1
|
Wei S, Wang R, Chen L, Jing M, Li H, Zheng R, Zhu Y, Zhao Y. The contribution of small heterodimer partner to the occurrence and progression of cholestatic liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:1134-1144. [PMID: 38615196 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Small heterodimer partner (SHP, encoded by NR0B2) plays an important role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. The loss of the hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/SHP signal can cause severe cholestatic liver injury (CLI). FXR and SHP have overlapping and nonoverlapping functions in bile acid homeostasis. However, the key role played by SHP in CLI is unclear. METHODS In this study, an alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis mouse model was established. The effect of SHP knockout (SHP-KO) on liver and ileal pathology was evaluated. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis combined with untargeted metabolomics was applied to reveal the involvement of SHP in the pathogenesis of CLI. RESULTS The results showed that ANIT (75 mg/kg) induced cholestasis in WT mice. No significant morphological changes were found in the liver and ileal tissue of SHP-KO mice. However, the serum metabolism and intestinal flora characteristics were significantly changed. Moreover, compared with the WT + ANIT group, the serum levels of ALT and AST in the SHP-KO + ANIT group were significantly increased, and punctate necrosis in the liver tissue was more obvious. The ileum villi showed obvious shedding, thinning, and shortening. In addition, SHP-KO-associated differential intestinal flora and differential biomarkers were significantly associated. CONCLUSION In this study, we elucidated the serum metabolic characteristics and intestinal flora changes related to the aggravation of CLI in SHP-KO mice induced by ANIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhang Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Division of Integrative Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim YC, Qi M, Dong X, Seok S, Sun H, Kemper B, Fu T, Kemper JK. Transgenic mice lacking FGF15/19-SHP phosphorylation display altered bile acids and gut bacteria, promoting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104946. [PMID: 37348559 PMCID: PMC10359637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated bile acid (BA)/lipid metabolism and gut bacteria dysbiosis are tightly associated with the development of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The orphan nuclear receptor, Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP/NR0B2), is a key regulator of BA/lipid metabolism, and its gene-regulating function is markedly enhanced by phosphorylation at Thr-58 mediated by a gut hormone, fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF15/19). To investigate the role of this phosphorylation in whole-body energy metabolism, we generated transgenic SHP-T58A knock-in mice. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, the phosphorylation-defective SHP-T58A mice gained weight more rapidly with decreased energy expenditure and increased lipid/BA levels. This obesity-prone phenotype was associated with the upregulation of lipid/BA synthesis genes and downregulation of lipophagy/β-oxidation genes. Mechanistically, defective SHP phosphorylation selectively impaired its interaction with LRH-1, resulting in de-repression of SHP/LRH-1 target BA/lipid synthesis genes. Remarkably, BA composition and selective gut bacteria which are known to impact obesity, were also altered in these mice. Upon feeding a high-fat diet, fatty liver developed more severely in SHP-T58A mice compared to WT mice. Treatment with antibiotics substantially improved the fatty liver phenotypes in both groups but had greater effects in the T58A mice so that the difference between the groups was largely eliminated. These results demonstrate that defective phosphorylation at a single nuclear receptor residue can impact whole-body energy metabolism by altering BA/lipid metabolism and gut bacteria, promoting complex metabolic disorders like NAFLD. Since posttranslational modifications generally act in gene- and context-specific manners, the FGF15/19-SHP phosphorylation axis may allow more targeted therapy for NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ming Qi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xingchen Dong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seok S, Kim YC, Zhang Y, Kong B, Guo G, Ma J, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Feeding activates FGF15-SHP-TFEB-mediated lipophagy in the gut. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109997. [PMID: 35686465 PMCID: PMC9434102 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosome‐mediated macroautophagy, including lipophagy, is activated under nutrient deprivation but is repressed after feeding. We show that, unexpectedly, feeding activates intestinal autophagy/lipophagy in a manner dependent on both the orphan nuclear receptor, small heterodimer partner (SHP/NR0B2), and the gut hormone, fibroblast growth factor‐15/19 (FGF15/19). Furthermore, postprandial intestinal triglycerides (TGs) and apolipoprotein‐B48 (ApoB48), the TG‐rich chylomicron marker, were elevated in SHP‐knockout and FGF15‐knockout mice. Genomic analyses of the mouse intestine indicated that SHP partners with the key lysosomal activator, transcription factor‐EB (TFEB) to upregulate the transcription of autophagy/lipolysis network genes after feeding. FGF19 treatment activated lipophagy, reducing TG and ApoB48 levels in HT29 intestinal cells, which was dependent on TFEB. Mechanistically, feeding‐induced FGF15/19 signaling increased the nuclear localization of TFEB and SHP via PKC beta/zeta‐mediated phosphorylation, leading to increased transcription of the TFEB/SHP target lipophagy genes, Ulk1 and Atgl. Collectively, these results demonstrate that paradoxically after feeding, FGF15/19‐activated SHP and TFEB activate gut lipophagy, limiting postprandial TGs. As excess postprandial lipids cause dyslipidemia and obesity, the FGF15/19‐SHP‐TFEB axis that reduces intestinal TGs via lipophagic activation provides promising therapeutic targets for obesity‐associated metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen JT, Riessen R, Zhang T, Kieffer C, Anakk S. Deletion of Intestinal SHP Impairs Short-term Response to Cholic Acid Challenge in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6189092. [PMID: 33769482 PMCID: PMC8256632 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a crucial regulator of bile acid (BA) transport and synthesis; however, its intestine-specific role is not fully understood. Here, we report that male intestine-specific Shp knockout (IShpKO) mice exhibit higher intestinal BA but not hepatic or serum BA levels compared with the f/f Shp animals when challenged with an acute (5-day) 1% cholic acid (CA) diet. We also found that BA synthetic genes Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 are not repressed to the same extent in IShpKO compared with control mice post-CA challenge. Loss of intestinal SHP did not alter Fxrα messenger RNA (mRNA) but increased Asbt (BA ileal uptake transporter) and Ostα (BA ileal efflux transporter) expression even under chow-fed conditions. Surprisingly, the acute CA diet in IShpKO did not elicit the expected induction of Fgf15 but was able to maintain the suppression of Asbt, and Ostα/β mRNA levels. At the protein level, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) was downregulated, while organic solute transporter-α/β (OSTα/β) expression was induced and maintained regardless of diet. Examination of ileal histology in IShpKO mice challenged with acute CA diet revealed reduced villi length and goblet cell numbers. However, no difference in villi length, and the expression of BA regulator and transporter genes, was seen between f/f Shp and IShpKO animals after a chronic (14-day) CA diet, suggesting a potential adaptive response. We found the upregulation of the Pparα-Ugt axis after 14 days of CA diet may reduce the BA burden and compensate for the ileal SHP function. Thus, our study reveals that ileal SHP expression contributes to both overall intestinal structure and BA homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 450 Medical Science Building, 506 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang X, Wang B, Chen R, Zhong S, Gao F, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Li C, Shi G. The Nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor Reduces p53 Ubiquitination and Inhibits Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:583146. [PMID: 33889569 PMCID: PMC8056046 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.583146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in cervical cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the mechanism of FXR in cervical cancer. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that FXR was significantly reduced in squamous cell carcinoma tissues, although there were no associations of metastasis and TNM stage with FXR. In Lenti-FXR cells obtained by lentiviral transfection, the overexpression of FXR reduced cell viability and colony formation. Compared with the Lenti-Vector groups, the overexpression of FXR induced early and late apoptosis and promoted G1 arrest. With time, early apoptosis decreased, and late apoptosis increased. In tumor xenograft experiments, overexpression of FXR upregulated small heterodimer partner (SHP), murine double minute-2 (MDM2), and p53 in the nucleus. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) showed that SHP directly interacted with MDM2, which is important to protect p53 from ubiquitination. Nutlin3a increased MDM2 and p53 amounts in the Lenti-Vector groups, without effects in the Lenti-FXR groups. Silencing SHP reduced MDM2 and p53 levels in the Lenti-FXR groups, and Nutlin3a counteracted these effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that FXR inhibits cervical cancer via upregulation of SHP, MDM2, and p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Runji Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fenfei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yongdong Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Congzhu Li
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim YC, Seok S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Kong B, Guo G, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Intestinal FGF15/19 physiologically repress hepatic lipogenesis in the late fed-state by activating SHP and DNMT3A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5969. [PMID: 33235221 PMCID: PMC7686350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipogenesis is normally tightly regulated but is aberrantly elevated in obesity. Fibroblast Growth Factor-15/19 (mouse FGF15, human FGF19) are bile acid-induced late fed-state gut hormones that decrease hepatic lipid levels by unclear mechanisms. We show that FGF15/19 and FGF15/19-activated Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP/NR0B2) have a role in transcriptional repression of lipogenesis. Comparative genomic analyses reveal that most of the SHP cistrome, including lipogenic genes repressed by FGF19, have overlapping CpG islands. FGF19 treatment or SHP overexpression in mice inhibits lipogenesis in a DNA methyltransferase-3a (DNMT3A)-dependent manner. FGF19-mediated activation of SHP via phosphorylation recruits DNMT3A to lipogenic genes, leading to epigenetic repression via DNA methylation. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients and obese mice, occupancy of SHP and DNMT3A and DNA methylation at lipogenic genes are low, with elevated gene expression. In conclusion, FGF15/19 represses hepatic lipogenesis by activating SHP and DNMT3A physiologically, which is likely dysregulated in NAFLD. Hepatic lipogenesis is a tightly regulated process, which is elevated in obesity. Here the authors report that FGF15/19, bile acid-induced gut hormones, repress lipogenic genes in the late fed-state by activating small heterodimer partner (SHP) and promoting SHP-dependent recruitment of DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A to lipogenic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao L, Xuan Z, Song W, Zhang S, Li Z, Song G, Zhu X, Xie H, Zheng S, Song P. A novel role for farnesoid X receptor in the bile acid-mediated intestinal glucose homeostasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12848-12861. [PMID: 33029898 PMCID: PMC7686993 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as a bile acid (BA) sensor, plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. However, the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of FXR on intestinal glucose homeostasis remain elusive. Herein, we demonstrated that FXR and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) are essential for BA‐mediated glucose homeostasis in the intestine. BA‐activated FXR enhanced glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells by increasing the expression of GLUT2, which depended on ERK1/2 phosphorylation via S1PR2. However, it also reduced the cell energy generation via inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, which is crucial for intestinal glucose transport. Moreover, BA‐activated FXR signalling potently inhibited specific glucose flux through the intestinal epithelium to the circulation, which reduced the increase in blood glucose levels in mice following oral glucose administration. This trend was supported by the changed ratio of GLUT2 to SGLT1 in the brush border membrane (BBM), including especially decreased GLUT2 abundance in the BBM. Furthermore, impaired intestinal FXR signalling was observed in the patients with intestinal bile acid deficiency (IBAD). These findings uncover a novel function by which FXR sustains the intestinal glucose homeostasis and provide a rationale for FXR agonists in the treatment of IBAD‐related hyperglycaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Xuan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zequn Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyuan Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxin Zhu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Penghong Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, CAMS, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:47-63. [PMID: 34290896 PMCID: PMC8291349 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of CYP7A1 gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of bile acid feedback regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in the last three decades. Discovery of bile acid-activated receptors and their roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism have been translated to the development of bile acid-based drug therapies for the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will provide an update on the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and mechanistic insights of the regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid synthesis in the last 40 years.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim YC, Jung H, Seok S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Li T, Kemper B, Kemper JK. MicroRNA-210 Promotes Bile Acid-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury by Targeting Mixed-Lineage Leukemia-4 Methyltransferase in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 71:2118-2134. [PMID: 31549733 PMCID: PMC7089843 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile acids (BAs) are important regulators of metabolism and energy balance, but excess BAs cause cholestatic liver injury. The histone methyltransferase mixed-lineage leukemia-4 (MLL4) is a transcriptional coactivator of the BA-sensing nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and epigenetically up-regulates FXR targets important for the regulation of BA levels, small heterodimer partner (SHP), and bile salt export pump (BSEP). MLL4 expression is aberrantly down-regulated and BA homeostasis is disrupted in cholestatic mice, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS We examined whether elevated microRNA-210 (miR-210) in cholestatic liver promotes BA-induced pathology by inhibiting MLL4 expression. miR-210 was the most highly elevated miR in hepatic SHP-down-regulated mice with elevated hepatic BA levels. MLL4 was identified as a direct target of miR-210, and overexpression of miR-210 inhibited MLL4 and, subsequently, BSEP and SHP expression, resulting in defective BA metabolism and hepatotoxicity with inflammation. miR-210 levels were elevated in cholestatic mouse models, and in vivo silencing of miR-210 ameliorated BA-induced liver pathology and decreased hydrophobic BA levels in an MLL4-dependent manner. In gene expression studies, SHP inhibited miR-210 expression by repressing a transcriptional activator, Kruppel-like factor-4 (KLF4). In patients with primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis (PBC), hepatic levels of miR-210 and KLF4 were highly elevated, whereas nuclear levels of SHP and MLL4 were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic miR-210 is physiologically regulated by SHP but elevated in cholestatic mice and patients with PBC, promoting BA-induced liver injury in part by targeting MLL4. The miR-210-MLL4 axis is a potential target for the treatment of BA-associated hepatobiliary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,YK and HJ equally contributed to this study
| | - Hyunkyung Jung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,YK and HJ equally contributed to this study
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yang Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ning M, Duarte JD, Stevison F, Isoherranen N, Rubin LH, Jeong H. Determinants of Cytochrome P450 2D6 mRNA Levels in Healthy Human Liver Tissue. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:416-423. [PMID: 30821899 PMCID: PMC6618095 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a major drug‐metabolizing enzyme that exhibits large interindividual variability. Recent studies suggest that differential transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 in part may be responsible for the variability. In this study, we characterized potential determinants of CYP 2D6 transcript levels in healthy human liver tissue samples (n = 115), including genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 and the genes encoding transcription regulators for CYP2D6 expression; mRNA expression of the transcription factors and their known target genes; and hepatic levels of bile acids and retinoids, agents that modulate the expression/activity of the transcription factors. Their associations with CYP2D6 mRNA levels in the tissues were examined. Results from multivariable linear regression analysis revealed CYP8B1 mRNA level and rs3892097, the single‐ nucleotide polymorphism defining the nonfunctional CYP2D6*4 allele, as the two most significant predictors of CYP2D6 mRNA levels in the liver tissue samples, explaining 30% of the variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoran Ning
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julio D Duarte
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Faith Stevison
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurology, Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim YC, Byun S, Seok S, Guo G, Xu HE, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Small Heterodimer Partner and Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Inhibit Expression of NPC1L1 in Mouse Intestine and Cholesterol Absorption. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1052-1065. [PMID: 30521806 PMCID: PMC6409196 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2 (NR0B2, also called SHP) is expressed at high levels in the liver and intestine. Postprandial fibroblast growth factor 19 (human FGF19, mouse FGF15) signaling increases the transcriptional activity of SHP. We studied the functions of SHP and FGF19 in the intestines of mice, including their regulation of expression of the cholesterol transporter NPC1L1 )NPC1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1) and cholesterol absorption. METHODS We performed histologic and biochemical analyses of intestinal tissues from C57BL/6 and SHP-knockout mice and performed RNA-sequencing analyses to identify genes regulated by SHP. The effects of fasting and refeeding on intestinal expression of NPC1L1 were examined in C57BL/6, SHP-knockout, and FGF15-knockout mice. Mice were given FGF19 daily for 1 week; fractional cholesterol absorption, cholesterol and bile acid (BA) levels, and composition of BAs were measured. Intestinal organoids were generated from C57BL/6 and SHP-knockout mice, and cholesterol uptake was measured. Luciferase reporter assays were performed with HT29 cells. RESULTS We found that the genes that regulate lipid and ion transport in intestine, including NPC1L1, were up-regulated and that cholesterol absorption was increased in SHP-knockout mice compared with C57BL/6 mice. Expression of NPC1L1 was reduced in C57BL/6 mice after refeeding after fasting but not in SHP-knockout or FGF15-knockout mice. SHP-knockout mice had altered BA composition compared with C57BL/6 mice. FGF19 injection reduced expression of NPC1L1, decreased cholesterol absorption, and increased levels of hydrophilic BAs, including tauro-α- and -β-muricholic acids; these changes were not observed in SHP-knockout mice. SREBF2 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2), which regulates cholesterol, activated transcription of NPC1L1. FGF19 signaling led to phosphorylation of SHP, which inhibited SREBF2 activity. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial FGF19 and SHP inhibit SREBF2, which leads to repression of intestinal NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption. Strategies to increase FGF19 signaling to activate SHP might be developed for treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
| | - Sangwon Byun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structure Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Postprandial FGF19-induced phosphorylation by Src is critical for FXR function in bile acid homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2590. [PMID: 29968724 PMCID: PMC6030054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR) plays a central role in maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis by transcriptional control of numerous enterohepatic genes, including intestinal FGF19, a hormone that strongly represses hepatic BA synthesis. How activation of the FGF19 receptor at the membrane is transmitted to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation of BA levels and whether FGF19 signaling posttranslationally modulates FXR function remain largely unknown. Here we show that FXR is phosphorylated at Y67 by non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Src, in response to postprandial FGF19, which is critical for its nuclear localization and transcriptional regulation of BA levels. Liver-specific expression of phospho-defective Y67F-FXR or Src downregulation in mice results in impaired homeostatic responses to acute BA feeding, and exacerbates cholestatic pathologies upon drug-induced hepatobiliary insults. Also, the hepatic FGF19-Src-FXR pathway is defective in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients. This study identifies Src-mediated FXR phosphorylation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for BA-related enterohepatic diseases. FXR plays an important role in bile acid homeostasis by transcriptionally modulating several enterohepatic genes, including intestinal FGF19, that repress hepatic bile acid synthesis. Here the authors show that postprandial FGF19 regulates FXR transcriptional activity via its action on the tyrosine kinase Src, which phosphorylates FXR.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zou A, Magee N, Deng F, Lehn S, Zhong C, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte nuclear receptor SHP suppresses inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8656-8671. [PMID: 29666185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide, ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL, steatosis without hepatocellular injury) to the more aggressive nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, steatosis with ballooning, inflammation, or fibrosis). Although many studies have greatly contributed to the elucidation of NAFLD pathogenesis, the disease progression from NAFL to NASH remains incompletely understood. Nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (Nr0b2, SHP) is a transcriptional regulator critical for the regulation of bile acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Here, we show that SHP levels are decreased in the livers of patients with NASH and in diet-induced mouse NASH. Exposing primary mouse hepatocytes to palmitic acid and lipopolysaccharide in vitro, we demonstrated that the suppression of Shp expression in hepatocytes is due to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which stimulates c-Jun-mediated transcriptional repression of Shp Interestingly, in vivo induction of hepatocyte-specific SHP in steatotic mouse liver ameliorated NASH progression by attenuating liver inflammation and fibrosis, but not steatosis. Moreover, a key mechanism linking the anti-inflammatory role of hepatocyte-specific SHP expression to inflammation involved SHP-induced suppression of NF-κB p65-mediated induction of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), which activates macrophage proinflammatory polarization and migration. In summary, our results indicate that a JNK/SHP/NF-κB/CCL2 regulatory network controls communications between hepatocytes and macrophages and contributes to the disease progression from NAFL to NASH. Our findings may benefit the development of new management or prevention strategies for NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Zou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Nancy Magee
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Fengyan Deng
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Sarah Lehn
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, .,the Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
AhR and SHP regulate phosphatidylcholine and S-adenosylmethionine levels in the one-carbon cycle. Nat Commun 2018; 9:540. [PMID: 29416063 PMCID: PMC5803255 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholines (PC) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) are critical determinants of hepatic lipid levels, but how their levels are regulated is unclear. Here, we show that Pemt and Gnmt, key one-carbon cycle genes regulating PC/SAM levels, are downregulated after feeding, leading to decreased PC and increased SAM levels, but these effects are blunted in small heterodimer partner (SHP)-null or FGF15-null mice. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is translocated into the nucleus by insulin/PKB signaling in the early fed state and induces Pemt and Gnmt expression. This induction is blocked by FGF15 signaling-activated SHP in the late fed state. Adenoviral-mediated expression of AhR in obese mice increases PC levels and exacerbates steatosis, effects that are blunted by SHP co-expression or Pemt downregulation. PEMT, AHR, and PC levels are elevated in simple steatosis patients, but PC levels are robustly reduced in steatohepatitis-fibrosis patients. This study identifies AhR and SHP as new physiological regulators of PC/SAM levels.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bile acids and colon cancer: Is FXR the solution of the conundrum? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Obesity-Linked Phosphorylation of SIRT1 by Casein Kinase 2 Inhibits Its Nuclear Localization and Promotes Fatty Liver. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00006-17. [PMID: 28533219 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00006-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) deacetylase delays and improves many obesity-related diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes, and has received great attention as a drug target. SIRT1 function is aberrantly low in obesity, so understanding the underlying mechanisms is important for drug development. Here, we show that obesity-linked phosphorylation of SIRT1 inhibits its function and promotes pathological symptoms of NAFLD. In proteomic analysis, Ser-164 was identified as a major serine phosphorylation site in SIRT1 in obese, but not lean, mice, and this phosphorylation was catalyzed by casein kinase 2 (CK2), the levels of which were dramatically elevated in obesity. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of SIRT1 at Ser-164 substantially inhibited its nuclear localization and modestly affected its deacetylase activity. Adenovirus-mediated liver-specific expression of SIRT1 or a phosphor-defective S164A-SIRT1 mutant promoted fatty acid oxidation and ameliorated liver steatosis and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice, but these beneficial effects were not observed in mice expressing a phosphor-mimic S164D-SIRT1 mutant. Remarkably, phosphorylated S164-SIRT1 and CK2 levels were also highly elevated in liver samples of NAFLD patients and correlated with disease severity. Thus, inhibition of phosphorylation of SIRT1 by CK2 may serve as a new therapeutic approach for treatment of NAFLD and other obesity-related diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. They are essential for promotion of the absorption of lipids, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins from the intestines. BAs are hormones that regulate nutrient metabolism by activating nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor, vitamin D) and G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., TGR5, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2)) in the liver and intestines. In the liver, S1PR2 activation by conjugated BAs activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and nuclear sphingosine kinase 2. The latter produces sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an inhibitor of histone deacetylases 1/2, which allows for the differential up-regulation of expression of genes involved in the metabolism of sterols and lipids. We discuss here the emerging concepts of the interactions of BAs, FXR, insulin, S1P signaling and nutrient metabolism.
Collapse
|
18
|
Critical role of RanBP2-mediated SUMOylation of Small Heterodimer Partner in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12179. [PMID: 27412403 PMCID: PMC4947186 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are recently recognized signalling molecules that profoundly affect metabolism. Because of detergent-like toxicity, BA levels must be tightly regulated. An orphan nuclear receptor, Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP), plays a key role in this regulation, but how SHP senses the BA signal for feedback transcriptional responses is not clearly understood. We show an unexpected function of a nucleoporin, RanBP2, in maintaining BA homoeostasis through SUMOylation of SHP. Upon BA signalling, RanBP2 co-localizes with SHP at the nuclear envelope region and mediates SUMO2 modification at K68, which facilitates nuclear transport of SHP and its interaction with repressive histone modifiers to inhibit BA synthetic genes. Mice expressing a SUMO-defective K68R SHP mutant have increased liver BA levels, and upon BA- or drug-induced biliary insults, these mice exhibit exacerbated cholestatic pathologies. These results demonstrate a function of RanBP2-mediated SUMOylation of SHP in maintaining BA homoeostasis and protecting from the BA hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Heidker RM, Caiozzi GC, Ricketts ML. Grape Seed Procyanidins and Cholestyramine Differentially Alter Bile Acid and Cholesterol Homeostatic Gene Expression in Mouse Intestine and Liver. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154305. [PMID: 27111442 PMCID: PMC4844140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) sequestrants, lipid-lowering agents, may be prescribed as a monotherapy or combination therapy to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Over 33% of adults in the United States use complementary and alternative medicine strategies, and we recently reported that grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) reduces enterohepatic BA recirculation as a means to reduce serum triglyceride (TG) levels. The current study was therefore designed to assess the effects on BA, cholesterol and TG homeostatic gene expression following co-administration with GSPE and the BA sequestrant, cholestyramine (CHY). Eight-week old male C57BL/6 mice were treated for 4 weeks with either a control or 2% CHY-supplemented diet, after which, they were administered vehicle or GSPE for 14 hours. Liver and intestines were harvested and gene expression was analyzed. BA, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid and TG levels were also analyzed in serum and feces. Results reveal that GSPE treatment alone, and co-administration with CHY, regulates BA, cholesterol and TG metabolism differently than CHY administration alone. Notably, GSPE decreased intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) gene expression, while CHY significantly induced expression. Administration with GSPE or CHY robustly induced hepatic BA biosynthetic gene expression, especially cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), compared to control, while co-administration further enhanced expression. Treatment with CHY induced both intestinal and hepatic cholesterologenic gene expression, while co-administration with GSPE attenuated the CHY-induced increase in the liver but not intestine. CHY also induced hepatic lipogenic gene expression, which was attenuated by co-administration with GSPE. Consequently, a 25% decrease in serum TG levels was observed in the CHY+GSPE group, compared to the CHY group. Collectively, this study presents novel evidence demonstrating that GSPE provides additive and complementary efficacy as a lipid-lowering combination therapy in conjunction with CHY by attenuating hepatic cholesterol synthesis, enhancing BA biosynthesis and decreasing lipogenesis, which warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Heidker
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Gianella C. Caiozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Marie-Louise Ricketts
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim YC, Byun S, Zhang Y, Seok S, Kemper B, Ma J, Kemper JK. Liver ChIP-seq analysis in FGF19-treated mice reveals SHP as a global transcriptional partner of SREBP-2. Genome Biol 2015; 16:268. [PMID: 26634251 PMCID: PMC4669652 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) is an intestinal hormone that mediates postprandial metabolic responses in the liver. The unusual orphan nuclear receptor, small heterodimer partner (SHP), acts as a co-repressor for many transcriptional factors and has been implicated in diverse biological pathways including FGF19-mediated repression of bile acid synthesis. To explore global functions of SHP in mediating FGF19 action, we identify genome-wide SHP binding sites in hepatic chromatin in mice treated with vehicle or FGF19 by ChIP-seq analysis. Results The overall pattern of SHP binding sites between these two groups is similar, but SHP binding is enhanced at the sites by addition of FGF19. SHP binding is detected preferentially in promoter regions that are enriched in motifs for unexpected non-nuclear receptors. We observe global co-localization of SHP sites with published sites for SREBP-2, a master transcriptional activator of cholesterol biosynthesis. FGF19 increases functional interaction between endogenous SHP and SREBP-2 and inhibits SREBP-2 target genes, and these effects were blunted in SHP-knockout mice. Furthermore, FGF19-induced phosphorylation of SHP at Thr-55 is shown to be important for its functional interaction with SREBP-2 and reduction of liver/serum cholesterol levels. Conclusion This study reveals SHP as a global transcriptional partner of SREBP-2 in regulation of sterol biosynthetic gene networks and provides a potential mechanism for cholesterol-lowering action of FGF19. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0835-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sangwon Byun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mechanisms of enterohepatic fibroblast growth factor 15/19 signaling in health and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:625-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
22
|
Zou A, Lehn S, Magee N, Zhang Y. New Insights into Orphan Nuclear Receptor SHP in Liver Cancer. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26504773 PMCID: PMC4618403 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) is a unique orphan nuclear receptor (NR) that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP is a transcriptional corepressor affecting diverse metabolic processes including bile acid synthesis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, glucose and energy homeostasis, and reproductive biology via interaction with multiple NRs and transcriptional factors (TFs). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most deadly human cancers worldwide with few therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Recently, it is becoming clear that SHP plays an antitumor role in the development of liver cancer. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the new SHP interaction partners, new structural insights into SHP’s gene repressing activity, and SHP protein posttranslational modifications by bile acids. We also discuss the pleiotropic role of SHP in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA methylation, and inflammation that are related to antitumor role of SHP in HCC. Improving our understanding of SHP’s antitumor role in the development of liver cancer will provide new insights into developing novel treatments or prevention strategies. Future research will focus on developing more efficacious and specific synthetic SHP ligands for pharmaceutical applications in liver cancer and several metabolic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sarah Lehn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nancy Magee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suchy FJ, Ananthanarayanan M. Bile acid hepatotoxicity: Epigenetics comes to the rescue. Hepatology 2015; 62:22-4. [PMID: 25808941 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Suchy
- Chief Research Officer, Director, The Children's Hospital Research Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Professor of Pediatrics, Associate Dean for Child Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Meenakshisundaram Ananthanarayanan
- Senior Research Scientist, Section of Digestive Diseases and The Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim YC, Fang S, Byun S, Seok S, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Farnesoid X receptor-induced lysine-specific histone demethylase reduces hepatic bile acid levels and protects the liver against bile acid toxicity. Hepatology 2015; 62:220-31. [PMID: 25545350 PMCID: PMC4480214 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids (BAs) function as endocrine signaling molecules that activate multiple nuclear and membrane receptor signaling pathways to control fed-state metabolism. Since the detergent-like property of BAs causes liver damage at high concentrations, hepatic BA levels must be tightly regulated. Bile acid homeostasis is regulated largely at the level of transcription by nuclear receptors, particularly the primary BA receptor, farnesoid X receptor, and small heterodimer partner, which inhibits BA synthesis by recruiting repressive histone-modifying enzymes. Although histone modifiers have been shown to regulate BA-responsive genes, their in vivo functions remain unclear. Here, we show that lysine-specific histone demethylase1 (LSD1) is directly induced by BA-activated farnesoid X receptor, is recruited to the BA synthetic genes Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 and the BA uptake transporter gene Ntcp, and removes a gene-activation marker, trimethylated histone H3 lysine-4, leading to gene repression. Recruitment of LSD1 was dependent on small heterodimer partner, and LSD1-mediated demethylation of trimethylated histone H3 lysine-4 was required for additional repressive histone modifications, acetylated histone 3 on lysine 9 and 14 deacetylation, and acetylated histone 3 on lysine 9 methylation. A BA overload, feeding 0.5% cholic acid chow for 6 days, resulted in adaptive responses of altered expression of hepatic genes involved in BA synthesis, transport, and detoxification/conjugation. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated downregulation of hepatic LSD1 blunted these responses, which led to substantial increases in liver and serum BA levels, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and hepatic inflammation. CONCLUSION This study identifies LSD1 as a novel histone-modifying enzyme in the orchestrated regulation mediated by the farnesoid X receptor and small heterodimer partner that reduces hepatic BA levels and protects the liver against BA toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Sungsoon Fang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Sangwon Byun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: J. Kim Kemper, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chiang JYL. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2: a novel bile acid receptor and regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism? Hepatology 2015; 61:1118-20. [PMID: 25418695 PMCID: PMC4376601 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
26
|
Bridging cell surface receptor with nuclear receptors in control of bile acid homeostasis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:113-8. [PMID: 25500873 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are traditionally considered as "physiological detergents" for emulsifying hydrophobic lipids and vitamins due to their amphipathic nature. But accumulating clinical and experimental evidence shows an association between disrupted BA homeostasis and various liver disease conditions including hepatitis infection, diabetes and cancer. Consequently, BA homeostasis regulation has become a field of heavy interest and investigation. After identification of the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) as an endogenous receptor for BAs, several nuclear receptors (SHP, HNF4α, and LRH-1) were also found to be important in regulation of BA homeostasis. Some post-translational modifications of these nuclear receptors have been demonstrated, but their physiological significance is still elusive. Gut secrets FGF15/19 that can activate hepatic FGFR4 and its downstream signaling cascade, leading to repressed hepatic BA biosynthesis. However, the link between the activated kinases and these nuclear receptors is not fully elucidated. Here, we review the recent literature on signal crosstalk in BA homeostasis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim DH, Xiao Z, Kwon S, Sun X, Ryerson D, Tkac D, Ma P, Wu SY, Chiang CM, Zhou E, Xu HE, Palvimo JJ, Chen LF, Kemper B, Kemper JK. A dysregulated acetyl/SUMO switch of FXR promotes hepatic inflammation in obesity. EMBO J 2014; 34:184-99. [PMID: 25425577 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of transcriptional regulators is normally dynamically regulated by nutrient status but is often persistently elevated in nutrient-excessive obesity conditions. We investigated the functional consequences of such aberrantly elevated acetylation of the nuclear receptor FXR as a model. Proteomic studies identified K217 as the FXR acetylation site in diet-induced obese mice. In vivo studies utilizing acetylation-mimic and acetylation-defective K217 mutants and gene expression profiling revealed that FXR acetylation increased proinflammatory gene expression, macrophage infiltration, and liver cytokine and triglyceride levels, impaired insulin signaling, and increased glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, acetylation of FXR blocked its interaction with the SUMO ligase PIASy and inhibited SUMO2 modification at K277, resulting in activation of inflammatory genes. SUMOylation of agonist-activated FXR increased its interaction with NF-κB but blocked that with RXRα, so that SUMO2-modified FXR was selectively recruited to and trans-repressed inflammatory genes without affecting FXR/RXRα target genes. A dysregulated acetyl/SUMO switch of FXR in obesity may serve as a general mechanism for diminished anti-inflammatory response of other transcriptional regulators and provide potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets for obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sanghoon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Ryerson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David Tkac
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shwu-Yuan Wu
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structure Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structure Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lin-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Transcriptional regulation of autophagy by an FXR-CREB axis. Nature 2014; 516:108-11. [PMID: 25383523 PMCID: PMC4257899 DOI: 10.1038/nature13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components by autophagy is essential for cellular survival and homeostasis under nutrient-deprived conditions1–4. Acute regulation of autophagy by nutrient-sensing kinases is well defined3, 5–7, but longer-term transcriptional regulation is relatively unknown. Here we show that the fed-state sensing nuclear receptor FXR8, 9 and the fasting transcriptional activator CREB10, 11 coordinately regulate the hepatic autophagy gene network. Pharmacological activation of FXR repressed many autophagy genes and inhibited autophagy even in fasted mice and feeding-mediated inhibition of macroautophagy was attenuated in FXR-knockout mice. From mouse liver ChIP-seq data12–15, FXR and CREB binding peaks were detected at 178 and 112, respectively, of 230 autophagy-related genes, and 78 genes showed shared binding, mostly in their promoter regions. CREB promoted lipophagy, autophagic degradation of lipids16, under nutrient-deprived conditions, and FXR inhibited this response. Mechanistically, CREB upregulated autophagy genes, including Atg7, Ulk1, and Tfeb, by recruiting the coactivator CRTC2. After feeding or pharmacological activation, FXR trans-repressed these genes by disrupting the functional CREB/CRTC2 complex. This study identifies the novel FXR/CREB axis as a key physiological switch regulating autophagy, resulting in sustained nutrient regulation of autophagy during feeding/fasting cycles.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pereira-Fantini PM, Lapthorne S, Joyce SA, Dellios NL, Wilson G, Fouhy F, Thomas SL, Scurr M, Hill C, Gahan CGM, Cotter PD, Fuller PJ, Hardikar W, Bines JE. Altered FXR signalling is associated with bile acid dysmetabolism in short bowel syndrome-associated liver disease. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1115-25. [PMID: 24999016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite the mortality associated with liver disease observed in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS), mechanisms underlying the development of SBS-associated liver disease (SBS-ALD) are poorly understood. This study examines the impact of bacterially-mediated bile acid (BA) dysmetabolism on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling pathways and clinical outcome in a piglet model of SBS-ALD. METHODS 4-week old piglets underwent 75% small bowel resection (SBR) or sham operation. Liver histology and hepatic inflammatory gene expression were examined. Abundance of BA biotransforming bacteria was determined and metabolomic studies detailed the alterations in BA composition of stool, portal serum and bile samples. Gene expression of intestinal and hepatic FXR target genes and small heterodimer partner (SHP) transrepression targets were assessed. RESULTS Histological evidence of SBS-ALD included liver bile duct proliferation, hepatocyte ballooning and fibrosis. Inflammatory gene expression was increased. Microbiota changes included a 10-fold decrease in Clostridium and a two-fold decrease in Bacteroides in SBS-ALD piglets. BA composition was altered and reflected a primary BA dominant composition. Intestinal and hepatic regulation of BA synthesis was characterised by a blunted intestinal FXR activation response and a failure of SHP to repress key hepatic targets. CONCLUSIONS We propose a pathological scenario in which microbial dysbiosis following SBR results in significant BA dysmetabolism and consequent outcomes including steatorrhoea, persistent diarrhoea and liver damage. Furthermore alterations in BA composition may have contributed to the observed disturbance in FXR-mediated signalling pathways. These findings provide an insight into the complex mechanisms mediating the development of liver disease in patients with SBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prue M Pereira-Fantini
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Susan Lapthorne
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicole L Dellios
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guineva Wilson
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Thomas
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paul D Cotter
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Prince Henry's Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Gastro and Food Allergy Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie E Bines
- Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li S, Hsu DDF, Li B, Luo X, Alderson N, Qiao L, Ma L, Zhu HH, He Z, Suino-Powell K, Ji K, Li J, Shao J, Xu HE, Li T, Feng GS. Cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 coordinates hepatic regulation of bile acid and FGF15/19 signaling to repress bile acid synthesis. Cell Metab 2014; 20:320-32. [PMID: 24981838 PMCID: PMC4365973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) biosynthesis is tightly controlled by intrahepatic negative feedback signaling elicited by BA binding to farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and also by enterohepatic communication involving ileal BA reabsorption and FGF15/19 secretion. However, how these pathways are coordinated is poorly understood. We show here that nonreceptor tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 is a critical player that couples and regulates the intrahepatic and enterohepatic signals for repression of BA synthesis. Ablating Shp2 in hepatocytes suppressed signal relay from FGFR4, receptor for FGF15/19, and attenuated BA activation of FXR signaling, resulting in elevation of systemic BA levels and chronic hepatobiliary disorders in mice. Acting immediately downstream of FGFR4, Shp2 associates with FRS2α and promotes the receptor activation and signal relay to several pathways. These results elucidate a molecular mechanism for the control of BA homeostasis by Shp2 through the orchestration of multiple signals in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Diane D F Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Nazilla Alderson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, USA
| | - Lina Ma
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92186, USA
| | - Helen H Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Zhao He
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Kelly Suino-Powell
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kaihong Ji
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Bile salts play crucial roles in allowing the gastrointestinal system to digest, transport and metabolize nutrients. They function as nutrient signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors (FXR, PXR, Vitamin D) and G-protein coupled receptors [TGR5, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), muscarinic receptors]. Bile acids and insulin appear to collaborate in regulating the metabolism of nutrients in the liver. They both activate the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Bile acid induction of the FXR-α target gene, small heterodimer partner (SHP), is highly dependent on the activation PKCζ, a branch of the insulin signaling pathway. SHP is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. One might hypothesize that chronic low grade inflammation which is associated with insulin resistance, may inhibit bile acid signaling and disrupt lipid metabolism. The disruption of these signaling pathways may increase the risk of fatty liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Finally, conjugated bile acids appear to promote cholangiocarcinoma growth via the activation of S1PR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Qi Y, Jiang C, Cheng J, Krausz KW, Li T, Ferrell JM, Gonzalez FJ, Chiang JYL. Bile acid signaling in lipid metabolism: metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of lipid and bile acid markers linked to anti-obesity and anti-diabetes in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:19-29. [PMID: 24796972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid synthesis is the major pathway for catabolism of cholesterol. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the bile acid biosynthetic pathway in the liver and plays an important role in regulating lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. Transgenic mice overexpressing CYP7A1 (CYP7A1-tg mice) were resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, fatty liver, and diabetes. However the mechanism of resistance to HFD-induced obesity of CYP7A1-tg mice has not been determined. In this study, metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of CYP7A1-tg mice were analyzed to explore the metabolic alterations in CYP7A1-tg mice that govern the protection against obesity and insulin resistance by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analyses. Lipidomics analysis identified seven lipid markers including lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins and ceramides that were significantly decreased in serum of HFD-fed CYP7A1-tg mice. Metabolomics analysis identified 13 metabolites in bile acid synthesis including taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA) that differed between CYP7A1-tg and wild-type mice. Notably, T-β-MCA, an antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was significantly increased in intestine of CYP7A1-tg mice. This study suggests that reducing 12α-hydroxylated bile acids and increasing intestinal T-β-MCA may reduce high fat diet-induced increase of phospholipids, sphingomyelins and ceramides, and ameliorate diabetes and obesity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Jessica M Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu P, Xu X, Chen L, Ma L, Shen X, Hu L. Discovery and SAR study of hydroxyacetophenone derivatives as potent, non-steroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1596-607. [PMID: 24513188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 (IC50=35.2 ± 7.2 μM), a moderate FXR antagonist was discovered via high-throughput screening. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the shape and the lipophilicity of the substituents of the aromatic ring affect the activity dramatically, increasing the shape and the lipophilicity of the substituents of the aromatic ring enhances the potency of FXR antagonists. Especially, when the OH at C2 position of the aromatic ring was replaced by the OBn substituent (analog 2b), its activity could be improved to IC50=1.1 ± 0.1μM. Besides, the length of the linker and the tetrazole structure are essential for retaining the activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xing Xu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lili Chen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xu Shen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Lihong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily includes many receptors, identified based on their similarity to steroid hormone receptors but without a known ligand. The study of how these receptors are diversely regulated to interact with genomic regions to control a plethora of biological processes has provided critical insight into development, physiology, and the molecular pathology of disease. Here we provide a compendium of these so-called orphan receptors and focus on what has been learned about their modes of action, physiological functions, and therapeutic promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Mullican
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|