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Antiguas A, Dunnwald M. A novel noncanonical function for IRF6 in the recycling of E-cadherin. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar102. [PMID: 38809584 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-11-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) is a transcription factor essential for keratinocyte cell-cell adhesions. Previously, we found that recycling of E-cadherin was defective in the absence of IRF6, yet total E-cadherin levels were not altered, suggesting a previously unknown, nontranscriptional function for IRF6. IRF6 protein contains a DNA binding domain (DBD) and a protein binding domain (PBD). The transcriptional function of IRF6 depends on its DBD and PBD, however, whether the PBD is necessary for the interaction with cytoplasmic proteins has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we show that an intact PBD is required for recruitment of cell-cell adhesion proteins at the plasma membrane, including the recycling of E-cadherin. Colocalizations and coimmunoprecipitations reveal that IRF6 forms a complex in recycling endosomes with Rab11, Myosin Vb, and E-cadherin, and that the PBD is required for this interaction. These data indicate that IRF6 is a novel effector of the endosomal recycling of E-cadherin and demonstrate a non-transcriptional function for IRF6 in regulating cell-cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antiguas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245
| | - Martine Dunnwald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52245
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2
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Sinha BK, Kumar D, Meher P, Kumari S, Prakash K, Gourinath S, Kashav T. Biophysical and functional characterization of N-terminal domain of Human Interferon Regulatory Factor 6. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:380. [PMID: 38429584 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) has a key function in palate fusion during palatogenesis during embryonic development, and mutations in IRF6 cause orofacial clefting disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS The in silico analysis of IRF6 is done to obtain leads for the domain boundaries and subsequently the sub-cloning of the N-terminal domain of IRF6 into the pGEX-2TK expression vector and successfully optimized the overexpression and purification of recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fused NTD-IRF6 protein under native conditions. After cleavage of the GST tag, NTD-IRF6 was subjected to protein folding studies employing Circular Dichroism and Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy at variable pH, temperature, and denaturant. CD studies showed predominantly alpha-helical content and the highest stability of NTD-IRF6 at pH 9.0. A comparison of native and renatured protein depicts loss in the secondary structural content. Intrinsic fluorescence and quenching studies have identified that tryptophan residues are majorly present in the buried areas of the protein and a small fraction was on or near the protein surface. Upon the protein unfolding with a higher concentration of denaturant urea, the peak of fluorescence intensity decreased and red shifted, confirming that tryptophan residues are majorly present in a more polar environment. While regulating IFNβ gene expression during viral infection, the N-terminal domain binds to the promoter region of Virus Response Element-Interferon beta (VRE-IFNβ). Along with the protein folding analysis, this study also aimed to identify the DNA-binding activity and determine the binding affinities of NTD-IRF6 with the VRE-IFNβ promoter region. The protein-DNA interaction is specific as demonstrated by gel retardation assay and the kinetics of molecular interactions as quantified by Biolayer Interferometry showed a strong affinity with an affinity constant (KD) value of 7.96 × 10-10 M. CONCLUSION NTD-IRF6 consists of a mix of α-helix and β-sheets that show temperature-dependent cooperative unfolding between 40 °C and 55 °C. Urea-induced unfolding shows moderate tolerance to urea as the mid-transition concentration of urea (Cm) is 3.2 M. The tryptophan residues are majorly buried as depicted by fluorescence quenching studies. NTD-IRF6 has a specific and high affinity toward the promoter region of VRE-IFNβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Kumari Sinha
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, 824236, India
| | - Devbrat Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyabrata Meher
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, 824236, India
| | - Shilpi Kumari
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | | | - Tara Kashav
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, 824236, India.
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3
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Balendran T, Lim K, Hamilton JA, Achuthan AA. Targeting transcription factors for therapeutic benefit in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196931. [PMID: 37457726 PMCID: PMC10339812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes pain and disability. Many of the currently available drugs for treating RA patients are aimed at halting the progression of the disease and alleviating inflammation. Further, some of these treatment options have drawbacks, including disease recurrence and adverse effects due to long-term use. These inefficiencies have created a need for a different approach to treating RA. Recently, the focus has shifted to direct targeting of transcription factors (TFs), as they play a vital role in the pathogenesis of RA, activating key cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes. In light of this, synthetic drugs and natural compounds are being explored to target key TFs or their signaling pathways in RA. This review discusses the role of four key TFs in inflammation, namely NF-κB, STATs, AP-1 and IRFs, and their potential for being targeted to treat RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivya Balendran
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith Lim
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - John A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian A. Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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4
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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5
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Liang Y, Liu R, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shan S, Zhu Y, Yang G, Li H. Negative regulation of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) in interferon and NF-κB signalling pathways of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:433. [PMID: 36503433 PMCID: PMC9743528 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) is a kind of transcription factors, which play an important role in regulating the expression of type I IFN and related genes. In mammals, IRF6 is not relevant with IFN expression, while zebrafish IRF6 was reported to be a positive regulator of IFN expression and could be phosphorylated by both MyD88 and TBK1. However, the role of IRF6 in the immune response and IFN transcription of common carp is unknown. RESULTS In the present study, the cDNA of IRF6 gene (CcIRF6) was cloned from common carp using RACE technique, with a total length of 1905 bp, encoding 471 amino acid residues, which possesses two functional domains of DBD and IAD. Similarity analysis showed that CcIRF6 had more than 50% similarity with IRFs of other vertebrates, and had the highest similarity with grass carp and zebrafish, among which the DBD domain was much more conserved. The phylogenetic analysis showed that CcIRF6 is in the branch of Osteichthyes and has the closest relationship with grass carp. In healthy common carp, the CcIRF6 was expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest level in the oral epithelium, and the lowest level in the head kidney. After intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) or Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression of CcIRF6 increased in spleen, head kidney, foregut and hindgut of common carp. Moreover, poly(I:C), LPS, PGN and flagellin induced the expression of CcIRF6 in peripheral leukocytes and head kidney leukocytes of common carp in vitro. In EPC cells, CcIRF6 inhibited the expression of some IFN-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and dual luciferase reporter assay showed that CcIRF6 reduced the activity of IFN and NF-κB reporter genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that CcIRF6 is involved in the antiviral and antibacterial immune response of common carp, and negatively regulate the expression of IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways, which provides a theoretical basis for the study and prevention of fish disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Liang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Yaoyao Zhu
- grid.449397.40000 0004 1790 3687College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022 China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Hua Li
- grid.410585.d0000 0001 0495 1805Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014 China
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6
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Chen H, Chu H, Jiang Q, Wang C, Tian Y. Irf6 participates in sevoflurane-induced perioperative neurocognitive disorder via modulating M2, but not M1 polarization of microglia. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:1-11. [PMID: 34536519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) frequently occurs in elderly patients following anesthesia, and is associated with pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in hippocampus. In this study, sevoflurane, a commonly used inhaled anesthetic in clinic, was used to induce PND-like symptoms in aged SD rats (18-20 months). Data from novel object recognition and Y-maze tests first confirmed that aged SD rats exposed to 2% sevoflurane for 5 h developed cognitive impairment. Microglia preferred to polarizing towards pro-inflammatory M1 subtype (iNOS+Iba-1 +) in rat hippocampus post sevoflurane exposure, but not anti-inflammatory M2 subtype (Arg-1 +Iba-1 +). Microarray data identified interferon regulatory factor 6 (Irf6) as one (Fold change = -2.52, p = 0.006) of the 15 downregulated genes in hippocampus of the rats exposed to sevoflurane. Co-immunofluorescence data further illustrated that sevoflurane decreased Irf6 expression in hippocampal microglia. In vitro, sevoflurane enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization of BV-2 cells and inhibited interleukin-4 induced M2 polarization. Interestingly, manipulation of Irf6 expression hardly affected M1 polarization. However, Irf6 overexpression further augmented the inhibitory effects on M2 polarization, and its silencing showed opposite effects. In addition, such M2 polarization-promoting effects of Irf6 knockdown may be associated with induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma expression. Collectively, these findings suggest that Irf6 downregulation in hippocampal microglia may be a compensatory mechanism against sevoflurane-induced PND in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichao Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Tian Y, Khwatenge CN, Li J, De Jesus Andino F, Robert J, Sang Y. Targeted Transcriptomics of Frog Virus 3 in Infected Frog Tissues Reveal Non-Coding Regulatory Elements and microRNAs in the Ranaviral Genome and Their Potential Interaction with Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705253. [PMID: 34220869 PMCID: PMC8248673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frog Virus 3 (FV3) is a large dsDNA virus belonging to Ranaviruses of family Iridoviridae. Ranaviruses infect cold-blood vertebrates including amphibians, fish and reptiles, and contribute to catastrophic amphibian declines. FV3 has a genome at ~105 kb that contains nearly 100 coding genes and 50 intergenic regions as annotated in its reference genome. Previous studies have mainly focused on coding genes and rarely addressed potential non-coding regulatory role of intergenic regions. Results Using a whole transcriptomic analysis of total RNA samples containing both the viral and cellular transcripts from FV3-infected frog tissues, we detected virus-specific reads mapping in non-coding intergenic regions, in addition to reads from coding genes. Further analyses identified multiple cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in intergenic regions neighboring highly transcribed coding genes. These CREs include not only a virus TATA-Box present in FV3 core promoters as in eukaryotic genes, but also viral mimics of CREs interacting with several transcription factors including CEBPs, CREBs, IRFs, NF-κB, and STATs, which are critical for regulation of cellular immunity and cytokine responses. Our study suggests that intergenic regions immediately upstream of highly expressed FV3 genes have evolved to bind IRFs, NF-κB, and STATs more efficiently. Moreover, we found an enrichment of putative microRNA (miRNA) sequences in more than five intergenic regions of the FV3 genome. Our sequence analysis indicates that a fraction of these viral miRNAs is targeting the 3'-UTR regions of Xenopus genes involved in interferon (IFN)-dependent responses, including particularly those encoding IFN receptor subunits and IFN-regulatory factors (IRFs). Conclusions Using the FV3 model, this study provides a first genome-wide analysis of non-coding regulatory mechanisms adopted by ranaviruses to epigenetically regulate both viral and host gene expressions, which have co-evolved to interact especially with the host IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Collins N. Khwatenge
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Francisco De Jesus Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
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8
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Han W, Chen X, Wang X, Shen Z, Wang X, Zhang Z, Wang H. TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 are diagnostic markers of knee osteoarthritis in the middle-aged and elderly patients and related to disease activity and inflammatory factors. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1291-1298. [PMID: 32765669 PMCID: PMC7388421 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and diagnostic value of serum toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR-5) and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in middle-aged and elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and their correlation with Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were investigated. Sixty-eight middle-aged and elderly patients with KOA in Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected as the study group and 49 healthy people receiving physical examination were the control group. Levels of serum TLR-4, TLR-5, IRF4, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1 and TNF-α were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlation between the expression levels of serum TLR-4, TLR-5, IRF4 and K-L grades was determined by Spearman correlation analysis. The diagnostic efficacy of serum TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 for KOA was analyzed by the receiver operator characteristics analysis (ROC). Expression of serum TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 in the study group was significantly higher than those in the control group. The sensitivity and specificity of TLR-4 in the diagnosis of KOA were, respectively, 76.47 and 93.88%, those of TLR-5 were 73.29 and 87.76%, those of IRF4 were 72.06 and 95.92%, and those of TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 were 94.12 and 97.96%. Expression of serum TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 was significantly higher in the severe group than in the moderate group, and significantly higher in the moderate group than those the in mild group, and significantly higher in the mild group than those in the suspected mild group. Expression of TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 in serum was positively correlated with the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1 and TNF-α, respectively (P<0.001). The combined detection of TLR-4, TLR-5 and IRF4 can be used for early diagnosis of KOA, and they are positively correlated with IL-1β and IL-6, MMP-1 and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Xianyin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Zuofeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
| | - Huiru Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Puyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puyang, Henan 457000, P.R. China
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9
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Oral lichen planus: A chronic inflammatory model to study the regulation of the Toll-like receptor signaling in oral keratinocytes. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Rhea L, Canady FJ, Le M, Reeb T, Canady JW, Kacmarynski DSF, Avvari R, Biggs LC, Dunnwald M. Interferon regulatory factor 6 is required for proper wound healing in vivo. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:509-522. [PMID: 31724286 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is the most common form of syndromic orofacial cleft caused predominantly by mutations in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6). We previously reported that individuals with VWS have increased risk of wound healing complications following cleft repair compared with individuals with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate-NSCLP). In vitro, absence of IRF6 leads to impaired keratinocyte migration and embryonic wound healing. However, there is currently no data on tissue repair in adult animals and cells with reduced levels of IRF6 like in VWS. RESULTS Excisional wounds of Irf6+/- and wild-type animals were analyzed 4 and 7 days post-wounding. Although all wounds were reepithelialized after 7 days, the epidermal and wound volume of repaired wounds was larger in Irf6+/- . These data were supported by increased keratinocyte proliferation in the neoformed epidermis and a less mature granulation tissue with increased cytokine levels. This effect was not cell autonomous, as Irf6+/- neonatal keratinocytes in vitro did not exhibit defects in scratch wound closure or proliferation. Keratinocytes from individuals with VWS also migrated similarly to keratinocytes from NSCLP individuals. CONCLUSIONS These data support a role for IRF6 in wound healing by regulating keratinocyte proliferation, granulation tissue maturation, and cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Rhea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Marc Le
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tanner Reeb
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John W Canady
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Deborah S F Kacmarynski
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rishika Avvari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Leah C Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Martine Dunnwald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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11
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Huang L, Chen J, Zhao Y, Gu L, Shao X, Li J, Xu Y, Liu Z, Xu Q. Key candidate genes of STAT1 and CXCL10 in melanoma identified by integrated bioinformatical analysis. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1634-1644. [PMID: 31216116 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms and gene signatures of melanoma are unknown. In this study, three expression profile data sets (GSE65568, GSE100050, GSE114445) were integrated to identify candidate genes explaining the pathways and functions of melanoma. Expression data sets including 24 melanoma tumours and 13 normal skin samples were merged and analysed in detail. The three GSE profiles shared 431 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 227 upregulated genes, 200 downregulated genes and 4 differentially regulated genes. Moreover, the functions and signalling pathways of the shared DEGs with significant p-values were identified. The two most significant modules were filtered from the DEGs protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, which consisted of 284 nodes. We also plotted the prognostic value of hub genes from an online database. In summary, using integrated bioinformatic analysis, we have identified candidate DEGs and pathways in melanoma that could improve our understanding of the causes and underlying molecular events of melanoma, and these candidate genes and pathways could be therapeutic targets for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linaer Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Mo XB, Lei SF, Zhang YH, Zhang H. Integrative Analysis Identified IRF6 and NDST1 as Potential Causal Genes for Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:517. [PMID: 31156544 PMCID: PMC6529957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To highlight potential functional variants and causal genes for ischemic stroke (IS) in genomic loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods: We examined the association between m6A-SNPs and IS in large scale GWAS. Furthermore, eQTL analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of m6A-SNPs on gene expression. The top associations between m6A-SNPs and gene expressions were validated in 40 individuals from the Chinese Han population. Besides, we applied differential expression analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to detect potential causal genes for IS. Results: We found 310 (7.39%) m6A-SNPs which were nominally associated with IS. The proportion of m6A-SNPs with P < 0.05 for IS was significantly higher than the non-m6A-SNPs (95%CI: [5.84%, 7.36%], P = 0.02). We found that the IS-associated m6A-SNP rs2013162 was associated with IRF6 expression (P = 6.30 × 10−23), meanwhile IRF6 was differentially expressed between IS cases and controls (P = 6.15 × 10−3) and showed a causal association with IS (P = 3.64 × 10−4). Similar results were found for m6A-SNP rs2273235 in the NDST1 gene which was associated with cardioembolic stroke (P = 8.47 × 10−3). The associations of rs2013162 and rs2273235 with the expression of IRF6 and NDST1 were validated in blood cells (P = 0.0247 and 0.0007), respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that m6A-SNPs may affect IS risk through altering gene expressions. The results suggested that m6A might play a role in IS etiology and gene expressions that affected by m6A may be causal factors for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bo Mo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Thompson J, Mendoza F, Tan E, Bertol JW, Gaggar AS, Jun G, Biguetti C, Fakhouri WD. A cleft lip and palate gene, Irf6, is involved in osteoblast differentiation of craniofacial bone. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:221-232. [PMID: 30684382 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) plays a critical role in embryonic tissue development, including differentiation of epithelial cells. Besides orofacial clefting due to haploinsufficiency of IRF6, recent human genetic studies indicated that mutations in IRF6 are linked to small mandible and digit abnormalities. The function of IRF6 has been well studied in oral epithelium; however, its role in craniofacial skeletal formation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Irf6 in craniofacial bone development using comparative analyses between wild-type (WT) and Irf6-null littermate mice. RESULTS Immunostaining revealed the expression of IRF6 in hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteocytes, and bone matrix of craniofacial tissues. Histological analysis of Irf6-null mice showed a remarkable reduction in the number of lacunae, embedded osteocytes in matrices, and a reduction in mineralization during bone formation. These abnormalities may explain the decreased craniofacial bone density detected by micro-CT, loss of incisors, and mandibular bone abnormality of Irf6-null mice. To validate the autonomous role of IRF6 in bone, extracted primary osteoblasts from calvarial bone of WT and Irf6-null pups showed no effect on osteoblastic viability and proliferation. However, a reduction in mineralization was detected in Irf6-null cells. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings suggest an autonomous role of Irf6 in regulating bone differentiation and mineralization. Developmental Dynamics 248:221-232, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Thompson
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Fabian Mendoza
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ethan Tan
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Wildgrube Bertol
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Arju S Gaggar
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Goo Jun
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudia Biguetti
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center and MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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14
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Xu M, Liu PP, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling and Its Role in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:893-948. [PMID: 30565509 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00065.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system that senses and defends against infection and irritation. Innate immune signaling is a complex cascade that quickly recognizes infectious threats through multiple germline-encoded cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors and transmits signals for the deployment of proper countermeasures through adaptors, kinases, and transcription factors, resulting in the production of cytokines. As the first response of the innate immune system to pathogenic signals, inflammatory responses must be rapid and specific to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection and must subsequently be terminated once the pathogens have been cleared. Long-lasting and low-grade chronic inflammation is a distinguishing feature of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are currently major public health problems. Cardiometabolic stress-induced inflammatory responses activate innate immune signaling, which directly contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Additionally, although the innate immune elements are highly conserved in higher-order jawed vertebrates, lower-grade jawless vertebrates lack several transcription factors and inflammatory cytokine genes downstream of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) pathways, suggesting that innate immune signaling components may additionally function in an immune-independent way. Notably, recent studies from our group and others have revealed that innate immune signaling can function as a vital regulator of cardiometabolic homeostasis independent of its immune function. Therefore, further investigation of innate immune signaling in cardiometabolic systems may facilitate the discovery of new strategies to manage the initiation and progression of cardiometabolic disorders, leading to better treatments for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the current progress in innate immune signaling studies and the regulatory function of innate immunity in cardiometabolic diseases. Notably, we highlight the immune-independent effects of innate immune signaling components on the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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15
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ErbB2-driven downregulation of the transcription factor Irf6 in breast epithelial cells is required for their 3D growth. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:151. [PMID: 30545388 PMCID: PMC6293553 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of solid tumor cells to resist anoikis, apoptosis triggered by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), is thought to be critical for 3D tumor growth. ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein is often overproduced by breast tumor cells and blocks their anoikis by partially understood mechanisms. In our effort to understand them better, we observed that detachment of nonmalignant human breast epithelial cells from the ECM upregulates the transcription factor Irf6. Irf6 is thought to play an important role in mammary gland homeostasis and causes apoptosis by unknown mechanisms. We noticed that ErbB2, when overproduced by detached breast epithelial cells, downregulates Irf6. Methods To test whether ErbB2 downregulates Irf6 in human ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells, we examined the effect of ErbB2 inhibitors, such as the anti-ErbB2 antibody trastuzumab or the ErbB2/epidermal growth factor receptor small-molecule inhibitor lapatinib, on Irf6 in these cells. Moreover, we performed Irf6 IHC analysis of tumor samples derived from the locally advanced ErbB2-positive breast cancers before and after neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based therapies. To examine the role of Irf6 in anoikis of nonmalignant and ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells, we studied anoikis after knocking down Irf6 in the former cells by RNA interference and after overproducing Irf6 in the latter cells. To examine the mechanisms by which cell detachment and ErbB2 control Irf6 expression in breast epithelial cells, we tested the effects of genetic and pharmacological inhibitors of the known ErbB2-dependent signaling pathways on Irf6 in these cells. Results We observed that trastuzumab and lapatinib upregulate Irf6 in ErbB2-positive human breast tumor cells and that neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based therapies tend to upregulate Irf6 in human breast tumors. We found that detachment-induced Irf6 upregulation in nonmalignant breast epithelial cells requires the presence of the transcription factor ∆Np63α and that Irf6 mediates their anoikis. We showed that ErbB2 blocks Irf6 upregulation in ErbB2-overproducing cells by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinases that inhibit ∆Np63α-dependent signals required for Irf6 upregulation. Finally, we demonstrated that ErbB2-driven Irf6 downregulation in ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells blocks their anoikis and promotes their anchorage-independent growth. Conclusions We have demonstrated that ErbB2 blocks anoikis of breast epithelial cells by downregulating Irf6. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1080-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Aw J, Scholz GM, Huq NL, Huynh J, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Interplay betweenPorphyromonas gingivalisand EGF signalling in the regulation of CXCL14. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12837. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Aw
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Glen M. Scholz
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Noorjahan Laila Huq
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Neil M. O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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17
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Starink E, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Visser TJ, Baan J, Peeters RP, de Graaff LCG. Genetic analysis of IRF6, a gene involved in craniofacial midline formation, in relation to pituitary and facial morphology of patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Pituitary 2017; 20:499-508. [PMID: 28593555 PMCID: PMC5606942 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-017-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland, which forms part of the craniofacial midline. IRF6 encodes a transcription factor involved in the development of the craniofacial midline and mutations in IRF6 are known to disturb craniofacial development. Craniofacial and pituitary development are closely related. After whole exome sequencing revealed a new mutation in IRF6 in a family with Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency (IGHD), we screened the remainder of our IGHD cohort for mutations in this gene and related their genotypes to pituitary and craniofacial morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We sequenced all coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of IRF6 in 81 patients with IGHD. We performed a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in order to exclude copy number variations in IRF6. We analyzed facial measurements taken from standardized digital pictures of 48 patients. RESULTS We found two new variants and eleven polymorphisms. Apart from the new mutation found in the index family (p.Arg233Cys), we found one other new heterozygous missense mutation in IRF6 (Pro456Ser). p.Arg233Cys was reported as extremely rare in exome databases (1 allele out of 120.852 alleles sequenced), strictly conserved among species and was predicted deleterious by all variant predictor programs. Pro456Ser was predicted to be benign. MLPA did not reveal any exon deletions or duplications in any of the patients. CONCLUSION This is the first report of IRF6 analysis in an IGHD cohort. We found one new mutation which, based on in silico analysis, could be of functional relevance. However, we did not find any mutations in the other patients. Therefore, we conclude that IRF6 defects are rare in IGHD patients and further research should focus on new candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Starink
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Pediatrics, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Baan
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C G de Graaff
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Li C, Ying W, Huang Z, Brehm T, Morin A, Vella AT, Zhou B. IRF6 Regulates Alternative Activation by Suppressing PPARγ in Male Murine Macrophages. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2837-2847. [PMID: 28645193 PMCID: PMC5659664 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant proinflammatory and suppressed anti-inflammatory (alternative; M2) macrophage activation underlies the chronic inflammation associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders. This study demonstrates a critical role for interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) in regulating macrophage M2 activation by suppressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression, a critical regulator of alternative macrophage polarization. The data demonstrate suppression of IRF6 in both M2 macrophages and obese adipose tissue macrophages. Using gain- and loss-of-function strategies, we confirmed that IRF6 knockdown enhanced M2 activation, whereas IRF6 overexpression dramatically attenuated M2 activation. Computational target prediction analysis coupled with chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that IRF6 suppresses PPARγ through binding IRF recognition sites located upstream of the PPARγ coding region. Taken together, our results suggest that an IRF6/PPARγ regulatory axis suppresses anti-inflammatory responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages and provides references for future study addressing dysregulated metabolic and immunologic homeostasis of obese adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Wei Ying
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Zheping Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Tyler Brehm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Andrew Morin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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Hammond NL, Dixon J, Dixon MJ. Periderm: Life-cycle and function during orofacial and epidermal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 91:75-83. [PMID: 28803895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate involves a complex series of embryonic events which, if disrupted, result in the common congenital anomaly cleft palate. The secondary palate forms from paired palatal shelves which grow initially vertically before elevating to a horizontal position above the tongue and fusing together in the midline via the medial edge epithelia. As the epithelia of the vertical palatal shelves are in contact with the mandibular and lingual epithelia, pathological fusions between the palate and the mandible and/or the tongue must be prevented. This function is mediated by the single cell layered periderm which forms in a distinct and reproducible pattern early in embryogenesis, exhibits highly polarised expression of adhesion complexes, and is shed from the outer surface as the epidermis acquires its barrier function. Disruption of periderm formation and/or function underlies a series of birth defects that exhibit multiple inter-epithelial adhesions including the autosomal dominant popliteal pterygium syndrome and the autosomal recessive cocoon syndrome and Bartsocas Papas syndrome. Genetic analyses of these conditions have shown that IRF6, IKKA, SFN, RIPK4 and GRHL3, all of which are under the transcriptional control of p63, play a key role in periderm formation. Despite these observations, the medial edge epithelia must rapidly acquire the capability to fuse if the palatal shelves are not to remain cleft. This process is driven by TGFβ3-mediated, down-regulation of p63 in the medial edge epithelia which allows periderm migration out of the midline epithelial seam and reduces the proliferative potential of the midline epithelial seam thereby preventing cleft palate. Together, these findings indicate that periderm plays a transient but fundamental role during embryogenesis in preventing pathological adhesion between intimately apposed, adhesion-competent epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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20
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Zhang Y, Li H. Reprogramming Interferon Regulatory Factor Signaling in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:210-223. [PMID: 28404737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins expressed not only in immune cells but also in other tissues and organs outside the immune system. In this review, we discuss mechanisms responsible for IRF-mediated innate immune responses and the function and mechanism of IRFs in cardiometabolic diseases. We focus on the role of IRFs in innate immunity and cardiometabolic homeostasis, and highlight reprogrammed IRF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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21
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Promotes Keratinocyte Differentiation in Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00858-16. [PMID: 28289145 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00858-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the expression of the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) transcription factor in oral keratinocytes was stimulated by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Here, we have established that IRF6 promotes the differentiation of oral keratinocytes in response to P. gingivalis This was evidenced by the IRF6-dependent upregulation of specific markers of keratinocyte terminal differentiation (e.g., involucrin [IVL] and keratin 13 [KRT13]), together with additional transcriptional regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, including Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) and Ovo-like zinc finger 1 (OVOL1). We have previously established that the transactivator function of IRF6 is activated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4). Consistently, the silencing of RIPK4 inhibited the stimulation of IVL, KRT13, GRHL3, and OVOL1 gene expression. IRF6 was shown to also regulate the stimulation of transglutaminase-1 (TGM1) gene expression by P. gingivalis, as well as that of small proline-rich proteins (e.g., SPRR1), which are covalently cross-linked by TGM1 to other proteins, including IVL, during cornification. The expression of the tight junction protein occludin (OCLN) was found to also be upregulated in an IRF6-dependent manner. IRF6 was demonstrated to be important for the barrier function of oral keratinocytes; specifically, silencing of IRF6 increased P. gingivalis-induced intercellular permeability and cell invasion. Taken together, our findings potentially position IRF6 as an important mediator of barrier defense against P. gingivalis.
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22
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RIPK4 activates an IRF6-mediated proinflammatory cytokine response in keratinocytes. Cytokine 2016; 83:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Joly S, Rhea L, Volk P, Moreland JG, Dunnwald M. Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Has a Protective Role in the Host Response to Endotoxic Shock. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152385. [PMID: 27035130 PMCID: PMC4817988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) 6, a member of the IRF family, is essential for epidermal and orofacial embryonic development. Irf6 is strongly expressed in keratinocytes, in which it regulates epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and migration. A recent role for Irf6 in Toll-like receptor 2-dependent chemokine gene expression was also reported in an epithelial cell line. However, a function for Irf6 in innate immune cells was not previously reported. In the present study, we investigated the expression and function of Irf6 in bone marrow-derived neutrophils and macrophages. We show here, using a conditional knockout of Irf6 in lysosymeM expressing cells, that Irf6 is required for resistance to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. In addition, Irf6-deficient bone marrow-derived neutrophils exhibited increased chemotactic index and velocity compared with wild-type cells in vitro. TLR4-specific KC and IL6 secretions were upregulated in Irf6-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. These cells also exhibited an increased level of phosphorylated IkBa. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for Irf6 in the resistance to endotoxic shock due to NFk-B-mediated alteration of cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Joly
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Rhea
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Paige Volk
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jessica G. Moreland
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Martine Dunnwald
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Huynh J, Scholz GM, Aw J, Kwa MQ, Achuthan A, Hamilton JA, Reynolds EC. IRF6 Regulates the Expression of IL-36γ by Human Oral Epithelial Cells in Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2230-8. [PMID: 26819203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) help to shape the immune response to pathogens by imparting signaling specificity to individual TLRs. We recently demonstrated that IRF6 provides specificity to TLR2 signaling in oral epithelial cells. TLR2 plays an important role in eliciting inflammation to Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in periodontitis. Therefore, we investigated a role for IRF6 in mediating the inflammatory cytokine response of oral epithelial cells to P. gingivalis. IRF6 expression was strongly upregulated when human oral epithelial cells were challenged with P. gingivalis. Moreover, gene silencing and gene promoter experiments indicated that IRF6 acts downstream of IL-1R-associated kinase 1 to stimulate the expression of the IL-1 family cytokine IL-36γ in response to P. gingivalis. IRF6 and IL-1R-associated kinase 1 also regulated the stimulation of IL-36γ expression by a TLR2 agonist. IL-36γ was shown to elicit inflammatory responses by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages, including the expression of the neutrophil chemokines IL-8 and CXCL1, as well as the Th17 chemokine CCL20. IL-36γ similarly stimulated their expression by human oral epithelial cells. Significantly, the Th17 cytokine IL-17 not only stimulated the expression of important regulators of neutrophil recruitment and survival by oral epithelial cells, but IL-17 also stimulated them to express IL-36γ. Thus, our findings suggest that IRF6 is likely to promote inflammation to P. gingivalis through its regulation of IL-36γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Huynh
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Glen M Scholz
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Jiamin Aw
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Mei Qi Kwa
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adrian Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
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A20 regulates IL-1-induced tolerant production of CXC chemokines in human mesangial cells via inhibition of MAPK signaling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18007. [PMID: 26648169 PMCID: PMC4673611 DOI: 10.1038/srep18007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in the resolution or progression of renal diseases. Locally secreted chemokines mediated leukocyte recruitment during the initiation and amplification phase of renal inflammation. However, the regulation of chemokine induction is not fully understood. In this study, we found that IL-1 induced a significant up-regulation of CXC chemokines CXCL1, 2, and 8 at both mRNA and protein levels in human mesangial cells. The induction of chemokines was tolerant, as the pre-treatment of HMC with IL-1 down-regulated the induction of chemokines induced by IL-1 re-stimulation. IL-1 up-regulated the ubiquintin-editing enzyme A20. A20 over-expression down-regulated IL-1-induced up-regulation of chemokines, and A20 down-regulation reversed chemokine inhibition induced by IL-1 pre-treatment, suggested that A20 played important roles in the tolerant production of chemokines. Unexpectedly, A20 over- expression inhibited the activation of ERK, JNK, and P38, but did not inhibit the activation of NF-κB. In addition, both IL-1 treatment and A20 over-expression induced the degradation of IRAK1, an important adaptor for IL-1R1 signaling, and A20 inhibition by RNA interference partly reversed the degradation of IRAK1. Taken together, IL-1-induced A20 negatively regulated chemokine production, suggesting that A20 may be an important target for the prevention and control of kidney inflammation.
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TLR3 drives IRF6-dependent IL-23p19 expression and p19/EBI3 heterodimer formation in keratinocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:771-9. [PMID: 26303210 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members impart cell-type specificity to toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, and we recently identified a role for IRF6 in TLR2 signalling in epithelial cells. TLR3 has a well-characterized role in wound healing in the skin, and here, we examined TLR3-dependent IRF6 functions in human keratinocytes. Primary keratinocytes responded robustly to the TLR3 agonist poly(IC) with upregulation of mRNAs for interferon-β (IFN-β), the interleukin-12 (IL-12) family member IL-23p19 and the chemokines IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5). Silencing of IRF6 expression enhanced poly(IC)-inducible IFN-β mRNA levels and inhibited poly(IC)-inducible IL-23p19 mRNA expression in primary keratinocytes. Consistent with these data, co-transfection of IRF6 increased poly(IC)-inducible IL-23p19 promoter activity, but inhibited poly(IC)-inducible IFN-β promoter activity in reporter assays. Surprisingly, poly(IC) did not regulate IL-12p40 expression in keratinocytes, suggesting that TLR3-inducible IL-23p19 may have an IL-23-independent function in these cells. The only other IL-12 family member that was strongly poly(IC) inducible was EBI3, which has not been shown to heterodimerize with IL-23p19. Both co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays revealed that IL-23p19 and EBI3 interact in cells. Co-expression of IL-23p19 and EBI3, as compared with IL-23p19 alone, resulted in increased levels of secreted IL-23p19, implying a functional role for this heterodimer. In summary, we report that IRF6 regulates a subset of TLR3 responses in human keratinocytes, including the production of a novel IL-12 family heterodimer (p19/EBI3). We propose that the TLR3-IRF6-p19/EBI3 axis may regulate keratinocyte and/or immune cell functions in the context of cell damage and wound healing in the skin.
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Disease-associated mutations in IRF6 and RIPK4 dysregulate their signalling functions. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1509-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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Theodoris CV, Li M, White MP, Liu L, He D, Pollard KS, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D. Human disease modeling reveals integrated transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency. Cell 2015; 160:1072-86. [PMID: 25768904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which transcription factor haploinsufficiency alters the epigenetic and transcriptional landscape in human cells to cause disease are unknown. Here, we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) to show that heterozygous nonsense mutations in NOTCH1 that cause aortic valve calcification disrupt the epigenetic architecture, resulting in derepression of latent pro-osteogenic and -inflammatory gene networks. Hemodynamic shear stress, which protects valves from calcification in vivo, activated anti-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory networks in NOTCH1(+/+), but not NOTCH1(+/-), iPSC-derived ECs. NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency altered H3K27ac at NOTCH1-bound enhancers, dysregulating downstream transcription of more than 1,000 genes involved in osteogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Computational predictions of the disrupted NOTCH1-dependent gene network revealed regulatory nodes that, when modulated, restored the network toward the NOTCH1(+/+) state. Our results highlight how alterations in transcription factor dosage affect gene networks leading to human disease and reveal nodes for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V Theodoris
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Molong Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark P White
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel He
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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30
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Kwa MQ, Huynh J, Aw J, Zhang L, Nguyen T, Reynolds EC, Sweet MJ, Hamilton JA, Scholz GM. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 and interferon regulatory factor 6 function as a signaling axis to regulate keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31077-87. [PMID: 25246526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) and interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) are critical regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, and their mutation causes the related developmental epidermal disorders Bartsocas-Papas syndrome and popliteal pterygium syndrome, respectively. However, the signaling pathways in which RIPK4 and IRF6 operate to regulate keratinocyte differentiation are poorly defined. Here we identify and mechanistically define a direct functional relationship between RIPK4 and IRF6. Gene promoter reporter and in vitro kinase assays, coimmunoprecipitation experiments, and confocal microscopy demonstrated that RIPK4 directly regulates IRF6 trans-activator activity and nuclear translocation. Gene knockdown and overexpression studies indicated that the RIPK4-IRF6 signaling axis controls the expression of key transcriptional regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, including Grainyhead-like 3 and OVO-like 1. Additionally, we demonstrate that the p.Ile121Asn missense mutation in RIPK4, which has been identified recently in Bartsocas-Papas syndrome, inhibits its kinase activity, thereby preventing RIPK4-mediated IRF6 activation and nuclear translocation. We show, through mutagenesis-based experiments, that Ser-413 and Ser-424 in IRF6 are important for its activation by RIPK4. RIPK4 is also important for the regulation of IRF6 expression by the protein kinase C pathway. Therefore, our findings not only provide important mechanistic insights into the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation by RIPK4 and IRF6, but they also suggest one mechanism by which mutations in RIPK4 may cause epidermal disorders (e.g. Bartsocas-Papas syndrome), namely by the impaired activation of IRF6 by RIPK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qi Kwa
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Jiamin Aw
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and
| | - Lianyi Zhang
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Glen M Scholz
- From the Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and Bio21 Institute, and Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
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