1
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon R, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK, rescues contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541840. [PMID: 37292593 PMCID: PMC10245941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC 20 ) is a critical switch leading to contraction or cell migration. The canonical view held that the only kinase catalyzing this reaction is the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1). Auxiliary kinases may be involved and play a vital role in blood pressure homeostasis. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with the classical MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries and regulating blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods Fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues were used as embryos die at birth. We investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility, cell migration and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized it's signaling pathway in SM. Results Agonists induced contraction and RLC 20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM, that was inhibited by RSK2 inhibitors. Embryos developed and cells migrated in the absence of MLCK. The pCa-tension relationships in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles demonstrated a Ca 2+ -dependency due to the Ca 2+ -dependent tyrosine kinase Pyk2, known to activate PDK1 that phosphorylates and fully activates RSK2. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway. The Ca 2+ -independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC 20 , to increase contraction. RSK2, PDK1, Erk1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, optimally positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. Conclusions RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca 2+ /CAM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility and cell migration.
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2
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Semaphorin3F Drives Dendritic Spine Pruning Through Rho-GTPase Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3817-3834. [PMID: 33856648 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines of cortical pyramidal neurons are initially overproduced then remodeled substantially in the adolescent brain to achieve appropriate excitatory balance in mature circuits. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of developmental spine pruning by Semaphorin 3F (Sema3F) and its holoreceptor complex, which consists of immunoglobulin-class adhesion molecule NrCAM, Neuropilin-2 (Npn2), and PlexinA3 (PlexA3) signaling subunits. Structure-function studies of the NrCAM-Npn2 interface showed that NrCAM stabilizes binding between Npn2 and PlexA3 necessary for Sema3F-induced spine pruning. Using a mouse neuronal culture system, we identified a dual signaling pathway for Sema3F-induced pruning, which involves activation of Tiam1-Rac1-PAK1-3 -LIMK1/2-Cofilin1 and RhoA-ROCK1/2-Myosin II in dendritic spines. Inhibitors of actin remodeling impaired spine collapse in the cortical neurons. Elucidation of these pathways expands our understanding of critical events that sculpt neuronal networks and may provide insight into how interruptions to these pathways could lead to spine dysgenesis in diseases such as autism, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
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3
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Tao J, Barnett JV, Watanabe M, Ramírez-Bergeron D. Hypoxia Supports Epicardial Cell Differentiation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through the Activation of the TGFβ Pathway. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5020019. [PMID: 29652803 PMCID: PMC6023394 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) are an important pool of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells. Through epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), EPDCs invade the subepicardium and myocardium and further differentiate into several cell types required for coronary vessel formation. We previously showed that epicardial hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling mediates the invasion of vascular precursor cells critical for patterning the coronary vasculature. Here, we examine the regulatory role of hypoxia (1% oxygen) on EPDC differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results: Hypoxia stimulates EMT and enhances expression of several VSMC markers in mouse epicardial cell cultures. This stimulation is specifically blocked by inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) receptor I. Further analyses indicated that hypoxia increases the expression level of TGFβ-1 ligand and phosphorylation of TGFβ receptor II, suggesting an indispensable role of the TGFβ pathway in hypoxia-stimulated VSMC differentiation. We further demonstrate that the non-canonical RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway acts as the main downstream effector of TGFβ to modulate hypoxia’s effect on VSMC differentiation. Conclusion: Our results reveal a novel role of epicardial HIF in mediating coronary vasculogenesis by promoting their differentiation into VSMCs through noncanonical TGFβ signaling. These data elucidate that patterning of the coronary vasculature is influenced by epicardial hypoxic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, The Congenital Heart Collaborative, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Diana Ramírez-Bergeron
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- University Hospitals Harrington-McLaughlin Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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4
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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5
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Wang S, Yu J, Jones JW, Pierzchalski K, Kane MA, Trainor PA, Xavier-Neto J, Moise AR. Retinoic acid signaling promotes the cytoskeletal rearrangement of embryonic epicardial cells. FASEB J 2018; 32:3765-3781. [PMID: 29447006 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701038r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All- trans-retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite, is an important signaling molecule required for the proper development of the heart. The epicardium is the main source of RA in the embryonic heart, yet the cardiogenic functions of epicardial-produced RA are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the roles of RA signaling in the embryonic epicardium using in vivo and in vitro models of excess or deficiency of RA. Our results suggested that RA signaling facilitates the cytoskeletal rearrangement required for the epicardial-to-mesenchymal transition of epicardial cells. In vivo treatment with an inhibitor of RA synthesis delayed the migration of epicardial-derived precursor cells (EPDCs) into the myocardium; the opposite was seen in the case of dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (DHRS)3-deficient embryos, a mouse model of RA excess. Analysis of the behavior of epicardial cells exposed to RA receptor agonists or inhibitors of RA synthesis in vitro revealed that appropriate levels of RA are important in orchestrating the platelet-derived growth factor-induced loss of epithelial character, cytoskeletal remodeling, and migration, necessary for the infiltration of the myocardium by EPDCs. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which RA regulates epicardial cytoskeletal rearrangement, we used a whole transcriptome profiling approach, which in combination with pull-down and inhibition assays, demonstrated that the Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) pathway is required for the morphologic changes induced by RA in epicardial cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that RA regulates the cytoskeletal rearrangement of epicardial cells via a signaling cascade that involves the RhoA pathway.-Wang, S., Yu, J., Jones, J. W., Pierzchalski, K., Kane, M. A., Trainor, P. A., Xavier-Neto, J., Moise, A. R. Retinoic acid signaling promotes the cytoskeletal rearrangement of embryonic epicardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - José Xavier-Neto
- Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Alexander R Moise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Sheta R, Wang ZQ, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Gobeil S, Morin C, Macdonald E, Vanderhyden B, Bachvarov D. Hic-5 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells in a TGFβ1-independent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82506-82530. [PMID: 29137281 PMCID: PMC5669907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) dissemination is still poorly understood. We have previously identified the hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) gene as hypomethylated in high-grade (HG) serous EOC tumors, compared to normal ovarian tissues. Hic-5 is a focal adhesion scaffold protein and has been primarily studied for its role as a key mediator of TGF-β–induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cells of both normal and malignant origin; however, its role in EOC has been never investigated. Here we demonstrate that Hic-5 is overexpressed in advanced EOC, and that Hic-5 is upregulated upon TGFβ1 treatment in the EOC cell line with epithelial morphology (A2780s), associated with EMT induction. However, ectopic expression of Hic-5 in A2780s cells induces EMT independently of TGFβ1, accompanied with enhancement of cellular proliferation rate and migratory/invasive capacity and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, Hic-5 knockdown in the EOC cells with mesenchymal morphology (SKOV3) was accompanied by induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), followed by a reduction of their proliferative, migratory/invasive capacity, and increased drugs sensitivity in vitro, as well as enhanced tumor cell colonization and metastatic growth in vivo. The modulation of Hic-5 expression in EOC cells resulted in altered regulation of numerous EMT-related canonical pathways and was indicative for a possible role of Hic-5 in controlling EMT through a RhoA/ROCK mediated mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first report examining the role of Hic-5 in EOC, and its role in maintaining the mesenchymal phenotype of EOC cells independently of exogenous TGFβ1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Sheta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Magdalena Bachvarova
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Plante
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sebastianelli
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantale Morin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
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7
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Ma X, Sung DC, Yang Y, Wakabayashi Y, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin IIB regulates epicardial integrity and epicardium-derived mesenchymal cell maturation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2696-2706. [PMID: 28687623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB; heavy chain encoded by MYH10) is essential for cardiac myocyte cytokinesis. The role of NMIIB in other cardiac cells is not known. Here, we show that NMIIB is required in epicardial formation and functions to support myocardial proliferation and coronary vessel development. Ablation of NMIIB in epicardial cells results in disruption of epicardial integrity with a loss of E-cadherin at cell-cell junctions and a focal detachment of epicardial cells from the myocardium. NMIIB-knockout and blebbistatin-treated epicardial explants demonstrate impaired mesenchymal cell maturation during epicardial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This is manifested by an impaired invasion of collagen gels by the epicardium-derived mesenchymal cells and the reorganization of the cytoskeletal structure. Although there is a marked decrease in the expression of mesenchymal genes, there is no change in Snail (also known as Snai1) or E-cadherin expression. Studies from epicardium-specific NMIIB-knockout mice confirm the importance of NMIIB for epicardial integrity and epicardial functions in promoting cardiac myocyte proliferation and coronary vessel formation during heart development. Our findings provide a novel mechanism linking epicardial formation and epicardial function to the activity of the cytoplasmic motor protein NMIIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Derek C Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Yanqin Yang
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Yoshi Wakabayashi
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
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8
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Ravindran E, Hu H, Yuzwa SA, Hernandez-Miranda LR, Kraemer N, Ninnemann O, Musante L, Boltshauser E, Schindler D, Hübner A, Reinecker HC, Ropers HH, Birchmeier C, Miller FD, Wienker TF, Hübner C, Kaindl AM. Homozygous ARHGEF2 mutation causes intellectual disability and midbrain-hindbrain malformation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006746. [PMID: 28453519 PMCID: PMC5428974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-hindbrain malformations can occur during embryogenesis through a disturbance of transient and localized gene expression patterns within these distinct brain structures. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARHGEF) family members are key for controlling the spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPase, to modulate cytoskeleton dynamics, cell division, and cell migration. We identified, by means of whole exome sequencing, a homozygous frameshift mutation in the ARHGEF2 as a cause of intellectual disability, a midbrain-hindbrain malformation, and mild microcephaly in a consanguineous pedigree of Kurdish-Turkish descent. We show that loss of ARHGEF2 perturbs progenitor cell differentiation and that this is associated with a shift of mitotic spindle plane orientation, putatively favoring more symmetric divisions. The ARHGEF2 mutation leads to reduction in the activation of the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway crucial for cell migration. We demonstrate that the human brain malformation is recapitulated in Arhgef2 mutant mice and identify an aberrant migration of distinct components of the precerebellar system as a pathomechanism underlying the midbrain-hindbrain phenotype. Our results highlight the crucial function of ARHGEF2 in human brain development and identify a mutation in ARHGEF2 as novel cause of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethiraj Ravindran
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Scott A. Yuzwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Kraemer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ninnemann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luciana Musante
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Detlev Schindler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Hübner
- Pediatrics, University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Freda D. Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Christoph Hübner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Deng SB, Jing XD, Wei XM, Du JL, Liu YJ, Qin Q, She Q. Triiodothyronine promotes the proliferation of epicardial progenitor cells through the MAPK/ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:372-377. [PMID: 28315333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone has important functions in the development and physiological function of the heart. The aim of this study was to determine whether 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine (T3) can promote the proliferation of epicardial progenitor cells (EPCs) and to investigate the potential underlying mechanism. Our results showed that T3 significantly promoted the proliferation of EPCs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The thyroid hormone nuclear receptor inhibitor bisphenol A (100 μmol/L) did not affect T3's ability to induce proliferation. Further studies showed that the mRNA expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), MAPK3, and Ki67 in EPCs in the T3 group (10 nmol/L) increased 2.9-, 3-, and 4.1-fold, respectively, compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression of the cell cycle protein cyclin D1 in the T3 group increased approximately 2-fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and there were more EPCs in the S phase of the cell cycle (20.6% vs. 12.0%, P < 0.05). The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway inhibitor U0126 (10 μmol/L) significantly inhibited the ability of T3 to promote the proliferation of EPCs and to alter cell cycle progression. This study suggested that T3 significantly promotes the proliferation of EPCs, and this effect may be achieved through activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bai Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Jing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wei
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Nanchuan District, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Jian-Lin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ya-Jie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qiang She
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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10
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Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:620-638. [PMID: 27339799 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of cardiac fibroblasts has moved beyond their roles in heart structure and extracellular matrix generation and now includes their contributions to paracrine, mechanical and electrical signalling during ontogenesis and normal cardiac activity. Fibroblasts also have central roles in pathogenic remodelling during myocardial ischaemia, hypertension and heart failure. As key contributors to scar formation, they are crucial for tissue repair after interventions including surgery and ablation. Novel experimental approaches targeting cardiac fibroblasts are promising potential therapies for heart disease. Indeed, several existing drugs act, at least partially, through effects on cardiac connective tissue. This Review outlines the origins and roles of fibroblasts in cardiac development, homeostasis and disease; illustrates the involvement of fibroblasts in current and emerging clinical interventions; and identifies future targets for research and development.
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11
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Bai X, Dee R, Mangum KD, Mack CP, Taylor JM. RhoA signaling and blood pressure: The consequence of failing to “Tone it Down”. World J Hypertens 2016; 6:18-35. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v6.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure and contributes to an estimated 25% of deaths worldwide. Despite numerous treatment options, estimates project that reasonable blood pressure (BP) control is achieved in only about half of hypertensive patients. Improvements in the detection and management of hypertension will undoubtedly be accomplished through a better understanding of the complex etiology of this disease and a more comprehensive inventory of the genes and genetic variants that influence BP regulation. Recent studies (primarily in pre-clinical models) indicate that the small GTPase RhoA and its downstream target, Rho kinase, play an important role in regulating BP homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the underlying mechanisms and highlight signaling pathways and regulators that impart tight spatial-temporal control of RhoA activity. We also discuss known allelic variations in the RhoA pathway and consider how these polymorphisms may affect genetic risk for hypertension and its clinical manifestations. Finally, we summarize the current (albeit limited) clinical data on the efficacy of targeting the RhoA pathway in hypertensive patients.
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12
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Ariza L, Carmona R, Cañete A, Cano E, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Coelomic epithelium-derived cells in visceral morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:307-22. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ariza
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
| | - Rita Carmona
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
| | - Ana Cañete
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
| | - Elena Cano
- Integrative Vascular Biology Lab, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13092, Berlin Germany
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
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Wang M, Wang XJ, Liu BR. Effect of shRNA targeted against RhoA on proliferation and migration of human colonic cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7040-7044. [PMID: 26261596 PMCID: PMC4525930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of RhoA siRNA on the malignant phenotypes of human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo. METHODS The siRNA expression vector pGPU6/GFP/Neo-shRNA-RhoA targeting the mRNA of RhoA and vector pGPU6/GFP/Neo-NC (as a control) were constructed, and then transfected into LoVo cells. The expression of Survivin was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The malignant phenotypes of transfected LoVo cells, including invasive activities and adhesive capabilities, were analyzed. RESULTS RhoA mRNA and protein level were decreased after the pshRNA-RhoA transfection. The cell adhesion rates significantly decreased in the cells transfected with pshRNA-RhoA. The migrating number of LoVo cells (26.5 ± 0.9) transfected with pshRNA-RhoA was also significantly decreased as compared with the control group (53.7 ± 1.4). CONCLUSIONS The sequence specific shRNA against RhoA constructed in the study can block the expression of RhoA in LoVo cell effectively and specifically; Blocking the expression of RhoA in LoVo cells transfected with pshRNA-RhoA can reduce their invasive and adhesive capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Xiu-Jie Wang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHeilongjiang, Harbin, China
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