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Han B, Choukér A, Moser D. Differential effects of acute and chronic hydrocortisone treatment on pyroptosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31156. [PMID: 38784563 PMCID: PMC11112316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a programmed and inflammation-inducing cell death that occurs predominantly in macrophages. It is characterized by the inflammasome-mediated activation of caspase-1, leading to cell lysis. During pyroptosis, pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β are released extracellularly to further recruit and activate other immune cells. Thus, pyroptosis plays a crucial role in the prevention of the spread of pathogens. The clinically applied synthetic glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone (HC), has strong immunoregulatory properties. It may act as an immunosuppressive agent by negatively regulating pro-inflammatory gene transcription but has also shown immune-sensitizing properties. The conditions that determine the immunosuppressive or immune-sensitizing actions of HC during an infection are not fully clear. We hypothesized that the outcome may differ depending on the onset and duration of its administration. Therefore, we investigated the impact of acute (treatment upon infection) and chronic (24 h pre-treatment before infection) HC treatment on pyroptosis induction and execution in THP-1 macrophage-like cells. The focus was on pyroptosis-associated signaling pathways, inflammasome assembly and activation, IL-1β, and cell death. Physiological HC concentration and HC deprivation were used as controls. Compared to the physiological concentration, cells displayed augmented inflammasome activation and IL-1β release following acute HC treatment. Conversely, the whole pyroptosis machinery was suppressed by chronic HC administration. These in vitro investigations demonstrate pro-inflammatory actions of acute HC exposure and the immunosuppressive effects of chronic treatment. These differential effects on pyroptosis emphasize the importance of individualized HC medication in patients upon infection, and suggest the inclusion of IL-1β as a marker for current immune capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Laboratory of Translational Research ‘Stress and Immunity’, Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research ‘Stress and Immunity’, Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany
| | - Dominique Moser
- Laboratory of Translational Research ‘Stress and Immunity’, Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany
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Zhang T, Xing F, Qu M, Yang Z, Liu Y, Yao Y, Xing N. NLRP2 in health and disease. Immunology 2024; 171:170-180. [PMID: 37735978 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2) is a novel member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family. However, our understanding of NLRP2 has long been ambiguous. NLRP2 may have a role in the innate immune response, but its 'specific' functions remain controversial. Although NLRP2 can initiate inflammasome and promote inflammation, it can also downregulate inflammatory signals. Additionally, NLRP2 has been reported to function in the reproductive system and shows high expression in the placenta. However, the exact role of NLRP2 in the reproductive system is unclear. Here, we highlight the most current progress on NLRP2 in inflammasome activation, effector function and regulation of nuclear factor-κB. And we discuss functions of NLRP2 in inflammatory diseases, reproductive disorders and the potential implication of NLRP2 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongchao Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Na Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Bansal A, Kooi C, Kalyanaraman K, Gill S, Thorne A, Chandramohan P, Necker-Brown A, Mostafa MM, Milani A, Leigh R, Newton R. Synergy between Interleukin-1 β, Interferon- γ, and Glucocorticoids to Induce TLR2 Expression Involves NF- κB, STAT1, and the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 105:23-38. [PMID: 37863662 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1) to downregulate inflammatory gene expression and are effective treatments for mild to moderate asthma. However, in severe asthma and virus-induced exacerbations, glucocorticoid therapies are less efficacious, possibly due to reduced repressive ability and/or the increased expression of proinflammatory genes. In human A549 epithelial and primary human bronchial epithelial cells, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 mRNA and protein were supra-additively induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plus dexamethasone (IL-1β+Dex), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plus dexamethasone (IFN-γ+Dex), and IL-1β plus IFN-γ plus dexamethasone (IL-1β+IFN-γ+Dex). Indeed, ∼34- to 2100-fold increases were apparent at 24 hours for IL-1β+IFN-γ+Dex, and this was greater than for any single or dual treatment. Using the A549 cell model, TLR2 induction by IL-1β+IFN-γ+Dex was antagonized by Org34517, a competitive GR antagonist. Further, when combined with IL-1β, IFN-γ, or IL-1β+IFN-γ, the enhancements by dexamethasone on TLR2 expression required GR. Likewise, inhibitor of κB kinase 2 inhibitors reduced IL-1β+IFN-γ+Dex-induced TLR2 expression, and TLR2 expression induced by IL-1β+Dex, with or without IFN-γ, required the nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunit, p65. Similarly, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 phosphorylation and γ-interferon-activated sequence-dependent transcription were induced by IFN-γ These, along with IL-1β+IFN-γ+Dex-induced TLR2 expression, were inhibited by Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. As IL-1β+IFN-γ+Dex-induced TLR2 expression also required STAT1, this study reveals cooperation between JAK-STAT1, NF-κB, and GR to upregulate TLR2 expression. Since TLR2 agonism elicits inflammatory responses, we propose that synergies involving TLR2 may occur within the cytokine milieu present in the immunopathology of glucocorticoid-resistant disease, and this could promote glucocorticoid resistance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study highlights that in human pulmonary epithelial cells, glucocorticoids, when combined with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), can synergistically induce the expression of inflammatory genes, such as TLR2. This effect involved positive combinatorial interactions between NF-κB/p65, glucocorticoid receptor, and JAK-STAT1 signaling to synergistically upregulate TLR2 expression. Thus, synergies involving glucocorticoid enhancement of TLR2 expression may occur in the immunopathology of glucocorticoid-resistant inflammatory diseases, including severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Bansal
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keerthana Kalyanaraman
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sachman Gill
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Thorne
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Priyanka Chandramohan
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amandah Necker-Brown
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M Mostafa
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arya Milani
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (A.B., K.K., S.G., A.T., P.C., A.N.-B., M.M.M., A.M., R.N.) and Medicine (C.K., R.L.), Lung Health Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Zhang R, Chen X, Wang Y, Bai X, Yang Q, Zhong Y, Yu XQ, Jin F, Yang W. BmMD-2A responds to 20-hydroxyecdysone and regulates Bombyx mori silkworm innate immunity in larva-to-pupa metamorphosis. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:411-424. [PMID: 35871306 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
20E-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays important roles in larval molting and metamorphosis in insects and is also involved in the insect innate immune response. Insect metamorphosis is a highly successful strategy for environmental adaptation and is the most vulnerable stage during which the insect is susceptible to various pathogens. 20E regulates a series of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through the immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway activation in Drosophila; nevertheless, whether other immune pathways are involved in 20E-regulated insect immunity is unknown. Our previous studies showed that BmMD-2A is a member of the MD-2-related lipid recognition (ML) family of proteins that are involved in the Bombyx mori innate immunity Toll signaling pathway. In this study, we further demonstrate that BmMD-2A is also positively regulated by 20E, and the BmMD-2A neutralization experiment suggested that 20E activates some downstream immune effect factors, the AMP genes against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, through the regulation of BmMD-2A in larval metamorphosis, implying that B. mori may use the Toll-ML signaling pathway to maintain innate immune balance in the larval-pupal metamorphosis stage, which is a different innate immunity pathway regulated by 20E compared to the IMD pathway in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjin Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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5
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Moliki JM, Nhundu TJ, Maritz L, Avenant C, Hapgood JP. Glucocorticoids and medroxyprogesterone acetate synergize with inflammatory stimuli to selectively upregulate CCL20 transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 563:111855. [PMID: 36646303 PMCID: PMC9892260 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), is emerging as a therapeutic target for immune-based therapies. Cooperative regulation of CCL20 by glucocorticoids and progestins used in endocrine therapy and pro-inflammatory mediators could modulate immune function and affect disease outcomes. We show that glucocorticoids as well as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the progestin widely used in injectable contraception in sub-Saharan Africa, cooperate with pro-inflammatory mediators to upregulate CCL20 protein and/or mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human cervical cell lines. Changes in CCL20 mRNA levels were shown to be synergistic, as assessed by Chou analysis, cell- and gene-specific and to involve transcriptional regulation, with a requirement for a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) site and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) involvement. The novel results suggest a mechanism whereby MPA, like glucocorticoids, may impact inflammation both systemically and in the genital tract in patients using MPA and/or glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson M Moliki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tawanda J Nhundu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leo Maritz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Abdel-Razek O, Audlin J, Poe DS, Wang G. Surfactant proteins and innate immunity of otitis media. Innate Immun 2022; 28:213-223. [PMID: 36069032 PMCID: PMC9900255 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common disease among young children and one of the most frequent reasons to visit the pediatrician. Development of OM requires nasopharyngeal colonization by a pathogen which must gain access to the tympanic cavity through the eustachian tube (ET) along with being able to overcome the defense mechanisms of the immune system and middle ear mucosa. OM can be caused by viral or bacterial infection. The three main bacterial pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Innate immunity is important in OM resolution as the disease occurs in very young children before the development of specific immunity. Elements of innate immunity include natural barriers and pattern recognition receptors such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), and Nod like receptors (NLRs). Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) act as pattern recognition receptors and are found in the lung and many other tissues including the ET and the middle ear where they probably function in host defense. Surfactant has a potential for use in the treatment of OM due to surface tension lowering function in the ET, and the possible immune functions of SP-D and SP-A in the middle ear and ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdel-Razek
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Guirong Wang, Department of Surgery, UH Room 8715, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Jason Audlin
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Guirong Wang
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Costa TJ, De Oliveira JC, Giachini FR, Lima VV, Tostes RC, Bomfim GF. Programming of Vascular Dysfunction by Maternal Stress: Immune System Implications. Front Physiol 2022; 13:787617. [PMID: 35360231 PMCID: PMC8961444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.787617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights that several insults during pregnancy impact the vascular function and immune response of the male and female offspring. Overactivation of the immune system negatively influences cardiovascular function and contributes to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we propose that modulation of the immune system is a potential link between prenatal stress and offspring vascular dysfunction. Glucocorticoids are key mediators of stress and modulate the inflammatory response. The potential mechanisms whereby prenatal stress negatively impacts vascular function in the offspring, including poor hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation of inflammatory response, activation of Th17 cells, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system hyperactivation, reactive oxygen species imbalance, generation of neoantigens and TLR4 activation, are discussed. Alterations in the immune system by maternal stress during pregnancy have broad relevance for vascular dysfunction and immune-mediated diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J. Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cezar De Oliveira
- Health Education Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Health Education Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Gisele Facholi Bomfim
- Health Education Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gisele Facholi Bomfim,
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Bansal A, Mostafa MM, Kooi C, Sasse SK, Michi AN, Shah SV, Leigh R, Gerber AN, Newton R. Interplay between nuclear factor-κB, p38 MAPK and glucocorticoid receptor signaling synergistically induces functional TLR2 in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101747. [PMID: 35189144 PMCID: PMC8942839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While glucocorticoids act via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1) to reduce the expression of many inflammatory genes, repression is not an invariable outcome. Here, we explore synergy occurring between synthetic glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and budesonide) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B and TNF) on the expression of the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). This effect is observed in epithelial cell lines and both undifferentiated and differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs). In A549 cells, IL1B-plus-glucocorticoid–induced TLR2 expression required nuclear factor (NF)-κB and GR. Likewise, in A549 cells, BEAS-2B cells, and pHBECs, chromatin immunoprecipitation identified GR- and NF-κB/p65-binding regions ∼32 kb (R1) and ∼7.3 kb (R2) upstream of the TLR2 gene. Treatment of BEAS-2B cells with TNF or/and dexamethasone followed by global run-on sequencing confirmed transcriptional activity at these regions. Furthermore, cloning R1 or R2 into luciferase reporters revealed transcriptional activation by budesonide or IL1B, respectively, while R1+R2 juxtaposition enabled synergistic activation by IL1B and budesonide. In addition, small-molecule inhibitors and siRNA knockdown showed p38α MAPK to negatively regulate both IL1B-induced TLR2 expression and R1+R2 reporter activity. Finally, agonism of IL1B-plus-dexamethasone–induced TLR2 in A549 cells and pHBECs stimulated NF-κB- and interferon regulatory factor-dependent reporter activity and chemokine release. We conclude that glucocorticoid-plus-cytokine-driven synergy at TLR2 involves GR and NF-κB acting via specific enhancer regions, which combined with the inhibition of p38α MAPK promotes TLR2 expression. Subsequent inflammatory effects that occur following TLR2 agonism may be pertinent in severe neutrophilic asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where glucocorticoid-based therapies are less efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Bansal
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M Mostafa
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Medicine and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah K Sasse
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suharsh V Shah
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert Newton
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Selvaraj C, Vierra M, Dinesh DC, Abhirami R, Singh SK. Structural insights of macromolecules involved in bacteria-induced apoptosis in the pathogenesis of human diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:1-38. [PMID: 34090612 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numbers of pathogenic bacteria can induce apoptosis in human host cells and modulate the cellular pathways responsible for inducing or inhibiting apoptosis. These pathogens are significantly recognized by host proteins and provoke the multitude of several signaling pathways and alter the cellular apoptotic stimuli. This process leads the bacterial entry into the mammalian cells and evokes a variety of responses like phagocytosis, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, secretion of bacterial effectors, release of both apoptotic and inflammatory cytokines, and the triggering of apoptosis. Several mechanisms are involved in bacteria-induced apoptosis including, initiation of the endogenous death machinery, pore-forming proteins, and secretion of superantigens. Either small molecules or proteins may act as a binding partner responsible for forming the protein complexes and regulate enzymatic activity via protein-protein interactions. The bacteria induce apoptosis, attack the human cell and gain control over various types of cells and tissue. Since these processes are intricate in the defense mechanisms of host organisms against pathogenic bacteria and play an important function in host-pathogen interactions. In this chapter, we focus on the various bacterial-induced apoptosis mechanisms in host cells and discuss the important proteins and bacterial effectors that trigger the host cell apoptosis. The structural characterization of bacterial effector proteins and their interaction with human host cells are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Marisol Vierra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Rajaram Abhirami
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Birru RL, Bein K, Wells H, Bondarchuk N, Barchowsky A, Di YP, Leikauf GD. Phloretin, an Apple Polyphenol, Inhibits Pathogen-Induced Mucin Overproduction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000658. [PMID: 33216464 PMCID: PMC8163070 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Bacterial infection induces mucus overproduction, contributing to acute exacerbations and lung function decline in chronic respiratory diseases. A diet enriched in apples may provide protection from pulmonary disease development and progression. This study examined whether phloretin, an apple polyphenol, inhibits mucus synthesis and secretion induced by the predominant bacteria associated with chronic respiratory diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of mucus constituent mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in FVB/NJ mice and NCI-H292 epithelial cells is analyzed. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-infected mice developed increased MUC5AC mRNA, which a diet containing phloretin inhibited. In NCI-H292 cells, NTHi, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased MUC5AC mRNA, which phloretin inhibited. Phloretin also diminished NTHi-induced MUC5AC protein secretion. NTHi-induced increased MUC5AC required toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NADH oxidase 4 (NOX4) signaling and subsequent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Phloretin inhibited NTHi-induced TLR4/NOX4 and EGFR/MAPK signaling, thereby preventing increased MUC5AC mRNA. EGFR activation can also result from increased EGFR ligand synthesis and subsequent ligand activation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In NCI-H292 cells, NTHi increased EGFR ligand and MMP1 and MMP13 mRNA, which phloretin inhibited. CONCLUSIONS In summary, phloretin is a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing bacterial-induced mucus overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel L Birru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Heather Wells
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Natalya Bondarchuk
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yuanpu Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - George D Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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11
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Luo G, Sun Y, Huang L, Su Y, Zhao L, Qin Y, Xu X, Yan Q. Time-resolved dual RNA-seq of tissue uncovers Pseudomonas plecoglossicida key virulence genes in host-pathogen interaction with Epinephelus coioides. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:677-693. [PMID: 31797531 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogen-host interactions are highly dynamic, regulated processes that have been primarily investigated using in vitro assays. The dynamics of bacterial pathogen-host interplay in vivo are poorly understood. Using time-resolved dual RNA-seq in a Pseudomonas plecoglossicida-Epinephelus coioides infection model, we observed that bacterial genes encoding classical virulence factors and host genes involved in immune regulation were dynamically expressed during infection. Using network inferencing, we were able to predict interspecies regulatory networks linking bacterial virulence genes to host immune genes. Together with gene co-expression network analysis of the pathogen, secY was predicted to be a key virulence gene for P. plecoglossicida pathogenicity in the host, fliN was predicted to be a less important virulence gene. The results of bioinformatics prediction were confirmed by animal infection experiments. Our work provides the first paradigm to study dynamic alterations of bacterial pathogen and host interactions based on the elucidation of time-resolved interactive transcriptomes in vivo, and may be developed into a novel and universal method for revealing the true complexity of the bacterial infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Luo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Yujia Sun
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Yongquan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, PR China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, Fujian, 352000, PR China
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Escoter-Torres L, Caratti G, Mechtidou A, Tuckermann J, Uhlenhaut NH, Vettorazzi S. Fighting the Fire: Mechanisms of Inflammatory Gene Regulation by the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1859. [PMID: 31440248 PMCID: PMC6693390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, glucocorticoids have been widely used as the gold standard treatment for inflammatory conditions. Unfortunately, their clinical use is limited by severe adverse effects such as insulin resistance, cardiometabolic diseases, muscle and skin atrophies, osteoporosis, and depression. Glucocorticoids exert their effects by binding to the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which both positively, and negatively regulates gene expression. Extensive research during the past several years has uncovered novel mechanisms by which the GR activates and represses its target genes. Genome-wide studies and mouse models have provided valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory gene regulation by GR. This review focusses on newly identified target genes and GR co-regulators that are important for its anti-inflammatory effects in innate immune cells, as well as mutations within the GR itself that shed light on its transcriptional activity. This research progress will hopefully serve as the basis for the development of safer immune suppressants with reduced side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escoter-Torres
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Mechtidou
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Hoppstädter J, Dembek A, Linnenberger R, Dahlem C, Barghash A, Fecher-Trost C, Fuhrmann G, Koch M, Kraegeloh A, Huwer H, Kiemer AK. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Release by Macrophages: An Anti-inflammatory Program Induced by Glucocorticoids and Lipopolysaccharide. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1634. [PMID: 31396208 PMCID: PMC6664002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, and endogenous GCs play a key role in immune regulation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to recognize a wide variety of microbial ligands, thereby promoting inflammation. The interaction of GCs with macrophages in the immunosuppressive resolution phase upon prolonged TLR activation is widely unknown. Treatment of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) with the synthetic GC dexamethasone (Dex) did not alter the expression of TLRs −1, −4, and −6. In contrast, TLR2 was upregulated in a GC receptor-dependent manner, as shown by Western blot and qPCR. Furthermore, long-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure mimicking immunosuppression in the resolution phase of inflammation synergistically increased Dex-mediated TLR2 upregulation. Analyses of publicly available datasets suggested that TLR2 is induced during the resolution phase of inflammatory diseases, i.e., under conditions associated with high endogenous GC production. TLR2 induction did not enhance TLR2 signaling, as indicated by reduced cytokine production after treatment with TLR2 ligands in Dex- and/or LPS-primed AMs. Thus, we hypothesized that the upregulated membrane-bound TLR2 might serve as a precursor for soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), known to antagonize TLR2-dependent cell actions. Supernatants of LPS/Dex-primed macrophages contained sTLR2, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Activation of metalloproteinases resulted in enhanced sTLR2 shedding. Additionally, we detected full-length TLR2 and assumed that this might be due to the production of TLR2-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs from macrophage supernatants were isolated by sequential centrifugation. Both untreated and LPS/Dex-treated cells produced vesicles of various sizes and shapes, as shown by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. These vesicles were identified as the source of full-length TLR2 in macrophage supernatants by Western blot and mass spectrometry. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that TLR2-containing EVs were able to bind the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4. In addition, the presence of EVs reduced inflammatory responses in Pam3CSK4-treated endothelial cells and HEK Dual reporter cells, demonstrating that TLR2-EVs can act as decoy receptors. In summary, our data show that sTLR2 and full-length TLR2 are released by macrophages under anti-inflammatory conditions, which may contribute to GC-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anna Dembek
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rebecca Linnenberger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- Department of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Claudia Fecher-Trost
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Völklingen Heart Centre, Völklingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Lane AP, Truong-Tran QA, Myers A, Bickel C, Schleimer RP. Serum Amyloid A, Properdin, Complement 3, and Toll-Like Receptors are Expressed Locally in Human Sinonasal Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240602000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a growing appreciation of the role that nasal mucosa plays in innate immunity. In this study, the expression of pattern recognition receptors known as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the effector molecules complement factor 3 (C3), properdin, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were examined in human sinonasal mucosa obtained from control subjects and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods Sinonasal mucosal specimens were obtained from 20 patients with CRS and 5 control subjects. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated and tested using Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction with primer and probe sets for C3, complement factor P, and SAA. Standard polymerase chain reaction was performed for the 10 known TLRs. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the microscopic sections using antibodies against C3 Results Analysis of the sinonasal sample mRNA revealed expression of all 10 TLRs in both CRS samples and in control specimens. Expression of the three effector proteins was detected also, with the levels of mRNA for C3 generally greater than SAA and properdin in CRS patients. No significant differences were found in TLR or innate immune protein expression in normal controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of sinonasal mucosal specimens established C3 staining ranging from 20 to 85% of the epithelium present. Conclusion These studies indicate that sinonasal mucosa expresses genes involved in innate immunity including the TLRs and proteins involved in complement activation. We hypothesize that local production of complement and acute phase proteins by airway epithelium on stimulation of innate immune receptors may play an important role in host defense in the airway and, potentially, in the pathogenesis of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins, University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Quynh-Ai Truong-Tran
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Allan Myers
- Johns Hopkins, Bayview Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Bickel
- Johns Hopkins, Bayview Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert P. Schleimer
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Su Q, Pfalzgraff A, Weindl G. Cell type-specific regulatory effects of glucocorticoids on cutaneous TLR2 expression and signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:201-208. [PMID: 28377308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) induce Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 expression and synergistically upregulate TLR2 with pro-inflammatory cytokines or bacteria. These paradoxical effects have drawn attention to the inflammatory initiating or promoting effects of GCs, as GC treatment can provoke inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of GCs in human skin cells of different epidermal and dermal layers. We found that Dex induced TLR2 expression mainly in undifferentiated and less in calcium-induced differentiated keratinocytes but not in HaCaT cells or fibroblasts, however, Dex reduced TLR1/6 expression. Stimulation with Dex under inflammatory conditions further increased TLR2 but not TLR1 or TLR6 levels in keratinocytes. Increased ligand-induced interaction of TLR2 with MyD88 and expression of the adaptor protein TRAF6 indicated enhanced TLR2 signalling, whereas TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 signalling was not increased in Dex-pretreated keratinocytes. GC-increased TLR2 expression was negatively regulated by JNK MAPK signalling when stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-mediated expression and function of TLR2 in human skin cells and the understanding of the mechanisms of corticosteroid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Pfalzgraff
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Polymorphisms of Mannose-binding Lectin and Toll-like Receptors 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8 and the Risk of Respiratory Infections and Acute Otitis Media in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:e114-e122. [PMID: 28403045 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of the innate immune system. We assessed the susceptibility of children with genetic variants in these factors to respiratory infections, rhinovirus infections and acute otitis media. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, blood samples from 381 Finnish children were analyzed for polymorphisms in MBL2 at codons 52, 54 and 57, TLR2 Arg753Gln, TLR3 Leu412Phe, TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR7 Gln11Leu and TLR8 Leu651Leu. Children were followed up for respiratory infections until 24 months of age with daily diaries. Polymerase chain reaction and antigen tests were used for detection of respiratory viruses from nasal swabs. RESULTS Children with MBL variant genotype had a mean of 59 days with symptoms of respiratory infection per year, compared with 49 days in those with wild-type (P = 0.01). TLR8 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk and TLR7 polymorphisms with a decreased risk of recurrent rhinovirus infections (P = 0.02 for both). TLR2 polymorphisms were associated with recurrent acute otitis media (P = 0.02). MBL polymorphisms were associated with an increased and TLR7 polymorphisms with a decreased risk of rhinovirus-associated acute otitis media (P = 0.03 and P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms in MBL and TLRs promote susceptibility to or protection against respiratory infections. In addition to environmental factors, genetic variations may explain why some children are more prone to respiratory infections.
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17
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Bluestone CD, Hebda PA, Alper CM, Sando I, Buchman CA, Stangerup SE, Felding JU, Swarts JD, Ghadiali SN, Takahashi H. 2. Eustachian Tube, Middle Ear, and Mastoid Anatomy; Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 194:16-30. [PMID: 15700932 DOI: 10.1177/00034894051140s105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Bluestone
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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The Interactome of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Influence on the Actions of Glucocorticoids in Combatting Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:495-522. [PMID: 27169854 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00064-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used for decades as a first-line treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their use is often hampered by the onset of adverse effects or resistance. GCs mediate their effects via binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor belonging to the family of nuclear receptors. An important aspect of GR's actions, including its anti-inflammatory capacity, involves its interactions with various proteins, such as transcription factors, cofactors, and modifying enzymes, which codetermine receptor functionality. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of GR that positively or negatively affect its anti-inflammatory properties, along with mechanistic insights, if known. Emphasis is placed on the interactions that affect its anti-inflammatory effects in the presence of inflammatory and microbial diseases.
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19
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Earl CS, Keong TW, An SQ, Murdoch S, McCarthy Y, Garmendia J, Ward J, Dow JM, Yang L, O'Toole GA, Ryan RP. Haemophilus influenzae responds to glucocorticoids used in asthma therapy by modulation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1018-33. [PMID: 25995336 PMCID: PMC4551341 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticosteroids are used as a main treatment to reduce airway inflammation in people with asthma who suffer from neutrophilic airway inflammation, a condition frequently associated with Haemophilus influenzae colonization. Here we show that glucocorticosteroids have a direct influence on the behavior of H. influenzae that may account for associated difficulties with therapy. Using a mouse model of infection, we show that corticosteroid treatment promotes H. influenzae persistence. Transcriptomic analysis of bacteria either isolated from infected mouse airway or grown in laboratory medium identified a number of genes encoding regulatory factors whose expression responded to the presence of glucocorticosteroids. Importantly, a number of these corticosteroid-responsive genes also showed elevated expression in H. influenzae within sputum from asthma patients undergoing steroid treatment. Addition of corticosteroid to H. influenzae led to alteration in biofilm formation and enhanced resistance to azithromycin, and promoted azithromycin resistance in an animal model of respiratory infection. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that H. influenzae can respond directly to corticosteroid treatment in the airway potentially influencing biofilm formation, persistence and the efficacy of antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Earl
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Teh Wooi Keong
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-qi An
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sarah Murdoch
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Yvonne McCarthy
- School of Microbiology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Junkal Garmendia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública Navarra-Gobierno Navarra, Mutilva, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Ward
- Division of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J Maxwell Dow
- School of Microbiology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - George A O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert P Ryan
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Wagner C, Goldmann T, Rohmann K, Rupp J, Marwitz S, Rotta detto Loria J, Limmer S, Zabel P, Dalhoff K, Dr�mann D. Budesonide Inhibits Intracellular Infection with Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae despite Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Respiratory Cells and Human Lung Tissue: A Role for p38 MAP Kinase. Respiration 2015; 90:416-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000439226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Genome Expression Profiling-Based Identification and Administration Efficacy of Host-Directed Antimicrobial Drugs against Respiratory Infection by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7581-92. [PMID: 26416856 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01278-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that are safe, effective, and not vulnerable to developing resistance are highly desirable to counteract bacterial infections. Host-directed therapeutics is an antimicrobial approach alternative to conventional antibiotics based on perturbing host pathways subverted by pathogens during their life cycle by using host-directed drugs. In this study, we identified and evaluated the efficacy of a panel of host-directed drugs against respiratory infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). NTHi is an opportunistic pathogen that is an important cause of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We screened for host genes differentially expressed upon infection by the clinical isolate NTHi375 by analyzing cell whole-genome expression profiling and identified a repertoire of host target candidates that were pharmacologically modulated. Based on the proposed relationship between NTHi intracellular location and persistence, we hypothesized that drugs perturbing host pathways used by NTHi to enter epithelial cells could have antimicrobial potential against NTHi infection. Interfering drugs were tested for their effects on bacterial and cellular viability, on NTHi-epithelial cell interplay, and on mouse pulmonary infection. Glucocorticoids and statins lacked in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy. Conversely, the sirtuin-1 activator resveratrol showed a bactericidal effect against NTHi, and the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram showed therapeutic efficacy by lowering NTHi375 counts intracellularly and in the lungs of infected mice. PDE4 inhibition is currently prescribed in COPD, and resveratrol is an attractive geroprotector for COPD treatment. Together, these results expand our knowledge of NTHi-triggered host subversion and frame the antimicrobial potential of rolipram and resveratrol against NTHi respiratory infection.
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Activation of TLR2 and TLR6 by Dengue NS1 Protein and Its Implications in the Immunopathogenesis of Dengue Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005053. [PMID: 26226614 PMCID: PMC4520596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease and its manifestation has been shown to be contributed in part by the host immune responses. In this study, pathogen recognition receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 were found to be up-regulated in DV-infected human PBMC using immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. Using ELISA, IL-6 and TNF-α, cytokines downstream of TLR2 and TLR6 signaling pathways were also found to be up-regulated in DV-infected PBMC. IL-6 and TNF-α production by PBMC were reduced when TLR2 and TLR6 were blocked using TLR2 and TLR6 neutralizing antibodies during DV infection. These results suggested that signaling pathways of TLR2 and TLR6 were activated during DV infection and its activation contributed to IL-6 and TNF-α production. DV NS1 protein was found to significantly increase the production of IL-6 and TNF-α when added to PBMC. The amount of IL-6 and TNF-α stimulated by DV NS1 protein was reduced when TLR2 and TLR6 were blocked, suggesting that DV NS1 protein is the viral protein responsible for the activation of TLR2 and TLR6 during DV infection. Secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter assay was used to further confirm activation of TLR2 and TLR6 by DV NS1 protein. In addition, DV-infected and DV NS1 protein-treated TLR6-/- mice have higher survivability compared to DV-infected and DV NS1 protein-treated wild-type mice. Hence, activation of TLR6 via DV NS1 protein could potentially play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of DV infection. Despite the prevalence of dengue virus infection and the heavy economic burden it puts on the endemic countries, the immunopathogenesis of dengue virus infection remains unclear. Plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) develops not when the viremia is at its peak in infected patients but when viremia has been significantly reduced or cleared. This suggests that host immune response is responsible for the development DHF. The interactions of the viral factors with host factors which trigger the host immune responses are likely to play a significant role in the development of dengue diseases, thus are of great interests. In this study, we found that dengue NS1 protein activates TLR2 and TLR6, leading to increase proinflammatory cytokine production. In addition, the interaction of viral factor with TLR6 was found to play an important role in the manifestation of dengue virus infection. Our study provides new insights into the involvement of TLR6 in dengue virus infection and the potential of using TLR6 anatagonist in therapeutic treatment for DV infection.
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Nagashima H, Iwatani S, Cruz M, Jiménez Abreu JA, Uchida T, Mahachai V, Vilaichone RK, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Toll-like Receptor 10 in Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1666-76. [PMID: 25977263 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays important roles in the primary defense against pathogens, and epidemiological studies have suggested a role for Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) in Helicobacter pylori susceptibility. Microarray analysis of gastric biopsy specimens from H. pylori-positive and uninfected subjects showed that TLR10 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were upregulated approximately 15-fold in infected subjects; these findings were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Immunohistochemical investigation showed increased TLR10 expression in the gastric epithelial cells of infected individuals. When H. pylori was cocultured with NCI-N87 gastric cells, both TLR10 and TLR2 mRNA levels were upregulated. We compared the ability of TLR combinations to mediate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Compared with other TLR2 subfamily heterodimers, the TLR2/TLR10 heterodimer mediated the greatest NF-κB activation following exposure to heat-killed H. pylori or H. pylori lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that TLR10 is a functional receptor involved in the innate immune response to H. pylori infection and that the TLR2/TLR10 heterodimer functions in H. pylori lipopolysaccharide recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shun Iwatani
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Modesto Cruz
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Science, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo Department of Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Santiago Technological University
| | - José A Jiménez Abreu
- Dominican-Japanese Digestive Disease Center, Dr Luis E. Aybar Health and Hygiene City, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Varocha Mahachai
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani
| | | | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Skipor J, Szczepkowska A, Kowalewska M, Herman A, Lisiewski P. Profile of toll-like receptor mRNA expression in the choroid plexus in adult ewes. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63:69-78. [PMID: 25374259 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) located in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP) forms the interface between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pathogen components circulating in the blood. The CP is also implicated in the passage of peripheral immune signals and circulation of immune cells into the central nervous system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are patternrecognition receptors that play a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and triggering of the innate immune response. In sheep, ten members of the TLR family have been identified and cloned. We used real-time PCR analyses to examine the profiles of TLR mRNA expression in the CP of cerebral ventricles in healthy adult ewes. The transcripts for all ten TLRs except TLR8 were present; however, we observed a high variation in the degree of expression of the TLR5 and TLR1 genes (coefficient of variation: 61% and 46%, respectively) as well as a moderate variation in the expression of the TLR4 (34%), TLR2 (27%) and TLR6 (26%) genes. The TLR9, TLR7, TLR3 and TLR10 genes were the four receptors with relatively invariable expression levels (coefficient of variation: 7%, 8%, 16% and 17%, respectively) across the six adult ewes. The concentration of cortisol in blood collected prior to sacrificing the ewes ranged from 0.18 to 78.9 ng/ml. There was no correlation between cortisol concentration and mRNA expression of any of the examined TLRs. These data suggest that the CP has the potential to sense the presence of many bacterial and viral components and mediate responses for the elimination of invading microorganisms, thereby protecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Skipor
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepkowska
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Marta Kowalewska
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Andrzej Herman
- 2 Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Jablonna n/Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Lisiewski
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
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Cruz-Topete D, Cidlowski JA. One hormone, two actions: anti- and pro-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:20-32. [PMID: 25227506 PMCID: PMC4243162 DOI: 10.1159/000362724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are essential steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal gland in response to stress. Since their discovery in the 1940s, glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed to treat inflammatory disorders and hematological cancers. In the traditional view, glucocorticoids are regarded as anti-inflammatory molecules; however, emerging evidence suggests that glucocorticoid actions are more complex than previously anticipated. The anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids is attributed to the repression of pro-inflammatory genes through signal transduction by their steroid receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The mechanisms modulating the pro-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are not well understood. In this review, we discuss recent findings that provide insights into the mechanism by which GR signaling can play a dual role in the regulation of the immune response. We hypothesize that these apparently opposite processes are working together to prepare the immune system to respond to a stressor (pro-inflammatory effects) and subsequently restore homeostasis (anti-inflammatory effects). Finally, we propose that determining the mechanisms which underlie the tissue-specific effects of glucocorticoids will provide an excellent tool to develop more efficient and selective glucocorticoid therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cruz-Topete
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA
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26
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Role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of otitis media. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 29:259-67. [PMID: 25447732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. It is the leading cause of hearing loss and represents a significant healthcare burden. In some cases, acute OM progresses to chronic suppurative OM (CSOM), characterized by effusion and discharge, despite antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of antibiotic resistance and potential ototoxicity of antibiotics has created an urgent need to design non-conventional therapeutic strategies against OM based on modern insights into its pathophysiology. In this article, we review the role of innate immunity as it pertains to OM and discuss recent advances in understanding the role of innate immune cells in protecting the middle ear. We also discuss the mechanisms utilized by pathogens to subvert innate immunity and thereby overcome defensive responses. A better knowledge about bacterial virulence and host resistance promises to reveal novel targets to design effective treatment strategies against OM. The identification and characterization of small natural compounds that can boost innate immunity may provide new avenues for the treatment of OM. There is also a need to design novel methods for targeted delivery of these compounds into the middle ear, allowing higher therapeutic doses and minimizing systemic side effects.
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Kerschner JE, Hong W, Khampang P, Johnston N. Differential response of gel-forming mucins to pathogenic middle ear bacteria. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1368-73. [PMID: 24958163 PMCID: PMC4104932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the differential response of the secretory gel forming mucins (GFM) to the most common bacterial pathogens causing otitis media, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat), in a culture model of human middle ear epithelium (HMEEC). METHODS In vitro cultured HMEEC was exposed to 5 μg/ml of bacterial whole cell lysate (WCL). RNA was extracted to generate cDNA. The expression levels of each of the targeted mucin transcripts, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC19, were detected by quantitative PCR. RESULTS The submerged HMEEC exposed to NTHi-86028NP WCL demonstrated a significant increase of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B as compared to the control non-treated cells while MUC19 transcript level remained unchanged. WCL of additional major OM pathogens significantly increase the transcription of these three mucin genes as well. A combination of NTHi and SP further synergistically induced MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression however, not all NTHi strains synergized with SP in the induction. Addition of Mcat WCL to the synergized combination of NTHi and SP did not participate in the synergistic response of mucins. CONCLUSION The specific pathogen combinations were important in determining the degree of synergistic effects to GFM expression. The current data are substantive in guiding future work to extend our understanding of OM pathogens and GFMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Shuto T. [Regulation of expression, function, and inflammatory responses of innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) during inflammatory responses against infection]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 133:1401-9. [PMID: 24292189 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) is one of the important innate immune receptors that play an important role in recognizing the pathogens and producing inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of expression, function and inflammatory responses of TLR2 during pathogenic infection in innate immune cells. We first showed that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), an important human pathogen that exacerbates otitis media and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), induces inflammatory responses through activation of NF-κB via two distinct signals, NIK-IKKα/β-IκBα and MKK3/6-p38 pathways. Moreover, TLR2 was greatly up-regulated by NTHi through the positive IKK-IκBα-dependent NF-κB pathway and the negative MKK3/6-p38α/β pathway. Importantly, glucocorticoids synergistically enhance NTHi-induced TLR2 up-regulation likely via a negative cross-talk with the inhibitory p38 MAPK. The results provide novel insights into the role of glucocorticoids in regulating host defense and innate immune responses through TLR2 regulation. We next focused on the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF), a common lethal inherited disorder characterized by recurrent pulmonary infections and obstruction caused by chronic mucus hypersecretion and inflammation. We demonstrated an increased expression of TLR2, due to an enhanced DNA de-methylation and Sp1-dependent transcriptional activation in CF epithelial cells. Furthermore, a Th17 cytokine IL-17A synergistically increased TLR2 signal through an enhancement of p38 phosphorylation. These studies suggest the importance of TLR2 and IL-17 signals in the pathogenesis of CF. Finally, by focusing on neutrophils and CF airway epithelial cells, we identified curcumin as a potent inhibitor of TLR2-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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29
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Tan KL, Vlisidou I, Wood W. Ecdysone mediates the development of immunity in the Drosophila embryo. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1145-52. [PMID: 24794300 PMCID: PMC4030305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Beyond their role in cell metabolism, development, and reproduction, hormones are also important modulators of the immune system. In the context of inflammatory disorders, systemic administration of pharmacological doses of synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) is widely used as an anti-inflammatory treatment [1, 2]. However, not all actions of GCs are immunosuppressive, and many studies have suggested that physiological concentrations of GCs can have immunoenhancing effects [3-7]. For a more comprehensive understanding of how steroid hormones regulate immunity and inflammation, a simple in vivo system is required. The Drosophila embryo has recently emerged as a powerful model system to study the recruitment of immune cells to sterile wounds [8] and host-pathogen dynamics [9]. Here we investigate the immune response of the fly embryo to bacterial infections and find that the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) can regulate the quality of the immune response and influence the resolution of infection in Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Louise Tan
- Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Isabella Vlisidou
- Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Will Wood
- Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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30
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Nie L, Yang X, Adcock I, Xu Z, Guo Y. Inferring cell-scale signalling networks via compressive sensing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95326. [PMID: 24748057 PMCID: PMC3991638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling network inference is a central problem in system biology. Previous studies investigate this problem by independently inferring local signalling networks and then linking them together via crosstalk. Since a cellular signalling system is in fact indivisible, this reductionistic approach may have an impact on the accuracy of the inference results. Preferably, a cell-scale signalling network should be inferred as a whole. However, the holistic approach suffers from three practical issues: scalability, measurement and overfitting. Here we make this approach feasible based on two key observations: 1) variations of concentrations are sparse due to separations of timescales; 2) several species can be measured together using cross-reactivity. We propose a method, CCELL, for cell-scale signalling network inference from time series generated by immunoprecipitation using Bayesian compressive sensing. A set of benchmark networks with varying numbers of time-variant species is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Instead of exhaustively measuring all individual species, high accuracy is achieved from relatively few measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yike Guo
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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NOD2/RICK-dependent β-defensin 2 regulation is protective for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced middle ear infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90933. [PMID: 24625812 PMCID: PMC3953203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle ear infection, otitis media (OM), is clinically important due to the high incidence in children and its impact on the development of language and motor coordination. Previously, we have demonstrated that the human middle ear epithelial cells up-regulate β-defensin 2, a model innate immune molecule, in response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), the most common OM pathogen, via TLR2 signaling. NTHi does internalize into the epithelial cells, but its intracellular trafficking and host responses to the internalized NTHi are poorly understood. Here we aimed to determine a role of cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors in NTHi-induced β-defensin 2 regulation and NTHi clearance from the middle ear. Notably, we observed that the internalized NTHi is able to exist freely in the cytoplasm of the human epithelial cells after rupturing the surrounding membrane. The human middle ear epithelial cells inhibited NTHi-induced β-defensin 2 production by NOD2 silencing but augmented it by NOD2 over-expression. NTHi-induced β-defensin 2 up-regulation was attenuated by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization and was enhanced by α-hemolysin, a pore-forming toxin. NOD2 silencing was found to block α-hemolysin-mediated enhancement of NTHi-induced β-defensin 2 up-regulation. NOD2 deficiency appeared to reduce inflammatory reactions in response to intratympanic inoculation of NTHi and inhibit NTHi clearance from the middle ear. Taken together, our findings suggest that a cytoplasmic release of internalized NTHi is involved in the pathogenesis of NTHi infections, and NOD2-mediated β-defensin 2 regulation contributes to the protection against NTHi-induced otitis media.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently prescribed pharmacological agents most notably for their immunosuppressive effects. Endogenous GCs mediate biological processes such as energy metabolism and tissue development. At the cellular level, GCs bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a cytosolic protein that translocates to the nuclei and functions to alter transcription upon ligand binding. Among a long list of genes activated by GCs is the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). GC-induced GILZ expression has been well established in lymphocytes and mediates GC-induced apoptosis. Unlike lymphocytes, cardiomyocytes respond to GCs by gaining resistance against apoptosis. We determined GILZ expression in cardiomyocytes in vivo and in vitro. Expression of GILZ in mouse hearts as a result of GC administration was confirmed by Western blot analyses. GCs induced dose- and time-dependent elevation of GILZ expression in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes, with dexamethasone (Dex) as low as 0.1 μM being effective. Time course analysis indicated that GILZ protein levels increased at 8 h and peaked at 48 h after exposure to 1 μM Dex. H9c2(2-1) cell line showed a similar response of GILZ induction by Dex as primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes, providing a convenient model for studying the biological significance of GILZ expression. With corticosterone (CT), an endogenous form of corticosteroids in rodents, 0.1-2.5 μM was found to induce GILZ in H9c2(2-1) cells. Time course analysis with 1 μM CT indicated induction of GILZ at 6 h with peak expression at 18 h. Inhibition of the GR by mifepristone led to blunting of GILZ induction by GCs. Our data demonstrate GILZ induction in cardiomyocytes both in vivo and in vitro by GCs, pointing to H9c2(2-1) cells as a valid model for studying the biological function of GILZ in cardiomyocytes.
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Sun Z, Liu M, Zou H, Li X, Shao G, Zhao R. Vaccination inhibits TLR2 transcription via suppression of GR nuclear translocation and binding to TLR2 promoter in porcine lung infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:425-33. [PMID: 24035265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) act respectively as effectors of innate immune and stress responses. The crosstalk between them is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis during the immune response. Vaccination is known to boost adaptive immunity, yet it remains elusive whether vaccination may affect GR/TLR interactions following infection. Duroc×Meishan crossbred piglets were allocated to three groups. The control group (CC) received neither vaccination nor infection; the non-vaccinated infection group (NI) was artificially infected intratracheally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae); while the vaccinated, infected group (VI) was vaccinated intramuscularly with inactivated M. hyopneumoniae one month before infection. The clinical signs and macroscopic lung lesions were significantly reduced by vaccination. However, vaccination did not affect the concentration of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in the lung. Serum cortisol was significantly decreased in both NI and VI pigs (P<0.01), but only VI pigs demonstrated significantly diminished nuclear GR content. TLRs 1-10 were all expressed in lung, among which TLR2 was the most abundant and was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05) in NI pigs, but not in VI pigs. Accordingly, GR binding to the GR response element on TLR2 promoter was significantly increased (P<0.05) in NI pigs, but not in VI pigs. These results suggest that the inhibition of GR nuclear translocation and binding to the TLR2 promoter, which results in diminished TLR2 expression, is associated with the protective effect of vaccination on M. hyopneumoniae-induced lung lesions in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Rus F, Flatt T, Tong M, Aggarwal K, Okuda K, Kleino A, Yates E, Tatar M, Silverman N. Ecdysone triggered PGRP-LC expression controls Drosophila innate immunity. EMBO J 2013; 32:1626-38. [PMID: 23652443 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, steroid hormones have been implicated in the defense against microbial infection, but how these systemic signals control immunity is unclear. Here, we show that the steroid hormone ecdysone controls the expression of the pattern recognition receptor PGRP-LC in Drosophila, thereby tightly regulating innate immune recognition and defense against bacterial infection. We identify a group of steroid-regulated transcription factors as well as two GATA transcription factors that act as repressors and activators of the immune response and are required for the proper hormonal control of PGRP-LC expression. Together, our results demonstrate that Drosophila use complex mechanisms to modulate innate immune responses, and identify a transcriptional hierarchy that integrates steroid signalling and immunity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Rus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Liao CH, Lin JY. Purified active lotus plumule (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) polysaccharides exert anti-inflammatory activity through decreasing toll-like receptor-2 and -4 expressions using mouse primary splenocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:164-173. [PMID: 23458922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Lotus plumule is widely used as traditional Chinese medicine. Among the active components in lotus plumule, polysaccharides exhibit promising potential for its potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of purified polysaccharides from lotus plumule remains unknown. To evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential and possible mechanisms of purified polysaccharides in lotus plumule, two active lotus plumule polysaccharides, fractions F1 and F2, were subjected to assay their anti-inflammatory potential and possible mechanisms using murine primary splenocytes in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two purified active lotus plumule polysaccharides, F1 and F2, were cultured independently with murine primary splenocytes in the absence or presence of LPS under four different experiment models in vitro. Changes in pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines secreted by the treated splenocytes were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The amount of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 mRNA expression levels in the cells were quantitated using a two-step real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS The results showed that F1 and F2 treatments alone, particularly F2, significantly (P<0.05) decreased pro-/anti-inflammatory (IL-1β/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10) cytokine secretion ratios dose-dependently. F1 and F2 treatments in the presence of LPS significantly decreased TLR-2 and/or TLR-4 mRNA expression levels in the splenocytes under inflammatory and repair experiment models. CONCLUSIONS The present study proved that F1 and F2 had strong anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting TLR-2 and/or TLR-4 expressions in the splenocytes in normal, inflammatory and repair situations. Our results further suggest that F2, which is a glycoprotein with low molecular weight of 25.7 kDa, may serve as a promising lead for the development of selective TLR antagonistic agents for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Huei Liao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
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36
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Influence of age, past smoking, and disease severity on TLR2, neutrophilic inflammation, and MMP-9 levels in COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:462934. [PMID: 23606791 PMCID: PMC3628212 DOI: 10.1155/2013/462934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and serious respiratory disease, particularly in older individuals, characterised by fixed airway obstruction and persistent airway neutrophilia. The mechanisms that lead to these features are not well established. We investigated the contribution of age, prior smoking, and fixed airflow obstruction on sputum neutrophils, TLR2 expression, and markers of neutrophilic inflammation. Induced sputum from adults with COPD (n = 69) and healthy controls (n = 51) was examined. A sputum portion was dispersed, total, differential cell count and viability recorded, and supernatant assayed for CXCL8, matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9, neutrophil elastase, and soluble TLR2. Peripheral blood cells (n = 7) were stimulated and TLR2 activation examined. TLR2 levels were increased with ageing, while sputum neutrophils and total sputum MMP-9 levels increased with age, previous smoking, and COPD. In multivariate regression, TLR2 gene expression and MMP-9 levels were significant independent contributors to the proportion of sputum neutrophils after adjustment for age, prior smoking, and the presence of airflow obstruction. TLR2 stimulation led to enhanced release of MMP-9 from peripheral blood granulocytes. TLR2 stimulation activates neutrophils for MMP-9 release. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of TLR2 signalling and subsequent MMP-9 production in COPD may assist in understanding neutrophilic inflammation in COPD.
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37
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Liu K, Chen L, Kaur R, Pichichero ME. Transcriptome signature in young children with acute otitis media due to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Int Immunol 2013; 25:353-61. [PMID: 23411728 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) causes acute otitis media (AOM) in young children. In our recent paper in Microbes and Infection we described the transcriptome signature elicited from PBMCs at onset of AOM caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the current study we found very different results with NTHi AOM infections; 5.1% of 29 187 genes were differentially regulated by more than 2-fold at the onset of AOM compared with the pre-infection healthy state in the same children. Among the 1487 transcripts, 100 genes associated with the immune defense response were specifically analyzed. About half of the differentially regulated genes associated with antibacterial activity and the cell-mediated immune response were activated and half were suppressed. The important signatures for NTHi in children suggested that the balance of the immune response was toward suppression. Moreover, 90% of the genes associated with a pro-inflammatory cytokine response were down-regulated. The genes associated with the classic complement pathway were down-regulated, although the alternative complement pathway genes were up-regulated. These results provide the first human transcriptome data identifying gene expression in the immune response to be predominantly down-regulated at the onset of AOM due to NTHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
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Activation of epidermal toll-like receptor 2 enhances tight junction function: implications for atopic dermatitis and skin barrier repair. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:988-98. [PMID: 23223142 PMCID: PMC3600383 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by epidermal tight junction (TJ) defects and a propensity for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) skin infections. S. aureus is sensed by many pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. We hypothesized that an effective innate immune response will include skin barrier repair and that this response is impaired in AD subjects. S. aureus-derived peptidoglycan (PGN) and synthetic TLR2 agonists enhanced TJ barrier and increased expression of TJ proteins, CLDN1, CLDN23, occludin and ZO-1 in primary human keratinocytes. A TLR2 agonist enhanced skin barrier recovery in human epidermis wounded by tape-stripping. Tlr2−/− mice had a delayed and incomplete barrier recovery following tape-stripping. AD subjects had reduced epidermal TLR2 expression as compared to nonatopic (NA) subjects, which inversely correlated (r= 0.654, P= 0.0004) with transepidermal water loss (TEWL). These observations indicate that TLR2 activation enhances skin barrier in murine and human skin and is an important part of a wound repair response. Reduced epidermal TLR2 expression observed in AD patients may play a role in their incompetent skin barrier.
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Keenan CR, Salem S, Fietz ER, Gualano RC, Stewart AG. Glucocorticoid-resistant asthma and novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1031-8. [PMID: 22659097 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids are among the most commonly used prescription medicines. Nevertheless, their clinical efficacy is accompanied by dose- and indication-limiting acute and chronic adverse effects. Intrinsic or acquired resistance to glucocorticoid actions may also limit clinical efficacy. In chronic inflammatory conditions there has been a considerable focus on understanding mechanism(s) of resistance in cells with a primary immune and/or inflammatory function. However, it has become increasingly accepted that a substantial part of the efficacy of glucocorticoid treatments derives from actions on 'structural' cell types (smooth muscle, fibroblasts, epithelia). In this article we review the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids on structural cells and contrast knowledge of resistance mechanisms between structural and inflammatory cell types, using asthma as an exemplar chronic inflammatory condition associated with glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Keenan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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40
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Lee WB, Kang JS, Yan JJ, Lee MS, Jeon BY, Cho SN, Kim YJ. Neutrophils Promote Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate-Induced Lung Inflammation via the Mincle Pathway. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002614. [PMID: 22496642 PMCID: PMC3320589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), a cord factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an important regulator of immune responses during Mtb infections. Macrophages recognize TDM through the Mincle receptor and initiate TDM-induced inflammatory responses, leading to lung granuloma formation. Although various immune cells are recruited to lung granulomas, the roles of other immune cells, especially during the initial process of TDM-induced inflammation, are not clear. In this study, Mincle signaling on neutrophils played an important role in TDM-induced lung inflammation by promoting adhesion and innate immune responses. Neutrophils were recruited during the early stage of lung inflammation following TDM-induced granuloma formation. Mincle expression on neutrophils was required for infiltration of TDM-challenged sites in a granuloma model induced by TDM-coated-beads. TDM-induced Mincle signaling on neutrophils increased cell adherence by enhancing F-actin polymerization and CD11b/CD18 surface expression. The TDM-induced effects were dependent on Src, Syk, and MAPK/ERK kinases (MEK). Moreover, coactivation of the Mincle and TLR2 pathways by TDM and Pam3CSK4 treatment synergistically induced CD11b/CD18 surface expression, reactive oxygen species, and TNFα production by neutrophils. These synergistically-enhanced immune responses correlated with the degree of Mincle expression on neutrophil surfaces. The physiological relevance of the Mincle-mediated anti-TDM immune response was confirmed by defective immune responses in Mincle⁻/⁻ mice upon aerosol infections with Mtb. Mincle-mutant mice had higher inflammation levels and mycobacterial loads than WT mice. Neutrophil depletion with anti-Ly6G antibody caused a reduction in IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression upon TDM treatment, and reduced levels of immune cell recruitment during the initial stage of infection. These findings suggest a new role of Mincle signaling on neutrophils during anti-mycobacterial responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD18 Antigens/genetics
- CD18 Antigens/immunology
- CD18 Antigens/metabolism
- Cord Factors/adverse effects
- Cord Factors/chemistry
- Cord Factors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/chemically induced
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/metabolism
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/metabolism
- Pneumonia/pathology
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/immunology
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kyo Y, Kato K, Park YS, Gajghate S, Gajhate S, Umehara T, Lillehoj EP, Suzaki H, Kim KC. Antiinflammatory role of MUC1 mucin during infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:149-56. [PMID: 22298528 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0142oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC1 (or Muc1 in nonhuman species) is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the apical surface of mucosal epithelia (including those of the airways) that suppresses Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. We sought to determine whether the anti-inflammatory effect of MUC1 is operative during infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), and if so, which TLR pathway was affected. Our results showed that: (1) a lysate of NTHi increased the early release of IL-8 and later production of MUC1 protein by A549 cells in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners, compared with vehicle control; (2) both effects were attenuated after transfection of the cells with a TLR2-targeting small interfering (si) RNA, compared with a control siRNA; (3) the NTHi-induced release of IL-8 was suppressed by an overexpression of MUC1, and was enhanced by the knockdown of MUC1; (4) the TNF-α released after treatment with NTHi was sufficient to up-regulate MUC1, which was completely inhibited by pretreatment with a soluble TNF-α receptor; and (5) primary murine tracheal surface epithelial (MTSE) cells from Muc1 knockout mice exhibited an increased in vitro production of NTHi-stimulated keratinocyte chemoattractant compared with MTSE cells from Muc1-expressing animals. These results suggest a hypothetical feedback loop model whereby NTHi activates TLRs (mainly TLR2) in airway epithelial cells, leading to the increased production of TNF-α and IL-8, which subsequently up-regulate the expression of MUC1, resulting in suppressed TLR signaling and decreased production of IL-8. This report is the first, to the best of our knowledge, demonstrating that the inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells during infection with NTHi is controlled by MUC1 mucin, mainly through the suppression of TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kyo
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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42
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases for decades. However, there is a relative GC resistance in several inflammatory lung disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but still the mechanism(s) behind this unresponsiveness remains unknown. Interaction between transcription factors and the GC receptor contribute to GC effects but may also provide mechanisms explaining steroid resistance. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors are important regulators of pulmonary gene expression and have been implicated in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and COPD. In addition, several studies have indicated a role for C/EBPs in mediating GC effects. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of GC action as well as the function of the lung-enriched members of the C/EBP transcription factor family. We also summarize the current knowledge of the role of C/EBP transcription factors in mediating the effects of GCs, with emphasis on pulmonary effects, and their potential role in mediating GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Roos
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Lung Research Laboratory L4:01, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital - Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Clinical approaches for understanding the expression levels of pattern recognition receptors in otitis media with effusion. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 4:163-7. [PMID: 22232709 PMCID: PMC3250578 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2011.4.4.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacterial infections in the normally sterile environment of the middle ear cavity usually trigger host immune response, whereby the innate immune system plays a dominant role as the host's first line of defense. We evaluated the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) -2, -4, -5, -9, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NODs) -1 and -2, all of which are related to bacterial infection in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion (OME). METHODS The study sample consisted of 46 pediatric patients with OME, all of whom had ventilation tubes inserted. The expression levels of TLR-2, -4, -5, -9, NOD-1 and -2 mRNA in middle ear effusion were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Difference of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expression level by presence of bacteria, ventilation tube insertion rate, and effusion fluid character was assessed. RESULTS All effusion fluid samples collected from patients with OME showed expression of TLR-2, -4, -5, -9, NOD-1, and -2 mRNA by PCR. However, we found no differences among expression levels of PRRs in relation to characteristics of exudates, presence of bacteria, or frequencies of ventilation tube insertion (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that exudates of OME patients show PRR expressions that are related to the innate immune response regardless of the characteristics of effusion fluid, presence of bacteria in exudates, or frequency of ventilation tube insertion.
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44
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Xie X, Yan X, Lin Z, Jin X. Differential effects of low- and high-dose glucocorticoids on the innate immunity of corneal epithelium in vitro. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19:275-81. [PMID: 21770806 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2011.569110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of glucocorticoids on the innate immunity of corneal epithelial cells. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cell lines (HCEC) were co-cultured with LPS and hydrocortisone to determine whether hydrocortisone modulates the expression and function of TLR2, 4. The release of IL-6, 8 from cultured HCEC was measured in the presence and absence of specific blocking antibodies to TLR2, 4. The proteins of TLR2, 4 were also compared by Western blot. RESULTS Incubation of HCEC with LPS upregulated the expression of TLR2, 4 and increased the release of IL-6, 8. This upregulation was enhanced by low-concentration hydrocortisone, but inhibited by high-concentration hydrocortisone. The concentration of IL-6, 8 was also enhanced by low-concentration hydrocortisone and inhibited by high-concentration hydrocortisone. CONCLUSIONS Low-concentration hydrocortisone enhances the expression and function of TLRs in HCEC and provides evidence for a novel function of glucocorticoids in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lim JH, Woo CH, Li JD. Critical role of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in early host defense against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:67-72. [PMID: 21945446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory systems are constantly being challenged by pathogens. Lung epithelial cells serve as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activating downstream signaling pathways, leading to a plethora of biological responses required for shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Acute-phase proteins (APPs), such as type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), play important roles in immune/inflammatory responses. PAI-1, a key regulator for fibrinolysis and coagulation, acts as an APP during acute phase response (APR) such as acute lung injury (ALI), inflammation, and sepsis. However, the role of PAI-1 in the pathogenesis of these diseases still remains unclear, especially in bacterial pneumonia. In this study, we showed that PAI-1 expression is upregulated following nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) infection. PAI-1 knockout (KO) mice failed to generate early immune responses against NTHi. Failure of generating early immune responses in PAI-1 KO mice resulted in reduced bacterial clearance and prolonged disease process, which in turn led to enhanced inflammation at late stage of infection. Moreover, we also found that NTHi induces PAI-1 via activation of TLR2-MyD88-MKK3-p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These data suggest that PAI-1 plays critical role in earl host defense response against NTHi infection. Our study thus reveals a novel role of PAI-1 in infection caused by NTHi, one of the most common gram-negative bacterial pathogens in respiratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyang Lim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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46
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Estradiol and progesterone strongly inhibit the innate immune response of mononuclear cells in newborns. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2690-8. [PMID: 21518785 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00076-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are particularly susceptible to bacterial infections due to qualitative and quantitative deficiencies of the neonatal innate immune system. However, the mechanisms underlying these deficiencies are poorly understood. Given that fetuses are exposed to high concentrations of estradiol and progesterone during gestation and at time of delivery, we analyzed the effects of these hormones on the response of neonatal innate immune cells to endotoxin, bacterial lipopeptide, and Escherichia coli and group B Streptococcus, the two most common causes of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Here we show that at concentrations present in umbilical cord blood, estradiol and progesterone are as powerful as hydrocortisone for inhibition of cytokine production by cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and newborn monocytes. Interestingly, CBMCs and newborn monocytes are more sensitive to the effects of estradiol and progesterone than adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes. This increased sensitivity is associated with higher expression levels of estrogen and membrane progesterone receptors but is independent of a downregulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 in newborn cells. Estradiol and progesterone mediate their anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in CBMCs. Altogether, these results suggest that elevated umbilical cord blood concentrations of estradiol and progesterone acting on mononuclear cells expressing high levels of steroid receptors contribute to impair innate immune responses in newborns. Therefore, intrauterine exposure to estradiol and progesterone may participate in increasing susceptibility to infection during the neonatal period.
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Lin HY, Tang CH, Chen JH, Chuang JY, Huang SM, Tan TW, Lai CH, Lu DY. Peptidoglycan induces interleukin-6 expression through the TLR2 receptor, JNK, c-Jun, and AP-1 pathways in microglia. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1573-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Nitsche JF, Jiang SW, Brost BC. Maternal Neutrophil Toll-like Receptor mRNA Expression is Down-Regulated in Preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:242-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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49
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Lim DJ, Moon SK. Establishment of cell lines from the human middle and inner ear epithelial cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:15-25. [PMID: 21901615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The middle ear infection is the most common childhood infection. In order to elucidate the cell and molecular mechanisms involved in bacterial recognition and innate immune response, we have established a stable human middle ear cell line, which has contributed to the current knowledge concerning the molecular pathogenesis of the middle ear infection. The inner ear, a sensory organ responsible for hearing and balance, is filled with inner ear fluid, and disturbance of the fluid homeostasis results in dizziness and hearing impairment. It has been suggested that the endolymphatic sac (ES) may play a critical role in the fluid homeostasis of the inner ear. We have established a stable human ES cell line and are undertaking cell and molecular characterization of this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lim
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA.
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50
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Shimasaki S, Koga T, Shuto T, Suico MA, Sato T, Watanabe K, Morino-Koga S, Taura M, Okada S, Mori K, Kai H. Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases the expression and function of toll-like receptor-2 in epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:235-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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