1
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Moreira-Gomes T, Nóbrega C. From the disruption of RNA metabolism to the targeting of RNA-binding proteins: The case of polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1442-1459. [PMID: 37990934 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (PolyQ SCAs) represent a group of monogenetic diseases in which the expanded polyglutamine repeats give rise to a mutated protein. The abnormally expanded polyglutamine protein produces aggregates and toxic species, causing neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death. The main symptoms of these disorders include progressive ataxia, motor dysfunction, oculomotor impairment, and swallowing problems. Nowadays, the current treatments are restricted to symptomatic alleviation, and no existing therapeutic strategies can reduce or stop the disease progression. Even though the origin of these disorders has been associated with polyglutamine-induced toxicity, RNA toxicity has recently gained relevance in polyQ SCAs molecular pathogenesis. Therefore, the research's focus on RNA metabolism has been increasing, especially on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The present review summarizes RNA metabolism, exposing the different processes and the main RBPs involved. We also explore the mechanisms by which RBPs are dysregulated in PolyQ SCAs. Finally, possible therapies targeting the RNA metabolism are presented as strategies to reverse neuropathological anomalies and mitigate physical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Moreira-Gomes
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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2
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Zeballos C MA, Moore HJ, Smith TJ, Powell JE, Ahsan NS, Zhang S, Gaj T. Mitigating a TDP-43 proteinopathy by targeting ataxin-2 using RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6492. [PMID: 37838698 PMCID: PMC10576788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, are a devastating group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43. Here we demonstrate that RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins, a programmable class of gene silencing agents that includes the Cas13 family of enzymes and Cas7-11, can be used to mitigate TDP-43 pathology when programmed to target ataxin-2, a modifier of TDP-43-associated toxicity. In addition to inhibiting the aggregation and transit of TDP-43 to stress granules, we find that the in vivo delivery of an ataxin-2-targeting Cas13 system to a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy improved functional deficits, extended survival, and reduced the severity of neuropathological hallmarks. Further, we benchmark RNA-targeting CRISPR platforms against ataxin-2 and find that high-fidelity forms of Cas13 possess improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to Cas7-11 and a first-generation effector. Our results demonstrate the potential of CRISPR technology for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hayden J Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tyler J Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Najah S Ahsan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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3
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Zeballos C MA, Moore HJ, Smith TJ, Powell JE, Ahsan NS, Zhang S, Gaj T. Mitigating a TDP-43 proteinopathy by targeting ataxin-2 using RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536072. [PMID: 37066174 PMCID: PMC10104115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, are a devastating group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43. Here we demonstrate that RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins, a programmable class of gene silencing agents that includes the Cas13 family of enzymes and Cas7-11, can be used to mitigate TDP-43 pathology when programmed to target ataxin-2, a modifier of TDP-43-associated toxicity. In addition to inhibiting the aggregation and transit of TDP-43 to stress granules, we find that the in vivo delivery of an ataxin-2-targeting Cas13 system to a mouse model of TDP-43 proteinopathy improved functional deficits, extended survival, and reduced the severity of neuropathological hallmarks. Further, we benchmark RNA-targeting CRISPR platforms against ataxin-2 and find that high-fidelity forms of Cas13 possess improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to Cas7-11 and a first-generation effector. Our results demonstrate the potential of CRISPR technology for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hayden J. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tyler J. Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E. Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Najah S. Ahsan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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De Marchi F, Franjkic T, Schito P, Russo T, Nimac J, Chami AA, Mele A, Vidatic L, Kriz J, Julien JP, Apic G, Russell RB, Rogelj B, Cannon JR, Baralle M, Agosta F, Hecimovic S, Mazzini L, Buratti E, Munitic I. Emerging Trends in the Field of Inflammation and Proteinopathy in ALS/FTD Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1599. [PMID: 37371694 PMCID: PMC10295684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathy and neuroinflammation are two main hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. They also represent rare common events in an exceptionally broad landscape of genetic, environmental, neuropathologic, and clinical heterogeneity present in patients. Here, we aim to recount the emerging trends in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) spectrum disorder. Our review will predominantly focus on neuroinflammation and systemic immune imbalance in ALS and FTD, which have recently been highlighted as novel therapeutic targets. A common mechanism of most ALS and ~50% of FTD patients is dysregulation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), an RNA/DNA-binding protein, which becomes depleted from the nucleus and forms cytoplasmic aggregates in neurons and glia. This, in turn, via both gain and loss of function events, alters a variety of TDP-43-mediated cellular events. Experimental attempts to target TDP-43 aggregates or manipulate crosstalk in the context of inflammation will be discussed. Targeting inflammation, and the immune system in general, is of particular interest because of the high plasticity of immune cells compared to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola De Marchi
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Toni Franjkic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Metisox, Cambridge CB24 9NL, UK;
| | - Paride Schito
- Department of Neurology & Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Tommaso Russo
- Department of Neurology & Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Jerneja Nimac
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.N.); (B.R.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna A. Chami
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; (A.A.C.); (J.K.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Angelica Mele
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lea Vidatic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.V.); (S.H.)
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; (A.A.C.); (J.K.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; (A.A.C.); (J.K.); (J.-P.J.)
| | | | | | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.N.); (B.R.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jason R. Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silva Hecimovic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.V.); (S.H.)
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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5
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Wijegunawardana D, Vishal SS, Venkatesh N, Gopal PP. Ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansions aberrantly sequester TDP-43, drive ribonucleoprotein condensate transport dysfunction and suppress local translation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526372. [PMID: 36778347 PMCID: PMC9915502 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Altered RNA metabolism is a common pathogenic mechanism linked to familial and sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is characterized by mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein (RBP) with multiple roles in post-transcriptional RNA processing. Recent studies have identified genetic interactions between TDP-43 and Ataxin-2, a polyglutamine (polyQ) RBP in which intermediate length polyQ expansions confer increased ALS risk. Here, we used live-cell confocal imaging, photobleaching and translation reporter assays to study the localization, transport dynamics and mRNA regulatory functions of TDP-43/Ataxin-2 in rodent primary cortical neurons. We show that Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions aberrantly sequester TDP-43 within ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates, and disrupt both its motility along the axon and liquid-like properties. Our data suggest that Ataxin-2 governs motility and translation of neuronal RNP condensates and that Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions fundamentally perturb spatial localization of mRNA and suppress local translation. Overall, these results indicate Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions have detrimental effects on stability, localization, and translation of transcripts critical for axonal and cytoskeletal integrity, particularly important for motor neurons.
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6
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Boros BD, Schoch KM, Kreple CJ, Miller TM. Antisense Oligonucleotides for the Study and Treatment of ALS. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1145-1158. [PMID: 35653060 PMCID: PMC9587169 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron loss. ALS is now associated with mutations in numerous genes, many of which cause disease in part through toxic gain-of-function mechanisms. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are small sequences of DNA that can reduce expression of a target gene at the post-transcriptional level, making them attractive for neutralizing mutant or toxic gene products. Advancements in the medicinal chemistries of ASOs have improved their pharmacodynamic profile to allow safe and effective delivery to the central nervous system. ASO therapies for ALS have rapidly developed over the last two decades, and ASOs that target SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and ATXN2 are now in clinical trials for familial or sporadic forms of ALS. This review discusses the current state of ASO therapies for ALS, outlining their successes from preclinical development to early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Boros
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 115 Biotechnology Bldg, 660 S. Euclid Ave, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Kathleen M Schoch
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 115 Biotechnology Bldg, 660 S. Euclid Ave, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Collin J Kreple
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 115 Biotechnology Bldg, 660 S. Euclid Ave, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 115 Biotechnology Bldg, 660 S. Euclid Ave, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA.
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7
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All Roads Lead to Rome: Different Molecular Players Converge to Common Toxic Pathways in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092438. [PMID: 34572087 PMCID: PMC8468417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are being suggested to have common cellular and molecular pathological mechanisms, characterized mainly by protein misfolding and aggregation. These large inclusions, most likely, represent an end stage of a molecular cascade; however, the soluble misfolded proteins, which take part in earlier steps of this cascade, are the more toxic players. These pathological proteins, which characterize each specific disease, lead to the selective vulnerability of different neurons, likely resulting from a combination of different intracellular mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, proteasome inhibition, excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport, defective axonal transport and neuroinflammation. Damage within these neurons is enhanced by damage from the nonneuronal cells, via inflammatory processes that accelerate the progression of these diseases. In this review, while acknowledging the hallmark proteins which characterize the most common NDDs; we place specific focus on the common overlapping mechanisms leading to disease pathology despite these different molecular players and discuss how this convergence may occur, with the ultimate hope that therapies effective in one disease may successfully translate to another.
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8
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Corbet GA, Wheeler JR, Parker R, Weskamp K. TDP43 ribonucleoprotein granules: physiologic function to pathologic aggregates. RNA Biol 2021; 18:128-138. [PMID: 34412568 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1963099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assemblies are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and have functions throughout RNA transcription, splicing, and stability. Of the RNA-binding proteins that form RNPs, TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kD (TDP43) is of particular interest due to its essential nature and its association with disease. TDP43 plays critical roles in RNA metabolism, many of which require its recruitment to RNP granules such as stress granules, myo-granules, and neuronal transport granules. Moreover, the presence of cytoplasmic TDP43-positive inclusions is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the pervasiveness of TDP43 aggregates, TDP43 mutations are exceedingly rare, suggesting that aggregation may be linked to dysregulation of TDP43 function. Oligomerization is a part of normal TDP43 function; thus, it is of interest to understand what triggers the irreversible aggregation that is seen in disease. Herein, we examine TDP43 functions, particularly in RNP granules, and the mechanisms which may explain pathological TDP43 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ada Corbet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Roy Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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9
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Hansen M, Zeddies S, Meinders M, di Summa F, Rollmann E, van Alphen FP, Hoogendijk AJ, Moore KS, Halbach M, Gutiérrez L, van den Biggelaar M, Thijssen-Timmer DC, Auburger GW, van den Akker E, von Lindern M. The RNA-Binding Protein ATXN2 is Expressed during Megakaryopoiesis and May Control Timing of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030967. [PMID: 32024018 PMCID: PMC7037754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryopoiesis is the process during which megakaryoblasts differentiate to polyploid megakaryocytes that can subsequently shed thousands of platelets in the circulation. Megakaryocytes accumulate mRNA during their maturation, which is required for the correct spatio-temporal production of cytoskeletal proteins, membranes and platelet-specific granules, and for the subsequent shedding of thousands of platelets per cell. Gene expression profiling identified the RNA binding protein ATAXIN2 (ATXN2) as a putative novel regulator of megakaryopoiesis. ATXN2 expression is high in CD34+/CD41+ megakaryoblasts and sharply decreases upon maturation to megakaryocytes. ATXN2 associates with DDX6 suggesting that it may mediate repression of mRNA translation during early megakaryopoiesis. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analysis on megakaryoid cells (MEG-01) with differential ATXN2 expression identified ATXN2 dependent gene expression of mRNA and protein involved in processes linked to hemostasis. Mice deficient for Atxn2 did not display differences in bleeding times, but the expression of key surface receptors on platelets, such as ITGB3 (carries the CD61 antigen) and CD31 (PECAM1), was deregulated and platelet aggregation upon specific triggers was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Hansen
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
| | - Sabrina Zeddies
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
| | - Marjolein Meinders
- Department Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam,1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Franca di Summa
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
| | - Ewa Rollmann
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Floris P.J. van Alphen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.J.H.); (M.v.d.B.)
| | - Arjan J. Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.J.H.); (M.v.d.B.)
| | - Kat S. Moore
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
| | - Melanie Halbach
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Laura Gutiérrez
- Department Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam,1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Maartje van den Biggelaar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.J.H.); (M.v.d.B.)
| | - Daphne C. Thijssen-Timmer
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
| | - Georg W.J. Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Emile van den Akker
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (S.Z.); (F.d.S.); (K.S.M.); (D.C.T.-T.); (E.v.d.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-6-1203-7801
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10
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Nussbacher JK, Tabet R, Yeo GW, Lagier-Tourenne C. Disruption of RNA Metabolism in Neurological Diseases and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions. Neuron 2019; 102:294-320. [PMID: 30998900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins are critical to the maintenance of the transcriptome via controlled regulation of RNA processing and transport. Alterations of these proteins impact multiple steps of the RNA life cycle resulting in various molecular phenotypes such as aberrant RNA splicing, transport, and stability. Disruption of RNA binding proteins and widespread RNA processing defects are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of neurological diseases. Here, we describe distinct mechanisms by which the homeostasis of RNA binding proteins is compromised in neurological disorders through their reduced expression level, increased propensity to aggregate or sequestration by abnormal RNAs. These mechanisms all converge toward altered neuronal function highlighting the susceptibility of neurons to deleterious changes in RNA expression and the central role of RNA binding proteins in preserving neuronal integrity. Emerging therapeutic approaches to mitigate or reverse alterations of RNA binding proteins in neurological diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Nussbacher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ricardos Tabet
- Department of Neurology, The Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Mass General, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, The Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Mass General, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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11
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Lee S, Jeon YM, Cha SJ, Kim S, Kwon Y, Jo M, Jang YN, Lee S, Kim J, Kim SR, Lee KJ, Lee SB, Kim K, Kim HJ. PTK2/FAK regulates UPS impairment via SQSTM1/p62 phosphorylation in TARDBP/TDP-43 proteinopathies. Autophagy 2019; 16:1396-1412. [PMID: 31690171 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1686729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TARDBP/TDP-43 (TAR DNA binding protein) proteinopathies are a common feature in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TARDBP-induced neurotoxicity are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that TARDBP proteinopathies induce impairment in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), as evidenced by an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and a reduction in proteasome activity in neuronal cells. Through kinase inhibitor screening, we identified PTK2/FAK (PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2) as a suppressor of neurotoxicity induced by UPS impairment. Importantly, PTK2 inhibition significantly reduced ubiquitin aggregates and attenuated TARDBP-induced cytotoxicity in a Drosophila model of TARDBP proteinopathies. We further identified that phosphorylation of SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) at S403 (p-SQSTM1 [S403]), a key component in the autophagic degradation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, is increased upon TARDBP overexpression and is dependent on the activation of PTK2 in neuronal cells. Moreover, expressing a non-phosphorylated form of SQSTM1 (SQSTM1S403A) significantly repressed the accumulation of insoluble poly-ubiquitinated proteins and neurotoxicity induced by TARDBP overexpression in neuronal cells. In addition, TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1), a kinase that phosphorylates S403 of SQSTM1, was found to be involved in the PTK2-mediated phosphorylation of SQSTM1. Taken together, our data suggest that the PTK2-TBK1-SQSTM1 axis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of TARDBP by regulating neurotoxicity induced by UPS impairment. Therefore, targeting the PTK2-TBK1-SQSTM1 axis may represent a novel therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative diseases with TARDBP proteinopathies.Abbreviations: ALP: macroautophagy/autophagy lysosomal pathway; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ATXN2: ataxin 2; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; cCASP3: cleaved caspase 3; CSNK2: casein kinase 2; FTLD: frontotemporal lobar degeneration; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; OPTN: optineurin; PTK2/FAK: PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sun Joo Cha
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University , Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
| | - You-Na Jang
- Neural circuits Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kea Joo Lee
- Neural circuits Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University , Cheonan, South Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University , Asan, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) , Daegu, South Korea
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12
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Xu F, Kula-Eversole E, Iwanaszko M, Lim C, Allada R. Ataxin2 functions via CrebA to mediate Huntingtin toxicity in circadian clock neurons. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008356. [PMID: 31593562 PMCID: PMC6782096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted circadian rhythms is a prominent and early feature of neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD). In HD patients and animal models, striatal and hypothalamic neurons expressing molecular circadian clocks are targets of mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) pathogenicity. Yet how mHtt disrupts circadian rhythms remains unclear. In a genetic screen for modifiers of mHtt effects on circadian behavior in Drosophila, we discovered a role for the neurodegenerative disease gene Ataxin2 (Atx2). Genetic manipulations of Atx2 modify the impact of mHtt on circadian behavior as well as mHtt aggregation and demonstrate a role for Atx2 in promoting mHtt aggregation as well as mHtt-mediated neuronal dysfunction. RNAi knockdown of the Fragile X mental retardation gene, dfmr1, an Atx2 partner, also partially suppresses mHtt effects and Atx2 effects depend on dfmr1. Atx2 knockdown reduces the cAMP response binding protein A (CrebA) transcript at dawn. CrebA transcript level shows a prominent diurnal regulation in clock neurons. Loss of CrebA also partially suppresses mHtt effects on behavior and cell loss and restoration of CrebA can suppress Atx2 effects. Our results indicate a prominent role of Atx2 in mediating mHtt pathology, specifically via its regulation of CrebA, defining a novel molecular pathway in HD pathogenesis. Circadian clocks evolved to anticipate 24 h environmental rhythms driven by the earth’s daily rotation and regulate nearly all aspects of behavior, physiology and the genome. Disruptions of the circadian clock have been associated with a wide range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease (HD). Using an HD animal model in which a mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) protein is expressed, we identify a role for the RNA binding protein and neurodegenerative disease gene Ataxin-2 (Atx2) in mediating mHtt effects on circadian behavioral rhythms. Using transcriptomics, we identify the transcription factor CrebA as a potential target of both Atx2 and the circadian clock. Finally, we demonstrate a role for CrebA in mediating mHtt effects on circadian behavior, defining a novel Atx2-CrebA pathway in a neurodegenerative disease model. These studies define the molecular mechanisms by which mHtt can disrupt circadian rhythms identifying potential novel therapeutic targets for this uniformly fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangke Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elzbieta Kula-Eversole
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marta Iwanaszko
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chunghun Lim
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Halpern M, Brennand KJ, Gregory J. Examining the relationship between astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration in ALS using hiPSCs. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104562. [PMID: 31381978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex and fatal neurodegenerative disease for which the causes of disease onset and progression remain unclear. Recent advances in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models permit the study of the genetic factors associated with ALS in patient-derived neural cell types, including motor neurons and glia. While astrocyte dysfunction has traditionally been thought to exacerbate disease progression, astrocytic dysfunction may play a more direct role in disease initiation and progression. Such non-cell autonomous mechanisms expand the potential targets of therapeutic intervention, but only a handful of ALS risk-associated genes have been examined for their impact on astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes what is currently known about astrocyte function in ALS and suggests ways in which hiPSC-based models can be used to more effectively study the role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Halpern
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
| | - James Gregory
- Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Disease, New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, United States of America.
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14
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Berning BA, Walker AK. The Pathobiology of TDP-43 C-Terminal Fragments in ALS and FTLD. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:335. [PMID: 31031584 PMCID: PMC6470282 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During neurodegenerative disease, the multifunctional RNA-binding protein TDP-43 undergoes a vast array of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and cleavage. Many of these alterations may directly contribute to the pathogenesis of TDP-43 proteinopathies, which include most forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and approximately half of all frontotemporal dementia, pathologically identified as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with TDP-43 pathology. However, the relative contributions of the various TDP-43 post-translational modifications to disease remain unclear, and indeed some may be secondary epiphenomena rather than disease-causative. It is therefore critical to determine the involvement of each modification in disease processes to allow the design of targeted treatments. In particular, TDP-43 C-terminal fragments (CTFs) accumulate in the brains of people with ALS and FTLD and are therefore described as a neuropathological signature of these diseases. Remarkably, these TDP-43 CTFs are rarely observed in the spinal cord, even in ALS which involves dramatic degeneration of spinal motor neurons. Therefore, TDP-43 CTFs are not produced non-specifically in the course of all forms of TDP-43-related neurodegeneration, but rather variably arise due to additional factors influenced by regional heterogeneity in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize how TDP-43 CTFs are generated and degraded by cells, and critique evidence from studies of TDP-43 CTF pathology in human disease tissues, as well as cell and animal models, to analyze the pathophysiological relevance of TDP-43 CTFs to ALS and FTLD. Numerous studies now indicate that, although TDP-43 CTFs are prevalent in ALS and FTLD brains, disease-related pathology is only variably reproduced in TDP-43 CTF cell culture models. Furthermore, TDP-43 CTF expression in both transgenic and viral-mediated in vivo models largely fails to induce motor or behavioral dysfunction reminiscent of human disease. We therefore conclude that although TDP-43 CTFs are a hallmark of TDP-43-related neurodegeneration in the brain, they are not a primary cause of ALS or FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt A. Berning
- Neurodegeneration Pathobiology Laboratory, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam K. Walker
- Neurodegeneration Pathobiology Laboratory, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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15
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Prasad A, Bharathi V, Sivalingam V, Girdhar A, Patel BK. Molecular Mechanisms of TDP-43 Misfolding and Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:25. [PMID: 30837838 PMCID: PMC6382748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a versatile RNA/DNA binding protein involved in RNA-related metabolism. Hyper-phosphorylated and ubiquitinated TDP-43 deposits act as inclusion bodies in the brain and spinal cord of patients with the motor neuron diseases: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). While the majority of ALS cases (90-95%) are sporadic (sALS), among familial ALS cases 5-10% involve the inheritance of mutations in the TARDBP gene and the remaining (90-95%) are due to mutations in other genes such as: C9ORF72, SOD1, FUS, and NEK1 etc. Strikingly however, the majority of sporadic ALS patients (up to 97%) also contain the TDP-43 protein deposited in the neuronal inclusions, which suggests of its pivotal role in the ALS pathology. Thus, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of the TDP-43 pathology seems central to the ALS therapeutics, hence, we comprehensively review the current understanding of the TDP-43's pathology in ALS. We discuss the roles of TDP-43's mutations, its cytoplasmic mis-localization and aberrant post-translational modifications in ALS. Also, we evaluate TDP-43's amyloid-like in vitro aggregation, its physiological vs. pathological oligomerization in vivo, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and potential prion-like propagation propensity of the TDP-43 inclusions. Finally, we describe the various evolving TDP-43-induced toxicity mechanisms, such as the impairment of endocytosis and mitotoxicity etc. and also discuss the emerging strategies toward TDP-43 disaggregation and ALS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Basant K. Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
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16
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Borroni B, Alberici A, Buratti E. Review: Molecular pathology of frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:41-57. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Borroni
- Neurology Clinic; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - A. Alberici
- Neurology Clinic; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - E. Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB); Trieste Italy
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17
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Ito D, Hatano M, Suzuki N. RNA binding proteins and the pathological cascade in ALS/FTD neurodegeneration. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/415/eaah5436. [PMID: 29118263 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced genetic approaches have accelerated the identification of causative genes linked to the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Most of the disease-related proteins encoded by these genes form aggregates in the cellular machineries that regulate RNA and protein quality control in cells. Cross-talk among the signaling pathways governing these machineries leads to pathological cascades mediated by the accumulation of mutant RNA binding proteins. We outline the molecular basis of ALS and FTD pathogenesis and discuss the prospects for therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Mami Hatano
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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18
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Gao J, Wang L, Huntley ML, Perry G, Wang X. Pathomechanisms of TDP-43 in neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2018; 146:10.1111/jnc.14327. [PMID: 29486049 PMCID: PMC6110993 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, a term that refers to the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, is a feature of many neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). There is no cure or treatment available that can prevent or reverse neurodegenerative conditions. The causes of neurodegeneration in these diseases remain largely unknown; yet, an extremely small proportion of these devastating diseases are associated with genetic mutations in proteins involved in a wide range of cellular pathways and processes. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly clear that the most notable neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS, FTLD, and AD, share a common prominent pathological feature known as TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy, which is usually characterized by the presence of aberrant phosphorylation, ubiquitination, cleavage and/or nuclear depletion of TDP-43 in neurons and glial cells. The role of TDP-43 as a neurotoxicity trigger has been well documented in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. As such, the investigation of TDP-43 pathomechanisms in various major neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise. Here, after a discussion of stages of TDP-43 proteinopathy during disease progression in various major neurodegenerative diseases, we review previous and most recent studies about the potential pathomechanisms with a particular emphasis on ALS, FTLD, and AD, and discuss the possibility of targeting TDP-43 as a common therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Luwen Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mikayla L. Huntley
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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19
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Scoles DR, Pulst SM. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:175-195. [PMID: 29427103 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is autosomal dominantly inherited and caused by CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN2 gene. Because the CAG repeat expansion is localized to an encoded region of ATXN2, the result is an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the ATXN2 protein. SCA2 is characterized by progressive ataxia, and slow saccades. No treatment for SCA2 exists. ATXN2 mutation causes gains of new or toxic functions for the ATXN2 protein, resulting in abnormally slow Purkinje cell (PC) firing frequency and ultimately PC loss. This chapter describes the characteristics of SCA2 patients briefly, and reviews ATXN2 molecular features and progress toward the identification of a treatment for SCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, 5th Floor, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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20
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Bennett CL, La Spada AR. Senataxin, A Novel Helicase at the Interface of RNA Transcriptome Regulation and Neurobiology: From Normal Function to Pathological Roles in Motor Neuron Disease and Cerebellar Degeneration. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 20:265-281. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89689-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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21
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Uversky VN. The roles of intrinsic disorder-based liquid-liquid phase transitions in the "Dr. Jekyll-Mr. Hyde" behavior of proteins involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Autophagy 2017; 13:2115-2162. [PMID: 28980860 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1384889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological developments leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are associated with misbehavior of several key proteins, such as SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), TARDBP/TDP-43, FUS, C9orf72, and dipeptide repeat proteins generated as a result of the translation of the intronic hexanucleotide expansions in the C9orf72 gene, PFN1 (profilin 1), GLE1 (GLE1, RNA export mediator), PURA (purine rich element binding protein A), FLCN (folliculin), RBM45 (RNA binding motif protein 45), SS18L1/CREST, HNRNPA1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1), HNRNPA2B1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1), ATXN2 (ataxin 2), MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau), and TIA1 (TIA1 cytotoxic granule associated RNA binding protein). Although these proteins are structurally and functionally different and have rather different pathological functions, they all possess some levels of intrinsic disorder and are either directly engaged in or are at least related to the physiological liquid-liquid phase transitions (LLPTs) leading to the formation of various proteinaceous membrane-less organelles (PMLOs), both normal and pathological. This review describes the normal and pathological functions of these ALS- and FTLD-related proteins, describes their major structural properties, glances at their intrinsic disorder status, and analyzes the involvement of these proteins in the formation of normal and pathological PMLOs, with the ultimate goal of better understanding the roles of LLPTs and intrinsic disorder in the "Dr. Jekyll-Mr. Hyde" behavior of those proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute , Morsani College of Medicine , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow region , Russia
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22
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Mitsuhashi K, Ito D, Mashima K, Oyama M, Takahashi S, Suzuki N. De novo design of RNA-binding proteins with a prion-like domain related to ALS/FTD proteinopathies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16871. [PMID: 29203801 PMCID: PMC5715010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant RNA-binding proteins form the core of the neurodegeneration cascade in spectrums of disease, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Six ALS-related molecules, TDP-43, FUS, TAF15, EWSR1, heterogeneous nuclear (hn)RNPA1 and hnRNPA2 are RNA-binding proteins containing candidate mutations identified in ALS patients and those share several common features, including harboring an aggregation-prone prion-like domain (PrLD) containing a glycine/serine-tyrosine-glycine/serine (G/S-Y-G/S)-motif-enriched low-complexity sequence and rich in glutamine and/or asparagine. Additinally, these six molecules are components of RNA granules involved in RNA quality control and become mislocated from the nucleus to form cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) in the ALS/FTD-affected brain. To reveal the essential mechanisms involved in ALS/FTD-related cytotoxicity associated with RNA-binding proteins containing PrLDs, we designed artificial RNA-binding proteins harboring G/S-Y-G/S-motif repeats with and without enriched glutamine residues and nuclear-import/export-signal sequences and examined their cytotoxicity in vitro. These proteins recapitulated features of ALS-linked molecules, including insoluble aggregation, formation of cytoplasmic IBs and components of RNA granules, and cytotoxicity instigation. These findings indicated that these artificial RNA-binding proteins mimicked features of ALS-linked molecules and allowed the study of mechanisms associated with gain of toxic functions related to ALS/FTD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Mitsuhashi
- Departments of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Departments of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Mashima
- Departments of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Munenori Oyama
- Departments of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Departments of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Departments of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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23
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Ataxin-2: From RNA Control to Human Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8060157. [PMID: 28587229 PMCID: PMC5485521 DOI: 10.3390/genes8060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins play fundamental roles in the regulation of molecular processes critical to cellular and organismal homeostasis. Recent studies have identified the RNA-binding protein Ataxin-2 as a genetic determinant or risk factor for various diseases including spinocerebellar ataxia type II (SCA2) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), amongst others. Here, we first discuss the increasingly wide-ranging molecular functions of Ataxin-2, from the regulation of RNA stability and translation to the repression of deleterious accumulation of the RNA-DNA hybrid-harbouring R-loop structures. We also highlight the broader physiological roles of Ataxin-2 such as in the regulation of cellular metabolism and circadian rhythms. Finally, we discuss insight from clinically focused studies to shed light on the impact of molecular and physiological roles of Ataxin-2 in various human diseases. We anticipate that deciphering the fundamental functions of Ataxin-2 will uncover unique approaches to help cure or control debilitating and lethal human diseases.
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24
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Xia Q, Wang G, Wang H, Hu Q, Ying Z. Folliculin, a tumor suppressor associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, is a novel modifier of TDP-43 cytoplasmic translocation and aggregation. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:83-96. [PMID: 26516189 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 was identified as the major component of ubiquitin and autophagosome-positive cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons in the large majority of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD) patients. It has been shown that a loss of nuclear TDP-43 in combination with enhanced cytoplasmic mislocalization of TDP-43, which is associated with accumulation of TDP-43 aggregates in the cytosol, is an early and key event in TDP-43-mediated neurodegeneration. However, the mechanism underlying TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is still not clear. Here, we show that the tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) is a novel positive regulator of TDP-43 cytoplasmic translocation. FLCN directly interacts with TDP-43. The amino acids 202-299 of FLCN and RNA-recognition motif domains of TDP-43 are necessary for their interaction. In addition, both exogenous and endogenous FLCNs are required for TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation, protein aggregation and stress granule formation. Overall, our study suggests that FLCN may play an important role in the regulation of TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and TDP-43-mediated proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China, Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China and
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Qingsong Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Zheng Ying
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
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25
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Leal SS, Gomes CM. Calcium dysregulation links ALS defective proteins and motor neuron selective vulnerability. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:225. [PMID: 26136661 PMCID: PMC4468822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 20 distinct gene loci have so far been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration of motor neurons (MN) and death. Most of this distinct set of ALS-related proteins undergoes toxic deposition specifically in MN for reasons which remain unclear. Here we overview a recent body of evidence indicative that mutations in ALS-related proteins can disrupt fundamental Ca2+ signalling pathways in MN, and that Ca2+ itself impacts both directly or indirectly in many ALS critical proteins and cellular processes that result in MN neurodegeneration. We argue that the inherent vulnerability of MN to dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ is deeply associated with discriminating pathogenicity and aberrant crosstalk of most of the critical proteins involved in ALS. Overall, Ca2+ deregulation in MN is at the cornerstone of different ALS processes and is likely one of the factors contributing to the selective susceptibility of these cells to this particular neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia S Leal
- Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal ; Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal ; Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal
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26
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Osaka M, Ito D, Yagi T, Nihei Y, Suzuki N. Evidence of a link between ubiquilin 2 and optineurin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1617-29. [PMID: 25398946 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the ubiquilin 2 gene (UBQLN2) was recently identified as a cause of X-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and a major component of the inclusion bodies commonly found with a wide variety of ALS. ALS-linked mutations in UBQLN2 are clustered in a unique proline-X-X repeat region, reportedly leading to impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system. However, the molecular properties of mutant UBQLN2 remain unclear. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of UBQLN2-linked ALS/FTD, we examined the biochemical and cellular characteristics of mutant UBQLN2 in vitro. UBQLN2 localized in Rab11-positive endosomal vesicles formed by the ALS-linked molecule optineurin (OPTN). These vesicles were ubiquitin- and p62-immunopositive and also co-localized with an initiator of the autophagic process, ULK1, after amino acid starvation. An ALS-linked mutation (E478G) in OPTN abolished vesicle formation. ALS-linked mutations in UBQLN2 additively enhanced UBQLN2 aggregation and formation of inclusion bodies, resulting in mislocation from OPTN vesicles. UBQLN2 was found to be a potent regulator of the levels of the FTD-linked secretory factor progranulin, possibly via the endosomal system, and ALS-linked mutations disturbed these functional consequences. This study demonstrates that ALS-linked mutations in both OPTN and UBQLN2 interfere with the constitution of specific endosomal vesicles, suggesting that the vesicles are involved in protein homeostasis and that these proteins function in common pathological processes. These data suggest a novel disease spectrum and provide new pathological insights into OPTN and UBQLN2, enhancing our understanding of the molecular basis of ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Osaka
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Yagi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nihei
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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FTLD-ALS of TDP-43 type and SCA2 in a family with a full ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansion. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:597-604. [PMID: 24718895 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansions in the ataxin-2 gene (ATXN2) cause autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), but have recently also been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We present clinical and pathological features of a family in which a pathological ATXN2 expansion led to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ALS (FTLD-ALS) in the index case, but typical SCA2 in a son, and compare the neuropathology with a case of typical SCA2. The index case shares the molecular signature of SCA2 with prominent polyglutamine and p62-positive intranuclear neuronal inclusions mainly in the pontine nuclei, while harbouring more pronounced neocortical and spinal TDP-43 pathology. We conclude that ATXN2 mutations can cause not only ALS, but also a neuropathological overlap syndrome of SCA2 and FTLD presenting clinically as pure FTLD-ALS without ataxia. The cause of the phenotypic heterogeneity remains unexplained, but the presence of a CAA-interrupted CAG repeat in the FTLD case in this family suggests that one potential mechanism may be variation in repeat tract composition between members of the same family.
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28
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Tagashira H, Shinoda Y, Shioda N, Fukunaga K. Methyl pyruvate rescues mitochondrial damage caused by SIGMAR1 mutation related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3320-34. [PMID: 25175561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease caused by motor neuron degeneration. Recently, a novel SIGMAR1 gene variant (p.E102Q) was discovered in some familial ALS patients. METHODS We address mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration caused by the mutation using Neuro2A cells overexpressing σ1R(E102Q), a protein of a SIGMAR1 gene variant (p.E102Q) and evaluate potential amelioration by ATP production via methyl pyruvate (MP) treatment. RESULTS σ1R(E102Q) overexpression promoted dissociation of the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and cytoplasmic aggregation, which in turn impaired mitochondrial ATP production and proteasome activity. Under ER stress conditions, overexpression of wild-type σ1R suppressed ER stress-induced mitochondrial injury, whereas σ1R(E102Q) overexpression aggravated mitochondrial damage and induced autophagic cell death. Moreover, σ1R(E102Q)-overexpressing cells showed aberrant extra-nuclear localization of the TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43), a condition exacerbated by ER stress. Treatment of cells with the mitochondrial Ca(2+) transporter inhibitor Ru360 mimicked the effects of σ1R(E102Q) overexpression, indicating that aberrant σ1R-mediated mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport likely underlies TDP-43 extra-nuclear localization, segregation in inclusion bodies, and ubiquitination. Finally, enhanced ATP production promoted by methyl pyruvate (MP) treatment rescued proteasome impairment and TDP-43 extra-nuclear localization caused by σ1R(E102Q) overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that neurodegeneration seen in some forms of ALS are due in part to aberrant mitochondrial ATP production and proteasome activity as well as TDP-43 mislocalization resulting from the SIGMAR1 mutation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ATP supplementation by MP represents a potential therapeutic strategy to treat ALS caused by SIGMAR1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tagashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norifumi Shioda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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29
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Modeling motor neuron disease: the matter of time. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:642-52. [PMID: 25156326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell technologies have created new opportunities to generate unlimited numbers of human neurons in the lab and study neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Although some disease hallmarks have been reported in patient-derived stem cell models, it is proving more difficult to recapitulate the full phenotypic extent of these disorders. The problem with these stem cell models lies in the disparity between the advanced age of onset of neurodegenerative disorders and the embryonic nature of the in vitro derived cell types. In this review we discuss experimental methods of in vitro aging of neural cell types as a means to elicit late-onset symptoms in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of neurodegenerative disease.
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30
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A case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with intermediate ATXN-1 CAG repeat expansion in a large family with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. J Neurol 2014; 261:1442-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Su XW, Broach JR, Connor JR, Gerhard GS, Simmons Z. Genetic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Implications for clinical practice and research. Muscle Nerve 2014; 49:786-803. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei W. Su
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania USA
| | - James R. Broach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania USA
| | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Hershey Pennsylvania USA
| | - Zachary Simmons
- Department of Neurology; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; 30 Hope Drive (Suite EC037) Hershey Pennsylvania 17033 USA
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32
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Budini M, Baralle FE, Buratti E. Targeting TDP-43 in neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:617-32. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.896905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Taking a risk: a therapeutic focus on ataxin-2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Toyoshima Y, Takahashi H. TDP-43 pathology in polyglutamine diseases: with reference to amyotrphic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathology 2013; 34:77-82. [PMID: 23889603 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A nuclear protein, transactivation response (TAR) DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), is the major component of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin inclusions (FTLD-U) and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). While initially thought to be relatively specific to FTLD-U and ALS, TDP-43 pathology has now been detected in a number of other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In such tauopathies and α-synucleinopathies, occurrence of TDP-43-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions may be associated with other distinct molecular pathologic processes primarily involving their own pathological proteins, tau and α-synuclein, respectively (secondary TDP-43 proteinopathies). On the other hand, in several polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, TDP-43 appears to play an important pathomechanistic role. Interestingly, intermediate-length polyQ expansions (27-33 Qs) in ataxin 2, the causative gene of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, have recently been reported to be a genetic risk factor for SALS. Here, with a review of the literature, we discuss the relationship between ALS and polyQ diseases from the viewpoint of TDP-43 neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Toyoshima
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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35
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Blokhuis AM, Groen EJN, Koppers M, van den Berg LH, Pasterkamp RJ. Protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:777-94. [PMID: 23673820 PMCID: PMC3661910 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins in affected motor neurons. Recent studies have identified several new molecular constituents of ALS-linked cellular aggregates, including FUS, TDP-43, OPTN, UBQLN2 and the translational product of intronic repeats in the gene C9ORF72. Mutations in the genes encoding these proteins are found in a subgroup of ALS patients and segregate with disease in familial cases, indicating a causal relationship with disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, these proteins are often detected in aggregates of non-mutation carriers and those observed in other neurodegenerative disorders, supporting a widespread role in neuronal degeneration. The molecular characteristics and distribution of different types of protein aggregates in ALS can be linked to specific genetic alterations and shows a remarkable overlap hinting at a convergence of underlying cellular processes and pathological effects. Thus far, self-aggregating properties of prion-like domains, altered RNA granule formation and dysfunction of the protein quality control system have been suggested to contribute to protein aggregation in ALS. The precise pathological effects of protein aggregation remain largely unknown, but experimental evidence hints at both gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular make-up, formation, and mechanism-of-action of protein aggregates in ALS. Further insight into protein aggregation will not only deepen our understanding of ALS pathogenesis but also may provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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36
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Bentmann E, Haass C, Dormann D. Stress granules in neurodegeneration - lessons learnt from TAR DNA binding protein of 43 kDa and fused in sarcoma. FEBS J 2013; 280:4348-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bentmann
- Adolf Butenandt Institute; Department of Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Adolf Butenandt Institute; Department of Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); Munich Germany
| | - Dorothee Dormann
- Adolf Butenandt Institute; Department of Biochemistry; Ludwig Maximilians University; Munich Germany
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37
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Lattante S, Rouleau GA, Kabashi E. TARDBPandFUSMutations Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Summary and Update. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:812-26. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lattante
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Centre de Recherche, CHU Pitié-Salpétrière, Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; CNRS UMR 7225; F-75013; Paris; France
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University; Montreal; Canada
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Thomas M, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Wade-Martins R. RNA dysfunction and aggrephagy at the centre of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia disease continuum. Brain 2013; 136:1345-60. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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