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Angulo-Elizari E, Henriquez-Figuereo A, Morán-Serradilla C, Plano D, Sanmartín C. Unlocking the potential of 1,4-naphthoquinones: A comprehensive review of their anticancer properties. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116249. [PMID: 38458106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer encompasses a group of pathologies with common characteristics, high incidence, and prevalence in all countries. Although there are treatments available for this disease, they are not always effective or safe, often failing to achieve the desired results. This is why it is necessary to continue the search for new therapies. One of the strategies for obtaining new antitumor drugs is the use of 1,4-naphthoquinone as a scaffold in synthetic or natural products with antitumor activity. This review focuses on compiling studies related to the antitumor activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone and its natural and synthetic derivatives over the last 10 years. The work describes the main natural naphthoquinones with antitumor activity and classifies the synthetic naphthoquinones based on the structural modifications made to the scaffold. Additionally, the formation of metal complexes using naphthoquinones as a ligand is considered. After a thorough review, 197 synthetic compounds with potent biological activity against cancer have been classified according to their chemical structures and their mechanisms of action have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Angulo-Elizari
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andreina Henriquez-Figuereo
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Morán-Serradilla
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Plano
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Zhang X, Zhu X, Bi X, Huang J, Zhou L. The Insulin Receptor: An Important Target for the Development of Novel Medicines and Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7793. [PMID: 35887136 PMCID: PMC9325136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and molecular biology of the IR, functions of IRs in humans and insects, physiological and nonpeptide small molecule modulators of the IR, and the regulating mechanisms of the IR. Xenobiotic compounds and the corresponding insecticidal chemicals functioning on the IR are also discussed. This review is expected to provide useful information for a better understanding of human IR-related diseases, as well as to facilitate the development of novel small-molecule activators and inhibitors of the IR for use as medicines or pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiguang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.B.)
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3
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Turvey SJ, McPhillie MJ, Kearney MT, Muench SP, Simmons KJ, Fishwick CWG. Recent developments in the structural characterisation of the IR and IGF1R: implications for the design of IR-IGF1R hybrid receptor modulators. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:360-374. [PMID: 35647546 PMCID: PMC9020618 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) are dimeric disulfide-linked receptor tyrosine kinases, whose actions regulate metabolic and mitogenic signalling pathways inside the cell. It is well documented that in tissues co-expressing the IR and IGF1R, their respective monomers can heterodimerise to form IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors. Increased populations of the IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors are associated with several disease states, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Recently, progress in the structural biology of IR and IGF1R has given insights into their structure-function relationships and mechanism of action. However, challenges in isolating IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors mean that their structural properties remain relatively unexplored. This review discusses the advances in the structural understanding of the IR and IGF1R, and how these discoveries can inform the design of small-molecule modulators of the IR-IGF1R hybrid receptors to understand their role in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Turvey
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
| | | | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre, University of Leeds UK
| | - Katie J Simmons
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds UK
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Kumar L, Vizgaudis W, Klein-Seetharaman J. Structure-based survey of ligand binding in the human insulin receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3512-3528. [PMID: 34907529 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor is a membrane protein responsible for regulation of nutrient balance and therefore an attractive target in the treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Pharmacology of the insulin receptor involves two distinct mechanisms, (1) activation of the receptor by insulin mimetics that bind in the extracellular domain and (2) inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase enzymatic activity in the cytoplasmic domain. While a complete structural picture of the full-length receptor comprising the entire sequence covering extracellular, transmembrane, juxtamembrane and cytoplasmic domains is still elusive, recent progress through cryoelectron microscopy has made it possible to describe the initial insulin ligand binding events at atomistic detail. We utilize this opportunity to obtain structural insights into the pharmacology of the insulin receptor. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive docking study of known ligands to the new structures of the receptor. Through this approach, we provide an in-depth, structure-based review of human insulin receptor pharmacology in light of the new structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | | | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.,School of Molecular Sciences & College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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Ashraf A, Palakkott A, Ayoub MA. Anti-Insulin Receptor Antibodies in the Pathology and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:198-206. [PMID: 32496987 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200604122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as the most common and the world's fastest-growing chronic disease with severe complications leading to increased mortality. Many strategies exist for the management of DM and its control, including treatment with insulin and insulin analogs, oral hypoglycemic therapy such as insulin secretion stimulators and insulin sensitizers, and diet and physical training. Over the years, many types of drugs and molecules with an interesting pharmacological diversity have been developed and proposed for their anti-diabetic potential. Such molecules target diverse key receptors, enzymes, and regulatory/signaling proteins known to be directly or indirectly involved in the pathophysiology of DM. Among them, insulin receptor (IR) is undoubtedly the target of choice for its central role in insulin-mediated glucose homeostasis and its utilization by the major insulin-sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver. In this review, we focus on the implication of antibodies targeting IR in the pathology of DM as well as the recent advances in the development of IR antibodies as promising anti-diabetic drugs. The challenge still entails development of more powerful, highly selective, and safer anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshida Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrasheed Palakkott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Chen X, Daniels NA, Cottrill D, Cao Y, Wang X, Li Y, Shriwas P, Qian Y, Archer MW, Whitticar NB, Jahan I, Nunemaker CS, Guo A. Natural Compound α-PGG and Its Synthetic Derivative 6Cl-TGQ Alter Insulin Secretion: Evidence for Diminishing Glucose Uptake as a Mechanism. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:759-772. [PMID: 33658814 PMCID: PMC7917315 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s284295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously we showed that natural compound α-penta-galloyl-glucose (α-PGG) and its synthetic derivative 6-chloro-6-deoxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranose (6Cl-TGQ) act to improve insulin signaling in adipocytes by increasing glucose transport. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of actions of α-PGG and 6Cl-TGQ on insulin secretion. METHODS Mouse islets and/or INS-1832/13 beta-cells were used to test the effects of our compounds on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i using fura-2AM, glucose transport activity via a radioactive glucose uptake assay, intracellular ATP/ADP, and extracellular acidification (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCAR) using Seahorse metabolic analysis. RESULTS Both compounds reduced GSIS in beta-cells without negatively affecting cell viability. The compounds primarily diminished glucose uptake into islets and beta-cells. Despite insulin-like effects in the peripheral tissues, these compounds do not act through the insulin receptor in islets. Further interrogation of the stimulus-secretion pathway showed that all the key metabolic factors involved in GSIS including ECAR, OCAR, ATP/ADP ratios, and [Ca2+]i of INS-1832/13 cells were diminished after the compound treatment. CONCLUSION The compounds suppress glucose uptake of the beta-cells, which consequently slows down the rates of glycolysis and ATP synthesis, leading to decrease in [Ca2+]i and GSIS. The difference between adipocytes and beta-cells in effects on glucose uptake is of great interest. Further structural and functional modifications could produce new compounds with optimized therapeutic potentials for different target cells. The higher potency of synthetic 6Cl-TGQ in enhancing insulin signaling in adipocytes but lower potency in reducing glucose uptake in beta-cells compared to α-PGG suggests the feasibility of such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Chen
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Nigel A Daniels
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - David Cottrill
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yanyang Cao
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yunsheng Li
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Pratik Shriwas
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michael W Archer
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Nicholas B Whitticar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Craig S Nunemaker
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Craig S Nunemaker Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USATel +1 740-593-2387Fax +1 740-593-4795 Email
| | - Aili Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California at Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, UC Davis Health Science, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Correspondence: Aili Guo Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California at Davis (UC Davis) School of Medicine, UC Davis Health Science, PSSB, G400, 4150 V St., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USATel +1 916-734-3730Fax +1 916-734-2292 Email
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7
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Lan ZJ, Lei Z, Yiannikouris A, Yerramreddy TR, Li X, Kincaid H, Eastridge K, Gadberry H, Power C, Xiao R, Lei L, Seale O, Dawson K, Power R. Non-peptidyl small molecule, adenosine, 5'-Se-methyl-5'-seleno-, 2',3'-diacetate, activates insulin receptor and attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic Lepr db/db mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1623-1643. [PMID: 31378829 PMCID: PMC7162833 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is characterized by reduced or absent insulin receptor (INSR) responsiveness to its ligand, elevated hepatic glucose output and impaired glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, particularly skeletal muscle. Treatments to reduce hyperglycemia and reestablish normal insulin signaling are much sought after. Any agent which could be orally administered to restore INSR function, in an insulin-independent manner, would have major implications for the management of this global disease. We have discovered a non-peptidyl small molecule, adenosine, 5'-Se-methyl-5'-seleno-, 2',3'-diacetate [referred to as non-peptidyl compound #43 (NPC43)], which restores INSR signaling in the complete absence of insulin. Initial screening of numerous compounds in human HepG2 liver cells revealed that NPC43 significantly inhibited glucose production. The compound was potently anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperinsulinemic in vivo, in insulin-resistant T2D Leprdb/db mice, following either acute or chronic treatment by oral gavage and intraperitoneal injection, respectively. The compound acted at the level of INSR and activated it in both liver and skeletal muscle of Leprdb/db mice. In cell culture, the compound activated INSR in both liver and skeletal muscle cells; furthermore, it cooperated with insulin to depress glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6pc) expression and stimulate glucose uptake, respectively. Our results indicated that the compound directly interacted with INSRα, triggering appropriate phosphorylation and activation of the receptor and its downstream targets. Unlike insulin, NPC43 did not activate insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in either liver or skeletal muscle. We believe this compound represents a potential oral and/or injectable insulin replacement therapy for diabetes and diseases associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Lan
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA.
| | - Zhenmin Lei
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, MDR Building/Room 121, 511 South Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | | | | | - Xian Li
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, MDR Building/Room 121, 511 South Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hayley Kincaid
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Katie Eastridge
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Hannah Gadberry
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Chloe Power
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Rijin Xiao
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Louisville School of Medicine, MDR Building/Room 121, 511 South Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Olivia Seale
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Karl Dawson
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
- Chemistry Department, Alltech, Inc, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Ronan Power
- Division of Life Sciences, Alltech, Inc, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA.
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Chan CB, Ahuja P, Ye K. Developing Insulin and BDNF Mimetics for Diabetes Therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2188-2204. [PMID: 31660832 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191010160643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global public health concern nowadays. The majority of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients belong to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is highly associated with obesity. The general principle of current therapeutic strategies for patients with T2DM mainly focuses on restoring cellular insulin response by potentiating the insulin-induced signaling pathway. In late-stage T2DM, impaired insulin production requires the patients to receive insulin replacement therapy for maintaining their glucose homeostasis. T2DM patients also demonstrate a drop of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in their circulation, which suggests that replenishing BDNF or enhancing its downstream signaling pathway may be beneficial. Because of their protein nature, recombinant insulin or BDNF possess several limitations that hinder their clinical application in T2DM treatment. Thus, developing orally active "insulin pill" or "BDNF pill" is essential to provide a more convenient and effective therapy. This article reviews the current development of non-peptidyl chemicals that mimic insulin or BDNF and their potential as anti-diabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Bun Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Palak Ahuja
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University of School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Shah MA, Keach JE, Panichayupakaranant P. Antidiabetic Naphthoquinones and Their Plant Resources in Thailand. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:483-492. [PMID: 29710045 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University
| | - James E. Keach
- Research and Horticulture Department, Gardens by the Bay
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University
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10
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Borah A, Sharma A, Hazarika H, Gogoi P. Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted 1,4-Naphthoquinones via Metal-Free C(sp2)-H Functionalization Followed by Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Borah
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Science and Technology Division; CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology; Assam, Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NEIST Campus; India
| | - Abhilash Sharma
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Science and Technology Division; CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology; Assam, Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NEIST Campus; India
| | - Hemanta Hazarika
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Science and Technology Division; CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology; Assam, Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NEIST Campus; India
| | - Pranjal Gogoi
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Science and Technology Division; CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology; Assam, Jorhat 785006 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NEIST Campus; India
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11
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Chatterjee S, Vashishta L, Waichale VS, Nayak VG, Melarkode R, Donnelly CM, Vallano PT, Chirmule N, Sengupta N. Development and validation of a cell based assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against recombinant insulins. J Immunol Methods 2017; 452:53-62. [PMID: 28935478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant biopharmaceuticals can induce generation of anti-drug antibodies, which could potentially neutralize therapeutic drug activity. In this report, we describe development and validation of a cell-based assay for detection of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) against insulin and insulin analogues. In order to achieve clinically meaningful sensitivity the method used an early signalling event, insulin induced insulin receptor phosphorylation as the endpoint. Percentage insulin receptor phosphorylation in cell lysates was measured using ECL based ELISA. Presence of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) in samples will inhibit insulin induced receptor phosphorylation and consequently lead to a reduction in the percentage of phosphorylated insulin receptor. Additionally, usage of human insulin receptor overexpressing recombinant CHO cell line further improved the assay sensitivity by reducing the fixed drug (EC50) concentration used for induction of receptor phosphorylation. To ensure adequate free drug tolerance a pre-treatment step was introduced, where serum samples underwent acid dissociation and charcoal extraction before drug incubation. In order to distinguish ADA positive samples containing true Nab from samples containing non-antibody phosphorylation inhibitory serum factors, a confirmatory tier was integrated based on immunodepletion using protein AGL mix. Assay parameters including determination of screening and confirmatory cut-points, intra and inter assay precision, selectivity, specificity and stability were assessed during validation in accordance with recent regulatory guidelines and white papers. The advantage of selecting insulin receptor phosphorylation as assay endpoint made the assay capable of detecting Nab against insulin and insulin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Chatterjee
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India.
| | - Laxmikant Vashishta
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vinit S Waichale
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vivek G Nayak
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Melarkode
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Charles M Donnelly
- Mylan Pharmaceuticals, 3711 Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Patrick T Vallano
- Mylan Pharmaceuticals, 3711 Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Narendra Chirmule
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Nilanjan Sengupta
- Biocon Limited, Biocon Special Economic Zone, Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Phase IV-B.I.A. Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Birmingham Health Partners; Birmingham UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology; Birmingham Heartlands Hospital; Birmingham UK
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Mukherjee S, Chattopadhyay M, Bhattacharya S, Dasgupta S, Hussain S, Bharadwaj SK, Talukdar D, Usmani A, Pradhan BS, Majumdar SS, Chattopadhyay P, Mukhopadhyay S, Maity TK, Chaudhuri MK, Bhattacharya S. A Small Insulinomimetic Molecule Also Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetic Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169809. [PMID: 28072841 PMCID: PMC5224995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic increase of diabetes over the globe is in tandem with the increase in insulin requirement. This is because destruction and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells are of common occurrence in both Type1 diabetes and Type2 diabetes, and insulin injection becomes a compulsion. Because of several problems associated with insulin injection, orally active insulin mimetic compounds would be ideal substitute. Here we report a small molecule, a peroxyvanadate compound i.e. DmpzH[VO(O2)2(dmpz)], henceforth referred as dmp, which specifically binds to insulin receptor with considerable affinity (KD-1.17μM) thus activating insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and its downstream signaling molecules resulting increased uptake of [14C] 2 Deoxy-glucose. Oral administration of dmp to streptozotocin treated BALB/c mice lowers blood glucose level and markedly stimulates glucose and fatty acid uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue respectively. In db/db mice, it greatly improves insulin sensitivity through excess expression of PPARγ and its target genes i.e. adiponectin, CD36 and aP2. Study on the underlying mechanism demonstrated that excess expression of Wnt3a decreased PPARγ whereas dmp suppression of Wnt3a gene increased PPARγ expression which subsequently augmented adiponectin. Increased production of adiponectin in db/db mice due to dmp effected lowering of circulatory TG and FFA levels, activates AMPK in skeletal muscle and this stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics. Decrease of lipid load along with increased mitochondrial activity greatly improves energy homeostasis which has been found to be correlated with the increased insulin sensitivity. The results obtained with dmp, therefore, strongly indicate that dmp could be a potential candidate for insulin replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mukherjee
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Zoology, School of Life Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrittika Chattopadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Zoology, School of Life Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Suman Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Sahid Hussain
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | | | | | - Abul Usmani
- Division of Cellular Endocrinology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhola S Pradhan
- Division of Cellular Endocrinology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Subeer S Majumdar
- Division of Cellular Endocrinology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Satinath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research-Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial (IPGME&R−SSKM) Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Mihir K. Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Assam, India
- * E-mail: (SB); (MKC)
| | - Samir Bhattacharya
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Zoology, School of Life Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (SB); (MKC)
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14
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Wu M, Dai G, Yao J, Hoyt S, Wang L, Mu J. Potentiation of insulin-mediated glucose lowering without elevated hypoglycemia risk by a small molecule insulin receptor modulator. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122012. [PMID: 25799496 PMCID: PMC4370409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the key feature of type 2 diabetes and is manifested as attenuated insulin receptor (IR) signaling in response to same levels of insulin binding. Several small molecule IR activators have been identified and reported to exhibit insulin sensitization properties. One of these molecules, TLK19781 (Cmpd1), was investigated to examine its IR sensitizing action in vivo. Our data demonstrate that Cmpd1, at doses that produced minimal efficacy in the absence of insulin, potentiated insulin action during an OGTT in non-diabetic mice and enhanced insulin-mediated glucose lowering in diabetic mice. Interestingly, different from insulin alone, Cmpd1 combined with insulin showed enhanced efficacy and duration of action without increased hypoglycemia. To explore the mechanism underlying the apparent glucose dependent efficacy, tissue insulin signaling was compared in healthy and diabetic mice. Cmpd1 enhanced insulin’s effects on IR phosphorylation in both healthy and diabetic mice. In contrast, the compound potentiated insulin’s effects on Akt phosphorylation in diabetic but not in non-diabetic mice. These differential effects on signaling corresponding to glucose levels could be part of the mechanism for reduced hypoglycemia risk. The in vivo efficacy of Cmpd1 is specific and dependent on IR expression. Results from these studies support the idea of targeting IR for insulin sensitization, which carries low hypoglycemia risk by standalone treatment and could improve the effectiveness of insulin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wu
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Ge Dai
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Jun Yao
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Scott Hoyt
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
| | - James Mu
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sharma DK, Pandey J, Tamrakar AK, Mukherjee D. Synthesis of heteroaryl/aryl kojic acid conjugates as stimulators of glucose uptake by GLUT4 translocation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:727-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Qiang G, Xue S, Yang JJ, Du G, Pang X, Li X, Goswami D, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA, Chan CB, Ye K. Identification of a small molecular insulin receptor agonist with potent antidiabetes activity. Diabetes 2014; 63:1394-409. [PMID: 24651808 PMCID: PMC3964510 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin replacement therapy is a widely adopted treatment for all patients with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes. However, injection of insulin has suffered from problems such as tissue irritation, abscesses, discomfort, and inconvenience. The use of orally bioactive insulin mimetics thus represents an ideal treatment alternative. Here we show that a chaetochromin derivative (4548-G05) acts as a new nonpeptidyl insulin mimetic. 4548-G05 selectively activates an insulin receptor (IR) but not insulin-like growth factor receptor-I or other receptor tyrosine kinases. Through binding to the extracellular domain of the IR, 4548-G05 induces activation of the receptor and initiates the downstream Akt and extracellular signal-related kinase pathways to trigger glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, it displays a potent blood glucose-lowering effect when administrated orally in normal, type 1 diabetic, and type 2 diabetic mice models. Therefore, 4548-G05 may represent a novel pharmacological agent for antidiabetes drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shenghui Xue
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Guanhua Du
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Pang
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Devrishi Goswami
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chi Bun Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Corresponding author: Chi Bun Chan, , or Keqiang Ye,
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Corresponding author: Chi Bun Chan, , or Keqiang Ye,
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17
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Wu K, Liang T, Duan X, Xu L, Zhang K, Li R. Anti-diabetic effects of puerarin, isolated from Pueraria lobata (Willd.), on streptozotocin-diabetogenic mice through promoting insulin expression and ameliorating metabolic function. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Ilangovan A, Saravanakumar S, Malayappasamy S. γ-Carbonyl Quinones: Radical Strategy for the Synthesis of Evelynin and Its Analogues by C–H Activation of Quinones Using Cyclopropanols. Org Lett 2013; 15:4968-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402229m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andivelu Ilangovan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India and Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Shanmugasundar Saravanakumar
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India and Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Subramani Malayappasamy
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India and Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore 560 099, India
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19
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Lacroix IME, Li-Chan ECY. Overview of food products and dietary constituents with antidiabetic properties and their putative mechanisms of action: a natural approach to complement pharmacotherapy in the management of diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:61-78. [PMID: 23943383 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the fastest growing chronic, noncommunicable diseases worldwide. Currently, 11 major classes of pharmacotherapy are available for the management of this metabolic disorder. However, the usage of these drugs is often associated with undesirable side effects, including weight gain and hypoglycemia. There is thus a need for new, safe and effective treatment strategies. Diet is known to play a major role in the prevention and management of diabetes. Numerous studies have reported the putative association of the consumption of specific food products, or their constituents, with the incidence of diabetes, and mounting evidence now suggests that some dietary factors can improve glycemic regulation. Foods and dietary constituents, similar to synthetic drugs, have been shown to modulate hormones, enzymes, and organ systems involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The present article reviews the major classes and modes of action of antidiabetic drugs, and examines the evidence on food products and dietary factors with antidiabetic properties as well as their plausible mechanisms of action. The findings suggest potential use of dietary constituents as a complementary approach to pharmacotherapy in the prevention and/or management of diabetes, but further research is necessary to identify the active components and evaluate their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M E Lacroix
- Faculty of Land & Food Systems, Food Nutrition & Health Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Leppäranta O, Tikkanen JM, Bespalov MM, Koli K, Myllärniemi M. Bone morphogenetic protein-inducer tilorone identified by high-throughput screening is antifibrotic in vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:448-55. [PMID: 23258233 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0201oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with a poor prognosis and very few therapeutic options. On the molecular level, patients with IPF have increased amounts of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor gremlin in their lungs, which results in decreased BMP signaling, and an increase in transforming growth factor-β signaling. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that restoration of the impaired BMP signaling would offer a novel strategy for the prevention of fibrosis progression or for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. We used reporter cell lines and high-throughput screening of a chemical compound library as an approach to finding molecules that increase BMP signaling in lung epithelial cells, without increasing transforming growth factor-β signaling. The most promising candidate drug was analyzed further by studying its effects on BMP target gene expression, Smad protein phosphorylation, and a mouse model of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The most promising drug candidate, tilorone, induced BMP signaling in the reporter cells and increased the expression of BMP-7 and a BMP target gene, Id3, in lung epithelial A549 cells. In a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, tilorone decreased lung hydroxyproline content and the expression of collagen genes Col1A1 and Col3A1. Mice treated with tilorone showed markedly decreased histological changes, compared with untreated mice. These findings indicate that tilorone has biologically significant antifibrotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Leppäranta
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Hardman TC, Dubrey SW. New therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2013; 74:202-7. [PMID: 23571390 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2013.74.4.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T C Hardman
- Niche Science and Technology Ltd., London, UK.
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22
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Naturale G, Lamblin M, Commandeur C, Felpin FX, Dessolin J. Direct C-H Alkylation of Naphthoquinones with Amino Acids Through a Revisited Kochi-Anderson Radical Decarboxylation: Trends in Reactivity and Applications. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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MALIK AJAMALUDDIN, AL-SENAIDY ABDULRAHMAN, SKRZYPCZAK-JANKUN EWA, JANKUN JERZY. A study of the anti-diabetic agents of camel milk. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:585-92. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
The rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes on a global scale beseeches an urgent need for newer and better treatment options. Our better understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes has enabled a continual churn out of newer antidiabetic agents with varying modes of action. Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins-2 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide analogues, glucokinase activators, dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, monoclonal antibodies, and dopamine-2 receptor agonists either as monotherapy or combination therapy with the existing oral hypoglycemic agents compound our fight against diabetes. A review of the newer drugs targeting various aspects in the management of diabetes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Gude
- Registrar, AMC, 3 Floor, Medwin Hospital, Chirag Ali lane, Nampally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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