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Elevating the Levels of Calcium Ions Exacerbate Alzheimer's Disease via Inducing the Production and Aggregation of β-Amyloid Protein and Phosphorylated Tau. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115900. [PMID: 34072743 PMCID: PMC8198078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence rate. The main pathological features of AD are β-amyloid plaques (APs), which are formed by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are formed by the excessive phosphorylation of the tau protein. Although a series of studies have shown that the accumulation of metal ions, including calcium ions (Ca2+), can promote the formation of APs and NFTs, there is no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD. In view of this, the current review summarizes the mechanisms by which Ca2+ is transported into and out of cells and organelles, such as the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes to affect the balance of intracellular Ca2+ levels. In addition, dyshomeostasis of Ca2+ plays an important role in modulating the pathogenesis of AD by influencing the production and aggregation of Aβ peptides and tau protein phosphorylation and the ways that disrupting the metabolic balance of Ca2+ can affect the learning ability and memory of people with AD. In addition, the effects of these mechanisms on the synaptic plasticity are also discussed. Finally, the molecular network through which Ca2+ regulates the pathogenesis of AD is introduced, providing a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Chami M, Checler F. Alterations of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Calcium Signaling Molecular Components in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122577. [PMID: 33271984 PMCID: PMC7760721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained imbalance in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) entry and clearance alters cellular integrity, ultimately leading to cellular homeostasis disequilibrium and cell death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Beside the major pathological features associated with AD-linked toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), several studies suggested the contribution of altered Ca2+ handling in AD development. These studies documented physical or functional interactions of Aβ with several Ca2+ handling proteins located either at the plasma membrane or in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), considered the major intracellular Ca2+ pool. In this review, we describe the cellular components of ER Ca2+ dysregulations likely responsible for AD. These include alterations of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors’ (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors’ (RyRs) expression and function, dysfunction of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and upregulation of its truncated isoform (S1T), as well as presenilin (PS1, PS2)-mediated ER Ca2+ leak/ER Ca2+ release potentiation. Finally, we highlight the functional consequences of alterations of these ER Ca2+ components in AD pathology and unravel the potential benefit of targeting ER Ca2+ homeostasis as a tool to alleviate AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4939-53457; Fax: +33-4939-53408
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Rojas-Charry L, Calero-Martinez S, Morganti C, Morciano G, Park K, Hagel C, Marciniak SJ, Glatzel M, Pinton P, Sepulveda-Falla D. Susceptibility to cellular stress in PS1 mutant N2a cells is associated with mitochondrial defects and altered calcium homeostasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6455. [PMID: 32296078 PMCID: PMC7160112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). PS1 also plays a role in cellular processes such as calcium homeostasis and autophagy. We hypothesized that mutant presenilins increase cellular vulnerability to stress. We stably expressed human PS1, mutant PS1E280A and mutant PS1Δ9 in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. We examined early signs of stress in different conditions: endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calcium overload, oxidative stress, and Aβ 1-42 oligomers toxicity. Additionally, we induced autophagy via serum starvation. PS1 mutations did not have an effect in ER stress but PS1E280A mutation affected autophagy. PS1 overexpression influenced calcium homeostasis and generated mitochondrial calcium overload modifying mitochondrial function. However, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) was affected in PS1 mutants, being accelerated in PS1E280A and inhibited in PS1Δ9 cells. Altered autophagy in PS1E280A cells was neither modified by inhibition of γ-secretase, nor by ER calcium retention. MPTP opening was directly regulated by γ-secretase inhibitors independent on organelle calcium modulation, suggesting a novel direct role for PS1 and γ-secretase in mitochondrial stress. We identified intrinsic cellular vulnerability to stress in PS1 mutants associated simultaneously with both, autophagic and mitochondrial function, independent of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rojas-Charry
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Calero-Martinez
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Morganti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kyungeun Park
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Stenovec M, Trkov Bobnar S, Smolič T, Kreft M, Parpura V, Zorec R. Presenilin PS1∆E9 disrupts mobility of secretory organelles in rat astrocytes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13046. [PMID: 29392878 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is largely considered a neuron-derived insult, but also involves failure of astroglia. A recent study indicated that mutated presenilin 1 (PS1M146V), a putative endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channel with decreased Ca2+ conductance, impairs the traffic of astroglial peptidergic vesicles. Whether other pathogenically relevant PS1 mutants, such as PS1ΔE9, which code for ER channel with putative increased Ca2+ conductance, similarly affect vesicle traffic, is unknown. METHODS Here, we cotransfected rat astrocytes with plasmids encoding mutant PS1ΔE9 and atrial natriuretic peptide or vesicular glutamate transporter 1 tagged with fluorescent proteins (pANP.emd or pVGLUT1-EGFP respectively), to microscopically examine whether alterations in vesicle mobility and Ca2+ -regulated release of gliosignalling molecules manifest as a general vesicle-based defect; control cells were transfected to co-express exogenous or native wild-type PS1 and pANP.emd or pVGLUT1-EGFP. The vesicle mobility was analysed at rest and after ATP stimulation that increased intracellular calcium activity. RESULTS In PS1ΔE9 astrocytes, spontaneous mobility of both vesicle types was reduced (P < .001) when compared to controls. Post-stimulatory recovery of fast vesicle mobility was hampered in PS1ΔE9 astrocytes. The ATP-evoked peptide release was less efficient in PS1ΔE9 astrocytes than in the controls (P < .05), as was the pre-stimulatory mobility of these vesicles. CONCLUSION Although the PS1 mutants PS1M146V and PS1ΔE9 differently affect ER Ca2+ conductance, our results revealed a common, vesicle-type indiscriminate trafficking defect in PS1ΔE9 astrocytes, indicating that reduced secretory vesicle-based signalling is a general deficit in AD astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Stenovec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - S. Trkov Bobnar
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - T. Smolič
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - M. Kreft
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty; CPAE; Department of Biology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - R. Zorec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
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5
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Oksanen M, Petersen AJ, Naumenko N, Puttonen K, Lehtonen Š, Gubert Olivé M, Shakirzyanova A, Leskelä S, Sarajärvi T, Viitanen M, Rinne JO, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A, Giniatullin R, Tavi P, Zhang SC, Kanninen KM, Hämäläinen RH, Koistinaho J. PSEN1 Mutant iPSC-Derived Model Reveals Severe Astrocyte Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1885-1897. [PMID: 29153989 PMCID: PMC5785689 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of cognitive impairment. Due to insufficient understanding of the disease mechanisms, there are no efficient therapies for AD. Most studies have focused on neuronal cells, but astrocytes have also been suggested to contribute to AD pathology. We describe here the generation of functional astrocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from AD patients with PSEN1 ΔE9 mutation, as well as healthy and gene-corrected isogenic controls. AD astrocytes manifest hallmarks of disease pathology, including increased β-amyloid production, altered cytokine release, and dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis. Furthermore, due to altered metabolism, AD astrocytes show increased oxidative stress and reduced lactate secretion, as well as compromised neuronal supportive function, as evidenced by altering Ca2+ transients in healthy neurons. Our results reveal an important role for astrocytes in AD pathology and highlight the strength of iPSC-derived models for brain diseases. PSEN1 mutant AD astrocytes manifest hallmarks of AD pathology Altered mitochondrial metabolism in AD astrocytes increases oxidative stress AD astrocytes reduce the calcium signaling activity of healthy neurons Astrocytes are important in the pathogenesis of AD
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Oksanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Nikolay Naumenko
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja Puttonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Max Gubert Olivé
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anastasia Shakirzyanova
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Viitanen
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Turku, Turku City Hospital, 20700 Turku, Finland; Department of Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20700 Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, 20700 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka H Hämäläinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia among aged people whose population is rapidly increasing. AD not only seriously affects the patient's physical health and quality of life, but also adds a heavy burden to the patient's family and society. It is urgent to understand AD pathogenesis and develop the means of prevention and treatment. AD is a chronic devastating neurodegenerative disease without effective treatment. Current approaches for management focus on helping patients relieve or delay the symptoms of cognitive dysfunction. The calcium ion (Ca2+) is an important second messenger in the function and structure of nerve cell circuits in the brain such as neuronal growth, exocytosis, as well as in synaptic and cognitive function. Increasing numbers of studies suggested that disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, especially the abnormal and excessive Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the ryanodine receptor (RYR), plays important roles in orchestrating the dynamic of the neuropathology of AD and associated memory loss, cognitive dysfunction. Dantrolene, a known antagonist of the RYR and a clinically available drug to treat malignant hyperthermia, can ameliorate the abnormal Ca2+ release from the RYR in AD and the subsequent pathogenesis, such as increased β-secretase and γ-secretase activities, production of Amyloid-β 42 (Aβ 42) and its oligomer, impaired autophagy, synapse dysfunction, and memory loss. However, more studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety repurposing dantrolene as a therapeutic drug in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Toussay X, Morel JL, Biendon N, Rotureau L, Legeron FP, Boutonnet MC, Cho YH, Macrez N. Presenilin 1 mutation decreases both calcium and contractile responses in cerebral arteries. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 58:201-212. [PMID: 28753475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations or upregulation in presenilin 1 (PS1) gene are found in familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease or sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease, respectively. PS1 has been essentially studied in neurons and its mutation was shown to alter intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signals. Here, we showed that PS1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of mouse cerebral arteries, and we assessed the effects of the deletion of exon 9 of PS1 (PS1dE9) on Ca2+ signals and contractile responses of vascular SMC. Agonist-induced contraction of cerebral vessels was significantly decreased in PS1dE9 both in vivo and ex vivo. Spontaneous activity of Ca2+ sparks through ryanodine-sensitive channels (RyR) was unchanged, whereas the RyR-mediated Ca2+-release activated by caffeine was shorter in PS1dE9 SMC when compared with control. Moreover, PS1dE9 mutation decreased the caffeine-activated capacitive Ca2+ entry, and inhibitors of SERCA pumps reversed the effects of PS1dE9 on Ca2+ signals. PS1dE9 mutation also leads to the increased expression of SERCA3, phospholamban, and RyR3. These results show that PS1 plays a crucial role in the cerebrovascular system and the vascular reactivity is decreased through altered Ca2+ signals in PS1dE9 mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Toussay
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives, UMR 5228, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Morel
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Biendon
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lolita Rotureau
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives, UMR 5228, Bordeaux, France
| | - François-Pierre Legeron
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Boutonnet
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoon H Cho
- CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Macrez
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
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8
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Abstract
Ca2+ ions subserve complex signaling roles in neurons, regulating functions ranging from gene transcription to modulation of membrane excitability. Ca2+ ions enter the cytosol from extracellular sources, such as entry through voltage-gated channels, and by liberation from intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores through inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptors and/or ryanodine (RyR) receptors. Disruptions of intracellular Ca2+ signaling are proposed to underlie the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and recent studies examining AD-linked mutations in the presenilin genes demonstrate enhanced ER Ca2+ release in a variety of cell types and model systems. The development of transgenic AD mouse models provides a means to study the mechanisms and downstream effects of neuronal ER Ca2+-signaling alterations on AD pathogenesis and offers insight into potential novel therapeutic strategies. The author discusses recent findings in both the physiological functioning of the IP3-signaling pathway in neurons and the involvement of ERCa2+ disruptions in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Stutzmann
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 1146 McGaugh Hall, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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Plácido A, Pereira C, Duarte A, Candeias E, Correia S, Santos R, Carvalho C, Cardoso S, Oliveira C, Moreira P. The role of endoplasmic reticulum in amyloid precursor protein processing and trafficking: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1444-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Honarnejad K, Kirsch AK, Daschner A, Szybinska A, Kuznicki J, Herms J. FRET-based calcium imaging: a tool for high-throughput/content phenotypic drug screening in Alzheimer disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 18:1309-20. [PMID: 24221842 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113502672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perturbed intracellular store calcium homeostasis is suggested to play a major role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). A number of mechanisms have been suggested to underlie the impairment of endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis associated with familial AD-linked presenilin 1 mutations (FAD-PS1). Without aiming at specifically targeting any of those pathophysiological mechanisms in particular, we rather performed a high-throughput phenotypic screen to identify compounds that can reverse the exaggerated agonist-evoked endoplasmic reticulum calcium release phenotype in HEK293 cells expressing FAD-PS1. For that purpose, we developed a fully automated high-throughput calcium imaging assay using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based calcium indicator at single-cell resolution. This novel robust assay offers a number of advantages compared with the conventional calcium measurement screening technologies. The assay was employed in a large-scale screen with a library of diverse compounds comprising 20,000 low-molecular-weight molecules, which resulted in the identification of 52 primary hits and 4 lead structures. In a secondary assay, several hits were found to alter the amyloid β (Aβ) production. In view of the recent failure of AD drug candidates identified by target-based approaches, such a phenotypic drug discovery paradigm may present an attractive alternative for the identification of novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Honarnejad
- 1Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
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11
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Presenilins regulate the cellular activity of ryanodine receptors differentially through isotype-specific N-terminal cysteines. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:143-50. [PMID: 24029002 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins (PS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane proteins, form the catalytic core of γ-secretase, an amyloid precursor protein processing enzyme. Mutations in PS lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by altering γ-secretase activity to generate pathologic amyloid beta and amyloid plaques in the brain. Here, we identified a novel mechanism where binding of a soluble, cytosolic N-terminal domain fragment (NTF) of PS to intracellular Ca(2+) release channels, ryanodine receptors (RyR), controls Ca(2+) release from the ER. While PS1NTF decreased total RyR-mediated Ca(2+) release, PS2NTF had no effect at physiological Ca(2+) concentrations. This differential function and isotype-specificity is due to four cysteines absent in PS1NTF, present, however, in PS2NTF. Site-directed mutagenesis targeting these cysteines converted PS1NTF to PS2NTF function and vice versa, indicating differential RyR binding. This novel mechanism of intracellular Ca(2+) regulation through the PS-RyR interaction represents a novel target for AD drug development and the treatment of other neurodegenerative disorders that critically depend on RyR and PS signaling.
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12
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Honarnejad K, Jung CKE, Lammich S, Arzberger T, Kretzschmar H, Herms J. Involvement of presenilin holoprotein upregulation in calcium dyshomeostasis of Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:293-302. [PMID: 23379308 PMCID: PMC3822592 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilins (PS1 and PS2) account for the vast majority of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease cases. Beside the well investigated role of presenilins as the catalytic unit in γ-secretase complex, their involvement in regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis has recently come into more focus of Alzheimer's disease research. Here we report that the overexpression of PS1 full-length holoprotein forms, in particular familial Alzheimer's disease-causing forms of PS1, result in significantly attenuated calcium release from thapsigargin- and bradykinin-sensitive stores. Interestingly, treatment of HEK293 cells with γ-secretase inhibitors also leads to decreased amount of calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accompanying elevated PS1 holoprotein levels. Similarly, the knockdown of PEN-2 which is associated with deficient PS1 endoproteolysis and accumulation of its holoprotein form also leads to decreased ER calcium release. Notably, we detected enhanced PS1 holoprotein levels also in postmortem brains of patients carrying familial Alzheimer's disease PS1 mutations. Taken together, the conditions in which the amount of full length PS1 holoprotein is increased result in reduction of calcium release from ER. Based on these results, we propose that the disturbed ER calcium homeostasis mediated by the elevation of PS1 holoprotein levels may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Honarnejad
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
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13
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Honarnejad K, Herms J. Presenilins: Role in calcium homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1983-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Oh HG, Chun YS, Kim Y, Youn SH, Shin S, Park MK, Kim TW, Chung S. Modulation of transient receptor potential melastatin related 7 channel by presenilins. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:865-77. [PMID: 22102510 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Presenilins (PS1 and PS2) are multifunctional proteins involved in a diverse array of molecular and cellular functions, including proteolysis, development, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, ion channel regulation and phospholipid metabolism. Mutations in presenilin genes are responsible for the majority of Familial Alzheimer disease (FAD). Consequently, FAD-associated mutations in genes encoding PS1 or PS2 lead to several key cellular phenotypes, including alterations in proteolysis of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Ca(2+) entry. The mechanism underlying presenilin (PS)-mediated modulation of Ca(2+) entry remains to be determined. Our previous studies showed that the PS-dependent down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is attributable to the observed Ca(2+) deficits. In this study, we attempted to identify the ion channel that is subject to the PIP2 and PS-dependent modulation. We found that Ca(2+) or Zn(2+) entry via the transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channel was attenuated by the presence of FAD-associated PS1 mutants, such as ΔE9 and L286V. TRPM7 has been implicated in Mg(2+) homeostasis and embryonic development. The intracellular delivery of PIP2 restored TRPM7-mediated Ca(2+) influx, indicating that the observed deficits in Ca(2+) entry are due to downregulation of PIP2. Conversely, PS1 and PS2 deficiency, previously shown to upregulate PIP2 levels, potentiated TRPM7-mediated Ca(2+) influx. PS-dependent changes in Ca(2+) influx could be neutralized by a TRPM7 channel blocker. Collectively, these results indicate that TRPM7 may underlie the Ca(2+) entry deficits observed in FAD-associated PS mutants and suggest that the normal function of PS involves regulation of TRPM7 through a PIP2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Geun Oh
- Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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15
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Abstract
Lipid-mediated signalling regulates a plethora of physiological processes, including crucial aspects of brain function. In addition, dysregulation of lipid pathways has been implicated in a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although much attention has been given to the link between cholesterol and AD pathogenesis, growing evidence suggests that other lipids, such as phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid, have an important role. Regulators of lipid metabolism (for example, statins) are a highly successful class of marketed drugs, and exploration of lipid dysregulation in AD and identification of novel therapeutic agents acting through relevant lipid pathways offers new and effective options for the treatment of this devastating disorder.
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16
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Control of intracellular calcium signaling as a neuroprotective strategy. Molecules 2010; 15:1168-95. [PMID: 20335972 PMCID: PMC2847496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic degenerative diseases of the nervous system reduce the viability and function of neurons through changes in intracellular calcium signaling. In particular, pathological increases in the intracellular calcium concentration promote such pathogenesis. Disease involvement of numerous regulators of intracellular calcium signaling located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles has been documented. Diverse groups of chemical compounds targeting ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, pumps and enzymes have been identified as potential neuroprotectants. The present review summarizes the discovery, mechanisms and biological activity of neuroprotective molecules targeting proteins that control intracellular calcium signaling to preserve or restore structure and function of the nervous system. Disease relevance, clinical applications and new technologies for the identification of such molecules are being discussed.
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17
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Abstract
More than two decades ago, dysregulation of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was suggested to underlie the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This hypothesis was tested in numerous in vitro studies, which revealed multiple Ca2+ signalling pathways able to contribute to AD pathology. It remained, however, unclear whether these pathways are also activated in vivo, in cells involved in signal processing in the living brain. Here we review recent data analysing intracellular Ca2+ signalling in vivo in the context of previous in vitro findings. We particularly focus on the processes taking place in the immediate vicinity of amyloid plaques and on their possible role for AD-mediated brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hermes
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Physiology II, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Yu JT, Chang RCC, Tan L. Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:240-55. [PMID: 19664678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is involved in many facets of neuronal physiology, including activity, growth and differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory, as well as pathophysiology, including necrosis, apoptosis, and degeneration. Though disturbances in calcium homeostasis in cells from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been observed for many years, much more attention was focused on amyloid-beta (Abeta) and tau as key causative factors for the disease. Nevertheless, increasing lines of evidence have recently reported that calcium dysregulation plays a central role in AD pathogenesis. Systemic calcium changes accompany almost the whole brain pathology process that is observed in AD, including synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, presenilins mutation, Abeta production and Tau phosphorylation. Given the early and ubiquitous involvement of calcium dysregulation in AD pathogenesis, it logically presents a variety of potential therapeutic targets for AD prevention and treatment, such as calcium channels in the plasma membrane, calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, Abeta-formed calcium channels, calcium-related proteins. The review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in calcium dysregulation in AD, and an insight on how to exploit calcium regulation as therapeutic opportunities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, China
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19
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Sandebring A, Dehvari N, Perez-Manso M, Thomas KJ, Karpilovski E, Cookson MR, Cowburn RF, Cedazo-Mínguez A. Parkin deficiency disrupts calcium homeostasis by modulating phospholipase C signalling. FEBS J 2009; 276:5041-52. [PMID: 19663908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin cause early-onset, autosomal-recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AJRP), presumably as a result of a lack of function that alters the level, activity, aggregation or localization of its substrates. Recently, we have reported that phospholipase Cgamma1 is a substrate for parkin. In this article, we show that parkin mutants and siRNA parkin knockdown cells possess enhanced levels of phospholipase Cgamma1 phosphorylation, basal phosphoinositide hydrolysis and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The protein levels of Ca2+-regulated protein kinase Calpha were decreased in AJRP parkin mutant cells. Neomycin and dantrolene both decreased the intracellular Ca2+ levels in parkin mutants in comparison with those seen in wild-type parkin cells, suggesting that the differences were a consequence of altered phospholipase C activity. The protection of wild-type parkin against 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) toxicity was also established in ARJP mutants on pretreatment with dantrolene, implying that a balancing Ca2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive stores decreases the toxic effects of 6OHDA. Our findings suggest that parkin is an important factor for maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and that parkin deficiency leads to a phospholipase C-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels, which make cells more vulnerable to neurotoxins, such as 6OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sandebring
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of NVS, KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Shideman CR, Reinardy JL, Thayer SA. gamma-Secretase activity modulates store-operated Ca2+ entry into rat sensory neurons. Neurosci Lett 2008; 451:124-8. [PMID: 19114088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 is required for gamma-secretase activity, which participates in Notch receptor processing, the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and the modulation of Ca(2+) signaling. We tested the hypothesis that gamma-secretase proteolytic activity modulates store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores by blocking the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) pump with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) evoked a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) but no sustained Ca(2+) influx. However, in cells expressing a dominant negative presenilin-1 mutant (PS1-D257A), gamma-secretase activity was inhibited and treatment with CPA evoked sustained Ca(2+) influx. Similarly, pharmacologic inhibition of gamma-secretase with DAPT for 48h enhanced SOCE. SKF96365, an inhibitor of store-operated channels, blocked SOCE in cells expressing PS1-D257A. Thus, gamma-secretase proteolytic activity regulates a SOCE pathway in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Shideman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0217, United States
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21
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Bezprozvanny I, Mattson MP. Neuronal calcium mishandling and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:454-63. [PMID: 18675468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perturbed neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis is implicated in age-related cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). With advancing age, neurons encounter increased oxidative stress and impaired energy metabolism, which compromise the function of proteins that control membrane excitability and subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics. Toxic forms of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) can induce Ca(2+) influx into neurons by inducing membrane-associated oxidative stress or by forming an oligomeric pore in the membrane, thereby rendering neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity and apoptosis. AD-causing mutations in the beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilins can compromise these normal proteins in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. Emerging knowledge of the actions of Ca(2+) upstream and downstream of Abeta provides opportunities to develop novel preventative and therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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22
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Cheung KH, Shineman D, Müller M, Cárdenas C, Mei L, Yang J, Tomita T, Iwatsubo T, Lee VMY, Foskett JK. Mechanism of Ca2+ disruption in Alzheimer's disease by presenilin regulation of InsP3 receptor channel gating. Neuron 2008; 58:871-83. [PMID: 18579078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilins (PS) are the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and have been associated with calcium (Ca2+) signaling abnormalities. Here, we demonstrate that FAD mutant PS1 (M146L)and PS2 (N141I) interact with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+ release channel and exert profound stimulatory effects on its gating activity in response to saturating and suboptimal levels of InsP3. These interactions result in exaggerated cellular Ca2+ signaling in response to agonist stimulation as well as enhanced low-level Ca2+signaling in unstimulated cells. Parallel studies in InsP3R-expressing and -deficient cells revealed that enhanced Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum as a result of the specific interaction of PS1-M146L with the InsP3R stimulates amyloid beta processing,an important feature of AD pathology. These observations provide molecular insights into the "Ca2+ dysregulation" hypothesis of AD pathogenesis and suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Ho Cheung
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Presenilin regulates extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) activity by a protein kinase C alpha dependent mechanism. Neurosci Lett 2008; 436:77-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Bojarski L, Herms J, Kuznicki J. Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:621-33. [PMID: 18035450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of adult dementia. Its pathological hallmarks are synaptic degeneration, deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal loss. A few hypotheses have been proposed to explain AD pathogenesis. The beta-amyloid (Abeta) and hyperphosphorylated tau hypotheses suggest that these proteins are the main players in AD development. Another hypothesis proposes that the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis may be a key factor in accelerating other pathological changes. Although Abeta and tau have been extensively studied, recently published data provide a growing body of evidence supporting the critical role of calcium signalling in AD. For example, presenilins, which are mutated in familial cases of AD, were demonstrated to form low conductance calcium channels in the ER and elevated cytosolic calcium concentration increases amyloid generation. Moreover, memantine, an antagonist of the NMDA-calcium channel receptor, has been found to have a beneficial effect for AD patients offering novel possibilities for a calcium signalling targeted therapy of AD. This review underscores the growing importance of calcium ions in AD development and focuses on the relevant aspects of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bojarski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Cowburn RF, Popescu BO, Ankarcrona M, Dehvari N, Cedazo-Minguez A. Presenilin-mediated signal transduction. Physiol Behav 2007; 92:93-7. [PMID: 17568632 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin proteins, mutated forms of which cause early onset familial Alzheimer's disease, are capable of modulating various cell signal transduction pathways, the most extensively studied of which has been intracellular calcium signalling. Disease causing presenilin mutations can potentiate inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (InsP3) mediated endoplasmic reticulum release due to calcium overload in this organelle, as well as attenuate capacitative calcium entry. Our own studies have shown a novel function for presenilins that involves regulation of acetylcholine muscarinic receptor-stimulated phospholipase C upstream of InsP3 regulated calcium release. This article reviews the mechanisms by which presenilins modulate intracellular calcium signalling and the role that deregulated calcium homeostasis could play in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Cowburn
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Novum, plan 5, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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26
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Dehvari N, Cedazo-Minguez A, Isacsson O, Nilsson T, Winblad B, Karlström H, Benedikz E, Cowburn RF. Presenilin dependence of phospholipase C and protein kinase C signaling. J Neurochem 2007; 102:848-57. [PMID: 17437536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Presenilins (PSs) are involved in processing several proteins such as the amyloid precursor protein (APP), as well as in pathways for cell death and survival. We previously showed that some familial Alzheimer's disease PS mutations cause increased basal and acetylcholine muscarinic receptor-stimulated phospholipase C (PLC) activity which was gamma-secretase dependent. To further evaluate the dependence of PLC on PSs we measured PLC activity and the activation of variant protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking either PS1, PS2, or both. PLC activity and PKCalpha and PKCgamma activations were significantly lower in PS1 and PS2 double knockout MEFs after PLC stimulation. Protein levels of PKCalpha and PKCgamma were lower in PS1 and PS2 double knockout MEFs. In contrast, PKCdelta levels were significantly elevated in PS1 and PS2 double knockout as well as in PS1 knockout MEFs. Also, PKCdelta levels were lowered after transfection of PS1 into PS1 knockout or PS double knockout MEFs. Using APP knockout MEFs we showed that the expression of PKCalpha, but not the other PKC isoforms is partially dependent on APP and can be regulated by APP intracellular domain (AICD). These results show that PLC and PKC activations are modulated by PS and also that PSs differentially regulate the expression of PKC isoforms by both APP/AICD-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodi Dehvari
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Novum, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Tu H, Nelson O, Bezprozvanny A, Wang Z, Lee SF, Hao YH, Serneels L, De Strooper B, Yu G, Bezprozvanny I. Presenilins form ER Ca2+ leak channels, a function disrupted by familial Alzheimer's disease-linked mutations. Cell 2006; 126:981-93. [PMID: 16959576 PMCID: PMC3241869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 04/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. Mutations in presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) account for approximately 40% of familial AD (FAD) cases. FAD mutations and genetic deletions of presenilins have been associated with calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling abnormalities. We demonstrate that wild-type presenilins, but not PS1-M146V and PS2-N141I FAD mutants, can form low-conductance divalent-cation-permeable ion channels in planar lipid bilayers. In experiments with PS1/2 double knockout (DKO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we find that presenilins account for approximately 80% of passive Ca(2+) leak from the endoplasmic reticulum. Deficient Ca(2+) signaling in DKO MEFs can be rescued by expression of wild-type PS1 or PS2 but not by expression of PS1-M146V or PS2-N141I mutants. The ER Ca(2+) leak function of presenilins is independent of their gamma-secretase activity. Our data suggest a Ca(2+) signaling function for presenilins and provide support for the "Ca(2+) hypothesis of AD."
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Tu
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Omar Nelson
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Arseny Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhengnan Wang
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sheu-Fen Lee
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yi-Heng Hao
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lutgarde Serneels
- Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer, Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB4) and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer, Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB4) and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gang Yu
- Center for Basic Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Contact:
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28
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Oh YS, Turner RJ. Effect of gamma-secretase inhibitors on muscarinic receptor-mediated calcium signaling in human salivary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C76-82. [PMID: 16467403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00508.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered intracellular Ca(2+) signaling has been observed in cells derived from Alzheimer's disease patients, and a possible link between gamma-secretase activity and the content of intracellular Ca(2+) stores has been suggested. To test this hypothesis we studied the effects of several gamma-secretase inhibitors on muscarinic receptor-mediated intracellular calcium release in the human salivary gland cell line HSG. Although several inhibitors in the peptide aldehyde class partially blocked carbachol-induced Ca(2+) transients, these effects did not appear to be due to gamma-secretase inhibition, and overall we found no evidence that inhibition of gamma-secretase activity had any significant effect on agonist-induced intracellular calcium release in HSG cells. In complementary experiments with presenilin-null cells we found that the reconstitution of gamma-secretase activity by transfection with wild-type presenilin 1 likewise had no significant effect on thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) release. In a test of the specific hypothesis that the level of APP intracellular domain (AICD), the intracellular fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) resulting from gamma-secretase cleavage, can modulate the Ca(2+) content of the endoplasmic reticulum, we were unable to demonstrate any effect of APP small interfering RNA on the magnitude of carbachol-induced intracellular calcium release in HSG cells. Together our data cast considerable doubt on the hypothesis that there is a direct link between gamma-secretase activity and the content of intracellular Ca(2+) stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Oh
- Membrane Biology Section, Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bldg 10, Rm. 1A01, GTTB, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Smith IF, Green KN, LaFerla FM. Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: Recent advances gained from genetically modified animals. Cell Calcium 2005; 38:427-37. [PMID: 16125228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive, memory and behavioural impairments. Two decades of research have implicated disturbances of intracellular calcium homeostasis as playing a proximal pathological role in the neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease. A large preponderance of evidence has been gained from the use of a diverse range of cell lines. Whilst useful in understanding the principal mechanism of neurotoxicity associated with Alzheimer's disease, technical differences, such as cell type or even the form of amyloid-beta used often underlie conflicting results. In this review, we discuss recent contributions that transgenic technology has brought to this field. For example, the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease has implicated intraneuronal accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide as an initiating factor in synaptic dysfunction and behavioural deficits. Importantly, this synaptic dysfunction occurs prior to cell loss or extracellular amyloid plaque accumulation. The cause of synaptic dysfunction is unknown but it is likely that amyloid-beta and its ability to disrupt intracellular calcium homeostasis plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1109 Gillespie Neuroscience Building, Irvine CA 92697-4545, USA
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30
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Xu Y, Krukoff TL. Adrenomedullin stimulates nitric oxide release from SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells by modulating intracellular calcium mobilization. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2295-305. [PMID: 15677761 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We used SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells to test the hypothesis that adrenomedullin (ADM), a multifunctional neuropeptide, stimulates nitric oxide (NO) release by modulating intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in neuron-like cells. We used a nitrite assay to demonstrate that ADM (10 pM to 100 nM) stimulated NO release from the cells, with a maximal response observed with 1 nM at 30 min. This response was blocked by 1 nM ADM(22-52), an ADM receptor antagonist or 2 microM vinyl-L-NIO, a neuronal NO synthase inhibitor. In addition, 5 microM 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, an intracellular calcium chelator, eliminated the ADM-induced NO release. Similar results were observed when the cells were incubated in calcium-free medium or when L-type calcium channels were inhibited with 5 microM nifedipine or 10 microM nitrendipine. Depletion of calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with 1 microM cyclopiazonic acid or 150 nM thapsigargin, or inhibition of ryanodine-sensitive receptors in the ER with 10 microM ryanodine attenuated the ADM-induced NO release. NO responses to ADM were mimicked by 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, a cAMP analog, and were abrogated by 5 microM H-89, a protein kinase A inhibitor. Furthermore, Fluo-4 fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis showed that ADM (1 nM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i at 30 min. This response was blocked by nifedipine (5 microM) or H-89 (5 microM) and was reduced by ryanodine (10 microM). These results suggest that ADM stimulates calcium influx through L-type calcium channels and ryanodine-sensitive calcium release from the ER, probably via cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms. These elevations in [Ca2+)]i cause activation of neuronal NO synthase and NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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31
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Popescu BO, Cedazo-Minguez A, Benedikz E, Nishimura T, Winblad B, Ankarcrona M, Cowburn RF. γ-Secretase Activity of Presenilin 1 Regulates Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:6455-64. [PMID: 14625299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations give enhanced calcium responses upon different stimuli, attenuated capacitative calcium entry, an increased sensitivity of cells to undergo apoptosis, and increased gamma-secretase activity. We previously showed that the FAD mutation causing an exon 9 deletion in PS1 results in enhanced basal phospholipase C (PLC) activity (Cedazo-Minguez, A., Popescu, B. O., Ankarcrona, M., Nishimura, T., and Cowburn, R. F. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 36646-36655). To further elucidate the mechanisms by which PS1 interferes with PLC-calcium signaling, we studied the effect of two other FAD PS1 mutants (M146V and L250S) and two dominant negative PS1 mutants (D257A and D385N) on basal and carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis and intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We found a significant increase in basal PI hydrolysis in PS1 M146V cells but not in PS1 L250S cells. Both PS1 M146V and PS1 L250S cells showed a significant increase in carbachol-induced [Ca2+]i as compared with nontransfected or wild type PS1 transfected cells. The elevated carbachol-induced [Ca2+]i signals were reversed by the PLC inhibitor neomycin, the ryanodine receptor antagonist dantrolene, the general aspartyl protease inhibitor pepstatin A, and the specific gamma-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester. The cells expressing either PS1 D257A or PS1 D385N had attenuated carbachol-stimulated PI hydrolysis and [Ca2+]i responses. In nontransfected or PS1 wild type transfected cells, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester and pepstatin A also attenuated both carbachol-stimulated PI hydrolysis and [Ca2+]i responses to levels found in PS1 D257A or PS1 D385N dominant negative cells. Our findings suggest that PS1 can regulate PLC activity and that this function is gamma-secretase activity-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan O Popescu
- Section of Experimental Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec Department, Kliniskt Forskningscentrum, Novum, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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Shepherd CE, Gregory GC, Vickers JC, Brooks WS, Kwok JBJ, Schofield PR, Kril JJ, Halliday GM. Positional effects of presenilin-1 mutations on tau phosphorylation in cortical plaques. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15:115-9. [PMID: 14751776 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin-1 (PS-1) account for the majority of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). While increasing Abeta42 is one mechanism whereby PS-1 mutations are thought to exert their pathogenic effect, little is known about the role of tau in PS-1 AD. This study compares staining (AT8 and tau-2), morphology and quantity of tau-immunoreactive cortical plaques in six PS-1 and five sporadic AD cases. The densities of tau-positive plaques differentiated PS-1 from sporadic AD cases. All PS-1 cases demonstrated a greater than 6-fold increase in tau-2-positive plaques. In PS-1 cases with mutations in exons 5 and 6, there was an increase in classical AD plaques containing hyperphosphorylated tau (AT8- and tau 2-positive). However, cases with exon 8 and 9 mutations had numerous cotton wool plaques containing nonhyperphosphorylated tau (tau-2-positive, AT8-negative). These findings suggest that PS-1 mutations increase tau deposition while mutation-specific cellular responses determine phosphorylation events and may influence cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Shepherd
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, 2031 Sydney, Australia.
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Loveday D, Heacock AM, Fisher SK. Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors enhances the volume-sensitive efflux of myo-inositol from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2003; 87:476-86. [PMID: 14511125 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism used by cells to regulate their volume under hypo-osmotic conditions is the release of organic osmolytes, one of which is myo-inositol. The possibility that activation of phospholipase-C-linked receptors can regulate this process has been examined for SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Incubation of cells with hypo-osmolar buffers (160-250 mOsm) led to a biphasic release of inositol which persisted for up to 4 h and could be inhibited by inclusion of anion channel blockers - results which indicate the involvement of a volume-sensitive organic anion channel. Inclusion of oxotremorine-M, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, resulted in a marked increase (80-100%) in inositol efflux under hypo-osmotic, but not isotonic, conditions. This enhanced release, which was observed under all conditions of hypo-osmolarity tested, could be prevented by inclusion of atropine. Incubation of the cells with either the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, or the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, partially mimicked the stimulatory effect of muscarinic receptor activation when added singly, and fully when added together. The ability of oxotremorine-M to facilitate inositol release was inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium, depletion of intracellular calcium or down-regulation of protein kinase C. These results indicate that activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors can regulate osmolyte release in this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Loveday
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Cedazo-Mínguez A, Popescu BO, Blanco-Millán JM, Akterin S, Pei JJ, Winblad B, Cowburn RF. Apolipoprotein E and β-amyloid (1-42) regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. J Neurochem 2003; 87:1152-64. [PMID: 14622095 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is implicated in regulating apoptosis and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the effects of two key AD molecules, namely apoE (E3 and E4 isoforms) and beta-amyloid (Abeta) 1-42 on GSK-3beta and its major upstream regulators, intracellular calcium and protein kinases C and B (PKC and PKB) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. ApoE3 induced a mild, transient, Ca2+-independent and early activation of GSK-3beta. ApoE4 effects were biphasic, with an early strong GSK-3beta activation that was partially dependent on extracellular Ca2+, followed by a GSK-3beta inactivation. ApoE4 also activated PKC-alpha and PKB possibly giving the subsequent GSK-3beta inhibition. Abeta(1-42) effects were also biphasic with a strong activation dependent partially on extracellular Ca2+ followed by an inactivation. Abeta(1-42) induced an early and potent activation of PKC-alpha and a late decrease of PKB activity. ApoE4 and Abeta(1-42) were more toxic than apoE3 as shown by MTT reduction assays and generation of activated caspase-3. ApoE4 and Abeta(1-42)-induced early activation of GSK-3beta could lead to apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation. A late inhibition of GSK-3beta through activation of upstream kinases likely compensates the effects of apoE4 and Abeta(1-42) on GSK-3beta, the unbalanced regulation of which may contribute to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cedazo-Mínguez
- Neurotec, Section for Experimental Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, KFC, plan 4, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
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LaFerla FM. Calcium dyshomeostasis and intracellular signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:862-72. [PMID: 12415294 DOI: 10.1038/nrn960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank M LaFerla
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathogenesis, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1109 Gillespie Neuroscience Building, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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Popescu BO, Oprica M, Sajin M, Stanciu CL, Bajenaru O, Predescu A, Vidulescu C, Popescu LM. Dantrolene protects neurons against kainic acid induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2002; 6:555-69. [PMID: 12611640 PMCID: PMC6741407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death induced by kainic acid (KA) in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) and in different brain regions of Wistar rat pups on postnatal day 21 (P21) was studied. In vitro, KA (100-500 microM) induced a concentration-dependent loss of cell viability in MTT assay and cell death had apoptotic morphology as studied by chromatin staining with propidium iodide (PI). In vivo, twenty-four hours after induction of status epilepticus (SE) by an intraperitoneal KA injection (5 mg/kg) we quantified apoptotic cells in hippocampus (CA1 and CA3), parietal cortex and cerebellum using PI staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. We report that dantrolene, a specific ryanodine receptor antagonist, was able to significantly reduce the apoptotic cell death in CGC cultures and in hyppocampal CA1 and parietal cortex regions. Our finding can be valuable for neuroprotective therapy strategies in patients with repeated generalized seizures or status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Popescu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
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