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Yang Y, Ren C, Xu X, Yang X, Shao W. Decoding the connection between SLE and DNA Sensors: A comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112446. [PMID: 38878488 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is recognized as a prevalent autoimmune disorder characterized by a multifaceted pathogenesis potentially influenced by a combination of environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and hormonal regulation. The continuous study of immune system activation is especially intriguing. Analysis of blood samples from individuals with SLE reveals an abnormal increase in interferon levels, along with the existence of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. This evidence suggests that the development of SLE may be initiated by innate immunity. The presence of abnormal dsDNA fragments can activate DNA sensors within cells, particularly immune cells, leading to the initiation of downstream signaling cascades that result in the upregulation of relevant cytokines and the subsequent initiation of adaptive immune responses, such as B cell differentiation and T cell activation. The intricate pathogenesis of SLE results in DNA sensors exhibiting a wide range of functions in innate immune responses that are subject to variation based on cell types, developmental processes, downstream effector signaling pathways and other factors. The review aims to reorganize how DNA sensors influence signaling pathways and contribute to the development of SLE according to current studies, with the aspiration of furnishing valuable insights for future investigations into the pathological mechanisms of SLE and potential treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Medical School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changhuai Ren
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Medical School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Medical School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Medical School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenwei Shao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Medical School of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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Song Q, Fan Y, Zhang H, Wang N. Z-DNA binding protein 1 orchestrates innate immunity and inflammatory cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:15-29. [PMID: 38548490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity is not only the first line of host defense against microbial infections but is also crucial for the host responses against a variety of noxious stimuli. Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor that can induce inflammatory cell death in both immune and nonimmune cells upon sensing of incursive virus-derived Z-form nucleic acids and self-nucleic acids via its Zα domain. Mechanistically, aberrantly expressed or activated ZBP1 induced by pathogens or noxious stimuli enables recruitment of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 to drive type I interferon (IFN-I) responses and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Meanwhile, ZBP1 promotes the assembly of ZBP1- and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-PANoptosome, which ultimately triggers PANoptosis through caspase 3-mediated apoptosis, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis, and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis. In response to damaged mitochondrial DNA, ZBP1 can interact with cyclic GMP-AMP synthase to augment IFN-I responses but inhibits toll like receptor 9-mediated inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the structure and expression pattern of ZBP1, discusses its roles in human diseases through immune-dependent (e.g., the production of IFN-I and pro-inflammatory cytokines) and -independent (e.g., the activation of cell death) functions, and highlights the attractive prospect of manipulating ZBP1 as a promising therapeutic target in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuhang Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China.
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Song Q, Qi Z, Wang K, Wang N. Z-nucleic acid sensor ZBP1 in sterile inflammation. Clin Immunol 2024; 261:109938. [PMID: 38346464 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor for Z-form nucleic acids (Z-NA), can detect both exogenous and endogenous nucleic acids. Upon sensing of self Z-NA or exposure to diverse noxious stimuli, ZBP1 regulates inflammation by activating nuclear factor kappa B and interferon regulating factor 3 signaling pathways. In addition, ZBP1 promotes the assembly of ZBP1 PANoptosome, which initiates caspase 3-mediated apoptosis, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis, and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis (PANoptosis), leading to the release of various damage-associated molecular patterns. Thereby, ZBP1 is implicated in the development and progression of diverse sterile inflammatory diseases. This review outlines the expression, structure, and function of ZBP1, along with its dual roles in controlling inflammation and cell death to orchestrate innate immunity in sterile inflammation, especially autoimmune diseases, and cancers. ZBP1 has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for various sterile inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zehong Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kangkai Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Wang J, Lou W, Zhu M, Tu Y, Chen D, Qiu D, Xu F, Liang D, Cheng Z, Zhang H. Prediction of treatment response in lupus nephritis using density of tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1321507. [PMID: 38415246 PMCID: PMC10896899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1321507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common disease with diverse clinical and pathological manifestations. A major challenge in the management of LN is the inability to predict its treatment response at an early stage. The objective of this study was to determine whether the density of tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration can be used to predict treatment response in LN and whether its addition to clinicopathological data at the time of biopsy would improve risk prediction. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 430 patients with LN in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2017 were included. We used immunohistochemistry to show macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration in their biopsy specimens, followed by quantification of the infiltration density. The outcome was the treatment response, defined as complete or partial remission at 12 months of immunosuppression. Results The infiltration of CD68+ macrophages in the interstitium increased in patients with LN. High levels of CD68+ macrophage infiltration in the interstitium were associated with a low probability of treatment response in the adjusted analysis, and verse vice. The density of CD68+ macrophage infiltration in the interstitium alone predicted the response to immunosuppression (area under the curve [AUC], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.76). The addition of CD68+cells/interstitial field to the pathological and clinical data at biopsy in the prediction model resulted in an increased AUC of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.84). Conclusion The density of tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration is an independent predictor for treatment response in LN. Adding tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration density to clinicopathological data at the time of biopsy significantly improves risk prediction of treatment response in LN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Lou
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyue Zhu
- Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanmao Tu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duqun Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Liang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Teng W, Subsomwong P, Narita K, Nakane A, Asano K. Heat Shock Protein SSA1 Enriched in Hypoxic Secretome of Candida albicans Exerts an Immunomodulatory Effect via Regulating Macrophage Function. Cells 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38247818 PMCID: PMC10814802 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that can survive in both normoxic and hypoxic environments. The involvement of C. albicans secretome on host biological processes has been demonstrated. However, the immunoregulatory function of C. albicans secretome released under hypoxic condition remains unclear. This study demonstrated the differences in cytokine responses and protein profiles between secretomes prepared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects of heat shock protein SSA1(Ssa1), a protein candidate enriched in the hypoxic secretome, were investigated. Stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with Ssa1 resulted in the significant production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as the significant expression of M2b macrophage markers (CD86, CD274 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14), suggesting that C. albicans Ssa1 may promote macrophage polarization towards an M2b-like phenotype. Proteomic analysis of Ssa1-treated BMMs also revealed that Ssa1 reduced inflammation-related factors (IL-18-binding protein, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, OX-2 membrane glycoprotein and cis-aconitate decarboxylase) and enhanced the proteins involved in anti-inflammatory response (CMRF35-like molecule 3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor). Based on these results, we investigated the effect of Ssa1 on C. albicans infection and showed that Ssa1 inhibited the uptake of C. albicans by BMMs. Taken together, our results suggest that C. albicans alters its secretome, particularly by promoting the release of Ssa1, to modulate host immune response and survive under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Kouji Narita
- Insititue for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
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Liu Y, Pu F. Updated roles of cGAS-STING signaling in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254915. [PMID: 37781360 PMCID: PMC10538533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity, the first line for the body to defense against the invasion of pathogen, serves as the body's perception of the presence of pathogens depends on nucleic acid recognition mechanisms. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of the interferon gene (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway is considered an essential pattern recognition and effector pathway in the natural immune system and is mainly responsible for recognizing DNA molecules present in the cytoplasm and activating downstream signaling pathways to generate type I interferons and some other inflammatory factors. STING, a crucial junction protein in the innate immune system, exerts an essential role in host resistance to external pathogen invasion. Also, STING, with the same character of inflammatory molecules, is inseparable from the body's inflammatory response. In particular, when the expression of STING is upregulated or its related signaling pathways are overactivated, the body may develop serious infectious disorders due to the generation of excessive inflammatory responses, non-infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, accumulating studies indicated that the abnormal activation of the natural immune cGAS-STING signaling pathway modulated by the nucleic acid receptor cGAS closely associated with the development and occurrence of autoimmune diseases (AID). Thereof, to explore an in-depth role of STING and its related signaling pathways in the diseases associated with inflammation may be helpful to provide new avenues for the treatment of these diseases in the clinic. This article reviews the activation process of the cGAS-STING signaling pathways and its related important roles, and therapeutic drugs in AID, aiming to improve our understanding of AID and achieve better diagnosis and treatment of AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feifei Pu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhao H, Wen Z, Xiong S. Activated Lymphocyte-Derived DNA Drives Glucose Metabolic Adaptation for Inducing Macrophage Inflammatory Response in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2023; 12:2093. [PMID: 37626904 PMCID: PMC10453374 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated lymphocyte-derived DNA (ALD-DNA) has been reported to drive the polarization of macrophages toward M2b, producing inflammatory cytokines and inducing inflammation, correspondingly playing an essential role in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recently, accumulating evidence has pinpointed metabolic adaptation as the crucial cell-intrinsic determinant for inflammatory response, in which glucose metabolism is the key event. However, whether and how glucose metabolism was involved in ALD-DNA-induced macrophage inflammatory response and SLE development remains unclear. Herein, we performed glucose metabolomic analyses of ALD-DNA-stimulated macrophages and uncovered increased glycolysis and diminished pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), as well as enhanced glycogenesis. In ALD-DNA-stimulated macrophages, increased glycolysis resulted in higher lactate production, whereas diminished PPP efficiently led to lower levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) with higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While blockade of lactate generation exerted no significant effect on macrophage inflammation in response to ALD-DNA, scavenging ROS fundamentally inhibited the inflammatory response of ALD-DNA-stimulated macrophages. Further, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a master for regulating glycogen metabolism, was downregulated by ALD-DNA in macrophages, which subsequently imbalanced glycogen metabolism toward glycogenesis but not glycogenolysis. Administration of cAMP effectively restored glycogenolysis and enhanced PPP, which correspondingly reduced ROS levels and inhibited the inflammatory response of ALD-DNA-stimulated macrophages. Finally, blocking glucose metabolism using 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) efficiently restricted macrophage inflammatory response and alleviated ALD-DNA-induced lupus disease. Together, our findings demonstrate that ALD-DNA drives the adaptation of glucose metabolism for inducing macrophage inflammatory response in SLE, which might further our understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide clues for interventive explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Žaloudíková M. Mechanisms and Effects of Macrophage Polarization and Its Specifics in Pulmonary Environment. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S137-S156. [PMID: 37565418 PMCID: PMC10660583 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a specific group of cells found in all body tissues. They have specific characteristics in each of the tissues that correspond to the functional needs of the specific environment. These cells are involved in a wide range of processes, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory ("wound healing"). This is due to their specific capacity for so-called polarization, a phenotypic change that is, moreover, partially reversible compared to other differentiated cells of the human body. This promises a wide range of possibilities for its influence and thus therapeutic use. In this article, we therefore review the mechanisms that cause polarization, the basic classification of polarized macrophages, their characteristic markers and the effects that accompany these phenotypic changes. Since the study of pulmonary (and among them mainly alveolar) macrophages is currently the focus of scientific interest of many researchers and these macrophages are found in very specific environments, given mainly by the extremely high partial pressure of oxygen compared to other locations, which specifically affects their behavior, we will focus our review on this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Žaloudíková
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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Peng Y, Zhou M, Yang H, Qu R, Qiu Y, Hao J, Bi H, Guo D. Regulatory Mechanism of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:8821610. [PMID: 37332618 PMCID: PMC10270764 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8821610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the immune response, thereby playing a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the body. It is well known that undifferentiated macrophages can polarize into classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) under different microenvironmental conditions. The directions of macrophage polarization can be regulated by a series of factors, including interferon, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin, and noncoding RNAs. To elucidate the role of macrophages in various autoimmune diseases, we searched the literature on macrophages with the PubMed database. Search terms are as follows: macrophages, polarization, signaling pathways, noncoding RNA, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. In the present study, we summarize the role of macrophage polarization in common autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also summarize the features and recent advances with a particular focus on the immunotherapeutic potential of macrophage polarization in autoimmune diseases and the potentially effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Mengxian Zhou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ruyi Qu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Jiawen Hao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases; Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases; Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
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Zhu X, He L, Li X, Pei W, Yang H, Zhong M, Zhang M, Lv K, Zhang Y. LncRNA AK089514/miR-125b-5p/TRAF6 axis mediates macrophage polarization in allergic asthma. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36717790 PMCID: PMC9887860 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro RNA (miRNA) plays important roles in macrophage polarization. However, the manner in which miRNA regulate macrophage polarization in response to dermatophagoides farinae protein 1(Der f1)-induced asthma has not been defined. This study aims to explore the role of miRNAs in regulating macrophages in asthma. METHODS The microRNAs which may regulate asthma were selectd by Microarrays. The function of miR-125b-5p in macrophage and Der f1-induced asthma were detected in vivo experiment. The long non coding RNA (lncRNA) AK089514/miR-125b-5p/TRAF6 axis was predicted by bioinformatics and confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In this study, we found that miR-125b-5p is highly expressed in M2 macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells with Der f1-induced asthma. In response to the challenge of Der f1, miR-125b-5p KD attenuated allergic airway inflammation of mice by preventing M2 macrophages polarization. Mechanistic studies indicated that lncRNA AK089514 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-125b-5p, thereby leading to the depression of its endogenous target TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). CONCLUSIONS miR-125b-5p is significantly over-expressed in asthma, and AK089514-miR-125b-5p-TRAF6 axis play critical role in asthma by modulating macrophage polarization. Our findings may provide a potential new target for potential therapeutic and diagnostic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China ,Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Ling He
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China ,grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Department of Blood Transfusion of Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui China
| | - Xueqin Li
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Weiya Pei
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China ,Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Hui Yang
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Min Zhong
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Kun Lv
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China ,Anhui Province Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), 2 Zheshan Western Road, Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443626.10000 0004 1798 4069Department of Laboratory Medicine (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001 China
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11
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Wan X, Tian J, Hao P, Zhou K, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Ge C, Song X. cGAS-STING Pathway Performance in the Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1606-1614. [PMID: 36465175 PMCID: PMC9662268 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The important role of Ca2+ in pathogenic store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is well-established. Among the proteins involved in the calcium signaling pathway, Stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) is a critical endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein. STIM1 is activated by the depletion of calcium stores and then binds to another calcium protein, Orai1, to form a channel through which the extracellular Ca2+ can enter the cytoplasm to replenish the calcium store. Multiple studies have shown that increased STIM1 facilitates the aberrant proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth cells (VSMC) and macrophages which can promote the formation of rupture-prone plaque. Together with regulating the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, STIM1 also activates STING through altered intracellular Ca2+ concentration, a critical pro-inflammatory molecule. The cGAS-STING pathway is linked with cellular proliferation and phenotypic conversion of VSMC and enhances the progression of atherosclerosis plaque. In summary, we conclude that STIM1/cGAS-STING is involved in the progression of AS and plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Changjiang Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Macrophages in Lupus Nephritis: Exploring a potential new therapeutic avenue. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103211. [PMID: 36252930 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that occurs in about half of patients. LN is characterized by glomerular deposition of immune complexes, leading to subendothelial, mesangial and subepithelial electron dense deposits, triggering immune cell infiltration and glomerular as well as tubulointerstitial injury. Monocytes and macrophages are abundantly present in inflammatory lesions, both in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium. Here we discuss how monocytes and macrophages are involved in this process and how monocytes and macrophages may represent specific therapeutic targets to control LN.
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13
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Regulation of cGAS Activity and Downstream Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182812. [PMID: 36139387 PMCID: PMC9496985 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a predominant and ubiquitously expressed cytosolic onfirmedDNA sensor that activates innate immune responses by producing a second messenger, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). cGAS contains a highly disordered N-terminus, which can sense genomic/chromatin DNA, while the C terminal of cGAS binds dsDNA liberated from various sources, including mitochondria, pathogens, and dead cells. Furthermore, cGAS cellular localization dictates its response to foreign versus self-DNA. Recent evidence has also highlighted the importance of dsDNA-induced post-translational modifications of cGAS in modulating inflammatory responses. This review summarizes and analyzes cGAS activity regulation based on structure, sub-cellular localization, post-translational mechanisms, and Ca2+ signaling. We also discussed the role of cGAS activation in different diseases and clinical outcomes.
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14
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Shah PT, Tufail M, Wu C, Xing L. THP-1 cell line model for tuberculosis: A platform for in vitro macrophage manipulation. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 136:102243. [PMID: 35963145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are large mononuclear phagocytic cells that play a vital role in the immune response. They are present in all body tissues with extremely heterogeneous and plastic phenotypes that adapt to the organs and tissues in which they live and respond in the first-line against invading microorganisms. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is among the top 10 global infectious agents and the leading cause of mortality, ranking above human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as a single infectious agent. Macrophages, upon Mtb infection, not only phagocytose the bacteria and present the antigens to T-cells, but also react rapidly by developing antimycobacterial immune response depending highly on the production of cytokines. However, Mtb is also capable of intracellular survival in instances of sub-optimal activation of macrophages. Hence, several systems have been established to evaluate the Mtb-macrophage interaction, where the THP-1 monocytes have been developed as an attractive model for in vitro polarized monocyte-derived macrophages. This model is extensively used for Mtb as well as other intracellular bacterial studies. Herein, we have summarized the updated implications of the THP-1 model for TB-related studies and discussed the pros and cons compared to other cell models of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China; The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China; The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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15
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Chowdhury A, Witte S, Aich A. Role of Mitochondrial Nucleic Acid Sensing Pathways in Health and Patho-Physiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:796066. [PMID: 35223833 PMCID: PMC8873532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.796066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, in symbiosis with the host cell, carry out a wide variety of functions from generating energy, regulating the metabolic processes, cell death to inflammation. The most prominent function of mitochondria relies on the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. OXPHOS heavily influences the mitochondrial-nuclear communication through a plethora of interconnected signaling pathways. Additionally, owing to the bacterial ancestry, mitochondria also harbor a large number of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). These molecules relay the information about the state of the mitochondrial health and dysfunction to the innate immune system. Consequently, depending on the intracellular or extracellular nature of detection, different inflammatory pathways are elicited. One group of DAMPs, the mitochondrial nucleic acids, hijack the antiviral DNA or RNA sensing mechanisms such as the cGAS/STING and RIG-1/MAVS pathways. A pro-inflammatory response is invoked by these signals predominantly through type I interferon (T1-IFN) cytokines. This affects a wide range of organ systems which exhibit clinical presentations of auto-immune disorders. Interestingly, tumor cells too, have devised ingenious ways to use the mitochondrial DNA mediated cGAS-STING-IRF3 response to promote neoplastic transformations and develop tumor micro-environments. Thus, mitochondrial nucleic acid-sensing pathways are fundamental in understanding the source and nature of disease initiation and development. Apart from the pathological interest, recent studies also attempt to delineate the structural considerations for the release of nucleic acids across the mitochondrial membranes. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of mitochondrial nucleic acid-sensing. It attempts to summarize the nature of the molecular patterns involved, their release and recognition in the cytoplasm and signaling. Finally, a major emphasis is given to elaborate the resulting patho-physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Witte
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging, from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Activation of Innate Immunity by Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413360. [PMID: 34948156 PMCID: PMC8704878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have gained increased attention during recent decades because of their wide range of application prospects. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids represent a promising class of potential drugs for the treatment of tumoral and viral diseases due to their low toxicity and stimulation of the body’s own innate immunity by acting on the natural mechanisms of its activation. The repertoire of nucleic acids that directly interact with the components of the immune system is expanding with the improvement of both analytical methods and methods for the synthesis of nucleic acids and their derivatives. Despite the obvious progress in this area, the problem of delivering therapeutic acids to target cells as well as the unresolved issue of achieving a specific therapeutic effect based on activating the mechanism of interferon and anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. Minimizing the undesirable effects of excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines remains an unsolved task. This review examines recent data on the types of immunostimulatory nucleic acids, the receptors interacting with them, and the mechanisms of immunity activation under the action of these molecules. Finally, data on immunostimulatory nucleic acids in ongoing and completed clinical trials will be summarized.
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Kong F, You H, Zheng K, Tang R, Zheng C. The crosstalk between pattern-recognition receptor signaling and calcium signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:745-756. [PMID: 34634335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense, and it is capable of resisting both exogenous pathogenic challenges and endogenous danger signals via different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1)-like receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors, as well as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors. After recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns from exogenous microbes or the damage-associated molecular patterns from endogenous immune-stimulatory signals, these PRRs signaling pathways can induce the expression of interferons and inflammatory factors against microbial pathogen invasion and endogenous stresses. Calcium (Ca2+) is a second messenger that participates in the modulation of various biological processes, including survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and immune response, and is involved in diverse diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and virus infection. To date, accumulating evidence elucidated that the PRR signaling exhibited a regulatory effect on Ca2+ signaling. Meanwhile, Ca2+ signaling also played a critical role in controlling biological processes mediated by the PRR adaptors. Since the importance of these two signalings, it would be interesting to clarify the deeper biological implications of their interplays. This review focuses on the crosstalk between Ca2+ signaling and PRR signaling to regulate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Wen Z, Xu L, Xu W, Xiong S. Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Nuclear Receptor γt Licenses the Differentiation and Function of a Unique Subset of Follicular Helper T Cells in Response to Immunogenic Self-DNA in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1489-1500. [PMID: 33559400 DOI: 10.1002/art.41687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating studies have identified self-DNA as driving IgG anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) in lupus, though the underpinning mechanisms of this process remain largely undefined. Here, we explored the activity of transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) in the differentiation and function of self-DNA-specific follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in lupus. METHODS B6, TCRα-/- , CD4-/- , RORγtfl/fl CD4Cre, RORγt+/+ CD4Cre, Bcl-6fl/fl CD4Cre, Bcl-6+/+ CD4Cre, IL-17-/- , and ICOS-/- mice were immunized with normal self-DNA, immunogenic self-DNA, and pathogen DNA to induce the production of Tfh cells and IgG anti-dsDNA. Tfh cells with or without interleukin-17 (IL-17) were evaluated for their role in supporting the generation of IgG. NSG mice were reconstituted with immune cells and circulating DNA from human subjects for translational studies. IL-17-positive Tfh cells were analyzed for their correlation with IgG anti-dsDNA levels as well as their response to circulating self-DNA in lupus patients. RESULTS Unlike normal self-DNA, immunogenic self-DNA and pathogen DNA efficiently induced IgG responses. Immunogenic self-DNA induced IgG in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner, which was abrogated by RORγt deficiency. In contrast, RORγt was not required for the generation of pathogen DNA-induced IgG. Further analyses identified RORγt as essential for the differentiation and function of Tfh cells in response to immunogenic self-DNA, assigning IL-17 as a feature cytokine. These IL-17-positive Tfh cells functioned independent of inducible costimulator (ICOS), critically supporting IgG generation. Targeting immunogenic self-DNA-specific Tfh cells by RORγ knockdown and IL-17 blockade ameliorated IgG response and lupus nephritis in a humanized mouse model. The presence of IL-17-positive Tfh cells was associated with IgG anti-dsDNA levels and were expanded by circulating immunogenic self-DNA in lupus patients. CONCLUSION Immunogenic self-DNA instructs ICOS-dispensable IL-17-positive Tfh cells via RORγt to produce an IgG anti-dsDNA response. As such, IL-17-positive Tfh cells are a promising therapeutic target for lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Xu
- Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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19
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Barrera MJ, Aguilera S, Castro I, Carvajal P, Jara D, Molina C, González S, González MJ. Dysfunctional mitochondria as critical players in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases: Potential role in Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102867. [PMID: 34118452 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Relevant reviews highlight the association between dysfunctional mitochondria and inflammation, but few studies address the contribution of mitochondria and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs) to cellular homeostasis and inflammatory signaling. The present review outlines the important role of mitochondria in cellular homeostasis and how dysfunctional mitochondrion can release and misplace mitochondrial components (cardiolipin, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and mitochondrial formylated peptides) through multiple mechanisms. These components can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and induce an inflammatory response via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Accumulation of damaged ROS-generating mitochondria, accompanied by the release of mitochondrial DAMPs, can activate PRRs such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, TLR9, cGAS/STING, and ZBP1. This process would explain the chronic inflammation that is observed in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type I diabetes (T1D), and Sjögren's syndrome. This review also provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of MERCs to mitochondrial function and morphology, cellular homeostasis, and the inflammatory response. MERCs play an important role in calcium homeostasis by mediating the transfer of calcium from the ER to the mitochondria and thereby facilitating the production of ATP. They also contribute to the synthesis and transfer of phospholipids, protein folding in the ER, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, initiation of autophagosome formation, regulation of cell death/survival signaling, and regulation of immune responses. Therefore, alterations within MERCs could increase inflammatory signaling, modulate ER stress responses, cell homeostasis, and ultimately, the cell fate. This study shows severe ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria in salivary gland cells from Sjögren's syndrome patients for the first time, which could trigger alterations in cellular bioenergetics. This finding could explain symptoms such as fatigue and malfunction of the salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome patients, which would contribute to the chronic inflammatory pathology of the disease. However, this is only a first step in solving this complex puzzle, and several other important factors such as changes in mitochondrial morphology, functionality, and their important contacts with other organelles require further in-depth study. Future work should focus on detecting the key milestones that are related to inflammation in patients with autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren´s syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Barrera
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile
| | | | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Jara
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Azithromycin alleviates systemic lupus erythematosus via the promotion of M2 polarisation in lupus mice. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:82. [PMID: 33863874 PMCID: PMC8050155 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that azithromycin could promote alternatively activated (M2) macrophages under lupus conditions in vitro, which might be beneficial for lupus treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to further confirm whether azithromycin can drive M2 polarisation in lupus and ultimately alleviate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in vivo. Lymphocyte-derived DNA (ALD-DNA)-induced mice (induced lupus model) and MRL-Faslpr mice (spontaneous lupus model) were both used in the experiment. First, we observed symptoms of lupus by assessing the levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies and serum creatinine and renal pathology. We found that both murine models showed increased levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies and creatinine, enhanced glomerular fibrosis and cell infiltration, basement membrane thickening and elevated IgG deposition. After azithromycin treatment, all these medical indexes were alleviated, and kidney damage was effectively reversed. Next, macrophage polarisation was assessed in the spleen and kidneys. Macrophage infiltration in the spleen was notably decreased after azithromycin treatment in both murine models, with a remarkably elevated proportion of M2 macrophages. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD86, toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 was extremely downregulated, while the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, arginase-1 (Arg-1), chitinase-like 3 (Ym-1), found in inflammatory zone (Fizz-1) and mannose receptor (CD206) was significantly upregulated in the kidneys after azithromycin treatment. Taken together, our results indicated for the first time that azithromycin could alleviate lupus by promoting M2 polarisation in vivo. These findings exploited the newly discovered potential of azithromycin, a conventional drug with verified safety, affordability and global availability, which could be a novel treat-to-target strategy for SLE via macrophage modulation.
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21
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Smith JA. STING, the Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Mitochondria: Is Three a Crowd or a Conversation? Front Immunol 2021; 11:611347. [PMID: 33552072 PMCID: PMC7858662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-viral pattern recognition receptor STING and its partnering cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS have been increasingly recognized to respond to self DNA in multiple pathologic settings including cancer and autoimmune disease. Endogenous DNA sources that trigger STING include damaged nuclear DNA in micronuclei and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). STING resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and particularly in the ER-mitochondria associated membranes. This unique location renders STING well poised to respond to intracellular organelle stress. Whereas the pathways linking mtDNA and STING have been addressed recently, the mechanisms governing ER stress and STING interaction remain more opaque. The ER and mitochondria share a close anatomic and functional relationship, with mutual production of, and inter-organelle communication via calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This interdependent relationship has potential to both generate the essential ligands for STING activation and to regulate its activity. Herein, we review the interactions between STING and mitochondria, STING and ER, ER and mitochondria (vis-à-vis calcium and ROS), and the evidence for 3-way communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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22
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Barbero F, Guglielmotto M, Islam M, Maffei ME. Extracellular Fragmented Self-DNA Is Involved in Plant Responses to Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686121. [PMID: 34381477 PMCID: PMC8350447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that extracellular fragmented self-DNA (eDNA), by acting as a signaling molecule, triggers inhibitory effects on conspecific plants and functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). To evaluate early and late events in DAMP-dependent responses to eDNA, we extracted, fragmented, and applied the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) eDNA to tomato leaves. Non-sonicated, intact self-DNA (intact DNA) was used as control. Early event analyses included the evaluation of plasma transmembrane potentials (Vm), cytosolic calcium variations (Ca2+ cy t), the activity and subcellular localization of both voltage-gated and ligand-gated rectified K+ channels, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) subcellular localization and quantification. Late events included RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis and qPCR validation of gene expression of tomato leaves exposed to tomato eDNA. Application of eDNA induced a concentration-dependent Vm depolarization which was correlated to an increase in (Ca2+)cyt; this event was associated to the opening of K+ channels, with particular action on ligand-gated rectified K+ channels. Both eDNA-dependent (Ca2+)cyt and K+ increases were correlated to ROS production. In contrast, application of intact DNA produced no effects. The plant response to eDNA was the modulation of the expression of genes involved in plant-biotic interactions including pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK1), heat shock transcription factors (Hsf), heat shock proteins (Hsp), receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs). Several genes involved in calcium signaling, ROS scavenging and ion homeostasis were also modulated by application of eDNA. Shared elements among the transcriptional response to eDNA and to biotic stress indicate that eDNA might be a common DAMP that triggers plant responses to pathogens and herbivores, particularly to those that intensive plant cell disruption or cell death. Our results suggest the intriguing hypothesis that some of the plant reactions to pathogens and herbivores might be due to DNA degradation, especially when associated to the plant cell disruption. Fragmented DNA would then become an important and powerful elicitor able to trigger early and late responses to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barbero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monirul Islam
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo E. Maffei,
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Changes of NADH Fluorescence from the Skin of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5897487. [PMID: 31930128 PMCID: PMC6942734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5897487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The blood circulation of the skin is an accessible and representative vascular bed for examining the mechanisms of microcirculatory function. Endothelial function is impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which implies disorders in cell metabolism dependent on blood circulation; however, noninvasive monitoring of metabolism at the tissue and cell level is absent in daily clinical practice. Objective The aim of the study was to examine changes of NADH fluorescence from the epidermis of a forearm measured with the flow mediated skin fluorescence (FMSF) technique in patients with SLE and to investigate whether they are associated with clinical manifestation of the disease. Materials and Methods The study enrolled 36 patients with SLE and 34 healthy individuals. Changes of NADH fluorescence were measured using FMSF on the forearm in response to blocking and releasing of blood flow. The results were represented as ischemic (IR max and IR auc) and hyperemic response maximum and area under the curve (HR max and HR auc). Results IR max, IR auc, HR max, and HR auc were all lower in patients with SLE (p < 0.05) compared with controls. All four parameters were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with patient age. No difference was found in NADH fluorescence between SLE patients with malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, nonerosive arthritis, renal disorder, hematologic disorder, or immunologic disorder and those without. No correlation was revealed between the SLEDAI score and NADH fluorescence. Conclusion Changes of NADH fluorescence indicate the reduction in NADH restoration, observed especially during reperfusion, and suggest the occurrence of disorders in the microcirculation of the skin and/or at the mitochondrial level. Such changes of NADH during reperfusion in patients with SLE could be associated with their possible lower sensitivity to hypoxia and possibly with endothelial dysfunction.
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Ribon M, Mussard J, Semerano L, Singer BB, Decker P. Extracellular Chromatin Triggers Release of Soluble CEACAM8 Upon Activation of Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1346. [PMID: 31258530 PMCID: PMC6587075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased concentrations of extracellular chromatin are observed in cancer, sepsis, and inflammatory autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In SLE and RA, extracellular chromatin may behave as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are described as typical pro-inflammatory cells but possess also immunoregulatory properties. They are activated in SLE and RA but surprisingly remain moderately studied in these diseases, and especially the disease-associated stimuli triggering PMN activation are still not completely characterized. PMN express plasma membrane carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 8 (CD66b) and secrete a soluble form of CEACAM8 after activation. Soluble CEACAM8 has in turn immunoregulatory functions. However, few natural stimuli inducing soluble CEACAM8 secretion by PMN have been identified. Here we demonstrate for the first time that extracellular chromatin triggers secretion of soluble CEACAM8 by primary human PMN. Priming of PMN was not required. Secretion was associated with activation of PMN. Similar induction of soluble CEACAM8 release was observed with purified mono-nucleosomes as well as long chromatin fragments and occurred in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. Results indicate that chromatin induces both neo-synthesis of soluble CEACAM8 and release of soluble CEACAM8 through degranulation. In addition, we report the presence of soluble CEACAM8 at high concentration in the synovial fluid of RA patients. Thus, we describe here a novel mechanism by which a natural DAMP, with inflammatory properties in SLE and RA, induces soluble CEACAM8 secretion by activated PMN with potential immunoregulatory consequences on other immune cells, including PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ribon
- Li2P, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.,Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Mussard
- Li2P, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.,Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France
| | - Luca Semerano
- Li2P, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.,Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France.,Rheumatology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Bernhard B Singer
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patrice Decker
- Li2P, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.,Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Bobigny, France
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25
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Wang LX, Zhang SX, Wu HJ, Rong XL, Guo J. M2b macrophage polarization and its roles in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 106:345-358. [PMID: 30576000 PMCID: PMC7379745 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1018-378rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of macrophages. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M2b, a subtype of M2 macrophages, has attracted increasing attention over the past decade due to its strong immune‐regulated and anti‐inflammatory effects. A wide variety of stimuli and multiple factors modulate M2b macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. M2b macrophages possess both protective and pathogenic roles in various diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of M2b macrophage activation and the modulation of their polarization might provide a great perspective for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge of M2b macrophage polarization, the roles of M2b macrophages in a variety of diseases and the stimuli to modulate M2b macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Xun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Lu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Khan S, Godfrey V, Zaki MH. Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensors in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:215-253. [PMID: 30798989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense microbial pattern molecules. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by various PPRs located on the cell membrane or in the cytosol leads to the activation of cell signaling pathways and production of inflammatory mediators. Nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, and their derivatives are potent PAMPs which can be recognized by multiple PRRs to induce inflammatory responses. While nucleic acid sensors can also sense endogenous nucleic acids, they are capable of discriminating self from non-self. However, defects in nucleic acid sensing PRRs or dysregulation of nucleic acid sensing signaling pathways may cause excessive activation of the immune system resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the major pathways for sensing intracellular nucleic acids and how defects in these nucleic acid sensing are associated with different kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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27
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Heil M, Vega-Muñoz I. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Mammals and Plants: Facts and Caveats. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:225-285. [PMID: 30904194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of nucleic acids in aberrant compartments is a signal of danger: fragments of cytosolic or extracellular self-DNA indicate cellular dysfunctions or disruption, whereas cytosolic fragments of nonself-DNA or RNA indicate infections. Therefore, nucleic acids trigger immunity in mammals and plants. In mammals, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) RNA or CpG-rich DNA, whereas various cytosolic receptors sense dsDNA. Although a self/nonself discrimination could favor targeted immune responses, no sequence-specific sensing of nucleic acids has been reported for mammals. Specific immune responses to extracellular self-DNA versus DNA from related species were recently reported for plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The subcellular localization of mammalian receptors can favor self/nonself discrimination based on the localization of DNA fragments. However, autoantibodies and diverse damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) shuttle DNA through membranes, and most of the mammalian receptors share downstream signaling elements such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the master transcription regulators, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). The resulting type I interferon (IFN) response stimulates innate immunity against multiple threats-from infection to physical injury or endogenous DNA damage-all of which lead to the accumulation of eDNA or cytoplasmatic dsDNA. Therefore, no or only low selective pressures might have favored a strict self/nonself discrimination in nucleic acid sensing. We conclude that the discrimination between self- and nonself-DNA is likely to be less strict-and less important-than assumed originally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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28
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Zheng L, Zhang H, Tang Y. In lupus nephritis, how do extracellular DNAs trigger type I interferon secretion: Under the assistance of HMGB1-cGAS? Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:51-53. [PMID: 30396490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiple organs involved. Kidney damage is common among SLE patients. In lupus nephritis, extracellular DNA accumulation from necrosis cells and activated cells is perceived as initial step of inflammation. The up-regulated type I IFN is one pivotal cytokine causing downstream inflammation enlargement. Currently, intracellular DNA sensor cGAS signaling has been found to be related to lupus nephritis and the aberrant up-regulation of type I IFN. However, how extracellular accumulated DNA activates intracellular cGAS is still unknown. It was reported that nuclear protein HMGB1 takes part in multiple autoimmune diseases and inflammation induction. When HMGB1 is secreted to extracellular environment under certain conditions, it combines with DNA and triggers IFN-I secretion. It has been reported that HMGB1 level in renal tissue and cGAS level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were both significantly up-regulated in SLE patients. Hence, we present a hypothesis that in lupus nephritis, the released HMGB1 helps extracellular accumulated DNA endocytosis and cGAS signaling pathway activation, followed by IFN-I secretion. We infer this is one pivotal pro-inflammation pathway in lupus nephritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youzhou Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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29
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Lou H, Pickering MC. Extracellular DNA and autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:746-755. [PMID: 29553134 PMCID: PMC6141478 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA is secreted from various sources including apoptotic cells, NETotic neutrophils and bacterial biofilms. Extracellular DNA can stimulate innate immune responses to induce type-I IFN production after being endocytosed. This process is central in antiviral responses but it also plays important role in the pathogenesis of a range of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. We discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the role of extracellular DNA, released from apoptotic and NETotic cells, in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Lou
- Molecular Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK, W12 0NN.
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London, UK, W12 0NN
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30
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Vongsutilers V, Gannett PM. C8-Guanine modifications: effect on Z-DNA formation and its role in cancer. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Participation of Z DNA in normal and disease related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vongsutilers
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chulalongkorn University
- Thailand
| | - P. M. Gannett
- College of Pharmacy
- Nova Southeastern University
- Ft. Lauderdale
- USA
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31
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O'Donnell JA, Lehman J, Roderick JE, Martinez-Marin D, Zelic M, Doran C, Hermance N, Lyle S, Pasparakis M, Fitzgerald KA, Marshak-Rothstein A, Kelliher MA. Dendritic Cell RIPK1 Maintains Immune Homeostasis by Preventing Inflammation and Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:737-748. [PMID: 29212904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of cell death associated with inflammation; however, the biological consequences of chronic necroptosis are unknown. Necroptosis is mediated by RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL kinases but in hematopoietic cells RIPK1 has anti-inflammatory roles and functions to prevent necroptosis. Here we interrogate the consequences of chronic necroptosis on immune homeostasis by deleting Ripk1 in mouse dendritic cells. We demonstrate that deregulated necroptosis results in systemic inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and autoimmunity. We show that inflammation and autoimmunity are prevented upon expression of kinase inactive RIPK1 or deletion of RIPK3 or MLKL. We provide evidence that the inflammation is not driven by microbial ligands, but depends on the release of danger-associated molecular patterns and MyD88-dependent signaling. Importantly, although the inflammation is independent of type I IFN and the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, blocking these pathways rescues the autoimmunity. These mouse genetic studies reveal that chronic necroptosis may underlie human fibrotic and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jesse Lehman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Justine E Roderick
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dalia Martinez-Marin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Matija Zelic
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ciara Doran
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nicole Hermance
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephen Lyle
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michelle A Kelliher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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32
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Nefefe T, Liebenberg J, van Kleef M, Steyn HC, Pretorius A. Innate immune transcriptomic evaluation of PBMC isolated from sheep after infection with E. ruminantium Welgevonden strain. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:238-248. [PMID: 28988038 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heartwater is a tick-borne non-infectious fatal disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by the bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium, transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. Although there is evidence that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) controls E. ruminantium growth and that cellular immune responses could be protective, an effective recombinant vaccine for this disease is lacking. An overall analysis of which immune pathways are up- or down-regulated in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells is expected to lead to a better understanding of the global immune response of sheep to E. ruminantium infection. Therefore, a systems biology oriented approach following the infection with E. ruminantium was investigated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to aid recombinant vaccine development. In this study, heartwater naïve sheep were infected and challenged by allowing E. ruminantium infected ticks to feed on them. After primary infection, all the animals were treated with antibiotic during the resulting febrile response. Blood was collected daily for E. ruminantium detection by qPCR (pCS20 assay). The pCS20 assay only detected the pathogen in the blood one day prior to and during the febrile stage of infection confirming infection of the sheep. IFN-γ real-time PCR indicated that this cytokine was expressed at specific time points: post infection, during the febrile stage of the disease and after challenge. These were used as a guide to select samples for transcriptome sequencing. This paper focuses on transcripts that are associated with innate activating pathways that were identified to be up- and down-regulated after primary infection and the subsequent challenge. These included the CD14 monocyte marker, toll-like receptor (TLR), nod-like receptor, chemokine, cytosolic and cytokine-cytokine interaction receptor pathways. In particular, TLR4, TLR9 and CD14 were activated together with DNA detection pathways, suggesting that vaccine formulations may be improved if CpG motifs and lipopolysaccharides are included. This data indicates that innate immune activation, perhaps by using adjuvants, should be an important component for consideration during future heartwater recombinant vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nefefe
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - J Liebenberg
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - M van Kleef
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - H C Steyn
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - A Pretorius
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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DNA Sensing across the Tree of Life. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:719-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bai Y, Tong Y, Liu Y, Hu H. Self-dsDNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:1-10. [PMID: 28836661 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic and poly-aetiological autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to autologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The defective clearance of apoptotic material, together with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), provides abundant chromatin or self-dsDNA to trigger the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies, although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In SLE patients, the immune complex (IC) of dsDNA and its autoantibodies trigger the robust type I interferon (IFN-I) production through intracellular DNA sensors, which drives the adaptive immune system to break down self-tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the potential resources of self-dsDNA, the mechanisms of self-dsDNA-mediated inflammation through various DNA sensors and its functions in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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35
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Li Y, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E. Regulating STING in health and disease. J Inflamm (Lond) 2017; 14:11. [PMID: 28596706 PMCID: PMC5463399 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-017-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of cytosolic double-stranded DNA molecules can trigger multiple innate immune signalling pathways which converge on the activation of an ER-resident innate immune adaptor named "STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING)". STING has been found to mediate type I interferon response downstream of cyclic dinucleotides and a number of DNA and RNA inducing signalling pathway. In addition to its physiological function, a rapidly increasing body of literature highlights the role for STING in human disease where variants of the STING proteins, as well as dysregulated STING signalling, have been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases. This review will summarise the recent structural and functional findings of STING, and discuss how STING research has promoted the development of novel therapeutic approaches and experimental tools to improve treatment of tumour and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Infection; Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Department of Infection; Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| | - Endre Kiss-Toth
- Department of Infection; Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
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36
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McFadden MJ, Gokhale NS, Horner SM. Protect this house: cytosolic sensing of viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:36-43. [PMID: 27951430 PMCID: PMC5346041 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells are equipped with pattern recognition receptors to sense invading viruses. Nucleic acids of RNA viruses are sensed by RIG-I like receptors in the cytosol. Foreign DNA is sensed by cGAS and other DNA sensors in the cytosol. These pattern recognition receptors activate adaptor proteins to initiate antiviral innate immune responses.
The ability to recognize invading viral pathogens and to distinguish their components from those of the host cell is critical to initiate the innate immune response. The efficiency of this detection is an important factor in determining the susceptibility of the cell to viral infection. Innate sensing of viruses is, therefore, an indispensable step in the line of defense for cells and organisms. Recent discoveries have uncovered novel sensors of viral components and hallmarks of infection, as well as mechanisms by which cells discriminate between self and non-self. This review highlights the mechanisms used by cells to detect viral pathogens in the cytosol, and recent advances in the field of cytosolic sensing of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nandan S Gokhale
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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37
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Extracellular Self-DNA (esDNA), but Not Heterologous Plant or Insect DNA (etDNA), Induces Plasma Membrane Depolarization and Calcium Signaling in Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and Maize (Zea mays). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101659. [PMID: 27690017 PMCID: PMC5085692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular self-DNA (esDNA) is produced during cell and tissue damage or degradation and has been shown to induce significant responses in several organisms, including plants. While the inhibitory effects of esDNA have been shown in conspecific individuals, little is known on the early events involved upon plant esDNA perception. We used electrophysiology and confocal laser scanning microscopy calcium localization to evaluate the plasma membrane potential (Vm) variations and the intracellular calcium fluxes, respectively, in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to esDNA and extracellular heterologous DNA (etDNA) and to etDNA from Spodoptera littoralis larvae and oral secretions. In both species, esDNA induced a significant Vm depolarization and an increased flux of calcium, whereas etDNA was unable to exert any of these early signaling events. These findings confirm the specificity of esDNA to induce plant cell responses and to trigger early signaling events that eventually lead to plant response to damage.
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Lu M, Xu W, Gao B, Xiong S. Blunting Autoantigen-induced FOXO3a Protein Phosphorylation and Degradation Is a Novel Pathway of Glucocorticoids for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19900-12. [PMID: 27481940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.728840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the potent anti-inflammatory drugs, remain as a cornerstone in the treatment for SLE; nevertheless, their clinical efficacy is compromised by the side effects of long term treatment and resistance. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of GCs in SLE, it is important to further decipher the molecular mechanisms of how GCs exert their anti-inflammatory effects. In this investigation, FOXO3a was identified as a molecule that was down-regulated in the course of SLE. Of interest, GC treatment was found to rescue FOXO3a expression both in SLE mice and in SLE patients. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that FOXO3a played a crucial role in GC treatment of SLE via inhibiting inflammatory responses. Further studies showed that the up-regulation of FOXO3a by GCs relied on the suppression of pI3K/AKT-mediated FOXO3a phosphorylation and the arrest of FOXO3a in the nucleus. Finally, our data revealed that FOXO3a was critical for GC-mediated inhibition of NF-κB activity, which might involve its interaction with NF-κB p65 protein. Collectively, these data indicated that FOXO3a played an important role in GC treatment of SLE by suppressing pro-inflammatory response, and targeting FOXO3a might provide a novel therapeutic strategy against SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Lu
- From the Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Wei Xu
- the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Bo Gao
- From the Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032 and
| | - Sidong Xiong
- From the Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032 and the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Mitochondria, calcium, and tumor suppressor Fus1: At the crossroad of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20754-72. [PMID: 26246474 PMCID: PMC4673227 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria present a unique set of key intracellular functions such as ATP synthesis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ buffering. Mitochondria both encode and decode Ca2+ signals and these interrelated functions have a direct impact on cell signaling and metabolism. High proliferative potential is a key energy-demanding feature shared by cancer cells and activated T lymphocytes. Switch of a metabolic state mediated by alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis plays a fundamental role in maintenance of the proliferative state. Recent studies show that tumor suppressors have the ability to affect mitochondrial homeostasis controlling both cancer and autoimmunity. Herein, we discuss established and putative mechanisms of calcium–dependent regulation of both T cell and tumor cell activities. We use the mitochondrial protein Fus1 as a case of tumor suppressor that controls immune response and tumor growth via maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. We focus on the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling as a key function of Fus1 and highlight the mechanisms of a crosstalk between Ca2+ accumulation and mitochondrial homeostasis. Given the important role of Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and ROS production in the activation of NFAT and NF-κB transcription factors, we outline the importance of Fus1 activities in this context.
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40
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Li C, Li H, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Weng SP, Xu X, He J. Activation of Vago by interferon regulatory factor (IRF) suggests an interferon system-like antiviral mechanism in shrimp. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15078. [PMID: 26459861 PMCID: PMC4602278 DOI: 10.1038/srep15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a debate on whether invertebrates possess an antiviral immunity similar to the interferon (IFN) system of vertebrates. The Vago gene from arthropods encodes a viral-activated secreted peptide that restricts virus infection through activating the JAK-STAT pathway and is considered to be a cytokine functionally similar to IFN. In this study, the first crustacean IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-like gene was identified in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The L. vannamei IRF showed similar protein nature to mammalian IRFs and could be activated during virus infection. As a transcriptional regulatory factor, L. vannamei IRF could activate the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing promoter to regulate the expression of mammalian type I IFNs and initiate an antiviral state in mammalian cells. More importantly, IRF could bind the 5′-untranslated region of L. vannamei Vago4 gene and activate its transcription, suggesting that shrimp Vago may be induced in a similar manner to that of IFNs and supporting the opinion that Vago might function as an IFN-like molecule in invertebrates. These suggested that shrimp might possess an IRF-Vago-JAK/STAT regulatory axis, which is similar to the IRF-IFN-JAK/STAT axis of vertebrates, indicating that invertebrates might possess an IFN system-like antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
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HMGB1 Promotes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Enhancing Macrophage Inflammatory Response. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:946748. [PMID: 26078984 PMCID: PMC4452473 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose. HMGB1, which may act as a proinflammatory mediator, has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, the precise mechanism of HMGB1 in the pathogenic process of SLE remains obscure. Method. The expression of HMGB1 was measured by ELISA and western blot. The ELISA was also applied to detect proinflammatory cytokines levels. Furthermore, nephritic pathology was evaluated by H&E staining of renal tissues. Results. In this study, we found that HMGB1 levels were significantly increased and correlated with SLE disease activity in both clinical patients and murine model. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function analysis showed that HMGB1 exacerbated the severity of SLE. Of note, the HMGB1 levels were found to be associated with the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 in SLE patients. Further study demonstrated that increased HMGB1 expression deteriorated the severity of SLE via enhancing macrophage inflammatory response. Moreover, we found that receptor of advanced glycation end products played a critical role in HMGB1-mediated macrophage inflammatory response. Conclusion. These findings suggested that HMGB1 might be a risk factor for SLE, and manipulation of HMGB1 signaling might provide a therapeutic strategy for SLE.
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Mullen LM, Chamberlain G, Sacre S. Pattern recognition receptors as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:122. [PMID: 25975607 PMCID: PMC4432834 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are part of the first line of defence against pathogens. However, they also have the ability to respond to danger signals that are frequently elevated during tissue damage and at sites of inflammation. Inadvertent activation of pattern recognition receptors has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of many conditions including inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Prolonged inflammation most often results in pain and damage to tissues. In particular, the Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptors that form inflammasomes have been postulated as key contributors to the inflammation observed in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout and systemic lupus erythematosus. As such, there is increasing interest in targeting these receptors for therapeutic treatment in the clinic. Here the role of pattern recognition receptors in the pathogenesis of these diseases is discussed, with an update on the development of interventions to modulate the activity of these potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mullen
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RY, UK.
| | | | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RY, UK.
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43
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Li X, Yue Y, Zhu Y, Xiong S. Extracellular, but not intracellular HMGB1, facilitates self-DNA induced macrophage activation via promoting DNA accumulation in endosomes and contributes to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Zhang W, Liu H, Liu W, Liu Y, Xu J. Polycomb-mediated loss of microRNA let-7c determines inflammatory macrophage polarization via PAK1-dependent NF-κB pathway. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:287-97. [PMID: 25215948 PMCID: PMC4291490 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase family members p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are important regulators of cytoskeletal remodeling and cell motility in mononuclear phagocytic system, but their role in macrophage differentiation and polarization remains obscure. We have shown here that inflammatory stimuli induced PAK1 overexpression in human and murine macrophages. Elevated expression of PAK1 contributed to macrophage M1 polarization and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxin shock. We further observed that epigenetic loss of microRNA let-7c due to enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) upregulation determined PAK1 elevation and inflammatory phenotype in M1 macrophages. EZH2/let-7c/PAK1 axis promotes macrophage M1 polarization via NIK-IKK-NF-κB signaling. Moreover, pharmacological and genetic ablation with EZH2/let-7c/PAK1 axis blunted inflammatory phenotype in M1 macrophages. Critically, either myeloid-restricted PAK1 deletion (PAK1(Lyz2cre)) or pharmacological and genetic ablation with EZH2/let-7c/PAK1 signal resulted in resistance to LPS-induced endotoxin shock via blunting macrophage M1 polarization. PAK1, therefore, is an essential controller of inflammatory macrophage polarization, regulating immune responses against pathogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - H Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - J Xu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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45
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Wu Q, Liu HO, Liu YD, Liu WS, Pan D, Zhang WJ, Yang L, Fu Q, Xu JJ, Gu JX. Decreased expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α)/microRNA-122 (miR-122) axis in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma enhances potential oncogenic GALNT10 protein activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1170-85. [PMID: 25422324 PMCID: PMC4294483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), a mammalian liver-specific miRNA, has been reported to play crucial roles in the control of diverse aspects of hepatic function and dysfunction, including viral infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, we explored the clinical significance, transcriptional regulation, and direct target of miR-122 in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Reduced expression of miR-122 in patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma was correlated with venous invasion and poor prognosis. Furthermore, UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-10 (GALNT10) was identified as a bona fide target of miR-122 in hepatoma cells. Ectopic expression and knockdown studies showed that GALNT10 indeed promotes proliferation and apoptosis resistance of hepatoma cells in a glycosyltransferase-dependent manner. Critically, adverse correlation between miR-122 and GALNT10, a poor prognosticator of clinical outcome, was demonstrated in hepatoma patients. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α), a liver-enriched transcription factor that activates miR-122 gene transcription, was suppressed in HBV-infected hepatoma cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed significantly reduced association of Hnf4α with the miR-122 promoter in HBV-infected hepatoma cells. Moreover, GALNT10 was found to intensify O-glycosylation following signal activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. In addition, in a therapeutic perspective, we proved that GALNT10 silencing increases sensitivity to sorafenib and doxorubicin challenge. In summary, our results reveal a novel Hnf4α/miR-122/GALNT10 regulatory pathway that facilitates EGF miR-122 activation and hepatoma growth in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Hai-Ou Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Yi-Dong Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Wei-Si Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Deng Pan
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Wei-Juan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Qiang Fu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jie-Jie Xu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jian-Xin Gu
- From the Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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46
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Demaria O, Di Domizio J, Gilliet M. Immune sensing of nucleic acids in inflammatory skin diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:519-29. [PMID: 25224103 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal and cytosolic nucleic acid receptors are important immune sensors required for the detection of infecting or replicating viruses. The intracellular location of these receptors allows viral recognition and, at the same time, avoids unnecessary immune activation to self-nucleic acids that are continuously released by dying host cells. Recent evidence, however, indicates that endogenous factors such as anti-microbial peptides have the ability to break this protective mechanism. Here, we discuss these factors and illustrate how they drive inflammatory responses by promoting immune recognition of self-nucleic acids in skin wounds and inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Demaria
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Innate immune detection and subsequent immune responses rely on the initial recognition of pathogen specific molecular motifs. Foreign nucleic acids are key structures recognised by the immune system, recognition of which occurs mainly through the use of nucleic acid receptors including members of the Toll-like receptors, AIM2-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and intracellular DNA receptors. While the immune system is critically important in protecting the host from infection, it is of utmost importance that it is tightly regulated, in order to prevent recognition of self-nucleic acids and the subsequent development of autoimmunity. Defects in the mechanisms regulating such pathways, for example mutations in endonucleases that clear DNA, altered expression of nucleic acid sensors and defects in negative regulators of these signalling pathways involved in RNA/DNA sensing, have all been implicated in promoting the generation of autoimmune responses. This evidence, as reviewed here, suggests that novel therapeutics targeting these sensors and their downstream pathways may be of use in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Smith
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caroline Jefferies
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Shrivastav M, Niewold TB. Nucleic Acid sensors and type I interferon production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:319. [PMID: 24109483 PMCID: PMC3791549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic serologic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is autoantibodies against one’s own nucleic acid or nucleic acid-binding proteins – DNA and RNA-binding nuclear proteins. Circulating autoantibodies can deposit in the tissue, causing inflammation and production of cytokines such as type 1 interferon (IFN). Investigations in human patients and animal models have implicated environmental as well as genetic factors in the biology of the SLE autoimmune response. Viral/Bacterial nucleic acid is a potent stimulant of innate immunity by both toll-like receptor (TLR) and non-TLR signaling cascades. Additionally, foreign DNA may act as an immunogen to drive an antigen-specific antibody response. Self nucleic acid is normally restricted to the nucleus or the mitochondria, away from the DNA/RNA sensors, and mechanisms exist to differentiate between foreign and self nucleic acid. In normal immunity, a diverse range of DNA and RNA sensors in different cell types form a dynamic and integrated molecular network to prevent viral infection. In SLE, pathologic activation of these sensors occurs via immune complexes consisting of autoantibodies bound to DNA or to nucleic acid-protein complexes. In this review, we will discuss recent studies outlining how mismanaged nucleic acid sensing networks promote autoimmunity and result in the over-production of type I IFN. This information is critical for improving therapeutic strategies for SLE disease.
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