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Huang Y, Wang JW, Huang J, Tang L, Xu YH, Sun H, Tang J, Wang G. Pyroptosis, a target for cancer treatment? Apoptosis 2022; 27:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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2
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Ohira M, Kikuchi E, Mizuta S, Yoshida N, Onodera M, Nakanishi M, Okuyama T, Mashima R. Production of therapeutic iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme with a novel single-stranded RNA virus vector. Genes Cells 2021; 26:891-904. [PMID: 34480399 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Sendai virus vector has received a lot of attention due to its broad tropism for mammalian cells. As a result of efforts for genetic studies based on a mutant virus, we can now express more than 10 genes of up to 13.5 kilo nucleotides in a single vector with high protein expression efficiency. To prove this benefit, we examined the efficacy of the novel ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus vector harboring the human iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene with 1,653 base pairs, a causative gene for mucopolysaccharidosis type II, also known as a disorder of lysosomal storage disorders. As expected, this novel RNA vector with the human IDS gene exhibited its marked expression as determined by the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein and IDS enzyme activity. While these cells exhibited a normal growth rate, the BHK-21 transformant cells stably expressing the human IDS gene persistently generated an active human IDS enzyme extracellularly. The human IDS protein produced failed to be incorporated into the lysosome when cells were pretreated with mannose-6-phosphate, demonstrating that this human IDS enzyme has potential for therapeutic use by cross-correction. These results suggest that our novel RNA vector may be applicable for further clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ohira
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emika Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Mashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Apoptosome-dependent myotube formation involves activation of caspase-3 in differentiating myoblasts. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32366831 PMCID: PMC7198528 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2, -9, and -3 are reported to control myoblast differentiation into myotubes. This had been previously explained by phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic myoblasts inducing differentiation in neighboring cells. Here we show for the first time that caspase-3 is activated in the myoblasts undergoing differentiation. Using RNAi, we also demonstrate that differentiation requires both cytochrome c and Apaf-1, and by using a new pharmacological approach, we show that apoptosome formation is required. We also show that Bid, whose cleavage links caspase-2 to the mitochondrial death pathway, was required for differentiation, and that the caspase cleavage product, tBid, was generated during differentiation. Taken together, these data suggest that myoblast differentiation requires caspase-2 activation of the mitochondrial death pathway, and that this occurs in the cells that differentiate. Our data also reveal a hierarchy of caspases in differentiation with caspase-2 upstream of apoptosome activation, and exerting a more profound control of differentiation, while caspases downstream of the apoptosome primarily control cell fusion.
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Inthanon K, Janvikul W, Ongchai S, Chomdej S. Intrinsic Cellular Responses of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influenced by O 2-Plasma-Modified and Unmodified Surface of Alkaline-Hydrolyzed 2D and 3D PCL Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E52. [PMID: 31752199 PMCID: PMC6963654 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL), a hydrophobic-degradable polyester, has been widely investigated and extensively developed, to increase the biocompatibility for tissue engineering. This research was the first trial to evaluate the intrinsic biological responses of human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hWJMSCs) cultured on alkaline hydrolysis and low-pressure oxygen plasma modified 2D and 3D PCL scaffolds, without adding any differentiation inducers; this has not been reported before. Four types of the substrate were newly established: 2D plasma-treated PCL (2D-TP), 2D non-plasma-treated PCL (2D-NP), 3D plasma-treated PCL (3D-TP), and 3D non-plasma-treated PCL (3D-NP). Physicochemical characterization revealed that only plasma-treated PCL scaffolds significantly increased the hydrophilicity and % oxygen/carbon ratio on the surfaces. The RMS roughness of 3D was higher than 2D conformation, whilst the plasma-treated surfaces were rougher than the non-plasma treated ones. The cytocompatibility test demonstrated that the 2D PCLs enhanced the initial cell attachment in comparison to the 3Ds, indicated by a higher expression of focal adhesion kinase. Meanwhile, the 3Ds promoted cell proliferation and migration as evidence of higher cyclin-A expression and filopodial protrusion, respectively. The 3Ds potentially protected the cell from apoptosis/necrosis but also altered the pluripotency/differentiation-related gene expression. In summary, the different configuration and surface properties of PCL scaffolds displayed the significant potential and effectiveness for facilitating stem cell growth and differentiation in vitro. The cell-substrate interactions on modified surface PCL may provide some information which could be further applied in substrate architecture for stem cell accommodation in cell delivery system for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Inthanon
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Lampang 52190, Thailand
| | - Wanida Janvikul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Siriwan Ongchai
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry and the Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Siriwadee Chomdej
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Giri AK, Paichha M, Saha A, Das S, Samanta M. Lrcasp9 shares similarity in structural motifs with human caspase-9 and is activated following bacterial infection and anti-viral vaccination. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:340. [PMID: 30073125 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various caspases, caspase-9 plays a crucial role in the initiation phase of apoptotic cascade. To investigate about it in a high-valued freshwater fish species rohu (Labeo rohita), we cloned and characterized full-length caspase-9 cDNA (Lrcasp9) and analyzed its expression following bacterial infections and anti-viral vaccinations. The Lrcasp9 consisted of 1619-bp nucleotides (nt) having an ORF of 1302 nt encoding a polypeptide of 433 amino acids (aa) with a molecular mass of ∼ 48.20 kDa. Structurally, Lrcasp9 comprised of one CARD domain (1-89 aa) and one CASc domain (161-430 aa). The CASc domain consisted of one large subunit (p20) spanning from 168 to 300 aa, and a small sub unit (p10) from 343 to 430 aa. The caspase family signature histidine active motif H233SAYDCCVVIILSHG247, cysteine active motif K287PKLFFIQACGG298 and pentapeptide "QACGG" active sites present in the p20 domain of Lrcasp9 was conserved across fish species, mouse and human caspase-9. Phylogenetically, it was closely related to common carp caspase-9 and exhibited significant similarity (90.1%) and identity (85.3%) in their amino acid sequence. In the uninfected fish, Lrcasp9 gene expression was highest (~ 5.3-fold) in blood and lowest in gill. In response to Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda infection and rhabdoviral vaccination, Lrcasp9 gene expression was significantly (p > 0.05) enhanced in gill, liver, kidney and spleen, and also in vitro during cell death, suggesting activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in bacterial infections and anti-viral vaccination in Labeo rohita.
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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080392. [PMID: 30049972 PMCID: PMC6115776 DOI: 10.3390/v10080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract and they are responsible for the common cold—the most prevalent disease in the world. In many cases the common cold results in severe illness due to complications, such as fever or pneumonia. Children, old people, and immunosuppressed patients are at the highest risk and require fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. However, the availability and efficiencies of existing therapeutic approaches vary depending on the virus. Investigation of the pathologies that are associated with infection by respiratory viruses will be paramount for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the development of new therapies. Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Our review summarizes current knowledge on changes to redox homeostasis, as induced by the different respiratory viruses.
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Abstract
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates solely within a membrane-bound vacuole termed an inclusion. Chlamydia seems to perturb multiple cellular processes of the host, such as, rearrangement of the membrane trafficking system for its intracellular multiplication, and inhibition of host cell apoptosis for persistent infection. In an attempt to clarify host factor involvement in apoptosis regulation, we found that inhibition of Caspase-9 restricted, while Apaf-1 promoted, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in HEp-2, HeLa, and mouse epithelial fibroblast (MEF) cells. These opposition contributions to the chlamydial infection were confirmed using caspase-9−/− and apaf-1−/− MEFs. Similar phenomena also appeared in the case of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Interestingly, caspase-9 in apaf-1−/− MEFs was activated by chlamydial infection but during the infection caspase-3 was not activated. That is, caspase-9 was activated without support for multiplication and activation by Apaf-1, and the activated caspase-9 may be physically disconnected from the caspase cascade. This may be partially explained by the observation of caspase-9 accumulation within chlamydial inclusions. The sequestration of caspase-9 by chlamydia seems to result in apoptosis repression, which is crucial for the chlamydial development cycle. Because Apaf-1 shares domains with intracellular innate immune receptor NOD1, it may play a key role in the strategy to regulate chlamydial infection.
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Wolff S, Groseth A, Meyer B, Jackson D, Strecker T, Kaufmann A, Becker S. The New World arenavirus Tacaribe virus induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in infected cells. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:855-866. [PMID: 26769540 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arenaviridae is a diverse and growing family of viruses that already includes more than 25 distinct species. While some of these viruses have a significant impact on public health, others appear to be non-pathogenic. At present little is known about the host cell responses to infection with different arenaviruses, particularly those found in the New World; however, apoptosis is known to play an important role in controlling infection of many viruses. Here we show that infection with Tacaribe virus (TCRV), which is widely considered the prototype for non-pathogenic arenaviruses, leads to stronger induction of apoptosis than does infection with its human-pathogenic relative Junín virus. TCRV-induced apoptosis occurred in several cell types during late stages of infection and was shown to be caspase-dependent, involving the activation of caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9. Further, UV-inactivated TCRV did not induce apoptosis, indicating that the activation of this process is dependent on active viral replication/transcription. Interestingly, when apoptosis was inhibited, growth of TCRV was not enhanced, indicating that apoptosis does not have a direct negative effect on TCRV infection in vitro. Taken together, our data identify and characterize an important virus-host cell interaction of the prototypic, non-pathogenic arenavirus TCRV, which provides important insight into the growing field of arenavirus research aimed at better understanding the diversity in responses to different arenavirus infections and their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wolff
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- University of St Andrews, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David Jackson
- University of St Andrews, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaufmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Zhang Q, Xu X, Yuan Y, Gong X, Chen Z, Xu X. IPS-1 plays a dual function to directly induce apoptosis in murine melanoma cells by inactivated Sendai virus. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:224-34. [PMID: 23784981 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated Sendai virus (HVJ-E) directly kills cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through a mechanism mediated by Janus kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways. However, whether other signaling pathways are involved remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying HVJ-E-induced apoptosis in murine B16F10 melanoma cells. We found that HVJ-E induced B16F10 cell apoptosis via the caspase pathway, particularly caspase-9, which mediates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation also contributed to HVJ-E-induced apoptosis. Whereas caspase pathway involvement depended on both IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) and type I interferon (IFN), MAPK pathway activation was independent of type I IFN but involved IPS-1. In addition, intratumoral HVJ-E treatment displayed a direct oncolytic effect in an in vivo BALB/c nude mouse melanoma model. Collectively, our data provides new insights into the mechanism underlying HVJ-E-induced apoptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Bartlett EJ, Cruz AM, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Esker J, Castaño A, Skiadopoulos MH, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schmidt AC. A novel human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) with separated P and C genes is useful for generating C gene mutants for evaluation as live-attenuated virus vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2009; 28:767-79. [PMID: 19857454 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 1 (rHPIV1), rHPIV1-C+P, in which the overlapping open reading frames of the C and P genes were separated in order to introduce mutations into the C gene without affecting P, was generated. Infectious rHPIV1-C+P was readily recovered and replicated as efficiently as HPIV1 wild type (wt) in vitro and in African green monkeys (AGMs). rHPIV1-C+P expressed increased levels of C protein and, surprisingly, activated the type I IFN and apoptosis responses more strongly than HPIV1 wt. rHPIV1-C+P provided a useful backbone for recovering an attenuated P/C gene mutation (Delta 84-85), which was previously unrecoverable, likely due to detrimental effects of the deletion on the P protein. rHPIV1-C(Delta 84-85)+P and an additional mutant, rHPIV1-C(Delta 169-170)+P, were found to replicate to similar titers in vitro and to activate the type I IFN and apoptosis responses to a similar degree as rHPIV1-C+P. rHPIV1-C(Delta 84-85)+P was found to be highly attenuated in AGMs, and all viruses were immunogenic and effective in protecting AGMs against challenge with HPIV1 wt. rHPIV1-C(Delta 84-85)+P will be investigated as a potential live-attenuated vaccine candidate for HPIV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalene J Bartlett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, RNA Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-2007, USA
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11
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Warmann SW, Armeanu S, Heigoldt H, Ruck P, Vonthein R, Heitmann H, Seitz G, Lemken ML, Bitzer M, Fuchs J, Lauer UM. Adenovirus-mediated cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine suicide gene therapy of human hepatoblastoma in vitro. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:145-51. [PMID: 19213079 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance is a key factor for the sobering outcome of relapsed and metastatic human hepatoblastoma (HB). Gene directed treatment approaches were recently identified as possible treatment options against advanced HB, in which standard chemotherapy regimens are partially insufficient. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the effects of suicide gene therapy in three HB cell lines using a yeast-derived cytosine deaminase (YCD)-combined yeast uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (YUPRT)-based adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. PROCEDURE YCD and YUPRT were fused to form the bifunctional suicide gene SuperCD. Adeonoviral vectors were used for transduction. Tumor cells transduced at MOI 50 were incubated with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in ascending concentrations. RESULTS Transduction rates were 87.8% (+6.7) in the mixed HB cell line HUH6, 98.6% (+1.4) in the epithelial HB cell line HepT1 and 93.6% (+0.6) in the multifocal HB embryonal cell line HepT3, respectively. In HepT3 and HepT1 cells suicide gene therapy with SuperCD/5-FC was highly effective leading to HB cell damage far above those of application of the prodrug 5-FC only. In HUH6 cells the approach had no effect due to a lack in activity of the CMV promoter being employed for transcription of the SuperCD transgene. CONCLUSION Assuming employment of fully active promoters, the SuperCD/5-FC approach may serve as a potentially useful anti-tumor strategy against advanced HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Warmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ranganathan S, Harmison GG, Meyertholen K, Pennuto M, Burnett BG, Fischbeck KH. Mitochondrial abnormalities in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 18:27-42. [PMID: 18824496 PMCID: PMC2644643 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a motor neuron disease caused by polyglutamine expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (AR). We investigated whether the mutant protein alters mitochondrial function. We found that constitutive and doxycycline-induced expression of the mutant AR in MN-1 and PC12 cells, respectively, are associated with depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. This was mitigated by cyclosporine A, which inhibits opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We also found that the expression of the mutant protein in the presence of ligand results in an elevated level of reactive oxygen species, which is blocked by the treatment with the antioxidants co-enzyme Q10 and idebenone. The mutant protein in MN-1 cells also resulted in increased Bax, caspase 9 and caspase 3. We assessed the effects of mutant AR on the transcription of mitochondrial proteins and found altered expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 and the mitochondrial specific antioxidant superoxide dismutase-2 in affected tissues of SBMA knock-in mice. In addition, we found that the AR associates with mitochondria in cultured cells. This study thus provides evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in SBMA cell and animal models, either through indirect effects on the transcription of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes or through direct effects of the mutant protein on mitochondria or both. These findings indicate possible benefit from mitochondrial therapy for SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ranganathan
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Human parainfluenza virus type 1 C proteins are nonessential proteins that inhibit the host interferon and apoptotic responses and are required for efficient replication in nonhuman primates. J Virol 2008; 82:8965-77. [PMID: 18614629 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00853-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 1 (rHPIV1) was modified to create rHPIV1-P(C-), a virus in which expression of the C proteins (C', C, Y1, and Y2) was silenced without affecting the amino acid sequence of the P protein. Infectious rHPIV1-P(C-) was readily recovered from cDNA, indicating that the four C proteins were not essential for virus replication. Early during infection in vitro, rHPIV1-P(C-) replicated as efficiently as wild-type (wt) HPIV1, but its titer subsequently decreased coincident with the onset of an extensive cytopathic effect not observed with wt rHPIV1. rHPIV1-P(C-) infection, but not wt rHPIV1 infection, induced caspase 3 activation and nuclear fragmentation in LLC-MK2 cells, identifying the HPIV1 C proteins as inhibitors of apoptosis. In contrast to wt rHPIV1, rHPIV1-P(C-) and rHPIV1-C(F170S), a mutant encoding an F170S substitution in C, induced interferon (IFN) and did not inhibit IFN signaling in vitro. However, only rHPIV1-P(C-) induced apoptosis. Thus, the anti-IFN and antiapoptosis activities of HPIV1 were separable: both activities are disabled in rHPIV1-P(C-), whereas only the anti-IFN activity is disabled in rHPIV1-C(F170S). In African green monkeys (AGMs), rHPIV1-P(C-) was considerably more attenuated than rHPIV1-C(F170S), suggesting that disabling the anti-IFN and antiapoptotic activities of HPIV1 had additive effects on attenuation in vivo. Although rHPIV1-P(C-) protected against challenge with wt HPIV1, its highly restricted replication in AGMs and in primary human airway epithelial cell cultures suggests that it might be overattenuated for use as a vaccine. Thus, the C proteins of HPIV1 are nonessential but have anti-IFN and antiapoptosis activities required for virulence in primates.
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McDonnell MA, Abedin MJ, Melendez M, Platikanova TN, Ecklund JR, Ahmed K, Kelekar A. Phosphorylation of murine caspase-9 by the protein kinase casein kinase 2 regulates its cleavage by caspase-8. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20149-58. [PMID: 18467326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802846200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory had indicated that cytochrome c-independent processing and activation of caspase-9 by caspase-8 contributed to early amplification of the caspase cascade in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-treated murine cells. Here we show that murine caspase-9 is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) on a serine near the site of caspase-8 cleavage. CK2 has been shown to regulate cleavage of the pro-apoptotic Bid protein by phosphorylating serine residues near its caspase-8 cleavage site. Similarly, CK2 modification of Ser(348) on caspase-9 appears to render the protease refractory to cleavage by active caspase-8. This phosphorylation did not affect the ability of caspase-9 to autoprocess. Substitution of Ser(348) abolished phosphorylation but not cleavage, and a phospho-site mutant promoted apoptosis in TNF-alpha-treated caspase-9 knock-out mouse embryo fibroblasts. Furthermore, inhibition of CK2 activity and RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the kinase accelerated caspase-9 activation, whereas phosphatase inhibition delayed both caspase-9 activation and death in response to TNF receptor occupation. Taken together, these studies show that TNF receptor cross-linking promotes dephosphorylation of caspase-9, rendering it susceptible to processing by activated caspase-8 protein. Thus, our data suggest that modification of procaspase-9 to protect it from inappropriate cleavage and activation is yet another mechanism by which the oncogenic kinase CK2 promotes survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McDonnell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Nishimura K, Segawa H, Goto T, Morishita M, Masago A, Takahashi H, Ohmiya Y, Sakaguchi T, Asada M, Imamura T, Shimotono K, Takayama K, Yoshida T, Nakanishi M. Persistent and stable gene expression by a cytoplasmic RNA replicon based on a noncytopathic variant Sendai virus. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27383-27391. [PMID: 17623660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702028200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent and stable expression of foreign genes has been achieved in mammalian cells by integrating the genes into the host chromosomes. However, this approach has several shortcomings in practical applications. For example, large scale production of protein pharmaceutics frequently requires laborious amplification of the inserted genes to optimize the gene expression. The random chromosomal insertion of exogenous DNA also results occasionally in malignant transformation of normal tissue cells, raising safety concerns in medical applications. Here we report a novel cytoplasmic RNA replicon capable of expressing installed genes stably without chromosome insertion. This system is based on the RNA genome of a noncytopathic variant Sendai virus strain, Cl.151. We found that this variant virus establishes stable symbiosis with host cells by escaping from retinoic acid-inducible gene I-interferon regulatory factor 3-mediated antiviral machinery. Using a cloned genome cDNA of Sendai virus Cl.151, we developed a recombinant RNA installed with exogenous marker genes that was maintained stably in the cytoplasm as a high copy replicon (about 4 x 10(4) copies/cell) without interfering with normal cellular function. Strong expression of the marker genes persisted for more than 6 months in various types of cultured cells and for at least two months in rat colonic mucosa without any apparent side effects. This stable RNA replicon is a potentially valuable genetic platform for various biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nishimura
- Biotherapeutic Research Laboratory and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan; Japan Society for Promotion of Science, 6 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan, the
| | - Hiroaki Segawa
- Biotherapeutic Research Laboratory and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Takahiro Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan, the
| | - Mariko Morishita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan, the
| | - Akinori Masago
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, the
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogo-in, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, the
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmiya
- Resarch Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan, and the
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Asada
- Signaling Molecules Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, the
| | - Toru Imamura
- Signaling Molecules Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, the
| | - Kunitada Shimotono
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogo-in, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, the
| | - Kozo Takayama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan, the
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotherapeutic Research Laboratory and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
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16
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Yadavilli S, Martinez-Ceballos E, Snowden-Aikens J, Hurst A, Joseph T, Albrecht T, Muganda PM. Diepoxybutane activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and mediates apoptosis in human lymphoblasts through oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1429-41. [PMID: 17693053 PMCID: PMC2169382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most potent metabolite of the environmental chemical 1,3-butadiene (BD), which is prevalent in petrochemical industrial areas. BD is a known mutagen and human carcinogen, and possesses multi-systems organ toxicity. We recently reported that DEB-induced cell death in TK6 lymphoblasts was due to the occurrence of apoptosis, and not necrosis. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for DEB-induced apoptosis in these cells. Bax and Bak were found to be over-expressed and activated, and the mitochondrial trans-membrane potential was attenuated in cells undergoing DEB-induced apoptosis. Cytochrome c was depleted from the mitochondria of TK6 cells undergoing apoptosis, and was released into the cytosol in Jurkat T-lymphoblasts exposed to the same concentrations of DEB. Executioner caspase 3 was deduced to be activated by initiator caspase 9. DEB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine effectively blocked DEB-induced apoptosis in TK6 cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is activated to mediate DEB-induced apoptosis in human TK6 lymphoblasts. These results further demonstrate that DEB-induced apoptosis is also mediated by the DEB-induced generation of ROS. This is the first report to examine the mechanism of DEB-induced apoptosis in human lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Yadavilli
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- Health Research Center, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Janana Snowden-Aikens
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Angela Hurst
- Health Research Center, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Tranole Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
| | - Thomas Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Perpetua M. Muganda
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- Health Research Center, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813
- *To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at 216 Health Research Center, P.O. Box 9245, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813. Phone: (225) 771-3606. Fax: (225) 771-3060. E-mail:
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17
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St-Louis MC, Archambault D. The equine arteritis virus induces apoptosis via caspase-8 and mitochondria-dependent caspase-9 activation. Virology 2007; 367:147-55. [PMID: 17583760 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously showed that equine arteritis virus (EAV), an arterivirus, induces apoptosis in vitro. To determine the caspase activation pathways involved in EAV-induced apoptosis, target cells were treated with peptide inhibitors of apoptosis Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor), Z-IETD-FMK (caspase-8-specific inhibitor) or Z-LEHD-FMK (caspase-9-specific inhibitor) 4 h prior to infection with the EAV T1329 Canadian isolate. Significant inhibition of apoptosis was obtained with all peptide inhibitors used. Furthermore, apoptosis was inhibited in cells expressing the R1 subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (HSV2-R1) or hsp70, two proteins which are known to inhibit apoptosis associated with caspase-8 activation and cytochrome c release-dependent caspase-9 activation, respectively. Given the activation of Bid and the translocation of cytochrome c within the cytoplasm, the overall results indicate that EAV induces apoptosis initiated by caspase-8 activation and subsequent mitochondria-dependent caspase-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude St-Louis
- University of Québec at Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, PO Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Wang MJ, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. Actinomycin D enhances TRAIL-induced caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:40-6. [PMID: 17707539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has attracted great attention as a promising anti-cancer reagent. Recombinant soluble TRAIL (rsTRAIL) derivatives induce apoptosis in various cancer cells, but not in most normal cells. However, a number of cancerous cell types are resistant to TRAIL cytotoxicity, limiting its application in cancer therapy. In the present study, we report that actinomycin D (Act D) pretreatment increases apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with rsTRAIL. Both caspase-9 and caspase-7, but not caspase-3, were activated during the apoptosis process. z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, only partially suppressed apoptosis of the cells, suggesting that the Act D-enhanced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y occurred via caspase-dependent and -independent manners. In cells pretreated with Act D, we found decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and up-regulated apoptotic-inducing factor (AIF). Cell death was blocked in cells stably transfected with AIF-siRNA plasmid. Taken together, these data indicate that Act D sensitizes SH-SY5Y cells to rsTRAIL-induced apoptosis via caspase activation, impairment of the mitochondrial membrane, release of ROS, and up-regulation of AIF expression. This study provides a novel strategy for the therapy of malignant neuroblastoma resistant to rsTRAIL cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Wang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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19
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Milisav I, Suput D. Procaspase-9 is attached to the mitochondrial outer membrane in the early stages of apoptosis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2007; 12:509-22. [PMID: 17468838 PMCID: PMC6275611 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-007-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Procaspase-9 is the zymogen form of one of the apoptosis initiators, caspase-9. Its cellular location may differ depending on the cell type; it is found throughout the cytosol, although some of it may be associated with the mitochondria. Procaspase-9 relocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria shortly after the triggering of apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. We investigated whether the mitochondrial protein import machineries import procaspase-9. The combined results of protein import analyses, mitochondrial fractionation and protease treatments of intact and swollen mitochondria imply that procaspase-9 attaches to the outer surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Milisav
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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20
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Mazurek N, Sun YJ, Liu KF, Gilcrease MZ, Schober W, Nangia-Makker P, Raz A, Bresalier RS. Phosphorylated galectin-3 mediates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand signaling by regulating phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 in human breast carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21337-48. [PMID: 17420249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608810200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (GAL3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, confers chemoresistance to a wide variety of cancer cell types. It may exhibit anti- or pro-apoptotic activity depending on the nature of the stimulus. We report here that introducing phosphorylated galectin-3 (P-GAL3) into GAL3-null, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistant human breast carcinoma cells promotes TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death by stimulating the phosphorylation/inactivation of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bad resulting in the inhibition of mitochondrial depolarization and the release of cytochrome c. Exposure of the transfectant cells to TRAIL leads to the recruitment of the initiator capase-8 followed by activation of the effector caspase-9, independent of cytochrome c, and subsequently the processing of the executioner caspase-3. P-GAL3 and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) were coordinately expressed, with concomitant dephosphorylation of Akt in TRAIL-sensitive cells. In contrast, overexpression of phospho-mutant GAL3 (incapable of phosphorylation) failed to elicit similar responses. Depletion of PTEN using small interference RNAs reinstated Akt phosphorylation and conferred TRAIL resistance. In addition phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors rendered the phospho-mutant GAL3-resistant cells sensitive to TRAIL. These findings suggest a pivotal role for P-GAL3 in promoting TRAIL sensitivity through activation of a nonclassic apoptotic pathway and identify P-GAL3 as a novel regulator of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachman Mazurek
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Samraj AK, Sohn D, Schulze-Osthoff K, Schmitz I. Loss of caspase-9 reveals its essential role for caspase-2 activation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 18:84-93. [PMID: 17079734 PMCID: PMC1751323 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-04-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-9 plays an important role in apoptosis induced by genotoxic stress. Irradiation and anticancer drugs trigger mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, resulting in cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. Two highly contentious issues, however, remain: It is unclear whether the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential DeltaPsi(M) contributes to cytochrome c release and whether caspases are involved. Moreover, an unresolved question is whether caspase-2 functions as an initiator in genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we have identified a mutant Jurkat T-cell line that is deficient in caspase-9 and resistant to apoptosis. Anticancer drugs, however, could activate proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and cytochrome c release, similarly as in caspase-9-proficient cells. Interestingly, despite these alterations, the cells retained DeltaPsi(M). Furthermore, processing and enzyme activity of caspase-2 were not observed in the absence of caspase-9. Reconstitution of caspase-9 expression restored not only apoptosis but also the loss of DeltaPsi(M) and caspase-2 activity. Thus, we provide genetic evidence that caspase-9 is indispensable for drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Moreover, loss of DeltaPsi(M) can be functionally separated from cytochrome c release. Caspase-9 is not only required for DeltaPsi(M) loss but also for caspase-2 activation, suggesting that these two events are downstream of the apoptosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy K. Samraj
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Dennis Sohn
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
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22
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Dessauge F, Cayla X, Albar JP, Fleischer A, Ghadiri A, Duhamel M, Rebollo A. Identification of PP1alpha as a caspase-9 regulator in IL-2 deprivation-induced apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2441-51. [PMID: 16888006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms that regulate cell death is the reversible phosphorylation of proteins. ERK/MAPK phosphorylates caspase-9 at Thr(125), and this phosphorylation is crucial for caspase-9 inhibition. Until now, the phosphatase responsible for Thr(125) dephosphorylation has not been described. Here, we demonstrate that in IL-2-proliferating cells, phosphorylated serine/threonine phosphatase type 1alpha (PP1alpha) associates with phosphorylated caspase-9. IL-2 deprivation induces PP1alpha dephosphorylation, which leads to its activation and, as a consequence, dephosphorylation and activation of caspase-9 and subsequent dissociation of both molecules. In cell-free systems supplemented with ATP caspase-9 activation is induced by addition of cytochrome c and we show that in this process PP1alpha is indispensable for triggering caspase-9 as well as caspase-3 cleavage and activation. Moreover, PP1alpha associates with caspase-9 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it is the phosphatase responsible for caspase-9 dephosphorylation and activation. Finally, we describe two novel phosphatase-binding sites different from the previously described PP1alpha consensus motifs, and we demonstrate that these novel sites mediate the interaction of PP1alpha with caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dessauge
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité 543 INSERM, Bâtiment CERVI, 83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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23
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Gyrd-Hansen M, Farkas T, Fehrenbacher N, Bastholm L, Høyer-Hansen M, Elling F, Wallach D, Flavell R, Kroemer G, Nylandsted J, Jäättelä M. Apoptosome-independent activation of the lysosomal cell death pathway by caspase-9. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:7880-91. [PMID: 16966373 PMCID: PMC1636747 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00716-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosome, a heptameric complex of Apaf-1, cytochrome c, and caspase-9, has been considered indispensable for the activation of caspase-9 during apoptosis. By using a large panel of genetically modified murine embryonic fibroblasts, we show here that, in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), caspase-8 cleaves and activates caspase-9 in an apoptosome-independent manner. Interestingly, caspase-8-cleaved caspase-9 induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization but failed to activate the effector caspases whereas apoptosome-dependent activation of caspase-9 could trigger both events. Consistent with the ability of TNF to activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and the caspase-9-dependent lysosomal cell death pathway in parallel, their individual inhibition conferred only a modest delay in TNF-induced cell death whereas simultaneous inhibition of both pathways was required to achieve protection comparable to that observed in caspase-9-deficient cells. Taken together, the findings indicate that caspase-9 plays a dual role in cell death signaling, as an activator of effector caspases and lysosomal membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Apoptosis Department and Centre for Genotoxic Stress, Institute for Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Burek M, Maddika S, Burek CJ, Daniel PT, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Apoptin-induced cell death is modulated by Bcl-2 family members and is Apaf-1 dependent. Oncogene 2006; 25:2213-22. [PMID: 16288204 PMCID: PMC2954965 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Apoptin, a chicken anemia virus-derived protein, selectively induces apoptosis in transformed but not in normal cells, thus making it a promising candidate as a novel anticancer therapeutic. The mechanism of apoptin-induced apoptosis is largely unknown. Here, we report that contrary to previous assumptions, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibit apoptin-induced cell death in several tumor cell lines. In contrast, deficiency of Bax conferred resistance, whereas Bax expression sensitized cells to apoptin-induced death. Cell death induction by apoptin was associated with cytochrome c release from mitochondria as well as with caspase-3 and -7 activation. Benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone, a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, was highly protective against apoptin-induced cell death. Apoptosis induced by apoptin required Apaf-1, as immortalized Apaf-1-deficient fibroblasts as well as tumor cells devoid of Apaf-1 were strongly protected. Thus, our data indicate that apoptin-induced apoptosis is not only Bcl-2- and caspase dependent, but also engages an Apaf-1 apoptosome-mediated mitochondrial death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burek
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S Maddika
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Canada
| | - CJ Burek
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - PT Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Schulze-Osthoff
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Los
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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25
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential physiological process that plays a critical role in development and tissue homeostasis. The progress of apoptosis is regulated in an orderly way by a series of signal cascades under certain circumstances. The caspase-cascade system plays vital roles in the induction, transduction and amplification of intracellular apoptotic signals. Caspases, closely associated with apoptosis, are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases and members of the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme family. The activation and function of caspases, involved in the delicate caspase-cascade system, are regulated by various kinds of molecules, such as the inhibitor of apoptosis protein, Bcl-2 family proteins, calpain, and Ca2+. Based on the latest research, the members of the caspase family, caspase-cascade system and caspase-regulating molecules involved in apoptosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jun Fan
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Division of Life Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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26
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Armeanu S, Bitzer M, Smirnow I, Bossow S, Appel S, Ungerechts G, Bernloehr C, Neubert WJ, Lauer UM, Brossart P. Severe Impairment of Dendritic Cell Allostimulatory Activity by Sendai Virus Vectors Is Overcome by Matrix Protein Gene Deletion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4971-80. [PMID: 16210599 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of Ags to dendritic cells (DCs) plays a pivotal role in the induction of efficient immune responses ranging from immunity to tolerance. The observation that certain viral pathogens are able to infect DCs has led to a concept in which applications of recombinant viruses are used for Ag delivery with the potential benefit of inducing potent Ag-specific T cell responses directed against multiple epitopes. As a prerequisite for such an application, the infection of DCs by recombinant viruses should not interfere with their stimulatory capacity. In this context, we could show that an emerging negative-strand RNA viral vector system based on the Sendai virus (SeV) is able to efficiently infect monocyte-derived human DCs (moDCs). However, after infection with SeV wild type, both the response of DCs to bacterial LPS as a powerful mediator of DC maturation and the allostimulatory activity were severely impaired. Interestingly, using various recombinant SeV vectors that were devoid of single viral genes, we were able to identify the SeV matrix (M) protein as a key component in moDC functional impairment after viral infection. Consequently, use of M-deficient SeV vectors preserved the allostimulatory activity in infected moDCs despite an efficient expression of all other virally encoded genes, thereby identifying M-deficient vectors as a highly potent tool for the genetic manipulation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Armeanu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Armeanu S, Bitzer M, Lauer UM, Venturelli S, Pathil A, Krusch M, Kaiser S, Jobst J, Smirnow I, Wagner A, Steinle A, Salih HR. Natural killer cell-mediated lysis of hepatoma cells via specific induction of NKG2D ligands by the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium valproate. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6321-9. [PMID: 16024634 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells as components of the innate immunity substantially contribute to antitumor immune responses. However, the tumor-associated ligands engaging activating NK cell receptors are largely unknown. An exception are the MHC class I chain-related molecules MICA and MICB and the UL16-binding proteins (ULBP) which bind to the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D expressed on cytotoxic lymphocytes. A therapeutic induction of NKG2D ligands that primes cancer cells for NK cell lysis has not yet been achieved. By microarray studies, we found evidence that treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC-I) sodium valproate (VPA) mediates recognition of cancer cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes via NKG2D. VPA induced transcription of MICA and MICB in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, leading to increased cell surface, soluble and total MIC protein expression. No significant changes in the expression of the NKG2D ligands ULBP1-3 were observed. The induction of MIC molecules increased lysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by NK cells which was abolished by addition of a blocking NKG2D antibody. Importantly, in primary human hepatocytes, VPA treatment did not induce MIC protein expression. Taken together, our data show that the HDAC-I VPA mediates specific priming of malignant cells for innate immune effector mechanisms. These results suggest the clinical evaluation of HDAC-I in solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in combination with immunotherapy approaches employing adoptive NK cell transfer.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Valproic Acid/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Armeanu
- Departments of Internal Medicine I, Internal Medicine II, and Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
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28
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Wiegand M, Bossow S, Neubert WJ. Sendai virus trailer RNA simultaneously blocks two apoptosis-inducing mechanisms in a cell type-dependent manner. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2305-2314. [PMID: 16033978 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis during Sendai virus (SeV) infection has previously been documented to be triggered by initiator caspases (for strain F) or by a contribution of the cellular protein TIAR (T-cell-activated intracellular antigen-related) (for strain Z). Here, evidence was provided that both TIAR and caspases are simultaneously involved in apoptosis induction as a result of infection with SeV strain F. SeV F infection induced death in all tested cell lines, which could only be partially prevented through the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. However, infection of seven different cell lines with the SeV mutant Fctr48z overexpressing a TIAR-sequestering RNA from the modified leader resulted in a cell type-dependent reduced cytopathic effect (CPE); in an earlier study a similar mutant derived from SeV Z was shown to prevent the induction of any CPE. Finally, blocking of caspases through z-VAD-fmk combined with Fctr48z infection led to complete abrogation of CPE, clearly demonstrating the existence of two separate mechanisms inducing cell death during SeV F infections. Interestingly, a cell type-specific interference between these two mechanisms could be detected during infection with the mutant virus Fctr48z: RNA transcribed from the mutated leader was able to trans-dominantly inhibit caspase-mediated apoptosis. Thus, virus-expressed factors enabling a well-balanced ratio of suppression and triggering of apoptosis seem to be essential for optimal virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wiegand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sascha Bossow
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Neubert
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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29
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Lemaire C, Godefroy N, Costina-Parvu I, Rincheval V, Renaud F, Trotot P, Bouleau S, Mignotte B, Vayssière JL. Caspase-9 can antagonize p53-induced apoptosis by generating a p76(Rb) truncated form of Rb. Oncogene 2005; 24:3297-308. [PMID: 15735701 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor Rb (retinoblastoma protein) is known to regulate p53-dependent apoptosis, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. In a rat fibroblast model, we previously observed that caspase inhibition potentiates p53-dependent apoptosis and prevents the Rb cleavage associated with p53 activation. These results suggested that a caspase(s) can antagonize p53-mediated apoptosis via the production of a protective Rb truncated form. Here, we identify caspase-9 as the caspase that interferes, upstream of the mitochondrion, with p53-induced apoptosis in both immortalized and primary fibroblasts. This caspase can be detected as a p38 processed form in living cells, in the absence of apoptosome formation and apoptotic signal. We also provide evidence that the involvement of caspase-9 in a pre-mitochondrial protective pathway results from the previously undescribed cleavage of Rb, at a LExD site, into a p76(Rb) form, which antagonizes p53-induced apoptosis. These results establish that a truncated form of Rb can display an antiapoptotic activity, rather than just being a by-product of Rb degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CNRS FRE 2445, Université de Versailles/St Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles cedex, France
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30
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Armeanu S, Pathil A, Venturelli S, Mascagni P, Weiss TS, Göttlicher M, Gregor M, Lauer UM, Bitzer M. Apoptosis on hepatoma cells but not on primary hepatocytes by histone deacetylase inhibitors valproate and ITF2357. J Hepatol 2005; 42:210-7. [PMID: 15664246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Due to a particular resistance against conventional chemotherapeutics, palliative treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) is highly ineffective. Recent demonstration of both proliferation-inhibition and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC-I) treatment opens up a promising new approach. However, little is known about tumor cell death mechanisms and HDAC-I influences on healthy hepatocytes. METHODS HDAC-I substances with favourable in vivo profiles, valproate (VPA) and ITF2357, were investigated on HCC cell lines and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Histone acetylation and apoptosis-modulating proteins were investigated by western-blotting, proliferation by sulforhodamin B binding, toxicity by enzyme release, apoptosis by FACS analysis. RESULTS VPA and ITF2357 inhibited proliferation in HCC cell lines. Both substances induced considerable cellular damage in HCC-derived cells, but PHH tolerated these substances well. A downregulation of anti- and upregulation of proapoptotic factors was found. Moreover, Bcl-X(L) transfection into HCC cells abrogated apoptosis induced by both substances, indicating that modulation of intracellular pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins is a key event in VPA or ITF2357 induced tumor-cell death. CONCLUSIONS Preferential induction of cell death in HCC-derived cell lines, without toxicity in PHH, demonstrates the potential of VPA and ITF2357 to become promising new tools in the fight against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Armeanu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Clinic, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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31
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Zanon M, Piris A, Bersani I, Vegetti C, Molla A, Scarito A, Anichini A. Apoptosis Protease Activator Protein-1 Expression Is Dispensable for Response of Human Melanoma Cells to Distinct Proapoptotic Agents. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7386-94. [PMID: 15492260 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of expression of the apoptosis protease activator protein-1 (APAF-1) in human melanoma is thought to promote resistance to programmed cell death by preventing caspase-9 activation. However, the role of the APAF-1-dependent pathway in apoptosis activated by cellular stress and/or DNA damage has been recently questioned. We investigated APAF-1 expression in a large panel of human melanomas and assessed cellular response to several proapoptotic agents in tumors expressing or lacking APAF-1 protein. In two melanomas with wild-type p53 but with differential expression of APAF-1, treatment with camptothecin, celecoxib, or an nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (1400W) significantly modulated expression of 36 of 96 genes in an apoptosis-specific cDNA macroarray, but APAF-1 mRNA levels were not induced (in APAF-1(-) cells) nor up-regulated (in APAF-1(+) cells), a finding confirmed at the protein level. Treatment with cisplatin, camptothecin, etoposide, betulinic acid, celecoxib, 1400W, and staurosporine promoted enzymatic activity not only of caspases -2, -8, and -3 but also of caspase-9 in both APAF-1(+) and APAF-1(-) tumor cells. Moreover, drug-induced caspase-9 enzymatic activity could be not only partially but significantly reduced by caspase-2, -3, and -8 -specific inhibitors in both APAF-1(+) and APAF-1(-) tumor cells. In response to 1 to 100 micromol/L of cisplatin, camptothecin, or celecoxib, APAF-1(+) melanomas (n = 12) did not show significantly increased levels of apoptosis compared with APAF-1(-) tumors (n = 7), with the exception of enhanced apoptosis in response to a very high dose (100 micromol/L) of etoposide. These results suggest that the response of human melanoma cells to different proapoptotic agents may be independent of their APAF-1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zanon
- Human Tumor Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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32
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Hou DX, Uto T, Tong X, Takeshita T, Tanigawa S, Imamura I, Ose T, Fujii M. Involvement of reactive oxygen species-independent mitochondrial pathway in gossypol-induced apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428:179-87. [PMID: 15246875 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol is a component present in cottonseeds and has been demonstrated to be an effective contraceptive drug in preventing spermatogenesis in mammalian species. In the present, we reported that gossypol could induce apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), as characterized by DNA fragmentation, poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The efficacious induction of apoptosis was observed at 50 microM for 6 h. Further molecular analysis showed that gossypol induced the truncation of Bid protein, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi m), cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol, and activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9. However, gossypol did not increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants including N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and catalase could not block gossypol-induced apoptosis in the HL-60 cells. These data suggest that gossypol induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xing Hou
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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33
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Tong X, Lin S, Fujii M, Hou DX. Echinocystic acid induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through mitochondria-mediated death pathway. Cancer Lett 2004; 212:21-32. [PMID: 15246558 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Echinocystic acid (EA) is a natural triterpone enriched in various herbs and used for medicinal purpose in many Asian countries. In the present study, we reported that EA can induce apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60), as characterized by DNA fragmentation, poly (ADP) ribose polymerase cleavage. The efficacious induction of apoptosis was observed at 100 microM for 6 h. Further molecular analysis showed that EA induced the cleavage of Bid protein, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol, and activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. However, EA did not generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants including N-acetyl cysteine and catalase could not block EA-induced apoptosis in the HL-60 cells. These data suggest that EA induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Tong
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima City 890-0065, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Caspases not only play an essential role during apoptotic cell death, but a subfamily of them-the inflammatory caspases-are associated with immune responses to microbial pathogens. Activation of inflammatory caspases, such as caspase-1 and caspase-5, occurs upon assembly of an intracellular complex, designated the inflammasome. This results in the cleavage and activation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-18. Mutations in one of the scaffold proteins of the inflammasome, NALP3/Cryopyrin, are associated with autoinflammatory disorders underscoring the importance of regulating inflammatory caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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35
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Bernloehr C, Bossow S, Ungerechts G, Armeanu S, Neubert WJ, Lauer UM, Bitzer M. Efficient propagation of single gene deleted recombinant Sendai virus vectors. Virus Res 2004; 99:193-7. [PMID: 14749185 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Sendai virus vectors (SeVV) have become an attractive tool for basic virological as well as for gene transfer studies. However, to (i) reduce the cellular injury induced by basic recombinant SeV vectors (encoding all six SeV genes as being present in SeV wild-type (wt) genomes) and to (ii) improve SeV vector safety, deletions of viral genes are necessary for the construction of superior SeVV generations. As a strong expression system recombinant replication-incompetent adenoviruses, coding for SeV proteins hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), fusion (F), or matrix (M), were generated and successfully employed for the propagation of single gene deleted (DeltaHN, DeltaF, DeltaM) recombinant SeVV. Further investigations of the propagation procedures required for single gene deleted recombinant SeVV demonstrated (i) modifications of the cell culture medium composition as well as (ii) incubation with vitamin E as crucial steps for the enhancement of SeVV-DeltaHN, -DeltaF, or -DeltaM viral particle yield. Such optimized propagation procedures even led to a successful propagation of HN-deleted viral particles (SeVV-DeltaHN), which has not been reported before.
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36
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Guix S, Bosch A, Ribes E, Dora Martínez L, Pintó RM. Apoptosis in astrovirus-infected CaCo-2 cells. Virology 2004; 319:249-61. [PMID: 14980485 PMCID: PMC7127648 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death processes during human astrovirus replication in CaCo-2 cells and their underlying mechanisms were investigated. Morphological and biochemical alterations typical of apoptosis were analyzed in infected cells using a combination of techniques, including DAPI staining, the sub-G0/G1 technique and the TUNEL assay. The onset of apoptosis was directly proportional to the virus multiplicity of infection. Transient expression experiments showed a direct link between astrovirus ORF1a encoded proteins and apoptosis induction. A computer analysis of the astrovirus genome revealed the presence of a death domain in the nonstructural protein p38 of unknown function, encoded in ORF1a. Apoptosis inhibition experiments suggested the involvement of caspase 8 in the apoptotic response, and led to a reduction in the infectivity of the virus progeny released to the supernatant. We conclude that apoptotic death of host cells seems necessary for efficient human astrovirus replication and particle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Fax: +34-93-4034629.
| | - Enric Ribes
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Dora Martínez
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Pintó
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Katoh I, Tomimori Y, Ikawa Y, Kurata SI. Dimerization and Processing of Procaspase-9 by Redox Stress in Mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15515-23. [PMID: 14747474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311819200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the mechanism of intra-mitochondrial death initiator caspase-9 activation by a redox response, in which hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) caused a subtle decrease in the inner membrane potential (Deltapsim) with little evidence of cytochrome c release. Initiation of the intra-mitochondrial autocleavage of procaspase-9 preceded the onset of caspase cascade induction in the cytosol. Purified mitochondria demonstrated procaspase-9 processing and releasing abilities when exposed to H(2)O(2). Bcl-2 overexpression caused accumulation of the active form caspase-9 in the mitochondria, rendering the cells resistant to the redox stress. Intriguingly, disulfide-bonded dimers of autoprocessed caspase-9 were generated in the mitochondria in the pre-apoptotic phase. Using a substrate-analog inhibitor, dimer formation of procaspase-9 was also detectable inside the mitochondria. Furthermore, thiol reductant thioredoxin blocked the caspase-9 activation step and the cell death induction. Thus, redox stress-responsive thiol-disulfide converting reactions in the mitochondrion seemed to mediate procaspase-9 assembly that allows autoprocessing. This study offers an explanation for the recent observation that Apaf-1-null cells can execute apoptosis, which can be blocked by Bcl-2, and supports the proposition that the cytochrome c-Apaf-1-procaspase-9 complex functions in the caspase amplification rather than in its initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyoko Katoh
- Ikawa Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 350-0198, Japan.
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38
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Del Bello B, Valentini MA, Mangiavacchi P, Comporti M, Maellaro E. Role of caspases-3 and -7 in Apaf-1 proteolytic cleavage and degradation events during cisplatin-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 293:302-10. [PMID: 14729468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), the central element in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, is frequently absent or poorly expressed in metastatic melanomas, a tumor type showing a low degree of spontaneous apoptosis and a poor response to conventional therapies. In the present study, we used the Apaf-1-positive Me665/2/21 melanoma cell line to investigate the fate of Apaf-1 during cisplatin-induced apoptosis. As novel findings described for the first time in melanoma cells, we observed that Apaf-1 was markedly decreased during apoptosis, already at early stages of cell damage; concurrently, an immunoreactive N-terminal fragment of congruent with 26 kDa was evident. In spite of the remarkable decrease of Apaf-1 in apoptotic cells, caspase-9 was found to be processed and enzymatically active. Both Apaf-1 depletion and its proteolytic cleavage were markedly prevented in presence of the caspase-3/-7 inhibitor ac-DEVD-CHO. In presence of ac-DEVD-CHO, caspase-9 activity was also inhibited, along with a partially different pattern of caspase-9 processing forms. Unexpectedly, the inhibition afforded by ac-DEVD-CHO on several components, that is, caspase-3/-7 and caspase-9 activities, and Apaf-1 proteolytic degradation, did not abrogate the apoptotic morphology and cell detachment, nor the proteolytic degradation of crucial targets, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and lamin B. Together, our results suggest that caspase-3 and -7, proved to be dispensable for the above apoptosis-associated events, play a role on Apaf-1 handling and possibly on apoptosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Del Bello
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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39
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Ho AT, Li QH, Hakem R, Mak TW, Zacksenhaus E. Coupling of caspase-9 to Apaf1 in response to loss of pRb or cytotoxic drugs is cell-type-specific. EMBO J 2004; 23:460-72. [PMID: 14713951 PMCID: PMC1271749 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor Rb in the mouse induces cell death, which depends entirely (in lens, CNS) and only partly (PNS, skeletal muscles) on Apaf1/Ced4, an apoptosomal factor thought to be required for processing procaspase-9 following mitochondrial permeabilization. Here, we report that in response to cytotoxic drugs, Apaf1(-/-) primary myoblasts but not fibroblasts undergo bona fide apoptosis. Cell demise was associated with disruption of mitochondria but not endoplasmic reticulum. Processing of procaspase-9 occurred in Apaf1(-/-) myoblasts but not fibroblasts, and ablation of Casp9 prevented drug-induced apoptosis in both cell types. Deregulation of the Rb pathway by overexpression of E2F1 also induced caspase-9-dependent, Apaf1-independent apoptosis in myoblasts. Despite its requirement for apoptosis in vitro, mutation in Casp9 abrogated cell death in the nervous system and lens but only partly in skeletal muscles of Rb-deficient embryos. In addition, developmental cell death in fetal liver and PNS was not inhibited in Casp9(-/-) embryos. Therefore, loss of pRb elicits apoptosome-dependent and apoptosome-independent cell death, and the requirement and coupling of caspase-9 to Apaf1 are both context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Ho
- Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qin H Li
- Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Advanced Medical Discovery Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Advanced Medical Discovery Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M1. Tel.: +1 416 340 4800 x 5106; Fax: +1 416 340 3453; E-mail:
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Adams
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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41
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McDonnell MA, Wang D, Khan SM, Vander Heiden MG, Kelekar A. Caspase-9 is activated in a cytochrome c-independent manner early during TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in murine cells. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:1005-15. [PMID: 12934075 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FL5.12 pro-B lymphoma cells utilize the mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor occupation, yet high levels of the Bcl-2 family antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-x(L), fail to protect these cells against TNF-receptor-activated death. Bcl-x(L) expression delays, but does not totally block, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c) in these cells in response to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis and caspase-9 is processed prior to mitochondrial cyt c release under these circumstances. Early processing of caspase-9 also occurred in Apaf-1 knockout murine fibroblasts in response to TNF-receptor occupation. A caspase-9-specific inhibitor was more effective in delaying the progression of apoptosis in the FL5.12 Bcl-x(L) cells than was an inhibitor specific to caspase-3. Furthermore, downregulation of caspase-9 levels by RNA interference resulted in partial protection of these cells against TNF-receptor-activated apoptosis, indicating that caspase-9 activation contributed to early amplification of the caspase cascade. Consistent with this, proteolytic processing of caspase-9 was observed prior to processing by caspase-3, suggesting that caspase-3 was not responsible for early caspase-9 activation. We show that murine caspase-9 is efficiently processed by active caspase-8 at SEPD, the motif at which caspase-9 autoprocesses following its recruitment to the apoptosome. Our results suggest that, in addition to processing procaspase-3 and the BH3 protein Bid, active caspase-8 can cleave and activate procaspase-9 in response to TNF receptor crosslinking in murine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McDonnell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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42
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Abstract
Mitochondria are known to play a fundamental role in apoptosis by releasing apoptogenic molecules such as cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, thereby sequentially activating initiator caspase-9. However, the mechanisms of cytochrome c release or caspase-9 activation in response to hypoxia are unclear. In this report, we show that caspase-9 is activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) without involvement of cytochrome c release in hypoxic injury. In addition, activated caspase-9 induces permeability transition (PT)-independent cytochrome c release, suggesting that caspase-9 may disrupt mitochondrial diffusion limit of cytochrome c and serve to amplify further release of cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Youn Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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43
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Belmokhtar CA, Hillion J, Dudognon C, Fiorentino S, Flexor M, Lanotte M, Ségal-Bendirdjian E. Apoptosome-independent pathway for apoptosis. Biochemical analysis of APAF-1 defects and biological outcomes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:29571-80. [PMID: 12773531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302924200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction and execution of apoptosis programs are generally believed to be mediated through a hierarchy of caspase activation. By using two cellular variants obtained from the L1210 cell line (L1210/S and L1210/0), we have shown previously that staurosporine induces apoptotic cell death through both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Both pathways normally coexisted in L1210/S cells, whereas L1210/0 cells lacked the ability to activate caspases despite the confirmed presence of both procaspase-3 and -9. Here we show that this defect in caspase activation is not due to mechanisms such as an absence of cytochrome c release, the expression of non-functional caspases, or the presence of an endogenous inhibitor but results from the loss of apoptosis protease activator protein-1 (APAF-1) expression. This absence of APAF-1 protein results from multiple alterations at both genomic and transcriptional levels. However, although this lack of APAF-1 delays the apoptotic program, it does not hamper its execution. Importantly, in these cells, apoptosis develops not only in an APAF-1-independent way but also in the absence of caspase-3 and -9 activation. Altogether these findings provide evidence that apoptosis may occur through alternative signaling pathways independent of APAF-1 expression and totally dissociated from any caspase processing. Therefore, the L1210/0 variant sub-line provides a valuable tool for the elucidation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chafké Ahmed Belmokhtar
- INSERM U496, Centre G. Hayem, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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44
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Bitzer M, Armeanu S, Lauer UM, Neubert WJ. Sendai virus vectors as an emerging negative-strand RNA viral vector system. J Gene Med 2003; 5:543-53. [PMID: 12825193 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The power to manipulate the genome of negative-strand RNA viruses, including the insertion of additional non-viral genes, has led to the development of a new class of viral vectors for gene transfer approaches. The murine parainfluenza virus type I, or Sendai virus (SeV), has emerged as a prototype virus of this vector group, being employed in numerous in vitro as well as animal studies over the last few years. Extraordinary features of SeV are the remarkably brief contact time that is necessary for cellular uptake, a strong but adjustable expression of foreign genes, efficient infection in the respiratory tract despite a mucus layer, transduction of target cells being independent of the cell cycle, and an exclusively cytoplasmic replication cycle without any risk of chromosomal integration. In this review we describe the current knowledge of Sendai virus vector (SeVV) development as well as the results of first-generation vector applications under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. So far, Sendai virus vectors have been identified to be a highly efficient transduction tool for a broad range of different tissues and applications. Future directions in vector design and development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bitzer
- Internal Medicine I, Medical University Clinic Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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45
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Potokar M, Milisav I, Kreft M, Stenovec M, Zorec R. Apoptosis triggered redistribution of caspase-9 from cytoplasm to mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2003; 544:153-9. [PMID: 12782307 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-9 is an apoptosis initiator protease activated as a response to the mitochondrial damage in the cytoplasmic complex apoptosome. By fluorescence labelling of proteins, confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionations we demonstrate that caspase-9 is in the cytoplasm of non-apoptotic pituitary cells. The activation of apoptosis with rotenone triggers the redistribution of caspase-9 to mitochondria. Experiments using the general caspase inhibitor z-VAD.fmk and the specific caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD.fmk show that the caspase-9 redistribution is a regulated process and requires the activity of a caspase other than the caspase-9. We propose that this spatial regulation is required to control the activity of caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, Slovenia
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