791. [PMID: 29667657 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2018 The cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that perform diverse catalytic roles in many species, including bacteria. The P450 superfamily is widely known for the hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds, but the diversity of reactions that P450s can perform vastly exceeds this undoubtedly impressive chemical transformation. Within bacteria, P450s play important roles in many biosynthetic and biodegradative processes that span a wide range of secondary metabolite pathways and present diverse chemical transformations. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the range of chemical transformations that P450 enzymes can catalyse within bacterial secondary metabolism, with the intention to provide an important resource to aid in understanding of the potential roles of P450 enzymes within newly identified bacterial biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greule
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. and EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeanette E Stok
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Max J Cryle
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. and EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia and Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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El Arnaout T, Soulimane T. Targeting Lipoprotein Biogenesis: Considerations towards Antimicrobials. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:701-715. [PMID: 31036406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decades have passed without approval of a new antibiotic class. Several companies have recently halted related discovery efforts because of multiple obstacles. One promising route under research is to target the lipoprotein maturation pathway in light of major recent findings and the virulence roles of lipoproteins. To support the future design of selective drugs, considerations and priority-setting are established for the main lipoprotein processing enzymes (Lgt, LspA, and Lnt) based on microbiology, biochemistry, structural biology, chemical design, and pharmacology. Although not all bacterial species will be similarly impacted by drug candidates, several advantages make LspA a top target to pursue in the development of novel antibiotics effective against bacteria that are resistant to existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic El Arnaout
- Kappa Crystals Ltd, Dublin, Ireland; School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University (TU) Dublin City Campus, TU, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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33
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Chylenski P, Bissaro B, Sørlie M, Røhr ÅK, Várnai A, Horn SJ, Eijsink VG. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases in Enzymatic Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Chylenski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund K. Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J. Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G.H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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34
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Dubey KD, Shaik S. Cytochrome P450-The Wonderful Nanomachine Revealed through Dynamic Simulations of the Catalytic Cycle. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:389-399. [PMID: 30633519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This Account addresses the catalytic cycle of the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) as a prototypical biological machine with automatic features. CYP450 is a nanomachine that uses dioxygen and two reducing and two proton equivalents to oxidize a plethora of molecules (so-called substrates) as a means of supplying bio-organisms with essential molecules (e.g., brain neurotransmitters, sex hormones, etc.) and protecting biosystems against poisoning. An enticing property of CYP450s is that entrance of an oxidizable substrate into the active site initiates a series of events that constitute the catalytic cycle, which functions "automatically" in a regulated sequence of events culminating in the production of the oxidized substrates (e.g., hydroxylated, epoxidized, etc.), oftentimes with remarkable stereo- and regioselectivities. It is timely to demonstrate how theory uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) calculations to complement experiments and elucidate the choreography by which the protein regulates the catalytic cycle. CYP450 is a heme enzyme that contains a ferric ion (FeIII) coordinated by a porphyrin ligand, a water molecule, and a cysteinate ligand that is provided by a strategic residue of the encapsulating protein. While many of the individual steps are sufficiently well-understood, we shall provide here an overview of the factors that cause all of the steps to be sequentially coordinated. To this end, we use examples from three different CYP450 enzymes: the bacterial ones CYP450BM3 and CYP450CAM and the mammalian enzyme CYP4503A4. The treatment is limited to the catalytic cycle, as aspects of two-state reactivity were reviewed previously (e.g., Shaik , S. ; et al. Chem. Rev. 2005 , 105 , 2279 ). What are the principles that govern the seeming automatic feature? For example, how do substrate entrance and binding gate the enzyme? How does the reductase attachment to the enzyme affect the next steps? What triggers the attachment of the reductase? How does the electron transfer (ET) that converts FeIII to FeII occur? Is the ET coordinated with the entrance of O2 into the active site? What is the mechanism of the latter step? Since the entrance of the substrate expels the water molecules from the active site, how do water molecules re-enter to form a proton channel, which is necessary for creating the ultimate oxidant Compound I? How do mutations that disrupt the water channel nevertheless create a competent oxidant? By what means does the enzyme produce regio- and stereoselective oxidation products? What triggers the departure of the oxidized product, and how does the exit occur in a manner that generates the resting state ready for the next cycle? This Account shows that the entrance of the substrate triggers all of the ensuing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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35
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Pickl M, Kurakin S, Cantú Reinhard FG, Schmid P, Pöcheim A, Winkler CK, Kroutil W, de Visser SP, Faber K. Mechanistic Studies of Fatty Acid Activation by CYP152 Peroxygenases Reveal Unexpected Desaturase Activity. ACS Catal 2019; 9:565-577. [PMID: 30637174 PMCID: PMC6323616 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
majority of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) predominantly operate
as monooxygenases, but recently a class of P450 enzymes was discovered,
that can act as peroxygenases (CYP152). These enzymes convert fatty
acids through oxidative decarboxylation, yielding terminal alkenes,
and through α- and β-hydroxylation to yield hydroxy-fatty
acids. Bioderived olefins may serve as biofuels, and hence understanding
the mechanism and substrate scope of this class of enzymes is important.
In this work, we report on the substrate scope and catalytic promiscuity
of CYP OleTJE and two of its orthologues from the CYP152
family, utilizing α-monosubstituted branched carboxylic acids.
We identify α,β-desaturation as an unexpected dominant
pathway for CYP OleTJE with 2-methylbutyric acid. To rationalize
product distributions arising from α/β-hydroxylation,
oxidative decarboxylation, and desaturation depending on the substrate’s
structure and binding pattern, a computational study was performed
based on an active site complex of CYP OleTJE containing
the heme cofactor in the substrate binding pocket and 2-methylbutyric
acid as substrate. It is shown that substrate positioning determines
the accessibility of the oxidizing species (Compound I) to the substrate
and hence the regio- and chemoselectivity of the reaction. Furthermore,
the results show that, for 2-methylbutyric acid, α,β-desaturation
is favorable because of a rate-determining α-hydrogen atom abstraction,
which cannot proceed to decarboxylation. Moreover, substrate hydroxylation
is energetically impeded due to the tight shape and size of the substrate
binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Kurakin
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabián G. Cantú Reinhard
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Pöcheim
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Ali U, Li H, Wang X, Guo L. Emerging Roles of Sphingolipid Signaling in Plant Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1328-1343. [PMID: 30336328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant sphingolipids are not only structural components of the plasma membrane and other endomembrane systems but also act as signaling molecules during biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the roles of sphingolipids in plant signal transduction in response to environmental cues are yet to be investigated in detail. In this review, we discuss the signaling roles of sphingolipid metabolites with a focus on plant sphingolipids. We also mention some microbial sphingolipids that initiate signals during their interaction with plants, because of the limited literatures on their plant analogs. The equilibrium of nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated sphingolipid species determine the destiny of plant cells, whereas molecular connections among the enzymes responsible for this equilibrium in a coordinated signaling network are poorly understood. A mechanistic link between the phytohormone-sphingolipid interplay has also not yet been fully understood and many key participants involved in this complex interaction operating under stress conditions await to be identified. Future research is needed to fill these gaps and to better understand the signal pathways of plant sphingolipids and their interplay with other signals in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hehuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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37
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Girvan HM, Poddar H, McLean KJ, Nelson DR, Hollywood KA, Levy CW, Leys D, Munro AW. Structural and catalytic properties of the peroxygenase P450 enzyme CYP152K6 from Bacillus methanolicus. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 188:18-28. [PMID: 30119014 PMCID: PMC6167049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CYP152 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) are bacterial peroxygenases that use hydrogen peroxide to drive hydroxylation and decarboxylation of fatty acid substrates. We have expressed and purified a novel CYP152 family member - CYP152K6 from the methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus MGA3. CYP152K6 was characterized using spectroscopic, analytical and structural methods. CYP152K6, like its peroxygenase counterpart P450SPα (CYP152B1) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis, does not undergo significant fatty acid-induced perturbation to the heme spectrum, with the exception of a minor Soret shift observed on binding dodecanoic acid. However, CYP152K6 purified from an E. coli expression system was crystallized and its structure was determined to 1.3 Å with tetradecanoic acid bound. No lipids were present in conditions used for crystallogenesis, and thus CYP152K6 must form a complex by incorporating the fatty acid from E. coli cells. Turnover studies with dodecanoic acid revealed several products, with 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid as the major product and much smaller quantities of 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid. Secondary turnover products were undec-1-en-1-ol, 2-hydroxydodec-2-enoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxydodecanoic acid. This is the first report of a 2,3-hydroxylated fatty acid product made by a peroxygenase P450, with the dihydroxylated product formed by CYP152K6-catalyzed 3-hydroxylation of 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid, but not by 2-hydroxylation of 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Girvan
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Harshwardhan Poddar
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Katherine A Hollywood
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Levy
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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38
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Albertolle ME, Peter Guengerich F. The relationships between cytochromes P450 and H 2O 2: Production, reaction, and inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 186:228-234. [PMID: 29990746 PMCID: PMC6084448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review we address the relationship between cytochromes P450 (P450) and H2O2. This association can affect biology in three distinct ways. First, P450s produce H2O2 as a byproduct either during catalysis or when no substrate is present. This reaction, known as uncoupling, releases reactive oxygen species that may have implications in disease. Second, H2O2 is used as an oxygen-donating co-substrate in peroxygenase and peroxidase reactions catalyzed by P450s. This activity has proven to be important mainly in reactions involving prokaryotic P450s, and investigators have harnessed this reaction with the aim of adaptation for industrial use. Third, H2O2-dependent inhibition of human P450s has been studied in our laboratory, demonstrating heme destruction and also the inactivating oxidation of the heme-thiolate ligand to a sulfenic acid (-SOH). This reversible oxidative modification of P450s may have implications in the prevention of uncoupling and may give new insights into the oxidative regulation of these enzymes. Research has elucidated many of the chemical mechanisms involved in the relationship between P450 and H2O2, but the application to biology is difficult to evaluate. Further studies are needed reveal both the harmful and protective natures of reactive oxygen species in an organismal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Albertolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States.
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39
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Different Behaviors of a Substrate in P450 Decarboxylase and Hydroxylase Reveal Reactivity-Enabling Actors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12826. [PMID: 30150737 PMCID: PMC6110716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological routes to the production of fuels from renewable feedstocks hold significant promise in our efforts towards a sustainable future. The fatty acid decarboxylase enzyme (OleTJE) is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts long and medium chain fatty acids to terminal alkenes and shares significant similarities in terms of structure, substrate scope and mechanism with the hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450BSβ). Recent reports have demonstrated that catalytic pathways in these enzymes bifurcate when the heme is in its iron-hydroxo (compound II) state. In spite of significant similarities, the fundamental underpinnings of their different characteristic wild-type reactivities remain ambiguous. Here, we develop point charges, modified parameters and report molecular simulations of this crucial intermediate step. Water occupancies and substrate mobility at the active site are observed to be vital differentiating aspects between the two enzymes in the compound II state and corroborate recent experimental hypotheses. Apart from increased substrate mobility in the hydroxylase, which could have implications for enabling the rebound mechanism for hydroxylation, OleTJE is characterized by much stronger binding of the substrate carboxylate group to the active site arginine, implicating it as an important enabling actor for decarboxylation.
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40
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Huang X, Groves JT. Oxygen Activation and Radical Transformations in Heme Proteins and Metalloporphyrins. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2491-2553. [PMID: 29286645 PMCID: PMC5855008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the adaptation of life to an aerobic environment, nature has evolved a panoply of metalloproteins for oxidative metabolism and protection against reactive oxygen species. Despite the diverse structures and functions of these proteins, they share common mechanistic grounds. An open-shell transition metal like iron or copper is employed to interact with O2 and its derived intermediates such as hydrogen peroxide to afford a variety of metal-oxygen intermediates. These reactive intermediates, including metal-superoxo, -(hydro)peroxo, and high-valent metal-oxo species, are the basis for the various biological functions of O2-utilizing metalloproteins. Collectively, these processes are called oxygen activation. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of these reactive intermediates has come from the study of heme-containing proteins and related metalloporphyrin compounds. These studies not only have deepened our understanding of various functions of heme proteins, such as O2 storage and transport, degradation of reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, and biological oxygenation, etc., but also have driven the development of bioinorganic chemistry and biomimetic catalysis. In this review, we survey the range of O2 activation processes mediated by heme proteins and model compounds with a focus on recent progress in the characterization and reactivity of important iron-oxygen intermediates. Representative reactions initiated by these reactive intermediates as well as some context from prior decades will also be presented. We will discuss the fundamental mechanistic features of these transformations and delineate the underlying structural and electronic factors that contribute to the spectrum of reactivities that has been observed in nature as well as those that have been invented using these paradigms. Given the recent developments in biocatalysis for non-natural chemistries and the renaissance of radical chemistry in organic synthesis, we envision that new enzymatic and synthetic transformations will emerge based on the radical processes mediated by metalloproteins and their synthetic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongyi Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John T. Groves
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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41
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Structure and function of the cytochrome P450 peroxygenase enzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:183-196. [PMID: 29432141 PMCID: PMC5818669 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) constitute a large heme enzyme superfamily, members of which catalyze the oxidative transformation of a wide range of organic substrates, and whose functions are crucial to xenobiotic metabolism and steroid transformation in humans and other organisms. The P450 peroxygenases are a subgroup of the P450s that have evolved in microbes to catalyze the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids, using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant rather than NAD(P)H-driven redox partner systems typical of the vast majority of other characterized P450 enzymes. Early members of the peroxygenase (CYP152) family were shown to catalyze hydroxylation at the α and β carbons of medium-to-long-chain fatty acids. However, more recent studies on other CYP152 family P450s revealed the ability to oxidatively decarboxylate fatty acids, generating terminal alkenes with potential applications as drop-in biofuels. Other research has revealed their capacity to decarboxylate and to desaturate hydroxylated fatty acids to form novel products. Structural data have revealed a common active site motif for the binding of the substrate carboxylate group in the peroxygenases, and mechanistic and transient kinetic analyses have demonstrated the formation of reactive iron-oxo species (compounds I and II) that are ultimately responsible for hydroxylation and decarboxylation of fatty acids, respectively. This short review will focus on the biochemical properties of the P450 peroxygenases and on their biotechnological applications with respect to production of volatile alkenes as biofuels, as well as other fine chemicals.
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42
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Gandomkar S, Dennig A, Dordic A, Hammerer L, Pickl M, Haas T, Hall M, Faber K. Biocatalytic Oxidative Cascade for the Conversion of Fatty Acids into α-Ketoacids via Internal H 2 O 2 Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:427-430. [PMID: 29125663 PMCID: PMC5768024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of bio-based chemicals is essential to allow valorization of natural carbon sources. An atom-efficient biocatalytic oxidative cascade was developed for the conversion of saturated fatty acids to α-ketoacids. Employment of P450 monooxygenase in the peroxygenase mode for regioselective α-hydroxylation of fatty acids combined with enantioselective oxidation by α-hydroxyacid oxidase(s) resulted in internal recycling of the oxidant H2 O2 , thus minimizing degradation of ketoacid product and maximizing biocatalyst lifetime. The O2 -dependent cascade relies on catalytic amounts of H2 O2 and releases water as sole by-product. Octanoic acid was converted under mild conditions in aqueous buffer to 2-oxooctanoic acid in a simultaneous one-pot two-step cascade in up to >99 % conversion without accumulation of hydroxyacid intermediate. Scale-up allowed isolation of final product in 91 % yield and the cascade was applied to fatty acids of various chain lengths (C6:0 to C10:0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Andela Dordic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/oDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/oDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Mathias Pickl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Thomas Haas
- CreavisEvonik Industries, Bau 1420Paul Baumann Strasse 145772MarlGermany
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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43
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Mak PJ, Denisov IG. Spectroscopic studies of the cytochrome P450 reaction mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:178-204. [PMID: 28668640 PMCID: PMC5709052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are thiolate heme proteins that can, often under physiological conditions, catalyze many distinct oxidative transformations on a wide variety of molecules, including relatively simple alkanes or fatty acids, as well as more complex compounds such as steroids and exogenous pollutants. They perform such impressive chemistry utilizing a sophisticated catalytic cycle that involves a series of consecutive chemical transformations of heme prosthetic group. Each of these steps provides a unique spectral signature that reflects changes in oxidation or spin states, deformation of the porphyrin ring or alteration of dioxygen moieties. For a long time, the focus of cytochrome P450 research was to understand the underlying reaction mechanism of each enzymatic step, with the biggest challenge being identification and characterization of the powerful oxidizing intermediates. Spectroscopic methods, such as electronic absorption (UV-Vis), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), Mössbauer, X-ray absorption (XAS), and resonance Raman (rR), have been useful tools in providing multifaceted and detailed mechanistic insights into the biophysics and biochemistry of these fascinating enzymes. The combination of spectroscopic techniques with novel approaches, such as cryoreduction and Nanodisc technology, allowed for generation, trapping and characterizing long sought transient intermediates, a task that has been difficult to achieve using other methods. Results obtained from the UV-Vis, rR and EPR spectroscopies are the main focus of this review, while the remaining spectroscopic techniques are briefly summarized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Mak
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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44
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Dennig A, Gandomkar S, Cigan E, Reiter TC, Haas T, Hall M, Faber K. Enantioselective biocatalytic formal α-amination of hexanoic acid to l-norleucine. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8030-8033. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-step one-pot biocatalytic cascade enabled the enantioselective formal α-amination of hexanoic acid to l-norleucine in >97% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel Cigan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | | | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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45
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Onoda H, Shoji O, Suzuki K, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Watanabe Y. α-Oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids catalysed by cytochrome P450 peroxygenases yielding shorter-alkyl-chain fatty acids. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shorter-alkyl-chain fatty acids such as tridecanoic acid or lauric acid were produced from myristic acid by CYP152 peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
| | - Kazuto Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Tokyo
- Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | | | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
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46
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47
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Amaya JA, Rutland CD, Leschinsky N, Makris TM. A Distal Loop Controls Product Release and Chemo- and Regioselectivity in Cytochrome P450 Decarboxylases. Biochemistry 2017; 57:344-353. [PMID: 29227633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 OleT utilizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to catalyze the decarboxylation or hydroxylation of fatty acid (FA) substrates. Both reactions are initiated through the abstraction of a substrate hydrogen atom by the high-valent iron-oxo intermediate known as Compound I. Here, we specifically probe the influence of substrate coordination on OleT reaction partitioning through the combined use of fluorescent and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active FA probes and mutagenesis of a structurally disordered F-G loop that is distal from the heme-iron active site. Both probes are efficiently metabolized by OleT and efficiently trigger the formation of Compound I. Transient fluorescence and EPR reveal a slow product release step, mediated by the F-G loop, that limits OleT turnover. A single-amino acid change or excision of the loop reveals that this region establishes critical interactions to anchor FA substrates in place. The stabilization afforded by the F-G loop is essential for regulating regiospecific C-H abstraction and allowing for efficient decarboxylation to occur. These results highlight a regulatory strategy whereby the fate of activated oxygen species can be controlled at distances far removed from the site of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Amaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Cooper D Rutland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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48
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Gandomkar S, Dennig A, Dordic A, Hammerer L, Pickl M, Haas T, Hall M, Faber K. Eine biokatalytische oxidative Kaskade für die Umsetzung von Fettsäuren zu α-Ketosäuren mit interner H2
O2
-Regeneration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Andela Dordic
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/o; Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology c/o; Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Mathias Pickl
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Thomas Haas
- Creavis; Evonik Industries, Bau 1420; Paul Baumann Straße 1 45772 Marl Deutschland
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Österreich
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49
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Mutagenesis and redox partners analysis of the P450 fatty acid decarboxylase OleT JE. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44258. [PMID: 28276499 PMCID: PMC5343568 DOI: 10.1038/srep44258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme OleTJE from Jeotgalicoccus sp. ATCC 8456 is capable of converting free long-chain fatty acids into α-alkenes via one-step oxidative decarboxylation in presence of H2O2 as cofactor or using redox partner systems. This enzyme has attracted much attention due to its intriguing but unclear catalytic mechanism and potential application in biofuel production. Here, we investigated the functionality of a select group of residues (Arg245, Cys365, His85, and Ile170) in the active site of OleTJE through extensive mutagenesis analysis. The key roles of these residues for catalytic activity and reaction type selectivity were identified. In addition, a range of heterologous redox partners were found to be able to efficiently support the decarboxylation activity of OleTJE. The best combination turned out to be SeFdx-6 (ferredoxin) from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and CgFdR-2 (ferredoxin reductase) from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, which gave the highest myristic acid conversion rate of 94.4%. Moreover, Michaelis-Menton kinetic parameters of OleTJE towards myristic acid were determined.
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50
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Monooxygenation of Nonnative Substrates Catalyzed by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s Facilitated by Decoy Molecules. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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