1
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Chen CC, Hsu LW, Chen KD, Chiu KW, Kung CP, Li SR, Chen CL, Huang KT. Calreticulin regulates hepatic stellate cell activation through modulating TGF-beta-induced Smad signaling. Cell Calcium 2024; 121:102895. [PMID: 38703416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) as a wound healing process. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HpSCs) are the major producer of the ECM and play a central role in liver fibrogenesis. It has been widely accepted that elimination of activated HpSCs or reversion to a quiescent state can be a feasible strategy for resolving the disease, further highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic targets. Calreticulin (CRT) is a molecular chaperone that normally resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), important in protein folding and trafficking through the secretory pathway. CRT also plays a critical role in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, with its Ca2+ storage capacity. In the current study, we aimed to demonstrate its function in directing HpSC activation. In a mouse liver injury model, CRT was up-regulated in HpSCs. In cellular experiments, we further showed that this activation was through modulating the canonical TGF-β signaling. As down-regulation of CRT in HpSCs elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels through a form of Ca2+ influx, named store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), we examined whether moderating SOCE affected TGF-β signaling. Interestingly, blocking SOCE had little effect on TGF-β-induced gene expression. In contrast, inhibition of ER Ca2+ release using the inositol trisphosphate receptor inhibitor 2-APB increased TGF-β signaling. Treatment with 2-APB did not alter SOCE but decreased intracellular Ca2+ at the basal level. Indeed, adjusting Ca2+ concentrations by EGTA or BAPTA-AM chelation further enhanced TGF-β-induced signaling. Our results suggest a crucial role of CRT in the liver fibrogenic process through modulating Ca2+ concentrations and TGF-β signaling in HpSCs, which may provide new information and help advance the current discoveries for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - King-Wah Chiu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Pin Kung
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Rong Li
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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2
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Mishra S, Manzanares MA, Prater J, Culp D, Gold LI. Calreticulin accelerates corneal wound closure and mitigates fibrosis: Potential therapeutic applications. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18027. [PMID: 37985392 PMCID: PMC10902309 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes involved in regeneration of cutaneous compared to corneal tissues involve different intrinsic mechanisms. Importantly, cutaneous wounds involve healing by angiogenesis but vascularization of the cornea obscures vision. Previous studies showed that topically applied calreticulin (CALR) healed full-thickness excisional animal wounds by a tissue regenerative process markedly enhancing repair without evoking angiogenesis. In the current study, the application of CALR in a rabbit corneal injury model: (1) accelerated full wound closure by 3 days (2) accelerated delayed healing caused by corticosteroids, routinely used to prevent post-injury inflammation, by 6 days and (3) healed wounds without vascularization or fibrosis/hazing. In vitro, CALR stimulated proliferation of human corneal epithelial cells (CE) and corneal stromal cells (keratocytes) by 1.5-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively and induced migration of CE cells and keratocytes, by 72% and 85% compared to controls of 44% and 59%, respectively. As a marker of decreased fibrosis, CALR treated corneal wounds showed decreased immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by keratocytes and following CALR treatment in vitro, decreased the levels of TGF-β2 in human CE cells and α-SMA in keratocytes. CALR has the potential to be a novel therapeutic both, to accelerate corneal healing from various injuries and in conjunction with corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Precision MedicineNew York University School of Medicine Langone HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Miguel A. Manzanares
- Department of Medicine, Division of Precision MedicineNew York University School of Medicine Langone HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Justin Prater
- Powered Research, Research Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaNew YorkUSA
| | - David Culp
- Powered Research, Research Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaNew YorkUSA
| | - Leslie I. Gold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Precision MedicineNew York University School of Medicine Langone HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PathologyNew York University School of Medicine Langone HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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3
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Han X, Wu W, Wang S. Krüppel-like factor 15 counteracts endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppresses lung fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102183. [PMID: 37531874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of pulmonary fibrosis is on the rise, and existing treatments have limited efficacy in improving patient survival. The purpose of this study was to reveal the potential of Krüppel-like factor (KLF)15 activation in alleviating pulmonary fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was utilized to induce lung fibroblasts to establish an in vitro model of pulmonary fibrosis. The impacts of TGF-β and KLF15 level on cell proliferation, migration, extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) were assessed. Additionally, tunicamycin, an ERS agonist, was used to investigate the role of ERS in KLF15 regulation. The results showed that KLF15 was dropped in response to TGF-β treatment. However, KLF15 overexpression reduced cell proliferation, migration, ECM accumulation, and ERS, alleviating the effects of TGF-β stimulation. Subsequent treatment with tunicamycin diminished the effects of KLF15 overexpression, demonstrating that ERS mediated the modulation of KLF15. KLF15 acts against ERS and suppresses excessive proliferation and ECM accumulation in lung fibroblast. These findings suggest that activating KLF15 is a promising strategy for alleviating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Han
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China.
| | - Weiqin Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China.
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4
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NSC243928 Treatment Induces Anti-Tumor Immune Response in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051468. [PMID: 36900259 PMCID: PMC10000927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NSC243928 induces cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells in a LY6K-dependent manner. NSC243928 has been reported as an anti-cancer agent in the NCI small molecule library. The molecular mechanism of NSC243928 as an anti-cancer agent in the treatment of tumor growth in the syngeneic mouse model has not been established. With the success of immunotherapies, novel anti-cancer drugs that may elicit an anti-tumor immune response are of high interest in the development of novel drugs to treat solid cancer. Thus, we focused on studying whether NSC243928 may elicit an anti-tumor immune response in the in vivo mammary tumor models of 4T1 and E0771. We observed that NSC243928 induced immunogenic cell death in 4T1 and E0771 cells. Furthermore, NSC243928 mounted an anti-tumor immune response by increasing immune cells such as patrolling monocytes, NKT cells, B1 cells, and decreasing PMN MDSCs in vivo. Further studies are required to understand the exact mechanism of NSC243928 action in inducing an anti-tumor immune response in vivo, which can be used to determine a molecular signature associated with NSC243928 efficacy. NSC243928 may be a good target for future immuno-oncology drug development for breast cancer.
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5
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Huang X, Lin X, Wang L, Xie Y, Que Y, Li S, Hu P, Tong X. Substitution of SERCA2 Cys 674 aggravates cardiac fibrosis by promoting the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiac myofibroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115164. [PMID: 35809651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) is vital to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis, and its redox Cys674 (C674) is the key to regulating activity. Our goal was to investigate whether the redox state of SERCA2 C674 is critical for cardiac fibrosis and the mechanisms involved. Heterozygous SERCA2 C674S knock-in (SKI) mice, in which half of C674 was substituted by serine, were used to mimic the partial loss of the reactive C674 thiol in pathological conditions. In cardiac fibroblasts, the substitution of C674 thiol increased Ca2+ levels in cytoplasm and mitochondria, and intracellular ROS levels, and activated calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT) pathway, increased the protein expression of profibrotic factors TGF beta 1 (TGF-β1), alpha smooth muscle actin, collagen I and collagen III, and promoted the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiac myofibroblasts, which could be reversed by calcineurin/NFAT inhibitor, SERCA2 agonist, or ROS scavenger. Activation of SERCA2 or scavenging ROS is beneficial to alleviate cardiac fibrosis caused by the substitution of C674. In conclusion, the partial loss of the reactive C674 thiol in the SERCA2 exacerbates cardiac fibrosis by activating the calcineurin/NFAT/TGF-β1 pathway to promote the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiac myofibroblasts, which highlights the importance of C674 redox state in maintaining the homeostasis of cardiac fibroblasts. SERCA2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Langtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yufei Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yumei Que
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Siqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Pingping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoyong Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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6
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Cao Q, Tartaglia G, Alexander M, Park PH, Poojan S, Farshchian M, Fuentes I, Chen M, McGrath JA, Palisson F, Salas-Alanis J, South AP. A role for Collagen VII in matrix protein secretion. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:226-244. [PMID: 35779741 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of type VII collagen (C7) disrupts cellular proteostasis yet the mechanism remains undescribed. By studying the relationship between C7 and the extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), type XII collagen (C12) and tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) in primary human dermal fibroblasts from multiple donors with or without the genetic disease recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) (n=31), we demonstrate that secretion of each of these proteins is increased in the presence of C7. In dermal fibroblasts isolated from patients with RDEB, where C7 is absent or defective, association with the COPII outer coat protein SEC31 and ultimately secretion of each of these ECM-associated proteins is reduced and intracellular levels are increased. In RDEB fibroblasts, overall collagen secretion (as determined by the levels of hydroxyproline in the media) is unchanged while traffic from the ER to Golgi of TSP1, C12 and TGM2 occurs in a type I collagen (C1) dependent manner. In normal fibroblasts association of TSP1, C12 and TGM2 with the ER exit site transmembrane protein Transport ANd Golgi Organization-1 (TANGO1) as determined by proximity ligation assays, requires C7. In the absence of wild-type C7, or when ECM-associated proteins are overexpressed, C1 proximity and intracellular levels increase resulting in elevated cellular stress responses and elevated TGFβ signaling. Collectively, these data demonstrate a role for C7 in loading COPII vesicle cargo and provides a mechanism for disrupted proteostasis, elevated cellular stress and increased TGFβ signaling in patients with RDEB. Furthermore, our data point to a threshold of cargo loading that can be exceeded with increased protein levels leading to pathological outcomes in otherwise normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cao
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Grace Tartaglia
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pyung Hung Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shiv Poojan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ignacia Fuentes
- DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), UK
| | - Francis Palisson
- DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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7
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Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin-1 Signaling Through the Calreticulin/LDL Receptor Related Protein 1 Axis: Functions and Possible Roles in Glaucoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898772. [PMID: 35693935 PMCID: PMC9185677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular extracellular matrix protein. Matricellular proteins are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that regulate key cellular functions and impact ECM organization, but which lack direct primary structural roles in the ECM. TSP-1 expression is upregulated in response to injury, hypoxia, growth factor stimulation, inflammation, glucose, and by reactive oxygen species. Relevant to glaucoma, TSP-1 is also a mechanosensitive molecule upregulated by mechanical stretch. TSP-1 expression is increased in ocular remodeling in glaucoma in both the trabecular meshwork and in the optic nerve head. The exact roles of TSP-1 in glaucoma remain to be defined, however. It plays important roles in cell behavior and in ECM remodeling during wound healing, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and in tumorigenesis and metastasis. At the cellular level, TSP-1 can modulate cell adhesion and migration, protease activity, growth factor activity, anoikis resistance, apoptosis, and collagen secretion and matrix assembly and cross-linking. These multiple functions and macromolecular and receptor interactions have been ascribed to specific domains of the TSP-1 molecule. In this review, we will focus on the cell regulatory activities of the TSP-1 N-terminal domain (NTD) sequence that binds to cell surface calreticulin (Calr) and which regulates cell functions via signaling through Calr complexed with LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1). We will describe TSP-1 actions mediated through the Calr/LRP1 complex in regulating focal adhesion disassembly and cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility, anoikis resistance, and induction of collagen secretion and matrix deposition. Finally, we will consider the relevance of these TSP-1 functions to the pathologic remodeling of the ECM in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich,
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8
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Yamaguchi M, Ohbayashi S, Ooka A, Yamashita H, Motohashi N, Kaneko YK, Kimura T, Saito SY, Ishikawa T. Harmine suppresses collagen production in hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting DYRK1B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 600:136-141. [PMID: 35219102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major consequence of chronic liver disease, where excess extracellular matrix is deposited, due caused by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The suppression of collagen production in HSCs is therefore regarded as a therapeutic target of liver fibrosis. The present study investigated effects of harmine, which is a β-carboline alkaloid and known as an inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinases (DYRKs), on the production of collagen in HSCs. LX-2 cells, a human HSC cell line, were treated with harmine (0-10 μM) for 48 h in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml). The expression of collagen type I α1 (COL1A1) and DYRK isoforms was investigated by Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, or immunofluorescence. The influence of knockdown of each DYRK isoform on the COL1A1 expression was further investigated. The expression of COL1A1 was markedly increased by treating with TGF-β1 for 48 h in LX-2 cells. Harmine (10 μM) significantly inhibited the increased expression of COL1A1. LX-2 cells expressed mRNAs of DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK2, and DYRK4, although the expression of DYRK4 was much lower than the others. Knockdown of DYRK1B, but not DYRK1A or DYRK2, with siRNA significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced increase in COL1A1 expression. These results suggest that harmine suppresses COL1A1 expression via inhibiting DYRK1B in HSCs and therefore might be effective for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoka Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Saya Ohbayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akira Ooka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hinako Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nanami Motohashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yukiko K Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari City, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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9
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Cabrera JTO, Makino A. Efferocytosis of vascular cells in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107919. [PMID: 34171333 PMCID: PMC8695637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell death and the clearance of apoptotic cells are tightly regulated by various signaling molecules in order to maintain physiological tissue function and homeostasis. The phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells is known as the process of efferocytosis, and abnormal efferocytosis is linked to various health complications and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. During efferocytosis, phagocytic cells and/or apoptotic cells release signals, such as "find me" and "eat me" signals, to stimulate the phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells. Primary phagocytic cells are macrophages and dendritic cells; however, more recently, other neighboring cell types have also been shown to exhibit phagocytic character, including endothelial cells and fibroblasts, although they are comparatively slower in clearing dead cells. In this review, we focus on macrophage efferocytosis of vascular cells, such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes, and its relation to the progression and development of cardiovascular disease. We also highlight the role of efferocytosis-related molecules and their contribution to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Tori O Cabrera
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Remes A, Wagner AH, Schmiedel N, Heckmann M, Ruf T, Ding L, Jungmann A, Senger F, Katus HA, Ullrich ND, Frey N, Hecker M, Müller OJ. AAV-mediated expression of NFAT decoy oligonucleotides protects from cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:38. [PMID: 34089101 PMCID: PMC8178147 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have underlined the substantial role of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy ultimately leading to heart failure. Here, we aimed at neutralizing four members of the NFAT family of transcription factors as a therapeutic strategy for myocardial hypertrophy transiting to heart failure through AAV-mediated cardiac expression of a RNA-based decoy oligonucleotide (dON) targeting NFATc1-c4. AAV-mediated dON expression markedly decreased endothelin-1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and resulted in efficient expression of these dONs in the heart of adult mice as evidenced by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Cardiomyocyte-specific dON expression both before and after induction of transverse aortic constriction protected mice from development of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. Singular systemic administration of AAVs enabling a cell-specific expression of dONs for selective neutralization of a given transcription factor may thus represent a novel and powerful therapeutic approach.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelin-1/toxicity
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Heart Failure/prevention & control
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics
- NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Remodeling
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Remes
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research , Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck , Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nesrin Schmiedel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research , Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck , Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Heckmann
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Ruf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research , Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck , Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Jungmann
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Senger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research , Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck , Kiel, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina D Ullrich
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research , Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck , Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel , Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 , Kiel, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research , Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck , Kiel, Germany.
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11
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Tat V, Ayaub EA, Ayoub A, Vierhout M, Naiel S, Padwal MK, Abed S, Mekhael O, Tandon K, Revill SD, Yousof T, Bellaye PS, Kolb PS, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Naqvi A, Cutz JC, Hambly N, Kato J, Vaughan M, Moss J, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. FK506-Binding Protein 13 Expression Is Upregulated in Interstitial Lung Disease and Correlated with Clinical Severity. A Potentially Protective Role. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:235-246. [PMID: 33253593 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by myofibroblast accumulation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. We sought to investigate the role of FKBP13 (13-kD FK506-binding protein), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident molecular chaperone, in various forms of pulmonary fibrosis. We first characterized the gene and protein expression of FKBP13 in lung biopsy specimens from 24 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 17 control subjects. FKBP13 expression was found to be elevated in the fibrotic regions of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung tissues and correlated with declining forced vital capacity and dyspnea severity. FKBP13 expression was also increased in lung biopsy specimens of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis-associated interstitial lung disease. We next evaluated the role of this protein using FKBP13-/- mice in a bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. Animals were assessed for lung function and histopathology at different stages of lung injury including the inflammatory (Day 7), fibrotic (Day 21), and resolution (Day 50) phases. FKBP13-/- mice showed increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines at Day 7, increased lung elastance and fibrosis at Day 21, and impaired resolution of fibrosis at Day 50. These changes were associated with an increased number of cells that stained positive for TUNEL and cleaved caspase 3 in the FKBP13-/- lungs, indicating a heightened cellular sensitivity to bleomycin. Our findings suggest that FKBP13 is a potential biomarker for severity of interstitial lung diseases and that it has a biologically relevant role in protecting mice against bleomycin-induced injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tat
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Ehab A Ayaub
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Manreet K Padwal
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Soumeya Abed
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Olivia Mekhael
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Karun Tandon
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Spencer D Revill
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Tamana Yousof
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Philipp S Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Asghar Naqvi
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Nathan Hambly
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jiro Kato
- Pulmonary Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha Vaughan
- Pulmonary Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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12
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Roles of Calreticulin in Protein Folding, Immunity, Calcium Signaling and Cell Transformation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:145-162. [PMID: 34050865 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that mediates the proper folding and assembly of proteins destined for the cell surface, the extracellular space and subcellular compartments such as the lysosomes. The ER contains a wide range of molecular chaperones to handle the folding requirements of a diverse set of proteins that traffic through this compartment. The lectin-like chaperones calreticulin and calnexin are an important class of structurally-related chaperones relevant for the folding and assembly of many N-linked glycoproteins. Despite the conserved mechanism of action of these two chaperones in nascent protein recognition and folding, calreticulin has unique functions in cellular calcium signaling and in the immune response. The ER-related functions of calreticulin in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are well-studied and provide many insights into the modes of substrate and co-chaperone recognition by calreticulin. Calreticulin is also detectable on the cell surface under some conditions, where it induces the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, mutations of calreticulin induce cell transformation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Studies of the functions of the mutant calreticulin in cell transformation and immunity have provided many insights into the normal biology of calreticulin, which are discussed.
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13
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Lu A, Pallero MA, Owusu BY, Borovjagin AV, Lei W, Sanders PW, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin is important for the development of renal fibrosis and dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 8:100034. [PMID: 33543033 PMCID: PMC7852315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, our lab showed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and calcium regulatory protein, calreticulin (CRT), is important for collagen transcription, secretion, and assembly into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and that ER CRT is critical for TGF-β stimulation of type I collagen transcription through stimulation of ER calcium release and NFAT activation. Diabetes is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. TGF-β is a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, the role of calreticulin (Calr) in fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy has not been investigated. In current work, we used both in vitro and in vivo approaches to assess the role of ER CRT in TGF-β and glucose stimulated ECM production by renal tubule cells and in diabetic mice. Knockdown of CALR by siRNA in a human proximal tubular cell line (HK-2) showed reduced induction of soluble collagen when stimulated by TGF-β or high glucose as compared to control cells, as well as a reduction in fibronectin and collagen IV transcript levels. CRT protein is increased in kidneys of mice made diabetic with streptozotocin and subjected to uninephrectomy to accelerate renal tubular injury as compared to controls. We used renal-targeted ultrasound delivery of Cre-recombinase plasmid to knockdown specifically CRT expression in the remaining kidney of uninephrectomized Calr fl/fl mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This approach reduced CRT expression in the kidney, primarily in the tubular epithelium, by 30-55%, which persisted over the course of the studies. Renal function as measured by the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was improved in the mice with knockdown of CRT as compared to diabetic mice injected with saline or subjected to ultrasound and injected with control GFP plasmid. PAS staining of kidneys and immunohistochemical analyses of collagen types I and IV show reduced glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Renal sections from diabetic mice with CRT knockdown showed reduced nuclear NFAT in renal tubules and treatment of diabetic mice with 11R-VIVIT, an NFAT inhibitor, reduced proteinuria and renal fibrosis. These studies identify ER CRT as an important regulator of TGF-β stimulated ECM production in the diabetic kidney, potentially through regulation of NFAT-dependent ECM transcription.
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Key Words
- 4-PBA, 4-phenylbutyrate
- CRT, calreticulin
- Calreticulin
- Collagen
- Diabetic nephropathy
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Fibrosis
- GRP78, glucose related protein 78
- MB/US, microbubble/ultrasound
- NFAT
- NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells
- PAS, Periodic Acid-Schiff
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- UPR, unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Manuel A. Pallero
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Weiqi Lei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294-0019, USA
| | - Paul W. Sanders
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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14
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Pandya UM, Manzanares MA, Tellechea A, Egbuta C, Daubriac J, Jimenez-Jaramillo C, Samra F, Fredston-Hermann A, Saadipour K, Gold LI. Calreticulin exploits TGF-β for extracellular matrix induction engineering a tissue regenerative process. FASEB J 2020; 34:15849-15874. [PMID: 33015849 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topical application of extracellular calreticulin (eCRT), an ER chaperone protein, in animal models enhances wound healing and induces tissue regeneration evidenced by epidermal appendage neogenesis and lack of scarring. In addition to chemoattraction of cells critical to the wound healing process, eCRT induces abundant neo-dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) formation by 3 days post-wounding. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms involved in eCRT induction of ECM. In vitro, eCRT strongly induces collagen I, fibronectin, elastin, α-smooth muscle actin in human adult dermal (HDFs) and neonatal fibroblasts (HFFs) mainly via TGF-β canonical signaling and Smad2/3 activation; RAP, an inhibitor of LRP1 blocked eCRT ECM induction. Conversely, eCRT induction of α5 and β1 integrins was not mediated by TGF-β signaling nor inhibited by RAP. Whereas eCRT strongly induces ECM and integrin α5 proteins in K41 wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), CRT null MEFs were unresponsive. The data show that eCRT induces the synthesis and release of TGF-β3 first via LRP1 or other receptor signaling and later induces ECM proteins via LRP1 signaling subsequently initiating TGF-β receptor signaling for intracellular CRT (iCRT)-dependent induction of TGF-β1 and ECM proteins. In addition, TGF-β1 induces 2-3-fold higher level of ECM proteins than eCRT. Whereas eCRT and iCRT converge for ECM induction, we propose that eCRT attenuates TGF-β-mediated fibrosis/scarring to achieve tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati M Pandya
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel A Manzanares
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Tellechea
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chinaza Egbuta
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Daubriac
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Couger Jimenez-Jaramillo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fares Samra
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexa Fredston-Hermann
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khalil Saadipour
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie I Gold
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Pathology Department, New York University School of Medicine-Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Gibb AA, Lazaropoulos MP, Elrod JW. Myofibroblasts and Fibrosis: Mitochondrial and Metabolic Control of Cellular Differentiation. Circ Res 2020; 127:427-447. [PMID: 32673537 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is mediated by the activation of resident cardiac fibroblasts, which differentiate into myofibroblasts in response to injury or stress. Although myofibroblast formation is a physiological response to acute injury, such as myocardial infarction, myofibroblast persistence, as occurs in heart failure, contributes to maladaptive remodeling and progressive functional decline. Although traditional pathways of activation, such as TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and AngII (angiotensin II), have been well characterized, less understood are the alterations in mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism that are necessary to initiate and sustain myofibroblast formation and function. In this review, we highlight recent reports detailing the mitochondrial and metabolic mechanisms that contribute to myofibroblast differentiation, persistence, and function with the hope of identifying novel therapeutic targets to treat, and potentially reverse, tissue organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Gibb
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael P Lazaropoulos
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John W Elrod
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Korfei M, MacKenzie B, Meiners S. The ageing lung under stress. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/200126. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing of the lung involves structural changes but also numerous cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic alterations. Among them are the age-related decline in central cellular quality control mechanisms such as redox and protein homeostasis. In this review, we would like to provide a conceptual framework of how impaired stress responses in the ageing lung, as exemplified by dysfunctional redox and protein homeostasis, may contribute to onset and progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We propose that age-related imbalanced redox and protein homeostasis acts, amongst others (e.g.cellular senescence), as a “first hit” that challenges the adaptive stress-response pathways of the cell, increases the level of oxidative stress and renders the lung susceptible to subsequent injury and disease. In both COPD and IPF, additional environmental insults such as smoking, air pollution and/or infections then serve as “second hits” which contribute to persistently elevated oxidative stress that overwhelms the already weakened adaptive defence and repair pathways in the elderly towards non-adaptive, irremediable stress thereby promoting development and progression of respiratory diseases. COPD and IPF are thus distinct horns of the same devil, “lung ageing”.
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17
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulates Scleral Remodeling in a Guinea Pig Model of Form-Deprivation Myopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:3264525. [PMID: 32587758 PMCID: PMC7303736 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3264525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in scleral remodeling in a guinea pig model of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Methods Guinea pigs were form deprived to induce myopia. ER ultrastructural changes in the sclera were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The protein levels of ER stress chaperones, including GRP78, CHOP, and calreticulin (CRT), were analyzed by western blotting at 24 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks of FD. Scleral fibroblasts from guinea pigs were cultured and exposed to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (TM) or the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). CRT was knocked down by lentivirus-mediated CRT shRNA transfection. The expression levels of GRP78, CHOP, TGF-β1, and COL1A1 were analyzed by qRT-PCR or western blotting. Results The sclera of FDM eyes exhibited swollen and distended ER at 4 weeks, as well as significantly increased protein expression of GRP78 and CRT at 1 week and 4 weeks, compared to the sclera of the control eyes. In vitro, TM induced ER stress in scleral fibroblasts, which was suppressed by 4-PBA. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and COL1A1 was upregulated after TM stimulation for 24 hours, but downregulated for 48 hours. Additionally, change of TGF-β1 and COL1A1 transcription induced by TM was suppressed by CRT knockdown. Conclusions ER stress was an important modulator which could influence the expression of the scleral collagen. CRT might be a new target for the intervention of the FDM scleral remodeling process.
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18
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Ghilardi SJ, O'Reilly BM, Sgro AE. Intracellular signaling dynamics and their role in coordinating tissue repair. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1479. [PMID: 32035001 PMCID: PMC7187325 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair is a complex process that requires effective communication and coordination between cells across multiple tissues and organ systems. Two of the initial intracellular signals that encode injury signals and initiate tissue repair responses are calcium and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). However, calcium and ERK signaling control a variety of cellular behaviors important for injury repair including cellular motility, contractility, and proliferation, as well as the activity of several different transcription factors, making it challenging to relate specific injury signals to their respective repair programs. This knowledge gap ultimately hinders the development of new wound healing therapies that could take advantage of native cellular signaling programs to more effectively repair tissue damage. The objective of this review is to highlight the roles of calcium and ERK signaling dynamics as mechanisms that link specific injury signals to specific cellular repair programs during epithelial and stromal injury repair. We detail how the signaling networks controlling calcium and ERK can now also be dissected using classical signal processing techniques with the advent of new biosensors and optogenetic signal controllers. Finally, we advocate the importance of recognizing calcium and ERK dynamics as key links between injury detection and injury repair programs that both organize and execute a coordinated tissue repair response between cells across different tissues and organs. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Ghilardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design CenterBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - Breanna M. O'Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design CenterBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - Allyson E. Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design CenterBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
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19
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Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin 1 and Its Diverse Roles as a Regulator of Extracellular Matrix in Fibrotic Disease. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:683-699. [PMID: 31116066 PMCID: PMC6713974 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419851103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is a matricellular extracellular matrix protein that has diverse roles in regulating cellular processes important for the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. We will present evidence for the importance of TSP1 control of latent transforming growth factor beta activation in renal fibrosis with an emphasis on diabetic nephropathy. Other functions of TSP1 that affect renal fibrosis, including regulation of inflammation and capillary density, will be addressed. Emerging roles for TSP1 N-terminal domain regulation of collagen matrix assembly, direct effects of TSP1-collagen binding, and intracellular functions of TSP1 in mediating endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis, which could potentially affect renal fibrogenesis, will also be discussed. Finally, we will address possible strategies for targeting TSP1 functions to treat fibrotic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Ophthalmology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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20
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Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Patel PD, Searby C, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) signaling plays a key role in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9854-9868. [PMID: 29743238 PMCID: PMC6016452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a serious adverse effect of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is associated with GC-induced IOP elevation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which GCs induce ECM accumulation and ER stress in the TM have not been determined. Here, we show that a potent GC, dexamethasone (Dex), activates transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling, leading to GC-induced ECM accumulation, ER stress, and IOP elevation. Dex increased both the precursor and bioactive forms of TGFβ2 in conditioned medium and activated TGFβ-induced SMAD signaling in primary human TM cells. Dex also activated TGFβ2 in the aqueous humor and TM of a mouse model of Dex-induced ocular hypertension. We further show that Smad3-/- mice are protected from Dex-induced ocular hypertension, ER stress, and ECM accumulation. Moreover, treating WT mice with a selective TGFβ receptor kinase I inhibitor, LY364947, significantly decreased Dex-induced ocular hypertension. Of note, knockdown of the ER stress-induced activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), or C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), completely prevented Dex-induced TGFβ2 activation and ECM accumulation in TM cells. These observations suggested that chronic ER stress promotes Dex-induced ocular hypertension via TGFβ signaling. Our results indicate that TGFβ2 signaling plays a central role in GC-induced ocular hypertension and provides therapeutic targets for GC-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Kasetti
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
| | - Pinkal D Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
| | - Charles Searby
- the Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Val C Sheffield
- the Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Gulab S Zode
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
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21
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Paim Á, Cardozo NSM, Tessaro IC, Pranke P. Relevant biological processes for tissue development with stem cells and their mechanistic modeling: A review. Math Biosci 2018; 301:147-158. [PMID: 29746816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A potential alternative for tissue transplants is tissue engineering, in which the interaction of cells and biomaterials can be optimized. Tissue development in vitro depends on the complex interaction of several biological processes such as extracellular matrix synthesis, vascularization and cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, death, and differentiation. The complexity of an individual phenomenon or of the combination of these processes can be studied with phenomenological modeling techniques. This work reviews the main biological phenomena in tissue development and their mathematical modeling, focusing on mesenchymal stem cell growth in three-dimensional scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Paim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Nilo S M Cardozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Tessaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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22
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Burman A, Tanjore H, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in pulmonary fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:355-365. [PMID: 29567124 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with development and progression of fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). ER stress was first implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF >15 years ago with the discovery of disease-causing mutations in surfactant protein C, which result in a misfolded gene product in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to lung fibrosis through regulation of AEC apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast differentiation, and M2 macrophage polarization. Although progress has been made in understanding the causes and consequences of ER stress in IPF and a number of chronic fibrotic disorders, further studies are needed to identify key factors that induce ER stress in important cell types and define critical down-stream processes and effector molecules that mediate ER stress-related phenotypes. This review discusses potential causes of ER stress induction in the lungs and current evidence linking ER stress to fibrosis in the context of individual cell types: AECs, fibroblasts, and macrophages. As our understanding of the relationship between ER stress and lung fibrosis continues to evolve, future studies will examine new strategies to modulate UPR pathways for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Burman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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23
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Aberer E, Surtov-Pudar M, Wilfinger D, Deutsch A, Leitinger G, Schaider H. Co-culture of human fibroblasts and Borrelia burgdorferi enhances collagen and growth factor mRNA. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:117-126. [PMID: 29214350 PMCID: PMC5811584 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin fibrosis has been reported in Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Europe, but has been questioned by several authors. The objective of the present study was to examine the interaction of skin fibroblasts with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto B31 (BB) and B. afzelii (BA) in vitro by electron microscopy. We also determined the expression of collagen type I, TGF-β, FGF-1, calreticulin (CALR), decorin (DCN), and PDGF-α at the mRNA level in Borrelia/fibroblast co-cultures. Intact Borrelia attach to and transmigrate fibroblasts, and undergo cystic transformation outside the fibroblasts. Fibroblasts preserve their vitality and express a prominent granular endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting activated protein synthesis. On two different semi-quantitative real-time PCR assays, BB- and BA/fibroblast co-cultures showed a significant induction of type I collagen mRNA after 2 days compared to fibroblasts (fourfold for BA and 1.8-fold for BB; p < 0.02). In addition, there was a significant upregulation of mRNA expression of TGF-β, CALR, PDGF-α, and DCN in BA and BB co-cultures compared to control fibroblasts in monolayer cultures after 2 days (p < 0.01). The BA/fibroblast co-culture induced a considerably greater upregulation of collagen and growth factor mRNA compared to BB/fibroblast co-culture. In contrast, a significant down-regulation of FGF-1 (20-fold for BA and 4.5-fold for BB) mRNA expression was detected in co-cultures compared to controls (p < 0.01). The results of the study support the hypothesis that BB sensu lato, and BA in particular, enhances collagen mRNA expression and can stimulate growth factors responsible for increased collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Aberer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Milana Surtov-Pudar
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Wilfinger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Haematology, Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Research Unit Electron-Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schaider
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, 8036, Graz, Austria
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Dexamethasone-Mediated Upregulation of Calreticulin Inhibits Primary Human Glioblastoma Dispersal Ex Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020572. [PMID: 29443896 PMCID: PMC5855794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal of Glioblastoma (GBM) renders localized therapy ineffective and is a major cause of recurrence. Previous studies have demonstrated that Dexamethasone (Dex), a drug currently used to treat brain tumor-related edema, can also significantly reduce dispersal of human primary GBM cells from neurospheres. It does so by triggering α5 integrin activity, leading to restoration of fibronectin matrix assembly (FNMA), increased neurosphere cohesion, and reduction of neurosphere dispersal velocity (DV). How Dex specifically activates α5 integrin in these GBM lines is unknown. Several chaperone proteins are known to activate integrins, including calreticulin (CALR). We explore the role of CALR as a potential mediator of Dex-dependent induction of α5 integrin activity in primary human GBM cells. We use CALR knock-down and knock-in strategies to explore the effects on FNMA, aggregate compaction, and dispersal velocity in vitro, as well as dispersal ex vivo on extirpated mouse retina and brain slices. We show that Dex increases CALR expression and that siRNA knockdown suppresses Dex-mediated FNMA. Overexpression of CALR in GBM cells activates FNMA, increases compaction, and decreases DV in vitro and on explants of mouse retina and brain slices. Our results define a novel interaction between Dex, CALR, and FNMA as inhibitors of GBM dispersal.
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25
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Charonis AS, Michalak M, Groenendyk J, Agellon LB. Endoplasmic reticulum in health and disease: the 12th International Calreticulin Workshop, Delphi, Greece. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3141-3149. [PMID: 29160038 PMCID: PMC5706586 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from 1994, every 2 years, an international workshop is organized focused on calreticulin and other endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. In 2017, the workshop took place at Delphi Greece. Participants from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australia presented their recent data and discussed them extensively with their colleagues. Presentations dealt with structural aspects of calreticulin and calnexin, the role of Ca2+ in cellular signalling and in autophagy, the endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response, the role of calreticulin in immune responses. Several presentations focused on the role of calreticulin and other ER chaperones in a variety of disease states, including haemophilia, obesity, diabetes, Sjogren's syndrome, Chagas diseases, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neurological malignancies (especially glioblastoma), haematological malignancies (especially essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis), lung adenocarcinoma, renal pathology with emphasis in fibrosis and drug toxicity. In addition, the role of calreticulin and calnexin in growth and wound healing was discussed, as well as the possible use of extracellular calreticulin as a marker for certain diseases. It was agreed that the 13th International Calreticulin Workshop will be organized in 2019 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Yamamoto M, Ikezaki M, Toujima S, Iwahashi N, Mizoguchi M, Nanjo S, Minami S, Ihara Y, Ino K. Calreticulin Is Involved in Invasion of Human Extravillous Trophoblasts Through Functional Regulation of Integrin β1. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3874-3889. [PMID: 28938427 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT), a molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays a variety of roles in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immunity, and cancer biology. It has been reported that CRT is expressed in the human placenta, although its function in placental development is poorly understood. Appropriate invasion of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) into the maternal decidua is necessary for successful pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to investigate the expression and functional role of CRT in EVTs using the human EVT cell line HTR8/SVneo, in which CRT gene expression was knocked down. We found that CRT was highly expressed in the human placenta in the early stage of pregnancy and localized to the EVTs. CRT knockdown markedly suppressed the invasion ability of HTR8/SVneo cells. Furthermore, the adhesion to fibronectin was suppressed in the CRT-knockdown cells via the dysfunction of integrin α5β1. In the CRT-knockdown cells, terminal sialylation and fucosylation were decreased, and the core galactose-containing structure was increased in the N-glycans of integrin β1. In addition, the expression levels of several critical glycosyltransferases were changed in the CRT-knockdown cells, consistent with the changes in the N-glycans. These results showed that CRT regulates the function of integrin β1 by affecting the synthesis of N-glycans in HTR8/SVneo cells. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrate that the ER chaperone CRT plays a regulatory role in the invasion of EVTs, suggesting the importance of CRT expression in placental development during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Saori Toujima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Iwahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Mika Mizoguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Sakiko Nanjo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Sawako Minami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
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27
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Owusu BY, Zimmerman KA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum protein calreticulin in mediating TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production in fibrotic disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:289-299. [PMID: 29080087 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key factor contributing to fibrotic disease. Although ER stress is a short-term adaptive response, with chronic stimulation, it can activate pathways leading to fibrosis. ER stress can induce TGF-β signaling, a central driver of extracellular matrix production in fibrosis. This review will discuss the role of an ER protein, calreticulin (CRT), which has both chaperone and calcium regulatory functions, in fibrosis. CRT expression is upregulated in multiple different fibrotic diseases. The roles of CRT in regulation of fibronectin extracellular matrix assembly, extracellular matrix transcription, and collagen secretion and processing into the extracellular matrix will be discussed. Evidence for the importance of CRT in ER calcium release and NFAT activation downstream of TGF-β signaling will be presented. Finally, we will summarize evidence from animal models in which CRT expression is genetically reduced or experimentally downregulated in targeted tissues of adult animals and discuss how these models define a key role for CRT in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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28
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Mu S, Guo S, Wang X, Zhan Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang R, Zhang B. Effects of deferoxamine on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9579-9586. [PMID: 29039615 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia regulates a number of cell biological processes, including cell survival, development and differentiation. Deferoxamine (DFO), an oral chelator for blood transfusion patients, has been demonstrated to induce hypoxia and is frequently used as a hypoxia‑mimicking agent. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of DFO on the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). The effects of DFO on hPDLC viability and migration were measured using an MTT and wound healing assay. To characterize the hypoxia microenvironment, the expression of hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) in hPDLCs treated with DFO was quantified using the reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). Subsequently, the osteogenic differentiation potential of DFO was determined by RT‑qPCR of the mRNA of osteogenic markers (runt‑related transcription factor 2 [Runx‑2], osteopontin [OPN] and collagen type I [Col‑1]). The alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition were analyzed using alizarin red S staining. The MTT and wound healing assays demonstrated that low‑concentrations of DFO had little impact on hPDLC viability and migration 48 h into the treatment. DFO upregulated the expression of hPDLC genes specific for osteogenic differentiation: HIF‑1α, Runx‑2, OPN and Col‑1. Furthermore, formation of mineralized nodules was enhanced by DFO. The present study suggests that DFO provided favorable culture conditions to promote the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hPDLCs. The mechanism underlying these alterations remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Mu
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shuanlong Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Fenyang Hospital, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of General Dentistry, Yinzhou Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Pediatric Department of Stomatology, Yinzhou Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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29
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Zhao S, Su G, Yang W, Yue P, Bai B, Lin Y, Zhang J, Ba Y, Luo Z, Liu X, Zhao L, Xie Y, Xu Y, Li S, Meng W, Xie X, Li X. Identification and Comparison of Differentiation-Related Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissues by Proteomics. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:1092-1101. [PMID: 29332450 PMCID: PMC5762076 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617732426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Histological differentiation is a major pathological criterion indicating the risk of tumor invasion and metastasis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The degree of tumor differentiation is controlled by a complex interacting network of associated proteins. The principal aim of the present study is to identify the possible differentiation-related proteins which may be used for early diagnosis and more effective therapies. We compared poorly differentiated and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues by using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Among the 11 identified protein spots, 6 were found to be upregulated in poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and 5 were correspondingly downregulated. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 106 hepatocellular carcinoma tissues to confirm the results of the proteomic analysis. By using bioinformatic tools GO and STRING, these proteins were found to be related to catalytic activity, binding, and antioxidant activity. In particular, our data suggest that overexpression of peroxiredoxin-2, annexin A2, and heat shock protein β-1 was correlated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis, and therefore, these proteins may serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhao
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,4 Department of General Surgery, Petrochemical General Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Su
- 5 Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- 5 Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Yue
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bing Bai
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanyan Lin
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jinduo Zhang
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongjiang Ba
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- 4 Department of General Surgery, Petrochemical General Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- 6 The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- 6 The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yaowei Xu
- 6 The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuo Li
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenbo Meng
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- 5 Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xun Li
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,7 The Second Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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30
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Chen X, Zhang M, Chen S, Wang X, Tian Z, Chen Y, Xu P, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang L. Peptide-Modified Chitosan Hydrogels Accelerate Skin Wound Healing by Promoting Fibroblast Proliferation, Migration, and Secretion. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1331-1340. [PMID: 28901187 PMCID: PMC5680980 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complicated process that involves a variety of cells and cytokines. Fibroblasts play an important role in this process and participate in transformation into myofibroblasts, the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibers, and the secretion of a variety of growth factors. This study assessed the effects of peptide Ser-Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (SIKVAV)--modified chitosan hydrogels on skin wound healing. We investigated the capability of peptide SIKVAV to promote cell proliferation and migration, the synthesis of collagen, and the secretion of a variety of growth factors using fibroblasts in vitro. We also treated skin wounds established in mice using peptide SIKVAV-modified chitosan hydrogels. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that peptide-modified chitosan hydrogels enhanced the reepithelialization of wounds compared with negative and positive controls. Masson's trichrome staining demonstrated that more collagen fibers were deposited in the wounds treated with peptide-modified chitosan hydrogels compared with the negative and positive controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the peptide-modified chitosan hydrogels promoted angiogenesis in the skin wound. Taken together, these results suggest that peptide SIKVAV-modified chitosan hydrogels may be useful in wound dressing and the treatment of skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueer Wang
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Karimzadeh F, Opas M. Calreticulin Is Required for TGF-β-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition during Cardiogenesis in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1299-1311. [PMID: 28434939 PMCID: PMC5425659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin, a multifunctional endoplasmic reticulum resident protein, is required for TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and subsequent cardiomyogenesis. Using embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from calreticulin-null and wild-type (WT) embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we show that expression of EMT and cardiac differentiation markers is induced during differentiation of WT EBs. This induction is inhibited in the absence of calreticulin and can be mimicked by inhibiting TGF-β signaling in WT cells. The presence of calreticulin in WT cells permits TGF-β-mediated signaling via AKT/GSK3β and promotes repression of E-cadherin by SNAIL2/SLUG. This is paralleled by induction of N-cadherin in a process known as the cadherin switch. We show that regulated Ca2+ signaling between calreticulin and calcineurin is critical for the unabated TGF-β signaling that is necessary for the exit from pluripotency and the cadherin switch during EMT. Calreticulin is thus a key mediator of TGF-β-induced commencement of cardiomyogenesis in mouse ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Karimzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Xu J, Ma M, Pan S, Qiu C, Guan G, Wang J. Matrine attenuates cardiac fibrosis by affecting ATF6 signaling pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:21-30. [PMID: 28373137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac function and compliance impairments are the features of cardiac fibrosis. Matrine shows therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases and organ fibrosis. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of matrine on cardiac fibrosis of DbCM. Matrine was administrated orally to rats with DbCM. Cardiac functions and compliance were evaluated. The collagen deposition was visualized by sirius red staining. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression level of miRNA. Western blotting was performed to assess the protein expression. NFAT nuclear translocation was evaluated by fluorescent immunochemistry staining and Western blotting. Intracellular calcium level was assessed by fura-2/AM staining. A colorimetric method was used to determine calcineurin enzymatic activity. Impaired cardiac function and compliance were observed in rats with DbCM. Increased collagen deposition in cardiac tissue was found. Furthermore, ATF6 signaling was activated, leading to intracellular calcium accumulation and NFAT activation which further initiated ECM gene expressions. Matrine administration recovered cardiac function and improved compliance by exerting inhibitory effects against ATF6 signaling- induced fibrosis. The high- glucose incubation induced ATF6 signaling activation in cultured CFs to increase the synthesis of ECM. Matrine blocked the ATF6 signaling in CFs to inhibit ECM synthesis within non- cytotoxic concentrations. ATF6 signaling induced cardiac fibrosis was one of the mechanisms involved in DbCM, which was characterized by loss of cardiac compliance and functions. Matrine attenuated cardiac compliance and improved left ventricular functions by exerting therapeutic effects against cardiac fibrosis via affecting ATF6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China; Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Zhiguo Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Meijuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Shuo Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, USA.
| | - Gongchang Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Junkui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Pandupuspitasari NS, Wu G, Xiang X, Gong Q, Xiong W, Wang CY, Yang P, Ren B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, a new wrestler, in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:722-735. [PMID: 28337301 PMCID: PMC5340708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has attracted extensive attention for its unexplained progressive lung scarring, short median survival and its unresponsiveness to traditional therapies. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms underlying IPF pathoetiologies, however, remain poorly understood. Recent advances delineated a potential function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in meeting the need of fibrotic response, which pinpointed a critical role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in IPF pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight the effect of ER stress and the activation of UPR on the survival, differentiation, function and proliferation of major profibrotic cells in lung tissues during the course of IPF, and discuss the feasibility whether targeting UPR components could be an orientation for developing effective therapeutic strategies against this devastating disorder in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Guorao Wu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Xudong Xiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Emergency Medicine and Rare Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Medical College of Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Weining Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Boxu Ren
- Clinical and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Medical College of Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, Hubei, China
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Sun Y, Zhao D, Yang Y, Gao C, Zhang X, Ma Z, Jiang S, Zhao L, Chen W, Ren K, Yi W, Gao F. Adiponectin exerts cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury partially via calreticulin mediated anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative actions. Apoptosis 2016; 22:108-117. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tam A, Churg A, Wright JL, Zhou S, Kirby M, Coxson HO, Lam S, Man SFP, Sin DD. Sex Differences in Airway Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:825-34. [PMID: 26599602 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201503-0487oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE After adjustment for the amount of smoking, women have a 50% increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with men. The anatomic basis and/or mechanism(s) of these sex-related differences in COPD are unknown. OBJECTIVES To characterize the impact of female sex hormones on chronic cigarette smoke-induced airway remodeling and emphysema in a mouse model of COPD. METHODS Airway remodeling and emphysema were determined morphometrically in male, female, and ovariectomized mice exposed to 6 months of cigarette smoke. Antioxidant- and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-related genes were profiled in airway tissues. The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen was also administered during smoke exposure in a short-term model. Airway wall thickness of male and female human smokers at risk of or with mild COPD was measured using optical coherence tomography. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Small airway wall remodeling was increased in female but not male or ovariectomized mice and was associated with increased distal airway resistance, down-regulation of antioxidant genes, increased oxidative stress, and activation of TGF-β1. These effects were prevented by ovariectomy. Use of tamoxifen as a therapeutic intervention mitigated smoke-induced increase in oxidative stress in female mice. Compared with male human smokers, female human smokers had significantly thicker airway walls. CONCLUSIONS The excess risk of small airway disease in female mice after chronic smoke exposure was associated with increased oxidative stress and TGF-β1 signaling and also was related to the effects of female sex hormones. Estrogen receptor antagonism might be of value in reducing oxidative stress in female smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tam
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | - Andrew Churg
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; and
| | - Joanne L Wright
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; and
| | - Steven Zhou
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; and
| | - Miranda Kirby
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | - Harvey O Coxson
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | - Stephen Lam
- 4 British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S F Paul Man
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital.,2 Department of Medicine, and
| | - Don D Sin
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital.,2 Department of Medicine, and
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Sen A, Kumar P, Garg R, Lindsey SH, Katakam PVG, Bloodworth M, Pandey KN. Transforming growth factor β1 antagonizes the transcription, expression and vascular signaling of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor A - role of δEF1. FEBS J 2016; 283:1767-81. [PMID: 26934489 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in transcriptional regulation and function of the guanylyl cyclase A/natriuretic peptide receptor A gene (Npr1) and whether cross-talk exists between these two hormonal systems in target cells. After treatment of primary cultured rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and mouse mesangial cells with TGF-β1, the Npr1 promoter construct containing a δ-crystallin enhancer binding factor 1 (δEF1) site showed 85% reduction in luciferase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TGF-β1 also significantly attenuated luciferase activity of the Npr1 promoter by 62%, and decreased atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated relaxation of mouse denuded aortic rings ex vivo. Treatment of cells with TGF-β1 increased the protein levels of δEF1 by 2.4-2.8-fold, and also significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Smad 2/3, but markedly reduced Npr1 mRNA and receptor protein levels. Over-expression of δEF1 showed a reduction in Npr1 promoter activity by 75%, while deletion or site-directed mutagenesis of δEF1 sites in the Npr1 promoter eliminated the TGF-β1-mediated repression of Npr1 transcription. TGF-β1 significantly increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type I α2 in rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, which was markedly attenuated by atrial natriuretic peptide in cells over-expressing natriuretic peptide receptor A. Together, the present results suggest that an antagonistic cascade exists between the TGF-β1/Smad/δEF1 pathways and Npr1 expression and receptor signaling that is relevant to renal and vascular remodeling, and may be critical in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Sen
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prerna Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Renu Garg
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meaghan Bloodworth
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Zimmerman KA, Xing D, Pallero MA, Lu A, Ikawa M, Black L, Hoyt KL, Kabarowski JH, Michalak M, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin Regulates Neointima Formation and Collagen Deposition following Carotid Artery Ligation. J Vasc Res 2016; 52:306-20. [PMID: 26910059 DOI: 10.1159/000443884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein, calreticulin (CRT), is required for the production of TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix (ECM) by fibroblasts. Since TGF-β regulates vascular fibroproliferative responses and collagen deposition, we investigated the effects of CRT knockdown on vascular smooth-muscle cell (VSMC) fibroproliferative responses and collagen deposition. METHODS Using a carotid artery ligation model of vascular injury, Cre-recombinase-IRES-GFP plasmid was delivered with microbubbles (MB) to CRT-floxed mice using ultrasound (US) to specifically reduce CRT expression in the carotid artery. RESULTS In vitro, Cre-recombinase-mediated CRT knockdown in isolated, floxed VSMCs decreased the CRT transcript and protein, and attenuated the induction of collagen I protein in response to TGF-β. TGF-β stimulation of collagen I was partly blocked by the NFAT inhibitor 11R-VIVIT. Following carotid artery ligation, CRT staining was upregulated with enhanced expression in the neointima 14-21 days after injury. Furthermore, Cre-recombinase-IRES-GFP plasmid delivered by targeted US reduced CRT expression in the neointima of CRT-floxed mice and led to a significant reduction in neointima formation and collagen deposition. The neointimal cell number was also reduced in mice, with a local, tissue-specific knockdown of CRT. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes a novel role for CRT in mediating VSMC responses to injury through the regulation of collagen deposition and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
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Mesenchymal stem cell-laden anti-inflammatory hydrogel enhances diabetic wound healing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18104. [PMID: 26643550 PMCID: PMC4672289 DOI: 10.1038/srep18104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to permit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to reach their full potential in the treatment of chronic wounds. A biocompatible multifunctional crosslinker based temperature sensitive hydrogel was developed to deliver BMSCs, which improve the chronic inflammation microenvironments of wounds. A detailed in vitro investigation found that the hydrogel is suitable for BMSC encapsulation and can promote BMSC secretion of TGF-β1 and bFGF. In vivo, full-thickness skin defects were made on the backs of db/db mice to mimic diabetic ulcers. It was revealed that the hydrogel can inhibit pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage expression. After hydrogel association with BMSCs treated the wound, significantly greater wound contraction was observed in the hydrogel + BMSCs group. Histology and immunohistochemistry results confirmed that this treatment contributed to the rapid healing of diabetic skin wounds by promoting granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix secretion, wound contraction, and re-epithelialization. These results show that a hydrogel laden with BMSCs may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of diabetic ulcers.
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Janssen LJ, Mukherjee S, Ask K. Calcium Homeostasis and Ionic Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:135-48. [PMID: 25785898 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0269tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are key cellular mediators of many chronic interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, drug-induced interstitial lung disease, and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease. A great deal of effort has been expended to understand the signaling mechanisms underlying the various cellular functions of fibroblasts. Recently, it has been shown that Ca(2+) oscillations play a central role in the regulation of gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms whereby cytosolic [Ca(2+)] are regulated and [Ca(2+)] oscillations transduced are both poorly understood. In this review, we present the general concepts of [Ca(2+)] homeostasis, of ionic mechanisms responsible for various Ca(2+) fluxes, and of regulation of gene expression by [Ca(2+)]. In each case, we then also summarize the original findings that pertain specifically to pulmonary fibroblasts. From these data, we propose an overall signaling cascade by which excitation of the fibroblasts triggers pulsatile release of internally sequestered Ca(2+), which, in turn, activates membrane conductances, including voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx pathways. Collectively, these events produce recurring Ca(2+) oscillations, the frequency of which is transduced by Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors, which, in turn, orchestrate a variety of cellular events, including proliferation, synthesis/secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, autoactivation (production of transforming growth factor-β), and transformation into myofibroblasts. That unifying hypothesis, in turn, allows us to highlight several specific cellular targets and therapeutic intervention strategies aimed at controlling unwanted pulmonary fibrosis. The relationships between Ca(2+) signaling events and the unfolded protein response and apoptosis are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Janssen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Calreticulin is required for development of the cumulus oocyte complex and female fertility. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14254. [PMID: 26388295 PMCID: PMC4585710 DOI: 10.1038/srep14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Calnexin (CANX) and calreticulin (CALR) chaperones mediate nascent glycoprotein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we report that these chaperones have distinct roles in male and female fertility. Canx null mice are growth retarded but fertile. Calr null mice die during embryonic development, rendering indeterminate any effect on reproduction. Therefore, we conditionally ablated Calr in male and female germ cells using Stra8 (mcKO) and Zp3 (fcKO) promoter-driven Cre recombinase, respectively. Calr mcKO male mice were fertile, but fcKO female mice were sterile despite normal mating behavior. Strikingly, we found that Calr fcKO female mice had impaired folliculogenesis and decreased ovulatory rates due to defective proliferation of cuboidal granulosa cells. Oocyte-derived, TGF-beta family proteins play a major role in follicular development and molecular analysis revealed that the normal processing of GDF9 and BMP15 was defective in Calr fcKO oocytes. These findings highlight the importance of CALR in female reproduction and demonstrate that compromised CALR function leads to ovarian insufficiency and female infertility.
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Liu M, Xue M, Wang XR, Tao TQ, Xu FF, Liu XH, Shi DZ. Panax quinquefolium saponin attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by thapsigargin through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Geriatr Cardiol 2015; 12:540-6. [PMID: 26512246 PMCID: PMC4605950 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis is involved in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases, and Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) is able to inhibit excessive ER stress-related apoptosis of cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation and myocardial infarction. However, the pathway by which PQS inhibits the ER stress-related apoptosis is not well understood. To further investigate the protective effect of PQS against ER stress-related apoptosis, primary cultured cardiomyocytes were stimulated with thapsigargin (TG), which is widely used to model cellular ER stress, and it could induce apoptotic cell death in sufficient concentration. METHODS Primary cultured cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats were exposed to TG (1 µmol/L) treatment for 24 h, following PQS pre-treatment (160 µg/mL) for 24 h or pre-treatment with small interfering RNA directed against protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (Si-PERK) for 6 h. The viability and apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes were detected by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry respectively. ER stress-related protein expression, such as glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), calreticulin, PERK, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were assayed by western blotting. RESULTS Both PQS pre-treatment and PERK knockdown remarkably inhibited the cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by TG, increased cell viability, decreased phosphorylation of both PERK and eIF2α, and decreased protein levels of both ATF4 and CHOP. There was no statistically significant difference between PQS pre-treatment and PERK knockdown in the cardioprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway of ER stress is involved in the apoptosis induced by TG, and PQS might prevent TG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through a mechanism involving the suppression of this pathway. These findings provide novel data regarding the molecular mechanisms by which PQS inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China ; Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Reng Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Qi Tao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Zhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen S, Shi J, Xu X, Ding J, Zhong W, Zhang L, Xing M, Zhang L. Study of stiffness effects of poly(amidoamine)-poly(n-isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogel on wound healing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 140:574-582. [PMID: 26628331 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical miss-match between the host and an implanted foreign body is one of the primary causes for implantation failure. To enhance the efficacy in wound repair, we developed stiffness-tunable temperature-sensitive hydrogels composed of poly(amidoamine) (PAA)-based poly(n-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM). PNIPAM-PAA hydrogels with three different stiffness fabricated by varying the concentrations of poly(amidoamine) were chosen for morphology and rheology tests. The degradation rate and cell compatibility of gels were also characterized. The PAA-PNIPAM hydrogels were then tested in a wound healing model of mice with full-thickness skin loss. We found that the stiffness of hydrogels has an impact on the wound healing process mainly by regulating the cell activities in the proliferation phase. PNIPAM-PAA hydrogels with appropriate stiffness reduce scar formation and improve wound healing by promoting myofibroblast transformation, keratinocytes proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling. Moreover, the stiffness of hydrogels impact on the secretion of TGF-β1 and bFGF, which play an important role in skin wound healing. These results suggest that the therapeutic effects of hydrogels in skin wound healing can by regulated by hydrogels' stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Junbin Shi
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianyang Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Feng R, Ye J, Zhou C, Qi L, Fu Z, Yan B, Liang Z, Li R, Zhai W. Calreticulin down-regulation inhibits the cell growth, invasion and cell cycle progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:149. [PMID: 26307067 PMCID: PMC4549864 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers in the world. Calreticulin(CRT) is aberrantly overexpressed in many human cancer cells. The function of CRT in HCC cells remains unclear. We attempted to investigate the effects and the underlying mechanisms of CRT down-regulation on HCC cell growth, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and invasion. Methods To investigate the function of CRT in HCC cells, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down the expression of CRT in SMMC7721 and HepG2 HCC cells. CRT expression was examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by the flow cytometry. The invasion capability was assessed by transwell assay. The phosphorylation level of Akt was evaluated by Western blot. Results Compared with human hepatic cells L02, CRT was apparently up-regulated in SMMC7721, HepG2 and Huh7 HCC cells. Down-regulation of CRT expression effectively inhibited HCC cell growth and invasion. CRT knockdown induced cell cycle arrest and the apoptosis in SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, down-regulation of CRT expression significantly decreased the Akt phosphorylation. Conclusions CRT was aberrantly over-expressed in HCC cell lines. CRT over-expression contributes greatly to HCC malignant behavior, likely via PI3K/Akt pathway. CRT could serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianwen Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Qi
- Department of Endocrine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Renfeng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Lin Q, Cao Y, Gao J. Serum calreticulin is a negative biomarker in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21740-53. [PMID: 25429433 PMCID: PMC4284675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is down-regulated in the cortical neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of AD. A total of 128 AD patients were randomly recruited from May 2012 to July 2013. The mRNA levels of calreticulin were measured from the serum of tested subjects using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (real-time qRT-PCR). Serum levels of calreticulin were determined by ELISA and Western Blot. Serum levels of calreticulin in AD patients were significantly lower than those from a healthy group (p < 0.01). The baseline characters indicated that sample size, gender, mean age, diabetes and BMI (body mass index) were not major sources of heterogeneity. The serum levels of mRNA and protein of calreticulin were lower in AD patients than those from a healthy group, and negatively associated with the progression of AD according to CDR scores (p < 0.01). Thus, there is a trend toward decreased serum levels of calreticulin in the patients with progression of AD. Serum levels of calreticulin can be a negative biomarker for the diagnosis of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110005, China.
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Neural Department of Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Anatomy, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Wang L, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Song Y. Molecular insight into the effect of lipid bilayer environments on thrombospondin-1 and calreticulin interactions. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6309-22. [PMID: 25260145 DOI: 10.1021/bi500662v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) binding to cell surface calreticulin (CRT) stimulates the association of CRT with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP1) to signal focal adhesion disassembly and engagement of cellular activities. A recent study demonstrated that membrane rafts are necessary for TSP1-mediated focal adhesion disassembly, but the molecular role of membrane rafts in mediating TSP1-CRT-LRP1 signaling is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of lipid bilayer environments on TSP1 and CRT interactions via atomically detailed molecular dynamics simulations. Results showed that the microscopic structural properties of lipid molecules and mesoscopic mechanical properties and electrostatic potential of the bilayer were significantly different between a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayer and a raftlike lipid bilayer [a POPC/cholesterol (CHOL) raftlike lipid bilayer or a POPC/CHOL/sphingomyelin (SM) raftlike lipid bilayer], and the difference was enhanced by SM lipids in a raftlike lipid bilayer. These bilayer property differences affect the interactions of CRT with the bilayer, further influencing CRT conformation and TSP1-CRT interactions. A raftlike lipid bilayer stabilized CRT conformation as compared to a POPC bilayer environment. TSP1 binding to CRT resulted in a conformation for the CRT N-domain more "open" than that of the CRT P-domain in a raftlike lipid bilayer environment, which could facilitate binding of CRT to LRP1 to engage downstream signaling. The open conformational changes of CRT by binding to TSP1 in a raftlike lipid bilayer were enhanced by SM lipids in a lipid bilayer. The direct interactions of both the N- and P-domains of CRT with the bilayer contribute to the more open conformation of CRT in the TSP1-CRT complex on a raftlike lipid bilayer as compared to that on a POPC bilayer. The interactions of CRT or the TSP1-CRT complex with the lipid bilayer also caused CHOL molecules and/or lipids to be more coordinated and to aggregate into patchlike regions in the raftlike lipid bilayers. The lipid and CHOL molecule coordination and aggregation could in turn affect the interactions of CRT with the membrane raft, thereby altering TSP1-CRT interactions and CRT conformational changes that potentially regulate its interactions with LRP1. This study provides molecular insights into the role of lipid bilayer environments in TSP1-CRT interactions and in the CRT conformational changes that are predicted to facilitate binding of CRT to LRP1 to engage downstream signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Long-term supranutritional supplementation with selenate decreases hyperglycemia and promotes fatty liver degeneration by inducing hyperinsulinemia in diabetic db/db mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101315. [PMID: 24983750 PMCID: PMC4077766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are conflicting reports on the link between the micronutrient selenium and the prevalence of diabetes. To investigate the possibility that selenium acts as a "double-edged sword" in diabetes, cDNA microarray profiling and two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry were used to determine changes in mRNA and protein expression in pancreatic and liver tissues of diabetic db/db mice in response to dietary selenate supplementation. Fasting blood glucose levels increased continuously in db/db mice administered placebo (DMCtrl), but decreased gradually in selenate-supplemented db/db mice (DMSe) and approached normal levels after termination of the experiment. Pancreatic islet size was increased in DMSe mice compared with DMCtrl mice, resulting in a clear increase in insulin production and a doubling of plasma insulin concentration. Genes that encode proteins involved in key pancreatic β-cell functions, including regulation of β-cell proliferation and differentiation and insulin synthesis, were found to be specifically upregulated in DMSe mice. In contrast, apoptosis-associated genes were downregulated, indicating that islet function was protected by selenate treatment. Conversely, liver fat accumulation increased in DMSe mice together with significant upregulation of lipogenic and inflammatory genes. Genes related to detoxification were downregulated and antioxidant enzymatic activity was reduced, indicating an unexpected reduction in antioxidant defense capacity and exacerbation of fatty liver degeneration. Moreover, proteomic analysis of the liver showed differential expression of proteins involved in glucolipid metabolism and the endoplasmic reticulum assembly pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that dietary selenate supplementation in db/db mice decreased hyperglycemia by increasing insulin production and secretion; however, long-term hyperinsulinemia eventually led to reduced antioxidant defense capacity, which exacerbated fatty liver degeneration.
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Prakoura N, Politis PK, Ihara Y, Michalak M, Charonis AS. Epithelial calreticulin up-regulation promotes profibrotic responses and tubulointerstitial fibrosis development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1474-1487. [PMID: 24035512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common anatomical feature underlying the progression of chronic kidney disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In a previous study, we demonstrated that during development of renal fibrosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteric obstruction, calreticulin (CRT) is up-regulated in tubular epithelial cells (TECs). In the present study, we used in vitro and in vivo approaches to examine the role of CRT in TECs and its contribution to the progression of fibrosis. In cultured renal TECs, CRT overexpression induced acquisition of an altered, profibrotic cellular phenotype. Consistently, the opposite effects were observed for CRT knockdown. Subsequently, we confirmed that critical changes observed in vitro were also apparent in tubular cells in vivo in the animal model of unilateral ureteric obstruction. In agreement with these results, we demonstrate that substantial (50%) reduction in the expression of CRT reduced the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis at a comparable level through regulation of inflammation, transcriptional activation, transforming growth factor β1-associated effects, and apoptosis. In summary, our findings establish that CRT is critically involved in the molecular mechanisms that drive renal fibrosis progression and indicate that inhibition of CRT expression might be a therapeutic target for reduction of fibrosis and chronic kidney disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Prakoura
- Section of Histology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Section of Histology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aristidis S Charonis
- Section of Histology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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