1
|
Magdaleno C, Tschumperlin DJ, Rajasekaran N, Varadaraj A. SOCS domain targets ECM assembly in lung fibroblasts and experimental lung fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580347. [PMID: 38469152 PMCID: PMC10926664 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease defined by a progressive decline in lung function due to scarring and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The SOCS (Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling) domain is a 40 amino acid conserved domain known to form a functional ubiquitin ligase complex targeting the Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein for proteasomal degradation. Here we show that the SOCS conserved domain operates as a molecular tool, to disrupt collagen and fibronectin fibrils in the ECM associated with fibrotic lung myofibroblasts. Our results demonstrate that fibroblasts differentiated using TGFß, followed by transduction with the SOCS domain, exhibit significantly reduced levels of the contractile myofibroblast-marker, α-SMA. Furthermore, in support of its role to retard differentiation, we find that lung fibroblasts expressing the SOCS domain present with significantly reduced levels of α-SMA and fibrillar fibronectin after differentiation with TGFß. We show that adenoviral delivery of the SOCS domain in the fibrotic phase of experimental lung fibrosis in mice, significantly reduces collagen accumulation in disease lungs. These data underscore a novel function for the SOCS domain and its potential in ameliorating pathologic matrix deposition in lung fibroblasts and experimental lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Magdaleno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Narendiran Rajasekaran
- Correspondence to: Archana Varadaraj, PO Box 5698, Science and Health Building, Rm430, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. Tel: (928) 523-6394, Fax: (928) 523-8111, ; Narendiran Rajasekaran, PO Box 5698, Science and Health Building, Rm430, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. Tel: (928) 523-6394, Fax: (928) 523-8111,
| | - Archana Varadaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Yuan T, Zhang H, Liu S, Lun J, Guo J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Fang J. PHD3 inhibits colon cancer cell metastasis through the occludin-p38 pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1749-1757. [PMID: 37814811 PMCID: PMC10679873 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) hydroxylates HIFα in the presence of oxygen, leading to HIFα degradation. PHD3 inhibits tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Herein, we demonstrate that PHD3 inhibits the metastasis of colon cancer cells through the occludin-p38 MAPK pathway independent of its hydroxylase activity. We find that PHD3 inhibits colon cancer cell metastasis in the presence of the PHD inhibitor DMOG, and prolyl hydroxylase-deficient PHD3(H196A) suppresses cell metastasis as well. PHD3 controls the stability of the tight junction protein occludin in a hydroxylase-independent manner. We further find that PHD3-inhibited colon cancer cell metastasis is rescued by knockdown of occludin and that occludin acts as a negative regulator of cell metastasis, implying that PHD3 suppresses metastasis through occludin. Furthermore, knockdown of occludin induces phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 impedes cell migration and invasion induced by occludin knockdown, indicating that occludin functions through p38. Moreover, knockdown of occludin enhances the expression of MKK3/6, the upstream kinase of p38, while overexpression of occludin decreases its expression. Our results suggest that PHD3 inhibits the metastasis of colon cancer cells through the occludin-p38 pathway independent of its hydroxylase activity. These findings reveal a previously undiscovered mechanism underlying the regulation of cancer cell metastasis by PHD3 and highlight a noncanonical hydroxylase-independent function of PHD3 in the suppression of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Li
- Department of Oncologythe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Cancer InstituteQingdao266071China
| | - Tanglong Yuan
- Shenzhen BranchGuangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureKey Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518000China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Shuting Liu
- Department of Oncologythe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Cancer InstituteQingdao266071China
| | - Jie Lun
- Department of Oncologythe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Cancer InstituteQingdao266071China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Oncologythe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Cancer InstituteQingdao266071China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oncologythe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Cancer InstituteQingdao266071China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Public HealthQingdao UniversityQingdao266071China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Oncologythe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Cancer InstituteQingdao266071China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez N, Gragera T, de Lucas MP, Cámara AB, Ballester A, Anta B, Fernández-Medarde A, López-Briones T, Ortega J, Peña-Jiménez D, Barbáchano A, Montero-Calle A, Cordero V, Barderas R, Iglesias T, Yunta M, Oliva JL, Muñoz A, Santos E, Zarich N, Rojas-Cabañeros JM. PKD phosphorylation and COP9/Signalosome modulate intracellular Spry2 protein stability. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37045830 PMCID: PMC10097667 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spry2 is a molecular modulator of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathways that has cancer-type-specific effects. Mammalian Spry2 protein undergoes tyrosine and serine phosphorylation in response to growth factor stimulation. Spry2 expression is distinctly altered in various cancer types. Inhibition of the proteasome functionality results in reduced intracellular Spry2 degradation. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we show that protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylates Spry2 at serine 112 and interacts in vivo with the C-terminal half of this protein. Importantly, missense mutation of Ser112 decreases the rate of Spry2 intracellular protein degradation. Either knocking down the expression of all three mammalian PKD isoforms or blocking their kinase activity with a specific inhibitor contributes to the stabilization of Spry2 wild-type protein. Downregulation of CSN3, a component of the COP9/Signalosome that binds PKD, significantly increases the half-life of Spry2 wild-type protein but does not affect the stability of a Spry2 after mutating Ser112 to the non-phosphorylatable residue alanine. Our data demonstrate that both PKD and the COP9/Signalosome play a significant role in control of Spry2 intracellular stability and support the consideration of the PKD/COP9 complex as a potential therapeutic target in tumors where Spry2 expression is reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gragera
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cámara
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Ballester
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Anta
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tania López-Briones
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Ortega
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Peña-Jiménez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Barbáchano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Cordero
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Yunta
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Oliva
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lun J, Wang Y, Gao Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Fang J. PHD3 inhibits cell proliferation through hydroxylation of PAX2 at proline 9. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:708-715. [PMID: 35920196 PMCID: PMC9827955 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein transcription factor paired box 2 (PAX2) is aberrantly expressed in cancers, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) hydroxylates the proline residue of HIFα, mediating HIFα degradation. The von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) is an E3 ligase which mediates ubiquitination and degradation of hydroxylated HIFα. PHD3 and pVHL are found to inhibit the expression of PAX2, however, the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here we demonstrate that PHD3 hydroxylates PAX2 at proline 9, which is required for pVHL to mediate PAX2 ubiquitination and degradation. Overexpression of PHD3 enhances prolyl hydroxylation, ubiquitination and degradation of PAX2 with little effect on those of PAX2(P9A). PHD3 does not influence PAX2 expression in VHL-null cells. pVHL binds to PAX2 and enhances PAX2 ubiquitination and degradation. However, pVHL does not bind with PAX2(P9A) and cannot enhance its ubiquitination and degradation. Our results suggest that proline 9 hydroxylation is a prerequisite for PAX2 degradation by pVHL. Functional studies indicate that introduction of PAX2 into PAX2-null COS-7 cells promotes cell proliferation, which is suppressed by co-expression of PHD3 but not by hydroxylase-deficient PHD3(H196A). PHD3 inhibits PAX2-induced, but not PAX2(P9A)-induced proliferation of COS-7 cells. These results suggest that PHD3 hydroxylates PAX2, followed by pVHL-mediated PAX2 ubiquitination and degradation. This study also suggests that PHD3 inhibits cell proliferation through downregulating PAX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lun
- Cancer Institutethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao266061China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Yu Wang
- Cancer Institutethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao266061China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalJinan250014China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institutethe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversitySchool of Basic Medicine of Qingdao UniversityQingdao266061China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-532-82991017; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miao M, Wu M, Li Y, Zhang L, Jin Q, Fan J, Xu X, Gu R, Hao H, Zhang A, Jia Z. Clinical Potential of Hypoxia Inducible Factors Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors in Treating Nonanemic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837249. [PMID: 35281917 PMCID: PMC8908211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and their regulatory hydroxylases the prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs) are the key mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia. HIFs are normally hydroxylated by PHDs and degraded, while under hypoxia, PHDs are suppressed, allowing HIF-α to accumulate and transactivate multiple target genes, including erythropoiesis, and genes participate in angiogenesis, iron metabolism, glycolysis, glucose transport, cell proliferation, survival, and so on. Aiming at stimulating HIFs, a group of small molecules antagonizing HIF-PHDs have been developed. Of these HIF-PHDs inhibitors (HIF-PHIs), roxadustat (FG-4592), daprodustat (GSK-1278863), vadadustat (AKB-6548), molidustat (BAY 85-3934) and enarodustat (JTZ-951) are approved for clinical usage or have progressed into clinical trials for chronic kidney disease (CKD) anemia treatment, based on their activation effect on erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Since HIFs are involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, efforts have been made to extend the potential usage of HIF-PHIs beyond anemia. This paper reviewed the progress of preclinical and clinical research on clinically available HIF-PHIs in pathological conditions other than CKD anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqiu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingge Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang Y, Duan LJ, Fong GH. Oxygen-sensing mechanisms in development and tissue repair. Development 2021; 148:273632. [PMID: 34874450 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Under normoxia, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) α subunits are hydroxylated by PHDs (prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins) and subsequently undergo polyubiquitylation and degradation. Normal embryogenesis occurs under hypoxia, which suppresses PHD activities and allows HIFα to stabilize and regulate development. In this Primer, we explain molecular mechanisms of the oxygen-sensing pathway, summarize HIF-regulated downstream events, discuss loss-of-function phenotypes primarily in mouse development, and highlight clinical relevance to angiogenesis and tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yida Jiang
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Li-Juan Duan
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Márquez-Cantudo L, Ramos A, Coderch C, de Pascual-Teresa B. Proteasomal Degradation of Zn-Dependent Hdacs: The E3-Ligases Implicated and the Designed Protacs That Enable Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185606. [PMID: 34577077 PMCID: PMC8467390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is one of the main mechanisms of the regulation of cellular proteostasis, and the E3 ligases are the key effectors for the protein recognition and degradation. Many E3 ligases have key roles in cell cycle regulation, acting as checkpoints and checkpoint regulators. One of the many important proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are the members of the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) family. The importance of zinc dependent HDACs in the regulation of chromatin packing and, therefore, gene expression, has made them targets for the design and synthesis of HDAC inhibitors. However, achieving potency and selectivity has proven to be a challenge due to the homology between the zinc dependent HDACs. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaera (PROTAC) design has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to inhibit and selectively degrade protein targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the E3 ligases that naturally ubiquitinate HDACs, analyze their structure, and list the known ligands that can bind to these E3 ligases and be used for PROTAC design, as well as the already described HDAC-targeted PROTACs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu M, Lun J, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhang G, Fang J. The non-canonical functions of HIF prolyl hydroxylases and their dual roles in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 135:105982. [PMID: 33894356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are dioxygenases using oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrates. Under normoxia, PHDs hydroxylate the conserved prolyl residues of HIFα, leading to HIFα degradation. In hypoxia PHDs are inactivated, which results in HIFα accumulation. The accumulated HIFα enters nucleus and initiates gene transcription. Many studies have shown that PHDs have substrates other than HIFα, implying that they have HIF-independent non-canonical functions. Besides modulating protein stability, the PHDs-mediated prolyl hydroxylation affects protein-protein interaction and protein activity for alternative substrates. Increasing evidence indicates that PHDs also have hydroxylase-independent functions. They influence protein stability, enzyme activity, and protein-protein interaction in a hydroxylase-independent manner. These findings highlight the functional diversity and complexity of PHDs. Due to having inhibitory activity on HIFα, PHDs are proposed to act as tumor suppressors. However, research shows that PHDs exert either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing features. Here, we try to summarize the current understanding of PHDs hydroxylase-dependent and -independent functions and their roles in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jie Lun
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coalescing lessons from oxygen sensing, tumor metabolism, and epigenetics to target VHL loss in kidney cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
10
|
Minervini G, Pennuto M, Tosatto SCE. The pVHL neglected functions, a tale of hypoxia-dependent and -independent regulations in cancer. Open Biol 2020; 10:200109. [PMID: 32603638 PMCID: PMC7574549 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL) is a tumour suppressor mainly known for its role as master regulator of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activity. Functional inactivation of pVHL is causative of the von Hippel–Lindau disease, an inherited predisposition to develop different cancers. Due to its impact on human health, pVHL has been widely studied in the last few decades. However, investigations mostly focus on its role in degrading HIFs, whereas alternative pVHL protein–protein interactions and functions are insistently surfacing in the literature. In this review, we analyse these almost neglected functions by dissecting specific conditions in which pVHL is proposed to have differential roles in promoting cancer. We reviewed its role in regulating phosphorylation as a number of works suggest pVHL to act as an inhibitor by either degrading or promoting downregulation of specific kinases. Further, we summarize hypoxia-dependent and -independent pVHL interactions with multiple protein partners and discuss their implications in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Minervini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu X, Zurlo G, Zhang Q. The Roles of Cullin-2 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:173-186. [PMID: 31898228 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational protein modifications play an important role in regulating protein stability and cellular function. There are at least eight Cullin family members. Among them, Cullin-2 forms a functional E3 ligase complex with elongin B, elongin C, RING-box protein 1 (RBX1, also called ROC1), as well as the substrate recognition subunit (SRS) to promote the substrate ubiquitination and degradation. In this book chapter, we will review Cullin-2 E3 ligase complexes that include various SRS proteins, including von Hippel Lindau (pVHL), leucine-rich repeat protein-1 (LRR-1), preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME), sex-determining protein FEM-1 and early embryogenesis protein ZYG-11. We will focus on the VHL signaling pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which may reveal various therapeutic avenues in treating this lethal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Giada Zurlo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cockman ME, Lippl K, Tian YM, Pegg HB, Figg WD, Abboud MI, Heilig R, Fischer R, Myllyharju J, Schofield CJ, Ratcliffe PJ. Lack of activity of recombinant HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) on reported non-HIF substrates. eLife 2019; 8:e46490. [PMID: 31500697 PMCID: PMC6739866 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and other animal cells deploy three closely related dioxygenases (PHD 1, 2 and 3) to signal oxygen levels by catalysing oxygen regulated prolyl hydroxylation of the transcription factor HIF. The discovery of the HIF prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes as oxygen sensors raises a key question as to the existence and nature of non-HIF substrates, potentially transducing other biological responses to hypoxia. Over 20 such substrates are reported. We therefore sought to characterise their reactivity with recombinant PHD enzymes. Unexpectedly, we did not detect prolyl-hydroxylase activity on any reported non-HIF protein or peptide, using conditions supporting robust HIF-α hydroxylation. We cannot exclude PHD-catalysed prolyl hydroxylation occurring under conditions other than those we have examined. However, our findings using recombinant enzymes provide no support for the wide range of non-HIF PHD substrates that have been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Lippl
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ya-Min Tian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - William D Figg
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Raphael Heilig
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Genotype-phenotype relations of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor inferred from a large-scale analysis of disease mutations and interactors. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006478. [PMID: 30943211 PMCID: PMC6464237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Familiar cancers represent a privileged point of view for studying the complex cellular events inducing tumor transformation. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, a familiar predisposition to develop cancer is a clear example. Here, we present our efforts to decipher the role of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) in cancer insurgence. We collected high quality information about both pVHL mutations and interactors to investigate the association between patient phenotypes, mutated protein surface and impaired interactions. Our data suggest that different phenotypes correlate with localized perturbations of the pVHL structure, with specific cell functions associated to different protein surfaces. We propose five different pVHL interfaces to be selectively involved in modulating proteins regulating gene expression, protein homeostasis as well as to address extracellular matrix (ECM) and ciliogenesis associated functions. These data were used to drive molecular docking of pVHL with its interactors and guide Petri net simulations of the most promising alterations. We predict that disruption of pVHL association with certain interactors can trigger tumor transformation, inducing metabolism imbalance and ECM remodeling. Collectively taken, our findings provide novel insights into VHL-associated tumorigenesis. This highly integrated in silico approach may help elucidate novel treatment paradigms for VHL disease. Cancer is generally caused by a series of mutations accumulating over time in a healthy tissue, which becomes re-programmed to proliferate at the expense of the hosting organism. This process is difficult to follow and understand as events in a multitude of different genes can lead to similar outcomes without apparent cause. The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor is one of the few genes harboring a familiar cancer syndrome, i.e. VHL mutations are known to cause a predictable series of events leading cancer in the kidneys and a few selected other tissues. This article describes a large-scale analysis to relate known VHL mutations to specific cancer pathways by looking at the molecular interactions. Different cancer types appear to be caused by mutations changing the surface of specific parts of the VHL protein. By looking at the VHL interactors involved, it is therefore possible to identify other candidate genes for mutations leading to very similar cancer types.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang M, Hu J, Yan L, Yang Y, He M, Wu M, Li Q, Gong W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Handy DE, Lu B, Hao C, Wang Q, Li Y, Hu R, Stanton RC, Zhang Z. High glucose-induced ubiquitination of G6PD leads to the injury of podocytes. FASEB J 2019; 33:6296-6310. [PMID: 30785802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801921r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes substantially to podocyte injury, which plays an important role in the development of diabetic kidney disease. The mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in podocytes is not fully understood. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is critical in maintaining NADPH, which is an important cofactor for the antioxidant system. Here, we hypothesized that high glucose induced ubiquitination and degradation of G6PD, which injured podocytes by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. We found that G6PD protein expression was decreased in kidneys of both diabetic patients and diabetic rodents. G6PD activity was also reduced in diabetic mice. Overexpressing G6PD reversed redox imbalance and podocyte apoptosis induced by high glucose and palmitate. Inhibition of G6PD with small interfering RNA induced podocyte apoptosis. In kidneys of G6PD-deficient mice, podocyte apoptosis was significantly increased. Interestingly, high glucose had no effect on G6PD mRNA expression. Decreased G6PD protein expression was mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. We found that the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, an E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit, directly bound to G6PD and degraded G6PD through ubiquitylating G6PD on K366 and K403. In summary, our data suggest that high glucose induces ubiquitination of G6PD by VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase, which leads to ROS accumulation and podocyte injury.-Wang, M., Hu, J., Yan, L., Yang, Y., He, M., Wu, M., Li, Q., Gong, W., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Handy, D. E., Lu, B., Hao, C., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Hu, R., Stanton, R. C., Zhang, Z. High glucose-induced ubiquitination of G6PD leads to the injury of podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linling Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Suzhou, China
| | - Yeping Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min He
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Diane E Handy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yiming Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert C Stanton
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alakoski T, Ulvila J, Yrjölä R, Vainio L, Magga J, Szabo Z, Licht JD, Kerkelä R. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte Sprouty1 protects from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:7. [PMID: 30635790 PMCID: PMC6329741 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty1 (Spry1) is a negative modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, but its role in cardiomyocyte survival has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of cardiomyocyte Spry1 in cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Infarct areas of mouse hearts showed an increase in Spry1 protein expression, which localized to cardiomyocytes. To investigate if cardiomyocyte Spry1 regulates I/R injury, 8-week-old inducible cardiomyocyte Spry1 knockout (Spry1 cKO) mice and control mice were subjected to cardiac I/R injury. Spry1 cKO mice showed reduction in release of cardiac troponin I and reduced infarct size after I/R injury compared to control mice. Similar to Spry1 knockdown in cardiomyocytes in vivo, RNAi-mediated Spry1 silencing in isolated cardiomyocytes improved cardiomyocyte survival following simulated ischemia injury. Mechanistically, Spry1 knockdown induced cardiomyocyte extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in healthy hearts and isolated cardiomyocytes, and enhanced ERK phosphorylation after I/R injury. Spry1-deficient cardiomyocytes showed better preserved mitochondrial membrane potential following ischemic injury and an increase in levels of phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in mitochondria of hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of constitutively active GSK-3β abrogated the protective effect of Spry1 knockdown. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β protected wild-type cardiomyocytes from cell death, but did not further protect Spry1-silenced cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced injury. Cardiomyocyte Spry1 knockdown promotes ERK phosphorylation and offers protection from I/R injury. Our findings indicate that Spry1 is an important regulator of cardiomyocyte viability during ischemia–reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Alakoski
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Ulvila
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Yrjölä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Vainio
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Risto Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chowdhury P, Powell RT, Stephan C, Uray IP, Talley T, Karki M, Tripathi DN, Park YS, Mancini MA, Davies P, Dere R. Bexarotene - a novel modulator of AURKA and the primary cilium in VHL-deficient cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.219923. [PMID: 30518623 PMCID: PMC6307881 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the gene von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) is associated with loss of primary cilia and is causally linked to elevated levels of Aurora kinase A (AURKA). We developed an image-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay using a dual-labeling image analysis strategy that identifies both the cilium and the basal body. By using this strategy, we screened small-molecule compounds for the targeted rescue of cilia defects associated with VHL deficiency with high accuracy and reproducibility. Bexarotene was identified and validated as a positive regulator of the primary cilium. Importantly, the inability of an alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist to rescue ciliogenesis, in contrast to bexarotene, suggested that multiple bexarotene-driven mechanisms were responsible for the rescue. We found that bexarotene decreased AURKA expression in VHL-deficient cells, thereby restoring the ability of these cells to ciliate in the absence of VHL. Finally, bexarotene treatment reduced the propensity of subcutaneous lesions to develop into tumors in a mouse xenograft model of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with a concomitant decrease in activated AURKA, highlighting the potential of bexarotene treatment as an intervention strategy in the clinic to manage renal cystogenesis associated with VHL deficiency and elevated AURKA expression. Highlighted Article: An image-based screen using a dual labeling strategy identified bexarotene, a rexinoid, as a novel modulator of the primary cilium in VHL-deficient cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Chowdhury
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Reid T Powell
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Clifford Stephan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivan P Uray
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Tia Talley
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Menuka Karki
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Sung Park
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter Davies
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruhee Dere
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lippl K, Boleininger A, McDonough MA, Abboud MI, Tarhonskaya H, Chowdhury R, Loenarz C, Schofield CJ. Born to sense: biophysical analyses of the oxygen sensing prolyl hydroxylase from the simplest animal Trichoplax adhaerens. HYPOXIA 2018; 6:57-71. [PMID: 30519597 PMCID: PMC6235002 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s174655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background In humans and other animals, the chronic hypoxic response is mediated by hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs) which regulate the expression of genes that counteract the effects of limiting oxygen. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) act as hypoxia sensors for the HIF system in organisms ranging from humans to the simplest animal Trichoplax adhaerens. Methods We report structural and biochemical studies on the T. adhaerens HIF prolyl hydroxylase (TaPHD) that inform about the evolution of hypoxia sensing in animals. Results High resolution crystal structures (≤1.3 Å) of TaPHD, with and without its HIFα substrate, reveal remarkable conservation of key active site elements between T. adhaerens and human PHDs, which also manifest in kinetic comparisons. Conclusion Conserved structural features of TaPHD and human PHDs include those apparently enabling the slow binding/reaction of oxygen with the active site Fe(II), the formation of a stable 2-oxoglutarate complex, and a stereoelectronically promoted change in conformation of the hydroxylated proline-residue. Comparison of substrate selectivity between the human PHDs and TaPHD provides insights into the selectivity determinants of HIF binding by the PHDs, and into the evolution of the multiple HIFs and PHDs present in higher animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lippl
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - Anna Boleininger
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | | | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Zhang Q. VHL and Hypoxia Signaling: Beyond HIF in Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010035. [PMID: 29562667 PMCID: PMC5874692 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an important tumor suppressor that is lost in the majority of clear cell carcinoma of renal cancer (ccRCC). Its regulatory pathway involves the activity of E3 ligase, which targets hypoxia inducible factor α (including HIF1α and HIF2α) for proteasome degradation. In recent years, emerging literature suggests that VHL also possesses other HIF-independent functions. This review will focus on VHL-mediated signaling pathways involving the latest identified substrates/binding partners, including N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3), AKT, and G9a, etc., and their physiological roles in hypoxia signaling and cancer. We will also discuss the crosstalk between VHL and NF-κB signaling. Lastly, we will review the latest findings on targeting VHL signaling in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jang SM, Redon CE, Aladjem MI. Chromatin-Bound Cullin-Ring Ligases: Regulatory Roles in DNA Replication and Potential Targeting for Cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:19. [PMID: 29594129 PMCID: PMC5859106 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING (Really Interesting New Gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), the largest family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, are functional multi-subunit complexes including substrate receptors, adaptors, cullin scaffolds, and RING-box proteins. CRLs are responsible for ubiquitination of ~20% of cellular proteins and are involved in diverse biological processes including cell cycle progression, genome stability, and oncogenesis. Not surprisingly, cullins are deregulated in many diseases and instances of cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of CRL-mediated ubiquitination in the regulation of DNA replication/repair, including specific roles in chromatin assembly and disassembly of the replication machinery. The development of novel therapeutics targeting the CRLs that regulate the replication machinery and chromatin in cancer is now an attractive therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the structure and assembly of CRLs and outline their cellular functions and their diverse roles in cancer, emphasizing the regulatory functions of nuclear CRLs in modulating the DNA replication machinery. Finally, we discuss the current strategies for targeting CRLs against cancer in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang S, Xia W, Qiu M, Wang X, Jiang F, Yin R, Xu L. Atlas on substrate recognition subunits of CRL2 E3 ligases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46707-46716. [PMID: 27107416 PMCID: PMC5216831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cullin2-type ubiquitin ligases belong to the Cullin-Ring Ligase (CRL) family, which is a crucial determinant of proteasome-based degradation processes in eukaryotes. Because of the finding of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), the Cullin2-type ubiquitin ligases gain focusing in the research of many diseases, especially in tumors. These multisubunit enzymes are composed of the Ring finger protein, the Cullin2 scaffold protein, the Elongin B&C linker protein and the variant substrate recognition subunits (SRSs), among which the Cullin2 scaffold protein is the determining factor of the enzyme mechanism. Substrate recognition of Cullin2-type ubiquitin ligases depends on SRSs and results in the degradation of diseases associated substrates by intracellular signaling events. This review focuses on the diversity and the multifunctionality of SRSs in the Cullin2-type ubiquitin ligases, including VHL, LRR-1, FEM1b, PRAME and ZYG11. Recently, as more SRSs are being discovered and more aspects of substrate recognition have been illuminated, insight into the relationship between Cul2-dependent SRSs and substrates provides a new area for cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjia Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mantang Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Walker DJ, Land SC. Regulation of vascular signalling by nuclear Sprouty2 in fetal lung epithelial cells: Implications for co-ordinated airway and vascular branching in lung development. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:105-114. [PMID: 29409968 PMCID: PMC6078907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty2 (Spry2) acts as a central regulator of tubular growth and branch patterning in the developing mammalian lung by controlling both magnitude and duration of growth factor signalling. To determine if this protein coordinates airway and vascular growth factor signalling, we tested the hypothesis that Spry2 links the primary cue for airway outgrowth, fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), to genomic events underpinning the expression and release of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Using primary fetal distal lung epithelial cells (FDLE) from rat, and immortalised human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-), we identified a nuclear sub-population of Spry2 which interacted with regions of the rat and human VEGF-A promoter spanning the hypoxia response element (HRE) and adjacent 3' sites. In FDLE cultured at the PO2 of the fetal lung, FGF-10 relieved the Spry2 interaction at the HRE region by promoting clearance of a 39 kDa form and this was accompanied by histone-3 S10K14 phosphoacetylation, promoter de-methylation, hypoxia inducible factor-1α activation and VEGF-A expression. This repressive characteristic of nuclear Spry2 was relieved in 16HBE14o- by shRNA knockdown, and stable expression of mutants (C218A; C221A) that do not interact with the VEGF-A promoter HRE region. We conclude that nuclear Spry2 acts as a molecular link which co-ordinates airway and vascular growth of the cardiopulmonary system. This identifies Spry2 as a contributing determinant of design optimality in the mammalian lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Walker
- D'Arcy Thomson Unit, Biological and Biomedical Science Education, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen C Land
- D'Arcy Thomson Unit, Biological and Biomedical Science Education, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK..
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
USP9X destabilizes pVHL and promotes cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60519-60534. [PMID: 27517496 PMCID: PMC5312400 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous mutations of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene have been reported to cause dysfunction of VHL protein (pVHL) and lead to processes related to tumor progression. pVHL acts as an E3 ligase and degrades downstream targets, such as hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) which is essential for tumor growth. Previous studies reported reduction of VHL protein, rather than mRNA in VHL-related tumor patients, suggesting that instability of the pVHL protein itself is a primary cause of dysfunction. Regulation of pVHL stability has therefore been a major focus of research. We report that ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X), which is a deubiquitinase binds and promotes degradation of both wild-type and mutants of pVHL that retain E3 ligase function, thus activating the HIF pathway. USP9X degrades pVHL through protection of its substrate, the newly identified pVHL E3 ligase Smurf1. In addition, USP9X activates glycolysis and promotes cell proliferation through pVHL. Treatment with a USP9X inhibitor shows an effect similar to USP9X knockdown in pVHL induction, and suppresses HIF activity. Our findings demonstrate that USP9X is a novel regulator of pVHL stability, and USP9X may be a therapeutic target for treatment of VHL-related tumors.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gao X, Hicks KC, Neumann P, Patel TB. Hypoxia inducible factors regulate the transcription of the sprouty2 gene and expression of the sprouty2 protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171616. [PMID: 28196140 PMCID: PMC5308774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) signaling plays a major role in tumorigenesis and normal development. Sprouty2 (Spry2) attenuates RTK signaling and inhibits processes such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration and survival, which are all upregulated in tumors. Indeed in cancers of the liver, lung, prostate and breast, Spry2 protein levels are markedly decreased correlating with poor patient prognosis and shorter survival. Thus, it is important to understand how expression of Spry2 is regulated. While prior studies have focused on the post-translation regulation of Spry2, very few studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of SPRY2 gene. Here, we demonstrate that in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, the transcription of SPRY2 is inhibited by the transcription regulating hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are composed of an oxygen regulated alpha subunit (HIF1α or HIF2α) and a beta subunit (HIF1β). Intriguingly, silencing of HIF1α and HIF2α elevates SPRY2 mRNA and protein levels suggesting HIFs reduce the transcription of the SPRY2 promoter. In silico analysis identified ten hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the proximal promoter and first intron of SPRY2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we show that HIF1α/2α bind near the putative HREs in the proximal promoter and intron of SPRY2. Our studies demonstrated that not only is the SPRY2 promoter methylated, but silencing HIF1α/2α reduced the methylation. ChIP assays also showed DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) binding to the proximal promoter and first intron of SPRY2 and silencing HIF1α/2α decreased this association. Additionally, silencing of DNMT1 mimicked the HIF1α/2α silencing-mediated increase in SPRY2 mRNA and protein. While simultaneous silencing of HIF1α/2α and DNMT1 increased SPRY2 mRNA a little more, the increase was not additive suggesting a common mechanism by which DNMT1 and HIF1α/2α regulate SPRY2 transcription. Together these data suggest that the transcription of SPRY2 is inhibited by HIFs, in part, via DNMT1- mediated methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kristin C. Hicks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Tarun B. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hasanov E, Chen G, Chowdhury P, Weldon J, Ding Z, Jonasch E, Sen S, Walker CL, Dere R. Ubiquitination and regulation of AURKA identifies a hypoxia-independent E3 ligase activity of VHL. Oncogene 2017; 36:3450-3463. [PMID: 28114281 PMCID: PMC5485216 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-regulated tumor-suppressor von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an E3 ligase that recognizes its substrates as part of an oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) reaction, with hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIFα) being its most notable substrate. Here we report that VHL has an equally important function distinct from its hypoxia-regulated activity. We find that Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a novel, hypoxia-independent target for VHL ubiquitination. In contrast to its hypoxia-regulated activity, VHL mono-, rather than poly-ubiquitinates AURKA, in a PHD-independent reaction targeting AURKA for degradation in quiescent cells, where degradation of AURKA is required to maintain the primary cilium. Tumor-associated variants of VHL differentiate between these two functions, as a pathogenic VHL mutant that retains intrinsic ability to ubiquitinate HIFα is unable to ubiquitinate AURKA. Together, these data identify VHL as an E3 ligase with important cellular functions under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hasanov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G Chen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Chowdhury
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Weldon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Sen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C L Walker
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Dere
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 controls lung branching through protein-level regulation of ETV transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7557-62. [PMID: 27335464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603310113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian lung is an elaborate branching organ, and it forms following a highly stereotypical morphogenesis program. It is well established that precise control at the transcript level is a key genetic underpinning of lung branching. In comparison, little is known about how regulation at the protein level may play a role. Ring finger and WD domain 2 (RFWD2, also termed COP1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that modifies specific target proteins, priming their degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. RFWD2 is known to function in the adult in pathogenic processes such as tumorigenesis. Here, we show that prenatal inactivation of Rfwd2 gene in the lung epithelium led to a striking halt in branching morphogenesis shortly after secondary branch formation. This defect is accompanied by distalization of the lung epithelium while growth and cellular differentiation still occurred. In the mutant lung, two E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors essential for normal lung branching, ETS translocation variant 4 (ETV4) and ETV5, were up-regulated at the protein level, but not at the transcript level. Introduction of Etv loss-of-function alleles into the Rfwd2 mutant background attenuated the branching phenotype, suggesting that RFWD2 functions, at least in part, through degrading ETV proteins. Because a number of E3 ligases are known to target factors important for lung development, our findings provide a preview of protein-level regulatory network essential for lung branching morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hicks KC, Patel TB. Sprouty2 Protein Regulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor-α (HIFα) Protein Levels and Transcription of HIFα-responsive Genes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16787-801. [PMID: 27281823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-subunits of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF1α and HIF2α) promote transcription of genes that regulate glycolysis and cell survival and growth. Sprouty2 (Spry2) is a modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and inhibits cell proliferation by a number of different mechanisms. Because of the seemingly opposite actions of HIFα subunits and Spry2 on cellular processes, we investigated whether Spry2 regulates the levels of HIF1α and HIF2α proteins. In cell lines from different types of tumors in which the decreased protein levels of Spry2 have been associated with poor prognosis, silencing of Spry2 elevated HIF1α protein levels. Increases in HIF1α and HIF2α protein levels due to silencing of Spry2 also up-regulated HIFα target genes. Using HIF1α as a prototype, we show that Spry2 decreases HIF1α stability and enhances the ubiquitylation of HIF1α by a von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL)-dependent mechanism. Spry2 also exists in a complex with HIF1α. Because Spry2 can also associate with pVHL, using a mutant form of Spry2 (3P/3A-Spry2) that binds HIF1α, but not pVHL, we show that WT-Spry2, but not the 3P/3A-Spry2 decreases HIF1α protein levels. In accordance, expression of WT-Spry2, but not 3P/3A-Spry2 results in a decrease in HIF1α-sensitive glucose uptake. Together our data suggest that Spry2 acts as a scaffold to bring more pVHL/associated E3 ligase in proximity of HIF1α and increase its ubiquitylation and degradation. This represents a novel action for Spry2 in modulating biological processes regulated by HIFα subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Hicks
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, and
| | - Tarun B Patel
- the Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York 12208
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cai W, Yang H. The structure and regulation of Cullin 2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases and their biological functions. Cell Div 2016; 11:7. [PMID: 27222660 PMCID: PMC4878042 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes play a central role in targeting cellular proteins for ubiquitination-dependent protein turnover through 26S proteasome. Cullin-2 is a member of the Cullin family, and it serves as a scaffold protein for Elongin B and C, Rbx1 and various substrate recognition receptors to form E3 ubiquitin ligases. Main body of the abstract First, the composition, structure and the regulation of Cullin-2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases were introduced. Then the targets, the biological functions of complexes that use VHL, Lrr-1, Fem1b, Prame, Zyg-11, BAF250, Rack1 as substrate targeting subunits were described, and their involvement in diseases was discussed. A small molecule inhibitor of Cullins as a potential anti-cancer drug was introduced. Furthermore, proteins with VHL box that might bind to Cullin-2 were described. Finally, how different viral proteins form E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes with Cullin-2 to counter host viral defense were explained. Conclusions Cullin-2 based E3 ubiquitin ligases, using many different substrate recognition receptors, recognize a number of substrates and regulate their protein stability. These complexes play critical roles in biological processes and diseases such as cancer, germline differentiation and viral defense. Through the better understanding of their biology, we can devise and develop new therapeutic strategies to treat cancers, inherited diseases and viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heir P, Srikumar T, Bikopoulos G, Bunda S, Poon BP, Lee JE, Raught B, Ohh M. Oxygen-dependent Regulation of Erythropoietin Receptor Turnover and Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7357-72. [PMID: 26846855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare familial cancer predisposition syndrome caused by a loss or mutation in a single gene,VHL, but it exhibits a wide phenotypic variability that can be categorized into distinct subtypes. The phenotypic variability has been largely argued to be attributable to the extent of deregulation of the α subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor α, a well established target of VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase, ECV (Elongins/Cul2/VHL). Here, we show that erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is hydroxylated on proline 419 and 426 via prolyl hydroxylase 3. EPOR hydroxylation is required for binding to the β domain of VHL and polyubiquitylation via ECV, leading to increased EPOR turnover. In addition, several type-specific VHL disease-causing mutants, including those that have retained proper binding and regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor α, showed a severe defect in binding prolyl hydroxylated EPOR peptides. These results identify EPOR as the secondbona fidehydroxylation-dependent substrate of VHL that potentially influences oxygen homeostasis and contributes to the complex genotype-phenotype correlation in VHL disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Heir
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Severa Bunda
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Betty P Poon
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 and
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Brian Raught
- the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael Ohh
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 and
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pharmacological targeting of the HIF hydroxylases--A new field in medicine development. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 47-48:54-75. [PMID: 26791432 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In human cells oxygen levels are 'sensed' by a set of ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases. These enzymes regulate a broad range of cellular and systemic responses to hypoxia by catalysing the post-translational hydroxylation of specific residues in the alpha subunits of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional complexes. The HIF hydroxylases are now the subject of pharmaceutical targeting by small molecule inhibitors that aim to activate or augment the endogenous HIF transcriptional response for the treatment of anaemia and other hypoxic human diseases. Here we consider the rationale for this therapeutic strategy from the biochemical, biological and medical perspectives. We outline structural and mechanistic considerations that are relevant to the design of HIF hydroxylase inhibitors, including likely determinants of specificity, and review published reports on their activity in pre-clinical models and clinical trials.
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen J, Liu F, Li H, Archacki S, Gao M, Liu Y, Liao S, Huang M, Wang J, Yu S, Li C, Tang Z, Liu M. pVHL interacts with Ceramide kinase like (CERKL) protein and ubiquitinates it for oxygen dependent proteasomal degradation. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2314-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of MAPK/ERK pathway. Through interacting with an increasing number of effectors, mediators, and regulators with ultimate influence on multiple targets within or beyond ERK, Sprouty orchestrates a complex, multilayered regulatory system and mediates a crosstalk among different signaling pathways for a coordinated cellular response. As such, Sprouty has been implicated in various developmental and physiological processes. Evidence shows that ERK is aberrantly activated in malignant conditions. Accordingly, Sprouty deregulation has been reported in different cancer types and shown to impact cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In this article, we have tried to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the Sprouty physiology and its regulatory functions in health, as well as an updated review of the Sprouty status in cancer. Putative implications of Sprouty in cancer biology, their clinical relevance, and their proposed applications are also revisited. As a developing story, however, role of Sprouty in cancer remains to be further elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- UNSW Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo W, Lin B, Wang Y, Zhong J, O'Meally R, Cole RN, Pandey A, Levchenko A, Semenza GL. PHD3-mediated prolyl hydroxylation of nonmuscle actin impairs polymerization and cell motility. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2788-96. [PMID: 25079693 PMCID: PMC4161513 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments play an essential role in cell movement, and many posttranslational modifications regulate actin filament assembly. Here we report that prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) interacts with nonmuscle actin in human cells and catalyzes hydroxylation of actin at proline residues 307 and 322. Blocking PHD3 expression or catalytic activity by short hairpin RNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition, respectively, decreased actin prolyl hydroxylation. PHD3 knockdown increased filamentous F-actin assembly, which was reversed by PHD3 overexpression. PHD3 knockdown increased cell velocity and migration distance. Inhibition of PHD3 prolyl hydroxylase activity by dimethyloxalylglycine also increased actin polymerization and cell migration. These data reveal a novel role for PHD3 as a negative regulator of cell motility through posttranslational modification of nonmuscle actins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Neuroregeneration Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Robert O'Meally
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Robert N Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Selvaraju V, Parinandi NL, Adluri RS, Goldman JW, Hussain N, Sanchez JA, Maulik N. Molecular mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of pharmacological inhibitors of HIF-prolyl 4-hydroxylases for treatment of ischemic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2631-65. [PMID: 23992027 PMCID: PMC4026215 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In this review, we have discussed the efficacy and effect of small molecules that act as prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors (PHDIs). The use of these compounds causes upregulation of the pro-angiogenic factors and hypoxia inducible factor-1α and -2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) to enhance angiogenic, glycolytic, erythropoietic, and anti-apoptotic pathways in the treatment of various ischemic diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in humans. RECENT ADVANCES Sprouting of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature and surgical intervention, such as coronary bypass and stent insertion, have been shown to be effective in attenuating ischemia. However, the initial reentry of oxygen leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress and result in ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. This apparent "oxygen paradox" must be resolved to combat IR injury. During hypoxia, decreased activity of PHDs initiates the accumulation and activation of HIF-1α, wherein the modulation of both PHD and HIF-1α appears as promising therapeutic targets for the pharmacological treatment of ischemic diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Research on PHDs and HIFs has shown that these molecules can serve as therapeutic targets for ischemic diseases by modulating glycolysis, erythropoiesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Efforts are underway to identify and synthesize safer small-molecule inhibitors of PHDs that can be administered in vivo as therapy against ischemic diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review presents a comprehensive and current account of the existing small-molecule PHDIs and their use in the treatment of ischemic diseases with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic action in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ram Sudheer Adluri
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Naveed Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Juan A. Sanchez
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
We have previously reported on the inhibition of HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor α)-regulated pathways by HEXIM1 [HMBA (hexamethylene-bis-acetamide)-inducible protein 1]. Disruption of HEXIM1 activity in a knock-in mouse model expressing a mutant HEXIM1 protein resulted in increased susceptibility to the development of mammary tumours, partly by up-regulation of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression, HIF-1α expression and aberrant vascularization. We now report on the mechanistic basis for HEXIM1 regulation of HIF-1α. We observed direct interaction between HIF-1α and HEXIM1, and HEXIM1 up-regulated hydroxylation of HIF-1α, resulting in the induction of the interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL (von Hippel-Lindau protein) and ubiquitination of HIF-1α. The up-regulation of hydroxylation involves HEXIM1-mediated induction of PHD3 (prolyl hydroxylase 3) expression and interaction of PHD3 with HIF-1α. Acetylation of HIF-1α has been proposed to result in increased interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL and induced pVHL-mediated ubiquitination, which leads to the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. HEXIM1 also attenuated the interaction of HIF-1α with HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), resulting in acetylation of HIF-1α. The consequence of HEXIM1 down-regulation of HIF-1α protein expression is attenuated expression of HIF-1α target genes in addition to VEGF and inhibition of HIF-1α-regulated cell invasion.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang J, Zhang W, Ji W, Liu X, Ouyang G, Xiao W. The von hippel-lindau protein suppresses androgen receptor activity. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:239-48. [PMID: 24422631 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate homeostasis and prostate cancer development. To understand the mechanism underlying the regulation of the AR holds a promise for developing novel therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer. Here, we show that the Von Hippel-Lindau gene product, pVHL, physically interacts with AR and inhibits AR transcription activity but does not induce AR turnover. Moreover, pVHL also suppresses androgen-induced cell proliferation, implicating a physiological role of pVHL in androgen-induced signaling pathway. In addition, we provide evidence to show that pVHL actually enhanced AR de-ubiquitination instead of inducing AR ubiquitination, uncovering a noncanonical role of pVHL in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Our data reveal a novel function of pVHL in the regulation of AR transcription activity, which may expand the scope of pVHL in tumor suppression and provide mechanistic insight into prostate cancer initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bloom AJ, Baker TB, Chen LS, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Bierut LJ, Goate A. Variants in two adjacent genes, EGLN2 and CYP2A6, influence smoking behavior related to disease risk via different mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:555-61. [PMID: 24045616 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide significant associations with cigarettes per day (CPD) and risk for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were previously reported in a region of 19q13, including CYP2A6 (nicotine metabolism enzyme) and EGLN2 (hypoxia response). The associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assumed to be proxies for functional variation in CYP2A6. Here, we demonstrate that when CYP2A6 and EGLN2 genotypes are analyzed together, the key EGLN2 variant, rs3733829, is not associated with nicotine metabolism independent of CYP2A6, but is nevertheless independently associated with CPD, and with breath carbon monoxide (CO), a phenotype associated with cigarette consumption and relevant to hypoxia. SNPs in EGLN2 are also associated with nicotine dependence and with smoking efficiency (CO/CPD). These results indicate a previously unappreciated novel mechanism behind genome-wide significant associations with cigarette consumption and disease risk unrelated to nicotine metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Joseph Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ikeda J, Ichiki T, Matsuura H, Inoue E, Kishimoto J, Watanabe A, Sankoda C, Kitamoto S, Tokunou T, Takeda K, Fong GH, Sunagawa K. Deletion of phd2 in myeloid lineage attenuates hypertensive cardiovascular remodeling. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000178. [PMID: 23778187 PMCID: PMC3698781 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension induces cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Infiltrated macrophages are critically involved in this process. We recently reported that inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2), which hydroxylates the proline residues of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) and thereby induces HIF-α degradation, suppressed inflammatory responses in macrophages. We examined whether myeloid-specific Phd2 deletion affects hypertension-induced cardiovascular remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS Myeloid-specific PHD2-deficient mice (MyPHD2KO) were generated by crossing Phd2-floxed mice with LysM-Cre transgenic mice, resulting in the accumulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in macrophage. Eight- to ten-week-old mice were given N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and Angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. L-NAME/Ang II comparably increased systolic blood pressure in control and MyPHD2KO mice. However, MyPHD2KO mice showed less aortic medial and adventitial thickening, and macrophage infiltration. Cardiac interstitial fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy were also significantly ameliorated in MyPHD2KO mice. Transforming growth factor-β and collagen expression were decreased in the aorta and heart from MyPHD2KO mice. Echocardiographic analysis showed that left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced ejection fraction induced by L-NAME/Ang II treatment in control mice were not observed in MyPHD2KO mice. Administration of digoxin that inhibits HIF-α synthesis to L-NAME/Ang II-treated MyPHD2KO mice reversed these beneficial features. CONCLUSIONS Phd2 deletion in myeloid lineage attenuates hypertensive cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis, which may be mediated by decreased inflammation- and fibrosis-associated gene expression in macrophages. PHD2 in myeloid lineage plays a critical role in hypertensive cardiovascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fraisl P. Crosstalk between oxygen- and nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways in angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1331-9. [PMID: 23485765 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With every heart beat blood rushes through a complex network of tubes to deliver essential ingredients of life, oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, this network of blood vessels is an indispensable part of vertebrate physiology. Its organization and architecture is highly dynamic in its form and function. Understanding how blood vessels develop, a process referred to as angiogenesis, is equally important as to know how they function considering that failure or misalignment of this process results in disorder and disease, in many cases of which death is inevitable. Much has been learned about the angiogenic process and the critical contributors of blood vessel function. A central determinant is oxygen, an evident contributor given the fact that oxygen delivery is a primary feature of blood vessel function. Not only is oxygen however essential for mitochondrial energy production, it also serves as a key molecule in various biochemical reactions, such as the formation of nitric oxide (NO), on its part a critical regulator of vascular tone and vessel homeostasis. Hence, oxygen abundance relates to the production of NO, and NO in turn regulates oxygen delivery and consumption. Given the importance of the intrinsic link these two molecules exert on angiogenesis and vessel function; this review shall highlight our current understanding on how these two molecules cooperate to form blood vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fraisl
- Cell Metabolism and Proliferation Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Peier M, Walpen T, Christofori G, Battegay E, Humar R. Sprouty2 expression controls endothelial monolayer integrity and quiescence. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:455-68. [PMID: 23232625 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is fundamental to the formation of mature blood vessels and depends on a functional, quiescent endothelial monolayer. However, how endothelial cells enter and maintain quiescence in the presence of angiogenic factors is still poorly understood. Here we identify the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonist Sprouty2 (Spry2) as a key player in mediating endothelial quiescence and barrier integrity in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs): Spry2 knockout MAECs show spindle-like shapes and are incapable of forming a functional, impermeable endothelial monolayer in the presence of FGF2. Whereas dense wild type cells exhibit contact inhibition and stop to proliferate, Spry2 knockout MAECs remain responsive to FGF2 and continue to proliferate even at high cell densities. Importantly, the anti-proliferative effect of Spry2 is absent in sparsely plated cells. This cell density-dependent Spry2 function correlates with highly increased Spry2 expression in confluent wild type MAECs. Spry2 protein expression is barely detectable in single cells but steadily increases in cells growing to high cell densities, with hypoxia being one contributing factor. At confluence, Spry2 expression correlates with intact cell-cell contacts, whereas disruption of cell-cell contacts by EGTA, TNFα and thrombin decreases Spry2 protein expression. In confluent cells, high Spry2 levels correlate with decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. In contrast, dense Spry2 knockout MAECs exhibit enhanced signaling by Erk1/2. Moreover, inhibiting Erk1/2 activity in Spry2 knockout cells restores wild type cobblestone monolayer morphology. This study thus reveals a novel Spry2 function, which mediates endothelial contact inhibition and barrier integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peier
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, GLO30 J14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs) target hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α subunits for proteasomal degradation in normoxia through hydroxylation. Recently, novel mechanisms of PHD activation and function have been unveiled. Interestingly, PHD3 can unexpectedly amplify HIF signaling through hydroxylation of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK) muscle isoform 2 (PKM2). Recent studies have also yielded insight into HIF-independent PHD functions, including the control of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking in synaptic transmission and the activation of transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1) ion channels by oxygen levels in sensory nerves. Finally, PHD activation has been shown to involve the iron chaperoning function of poly(rC) binding protein (PCBP)1 and the (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). The intersection of these regulatory pathways and interactions highlight the complexity of PHD regulation and function.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kunze R, Zhou W, Veltkamp R, Wielockx B, Breier G, Marti HH. Neuron-specific prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 2 knockout reduces brain injury after transient cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2012; 43:2748-56. [PMID: 22933585 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.669598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Numerous factors involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia, including erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor are transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). During normoxia, prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins hydroxylate HIF-α subunits, resulting in their degradation. We investigated the effect of neuronal deletion of PHD2, the most abundant isoform in brain, for stroke outcome. METHODS We generated neuron-specific Phd2 knockout mice and subjected animals to systemic hypoxia or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume and cell death were determined by histology. HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF target genes were analyzed by immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Neuron-specific ablation of Phd2 significantly increased protein stability of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the forebrain and enhanced expression of the neuroprotective HIF target genes erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as glucose transporter and glycolysis-related enzymes under hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Mice with Phd2-deficient neurons subjected to transient cerebral ischemia exhibited a strong reduction in infarct size, and cell death of hippocampal CA1 neurons located in the peri-infarct region was dramatically reduced in these mice. Vessel density in forebrain subregions, except for caudate-putamen, was not altered in Phd2-deficient animals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings denote that the endogenous adaptive response on hypoxic-ischemic insults in the brain is at least partly dependent on the activity of HIFs and identify PHD2 as the key regulator for the protective hypoxia response. The results suggest that specific inhibition of PHD2 may provide a useful therapeutic strategy to protect brain tissue from ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu Y, Brown KM, Wang ZA, van der Wel H, Teygong C, Zhang D, Blader IJ, West CM. The Skp1 protein from Toxoplasma is modified by a cytoplasmic prolyl 4-hydroxylase associated with oxygen sensing in the social amoeba Dictyostelium. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25098-110. [PMID: 22648409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In diverse types of organisms, cellular hypoxic responses are mediated by prolyl 4-hydroxylases that use O(2) and α-ketoglutarate as substrates to hydroxylate conserved proline residues in target proteins. Whereas in metazoans these enzymes control the stability of the HIFα family of transcription factor subunits, the Dictyostelium enzyme (DdPhyA) contributes to O(2) regulation of development by a divergent mechanism involving hydroxylation and subsequent glycosylation of DdSkp1, an adaptor subunit in E3(SCF) ubiquitin ligases. Sequences related to DdPhyA, DdSkp1, and the glycosyltransferases that cap Skp1 hydroxyproline occur also in the genomes of Toxoplasma and other protists, suggesting that this O(2) sensing mechanism may be widespread. Here we show by disruption of the TgphyA locus that this enzyme is required for Skp1 glycosylation in Toxoplasma and that disrupted parasites grow slowly at physiological O(2) levels. Conservation of cellular function was tested by expression of TgPhyA in DdphyA-null cells. Simple gene replacement did not rescue Skp1 glycosylation, whereas overexpression not only corrected Skp1 modification but also restored the O(2) requirement to a level comparable to that of overexpressed DdPhyA. Bacterially expressed TgPhyA protein can prolyl hydroxylate both Toxoplasma and Dictyostelium Skp1s. Kinetic analyses showed that TgPhyA has similar properties to DdPhyA, including a superimposable dependence on the concentration of its co-substrate α-ketoglutarate. Remarkably, however, TgPhyA had a significantly higher apparent affinity for O(2). The findings suggest that Skp1 hydroxylation by PhyA is a conserved process among protists and that this biochemical pathway may indirectly sense O(2) by detecting the levels of O(2)-regulated metabolites such as α-ketoglutarate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuechi Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang P, Chen JH, Guo XL. New insights into PTEN regulation mechanisms and its potential function in targeted therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:485-90. [PMID: 22902055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene of phosphatased activity. Its low or lacking expression closely relates with tumor progress and poor prognosis. The regulation and function ascribed to PTEN have become more diverse since its discovery as a putative phosphatase mutated in many human tumors. PTEN function is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level, as well as post-translationally by phosphorylation, oxidation and acetylation. Deregulation of PTEN is implicated in other human diseases in addition to cancers, including diabetes and obesity, modulation of PTEN level has widespread therapeutic applications to those tumorigenesis and non-tumor diseases. This review will summarize the new points on the regulation of PTEN and briefly discuss the potential therapeutic role of PTEN in some diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang Q, Yang H. The Roles of VHL-Dependent Ubiquitination in Signaling and Cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:35. [PMID: 22649785 PMCID: PMC3355907 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of tumor suppressor VHL is compromised in the vast majority of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and its mutations or loss of expression was causal for this disease. pVHL was found to be a substrate recognition subunit of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and most of the tumor-derived mutations disrupt this function. pVHL was found to bind to the alpha subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and promote their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Proline hydroxylation on key sites of HIFα provides the binding signal for pVHL E3 ligase complex. Beside HIFα, several other VHL targets have been identified, including activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), RNA polymerase II subunits RPB1 and hsRPB7, atypical protein kinase C (PKC), Sprouty2, β-adrenergic receptor II, and Myb-binding protein p160. HIFα is the most well studied substrate and has been proven to be critical for pVHL's tumor suppressor function, but the activated EGFR and PKC and other pVHL substrates might also be important for tumor growth and drug response. Their regulations by pVHL and their relevance to signaling and cancer are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fujita N, Markova D, Anderson DG, Chiba K, Toyama Y, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Expression of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) is selectively controlled by HIF-1 and HIF-2 proteins in nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc: distinct roles of PHD2 and PHD3 proteins in controlling HIF-1α activity in hypoxia. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16975-86. [PMID: 22451659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.334466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive response to hypoxia in nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc is regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Moreover, oxygen-dependent turnover of HIF-1α in these cells is controlled by the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) family of proteins. Whether HIF homologues control expression of PHDs and whether PHDs control hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) turnover and/or activity under hypoxia is not known. Here, we show that in nucleus pulposus cells, hypoxia robustly induces PHD3 expression and, to a lesser extent, of PHD2 and PHD1. Reporter analysis shows that the hypoxic induction of the PHD2 promoter is HIF-1α dependent, whereas PHD3 promoter/enhancer activity is dependent on both HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Lentiviral delivery of HIF-1α, ShHIF-1α, and ShHIF-1β confirmed these observations. Noteworthy, HIF-1α maintains basal expression of PHD1 in hypoxia at the posttranscriptional level. Finally, loss of function studies using lentiviral transduction of ShPHDs clearly shows that even at 1% O(2), PHD2 selectively degrades HIF-1α. In contrast, in hypoxia, PHD3 enhances HIF-1α transcriptional activity without affecting protein levels. To correlate these observations with disc disease, a condition characterized by tissue vascularization, we analyzed human tissues. Increased PHD1 mRNA expression but decreased PHD2 and PHD3 expression is observed in degenerate tissues. Interestingly, the hypoxic responsiveness of all the PHDs is maintained in isolated nucleus pulposus cells regardless of the disease state. We propose that PHD2 and PHD3 can be used as a biomarker of tissue oxygenation in the disc and that, as such, it may have important clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Okumura F, Matsuzaki M, Nakatsukasa K, Kamura T. The Role of Elongin BC-Containing Ubiquitin Ligases. Front Oncol 2012; 2:10. [PMID: 22649776 PMCID: PMC3355856 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Elongin complex was originally identified as a positive regulator of RNA polymerase II and is composed of a transcriptionally active subunit (A) and two regulatory subunits (B and C). The Elongin BC complex enhances the transcriptional activity of Elongin A. “Classical” SOCS box-containing proteins interact with the Elongin BC complex and have ubiquitin ligase activity. They also interact with the scaffold protein Cullin (Cul) and the RING domain protein Rbx and thereby are members of the Cullin RING ligase (CRL) superfamily. The Elongin BC complex acts as an adaptor connecting Cul and SOCS box proteins. Recently, it was demonstrated that classical SOCS box proteins can be further divided into two groups, Cul2- and Cul5-type proteins. The classical SOCS box-containing protein pVHL is now classified as a Cul2-type protein. The Elongin BC complex containing CRL family is now considered two distinct protein assemblies, which play an important role in regulating a variety of cellular processes such as tumorigenesis, signal transduction, cell motility, and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|