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Bilyalova A, Bilyalov A, Filatov N, Shagimardanova E, Kiyasov A, Vorontsova M, Gusev O. Non-classical animal models for studying adrenal diseases: advantages, limitations, and implications for research. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:25. [PMID: 38898483 PMCID: PMC11186145 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of adrenal disorders is a key component of scientific research, driven by the complex innervation, unique structure, and essential functions of the adrenal glands. This review explores the use of non-traditional animal models for studying congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It highlights the advantages, limitations, and relevance of these models, including domestic ferrets, dogs, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, pigs, and spiny mice. We provide a detailed analysis of the histological structure, steroidogenesis pathways, and genetic characteristics of these animal models. The morphological and functional similarities between the adrenal glands of spiny mice and humans highlight their potential as an important avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Bilyalova
- Institute of fundamental medicine and biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Airat Bilyalov
- Institute of fundamental medicine and biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
- Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - Nikita Filatov
- Institute of fundamental medicine and biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, 111123, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Andrey Kiyasov
- Institute of fundamental medicine and biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | | | - Oleg Gusev
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Moscow, 121205, Russia.
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, 117292, Russia.
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Li SJ, Wu YL, Chen JH, Shen SY, Duan J, Xu HE. Autoimmune diseases: targets, biology, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:674-685. [PMID: 38097717 PMCID: PMC10943205 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) arise from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, wherein the adaptive immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues and organs. AIDs impose excessive treatment costs and currently rely on non-specific and universal immunosuppression, which only offer symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying causes. AIDs are driven by autoantigens, targeting the autoantigens holds great promise in transforming the treatment of these diseases. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying different AIDs and the identification of specific autoantigens are critical. In this review, we categorize AIDs based on their underlying causes and compile information on autoantigens implicated in each disease, providing a roadmap for the development of novel immunotherapy regimens. We will focus on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is an autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the Langerhans islets of the pancreas. We will discuss insulin as possible autoantigen of T1D and its role in T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we will review current treatments of TID and propose a potentially effective immunotherapy targeting autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yan-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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3
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Guengerich FP. Ninety-eight semesters of cytochrome P450 enzymes and related topics-What have I taught and learned? J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105625. [PMID: 38185246 PMCID: PMC10847173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This Reflection article begins with my family background and traces my career through elementary and high school, followed by time at the University of Illinois, Vanderbilt University, the University of Michigan, and then for 98 semesters as a Vanderbilt University faculty member. My research career has dealt with aspects of cytochrome P450 enzymes, and the basic biochemistry has had applications in fields as diverse as drug metabolism, toxicology, medicinal chemistry, pharmacogenetics, biological engineering, and bioremediation. I am grateful for the opportunity to work with the Journal of Biological Chemistry not only as an author but also for 34 years as an Editorial Board Member, Associate Editor, Deputy Editor, and interim Editor-in-Chief. Thanks are extended to my family and my mentors, particularly Profs. Harry Broquist and Minor J. Coon, and the more than 170 people who have trained with me. I have never lost the enthusiasm for research that I learned in the summer of 1968 with Harry Broquist, and I have tried to instill this in the many trainees I have worked with. A sentence I use on closing slides is "It's not just a laboratory-it's a fraternity."
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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4
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Zhan Y, Wang A, Yu Y, Chen J, Xu X, Nie J, Lin J. Inhibitory mechanism of vortioxetine on CYP450 enzymes in human and rat liver microsomes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1199548. [PMID: 37790811 PMCID: PMC10544575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vortioxetine is a novel anti-major depression disorder drug with a high safety profile compared with other similar drugs. However, little research has been done on drug-drug interactions (DDI) about vortioxetine. In this paper, the inhibitory effect of vortioxetine on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and the type of inhibitory mechanism were investigated in human and rat liver microsomes. We set up an in vitro incubation system of 200 μL to measure the metabolism of probe substrates at the present of vortioxetine at 37°C. The concentrations of the metabolites of probe substrates were all measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. It was found no time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of vortioxetine through determination of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) shift values. The enzymes and metabolites involved in this experiment in human and rats were as follows: CYP3A4/CYP3A (midazolam); CYP2B6/CYP2B (bupropion); CYP2D6/CYP2D (dextromethorphan); CYP2C8/CYP2C-1 (amodiaquine); CYP2C9/CYP2C-2 (losartan); and CYP2C19/CYP2C-3 (mephenytoin). We found that vortioxetine competitively inhibited CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes (HLMs) with inhibition constant (Ki) values of 2.17 μM and 9.37 μM, respectively. It was noncompetitive inhibition for CYP3A4 and CYP2C8, and its Ki values were 7.26 μM and 6.96 μM, respectively. For CYP2B6 and CYP2C9, vortioxetine exhibited the mixed inhibition with Ki values were 8.55 μM and 4.17 μM, respectively. In RLMs, the type of vortioxetine inhibition was uncompetitive for CYP3A and CYP2D (Ki = 4.41 and 100.9 μM). The inhibition type was competitive inhibition, including CYP2B and CYP2C-2 (Ki = 2.87 and 0.12 μM). The inhibition types of CYP2C-1 and CYP2C-3 (Ki = 39.91 and 4.23 μM) were mixed inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition, respectively. The study of the above mechanism will provide guidance for the safe clinical use of vortioxetine so that the occurrence of DDI can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anzhou Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yige Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Petrunak EM, Bart AG, Peng HM, Auchus RJ, Scott EE. Human cytochrome P450 17A1 structures with metabolites of prostate cancer drug abiraterone reveal substrate-binding plasticity and a second binding site. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102999. [PMID: 36773804 PMCID: PMC10023946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate is a first-line therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. This prodrug is deacetylated in vivo to abiraterone, which is a potent and specific inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1). CYP17A1 performs two sequential steps that are required for the biosynthesis of androgens that drive prostate cancer proliferation, analogous to estrogens in breast cancer. Abiraterone can be further metabolized in vivo on the steroid A ring to multiple metabolites that also inhibit CYP17A1. Despite its design as an active-site-directed substrate analog, abiraterone and its metabolites demonstrate mixed competitive/noncompetitive inhibition. To understand their binding, we solved the X-ray structures of CYP17A1 with three primary abiraterone metabolites. Despite different conformations of the steroid A ring and substituents, all three bound in the CYP17A1 active site with the steroid core packed against the I helix and the A ring C3 keto or hydroxyl oxygen forming a hydrogen bond with N202 similar to abiraterone itself. The structure of CYP17A1 with 3-keto, 5α-abiraterone was solved to 2.0 Å, the highest resolution to date for a CYP17A1 complex. This structure had additional electron density near the F/G loop, which is likely a second molecule of the inhibitor and which may explain the noncompetitive inhibition. Mutation of the adjacent Asn52 to Tyr positions its side chain in this space, maintains enzyme activity, and prevents binding of the peripheral ligand. Collectively, our findings provide further insight into abiraterone metabolite binding and CYP17A1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Aaron G Bart
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hwei-Ming Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Endocrinology & Metabolism Section, Medicine Service, LTC Charles S. Kettles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA; Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Rational design of thermophilic CYP119 for progesterone hydroxylation by in silico mutagenesis and docking screening. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108323. [PMID: 36137435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-based chemicals can affect the metabolism, immune functions, and development of sexual characteristics. Because of these effects, steroid derivatives are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Progesterone is a steroid-based hormone that mainly controls the ovulation period of women but is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of important hormones like testosterone and cortisone. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are important for the production of hydroxyprogesterones in the industry since they can catalyze regio- and enantioselective hydroxylation reactions. Although human CYP enzymes can catalyze hydroxyprogesterone synthesis with high selectivity, these enzymes are membrane bound, which limits their application for industrial production. CYP119 is a soluble and thermophilic enzyme from the archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Even though the native substrate of the enzyme is not known, CYP119 can catalyze styrene epoxidation, lauric acid hydroxylation, and Amplex®Red peroxidation. In this work, an in silico mutagenesis approach was used to design CYP119 mutants with high progesterone affinity. Energy scores of progesterone docking simulations were used for the design and elimination of single, double, and triple mutants of CYP119. Among designed 674 mutants, five of them match the criteria for progesterone hydroxylation. The most common mutation of these five mutants, L69G mutant was analyzed using independent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in comparison with the wild-type (WT) enzyme. L69G CYP119, was expressed and isolated from Escherichia coli; it showed 800-fold higher affinity for progesterone compared to WT CYP119. L69G CYP119 also catalyzed progesterone hydroxylation. The novel designed enzyme L69G CYP119 is a potential versatile biocatalyst for progesterone hydroxylation that is expected to be stable under industrial production conditions.
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Xia Y, Shi P, Gao S, Liu N, Zhang H, Kong X. Genetic analysis and novel variation identification in Chinese patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 222:106156. [PMID: 35882282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. The aim of the study was to analyze the molecular data of 155 21-OHD patients and retrospectively investigated the common allelic mutations of CYP21A2 in 1442 Chinese 21-OHD patients. Clinical features and mutations of CYP21A2 gene in 155 unrelated 21-OHD patients were examined. Of the 155 patients, 103 cases were salt-wasting (SW) forms, 38 were simple virilizing (SV) forms and 14 were non-classical (NC) forms. In general, two types of mutations including common allelic mutations (281/310, 90.6%) and rare mutations (29/310, 9.4%) were detected, among them four novel variants c.835G>T, c.1081C>T, c.1423C>T and c.651 + 2 T > G were identified. In 1442 Chinese 21-OHD patients, the most frequently mutations were I2G (36.2%), large deletion/conversion (20.7%) and p.I173N (17.8%), while p.V282L has the lowest frequency. In this study, we provided detailed clinical data and mutation spectrum in Chinese 21-OHD patients. Moreover, four novel CYP21A2 variants (c.835G>T, c.1081C>T, c.1423C>T and c.651 +2 T > G) were identified and computational structural modeling indicated that these novel variations probably affect structural stability. Our findings improve the understanding of CYP21A2 mutational spectrum and contribute to the precise diagnosis and prenatal counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Xia
- Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Gene Editing of Human Genetic Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panlai Shi
- Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Gene Editing of Human Genetic Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Gene Editing of Human Genetic Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Gene Editing of Human Genetic Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Gene Editing of Human Genetic Disease, Zhengzhou, China.
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Krishnarjuna B, Im SC, Ravula T, Marte J, Auchus RJ, Ramamoorthy A. Non-Ionic Inulin-Based Polymer Nanodiscs Enable Functional Reconstitution of a Redox Complex Composed of Oppositely Charged CYP450 and CPR in a Lipid Bilayer Membrane. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11908-11915. [PMID: 35977417 PMCID: PMC10851674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although polymer-based lipid nanodiscs are increasingly used in the structural studies of membrane proteins, the charge of the belt-forming polymer is a major limitation for functional reconstitution of membrane proteins possessing an opposite net charge to that of the polymer. This limitation also rules out the reconstitution of a protein-protein complex composed of oppositely charged membrane proteins. In this study, we report the first successful functional reconstitution of a membrane-bound redox complex constituting a cationic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and an anionic cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in non-ionic inulin-based lipid nanodiscs. The gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase-transition temperature (Tm) of DMPC:DMPG (7:3 w/w) lipids in polymer nanodiscs was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 31P NMR experiments. The CYP450-CPR redox complex reconstitution in polymer nanodiscs was characterized by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and the electron transfer kinetics was carried out using the stopped-flow technique under anaerobic conditions. The Tm of DMPC:DMPG (7:3 w/w) in polymer nanodiscs measured from 31P NMR agrees with that obtained from DSC and was found to be higher than that for liposomes due to the decreased cooperativity of lipids present in the nanodiscs. The stopped-flow measurements revealed the CYP450-CPR redox complex reconstituted in nanodiscs to be functional, and the electron transfer kinetics was found to be temperature-dependent. Based on the successful demonstration of the use of non-ionic inulin-based polymer nanodiscs reported in this study, we expect them to be useful in studying the function and structures of a variety of membrane proteins/complexes irrespective of the charge of the molecular components. Since the polymer nanodiscs were shown to align in an externally applied magnetic field, they can also be used to measure residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and residual quadrupolar couplings (RQCs) for various molecules ranging from small molecules to soluble proteins and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Biophysics Program, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Sang-Choul Im
- Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thirupathi Ravula
- Biophysics Program, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Joseph Marte
- Biophysics Program, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Richard J. Auchus
- Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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The adrenal steroid profile in adolescent depression: a valuable bio-readout? Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:255. [PMID: 35717450 PMCID: PMC9206671 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is preliminary evidence that adrenal steroids other than cortisol may be valuable biomarkers for major depressive disorder (MDD). So far, studies have been conducted in adults only, and conclusions are limited, mainly due to small sample sizes. Therefore, the present study assessed whether adrenal steroids serve as biomarkers for adolescent MDD. In 261 depressed adolescents (170 females) treated at a single psychiatric hospital, serum adrenal steroids (progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Findings were compared to that of an age- and sex-matched reference cohort (N = 255) by nonparametric analysis of variance. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of single steroids and steroid ratios to classify depression status. Sensitivity analyses considered important confounders of adrenal functioning, and ROC results were verified by cross-validation. Compared to the reference cohort, levels of deoxycorticosterone and 21-deoxycortisol were decreased (P < 0.001). All other glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid-related steroids were increased (P < 0.001). The corticosterone to deoxycorticosterone ratio evidenced excellent classification characteristics, especially in females (AUC: 0.957; sensitivity: 0.902; specificity: 0.891). The adrenal steroid metabolome qualifies as a bio-readout reflecting adolescent MDD by a distinct steroid pattern that indicates dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Moreover, the corticosterone to deoxycorticosterone ratio may prospectively qualify to contribute to precision medicine in psychiatry by identifying those patients who might benefit from antiglucocorticoid treatment or those at risk for recurrence when adrenal dysfunction has not resolved.
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10
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Berry V, Pontikos N, Ionides A, Kalitzeos A, Quinlan RA, Michaelides M. Pathogenic variants in the CYP21A2 gene cause isolated autosomal dominant congenital posterior polar cataracts. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:218-223. [PMID: 34748434 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1998556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cataracts are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Inherited cataract is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease. Here we report disease-causing variants in a novel gene, CYP21A2, causing autosomal dominant posterior polar cataract. Variants in this gene are known to cause autosomal recessive congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). METHODS Using whole-exome sequencing (WES), we have identified disease-causing sequence variants in two families of British and Irish origin, and in two isolated cases of Asian-Indian and British origin. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed these variants as rare with damaging pathogenicity scores. Segregation was tested within the families using direct Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A nonsense variant NM_000500.9 c.955 C > T; p.Q319* was identified in CYP21A2 in two families with posterior polar cataract and in an isolated case with unspecified congenital cataract phenotype. This is the same variant previously linked to CAH and identified as Q318* in the literature. We have also identified a rare missense variant NM_000500.9 c.770 T > C; p.M257T in an isolated case with unspecified congenital cataract phenotype. CONCLUSION This is the first report of separate sequence variants in CYP21A2 associated with congenital cataract. Our findings extend the genetic basis for congenital cataract and add to the phenotypic spectrum of CYP21A2 variants and particularly the CAH associated Q318* variant. CYP21A2 has a significant role in mineralo- and gluco-corticoid biosynthesis. These findings suggest that CYP21A2 may be important for extra-adrenal biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in the eye lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Berry
- Department of Genetics, Ucl Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- Department of Genetics, Ucl Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Ionides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Angelos Kalitzeos
- Department of Genetics, Ucl Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Roy A Quinlan
- School of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Department of Genetics, Ucl Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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11
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Fujiyama K, Hino T, Nagano S. Diverse reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and biosynthesis of steroid hormone. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190021. [PMID: 35859988 PMCID: PMC9260165 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones modulate numerous physiological processes in various higher organisms. Research on the physiology, biosynthesis, and metabolic degradation of steroid hormones is crucial for developing drugs, agrochemicals, and anthelmintics. Most steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways, excluding those in insects, have been elucidated, and the roles of several cytochrome P450s (CYPs, P450s), heme (iron protoporphyrin IX)-containing monooxygenases, have been identified. Specifically, P450s of the animal steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and their three dimensional structures and reaction mechanisms have been extensively studied; however, the mechanisms of several uncommon P450 reactions involved in animal steroid hormone biosynthesis and structures and reaction mechanisms of various P450s involved in plant and insect steroid hormone biosynthesis remain unclear. Recently, we determined the crystal structure of P450 responsible for the first and rate-determining step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis and clarified the regio- and stereo-selectivity in the hydroxylation reaction mechanism. In this review, we have outlined the general catalytic cycle, reaction mechanism, and structure of P450s. Additionally, we have described the recent advances in research on the reaction mechanisms of steroid hormone biosynthesis-related P450s, some of which catalyze unusual P450 reactions including C–C bond cleavage reactions by utilizing either a heme–peroxo anion species or compound I as an active oxidizing species. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, Structure and mechanism of cytochrome P450s involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 61, p. 189–191 (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujiyama
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
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12
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Characterization of Mutations Causing CYP21A2 Deficiency in Brazilian and Portuguese Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010296. [PMID: 35008721 PMCID: PMC8745212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP21A2) represents 90% of cases in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), an autosomal recessive disease caused by defects in cortisol biosynthesis. Computational prediction and functional studies are often the only way to classify variants to understand the links to disease-causing effects. Here we investigated the pathogenicity of uncharacterized variants in the CYP21A2 gene reported in Brazilian and Portuguese populations. Physicochemical alterations, residue conservation, and effect on protein structure were accessed by computational analysis. The enzymatic performance was obtained by functional assay with the wild-type and mutant CYP21A2 proteins expressed in HEK293 cells. Computational analysis showed that p.W202R, p.E352V, and p.R484L have severely impaired the protein structure, while p.P35L, p.L199P, and p.P433L have moderate effects. The p.W202R, p.E352V, p.P433L, and p.R484L variants showed residual 21OH activity consistent with the simple virilizing phenotype. The p.P35L and p.L199P variants showed partial 21OH efficiency associated with the non-classical phenotype. Additionally, p.W202R, p.E352V, and p.R484L also modified the protein expression level. We have determined how the selected CYP21A2 gene mutations affect the 21OH activity through structural and activity alteration contributing to the future diagnosis and management of CYP21A2 deficiency.
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13
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Vogt CD, Bart AG, Yadav R, Scott EE, Aubé J. Effects of fluorine substitution on substrate conversion by cytochromes P450 17A1 and 21A2. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7664-7669. [PMID: 34524336 PMCID: PMC10042386 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 17A1 (CYP7A1) and 21A2 (CYP21A2) catalyze key reactions in the production of steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. With the ultimate goal of designing probes that are selectively metabolized to each of these steroid types, fluorinated derivatives of the endogenous substrates, pregnenolone and progesterone, were prepared to study the effects on CYP17A1 and CYP21A2 activity. In the functional assays, the hydroxylase reactions catalysed by each of these enzymes were blocked when fluorine was introduced at the site of metabolism (positions 17 and 21 of the steroid core, respectively). CYP17A1, furthermore, performed the 17,20-lyase reaction on substrates with a fluorine installed at the 21-position. Importantly, none of the substitutions examined herein prevented compound entry into the active sites of either CYP17A1 or CYP21A2 as demonstrated by spectral binding assays. Taken together, the results suggest that fluorine might be used to redirect the metabolic pathways of pregnenolone and progesterone to specific types of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D Vogt
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | - Aaron G Bart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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14
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Loke S, Stoll A, Machalz D, Botrè F, Wolber G, Bureik M, Parr MK. Corticosteroid Biosynthesis Revisited: No Direct Hydroxylation of Pregnenolone by Steroid 21-Hydroxylase. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:633785. [PMID: 34149610 PMCID: PMC8211424 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.633785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are an essential family of enzymes in the human body. They play a crucial role in metabolism, especially in human steroid biosynthesis. Reactions catalyzed by these enzymes are highly stereo- and regio-specific. Lack or severe malfunctions of CYPs can cause severe diseases and even shorten life. Hence, investigations on metabolic reactions and structural requirements of substrates are crucial to gain further knowledge on the relevance of different enzymes in the human body functions and the origin of diseases. One key enzyme in the biosynthesis of gluco- and mineralocorticoids is CYP21A2, also known as steroid 21-hydroxylase. To investigate the steric and regional requirements of substrates for this enzyme, we performed whole-cell biotransformation assays using a strain of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe recombinantly expressing CYP21A2. The progestogens progesterone, pregnenolone, and their 17α-hydroxy-derivatives were used as substrates. After incubation, samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. For progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, their corresponding 21-hydroxylated metabolites 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol were detected, while after incubation of pregnenolone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, no hydroxylated product was observed. Findings were confirmed with authentic reference material. Molecular docking experiments agree with these results and suggest that interaction between the 3-oxo group and arginine-234 of the enzyme is a strict requirement. The presented results demonstrate once more that the presence of an oxo-group in position 3 of the steroid is indispensable, while a 3-hydroxy group prevents hydroxylation in position C-21 by CYP21A2. This knowledge may be transferred to other CYP21A2 substrates and hence help to gain essential insights into steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Stoll
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Machalz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- ISSUL—Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is a diverse and important enzyme family, playing a central role in chemical defense and in synthesis and metabolism of major biological signaling molecules. The CYPomes of four cnidarian genomes (Hydra vulgaris, Acropora digitifera, Aurelia aurita, Nematostella vectensis) were annotated; phylogenetic analyses determined the evolutionary relationships amongst the sequences and with existing metazoan CYPs. 155 functional CYPs were identified and 90 fragments. Genes were from 24 new CYP families and several new subfamilies; genes were in 9 of the 12 established metazoan CYP clans. All species had large expansions of clan 2 diversity, with H. vulgaris having reduced diversity for both clan 3 and mitochondrial clan. We identified potential candidates for xenobiotic metabolism and steroidogenesis. That each genome contained multiple, novel CYP families may reflect the large evolutionary distance within the cnidarians, unique physiology in the cnidarian classes, and/or different ecology of the individual species.
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16
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Ilany J, Liu J, Welsch C, Reznik-Wolf H, Levy-Lahad E, Auchus RJ. Salt-Losing 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Caused by Double Homozygosity for Two "Mild" Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e680-e686. [PMID: 33245778 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency presents with different severities that correlate with the genotype. The salt-losing phenotype requires 2 alleles with "severe" mutations. CASE DESCRIPTION We present a case of salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency that was found to be homozygous for 2 "mild" pathogenic variants: V281L and S301Y. Both in silico and heterologous expression functional analysis demonstrated that co-occurrence of these 2 mutations in cis severely impairs the function of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. CONCLUSIONS This case has important implications for genetic counseling. Regarding this combination of 2 "mild" variants as having mild phenotypic effects could lead to inappropriate counseling of heterozygote carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ilany
- Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Hospital-Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Haike Reznik-Wolf
- Genetics laboratory, Danek Gartner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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17
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Molecular probes for human cytochrome P450 enzymes: Recent progress and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Johannsen ML, Munkboel CH, Jørgensen FS, Styrishave B. Is the unique benzodiazepine structure interacting with CYP enzymes to affect steroid synthesis in vitro? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 205:105765. [PMID: 32991989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this project was to investigate the endocrine disrupting effects of three γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) agonists, diazepam (DZ), oxazepam (OX) and alprazolam (AL) using the steroidogenic in vitro H295R cell line assay, a recombinant CYP17A1 assay, qPCR analysis and computational modelling. Similar effects for DZ and OX on the steroidogenesis were observed in the H295R experiment at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Progestagens and corticosteroids were increased up to 10 fold and androgens were decreased indicating CYP17A1 lyase inhibition. For DZ the inhibition on both the hydroxylase and lyase was confirmed by the recombinant CYP17A1 assay, whereas OX did not appear to directly affect the recombinant CYP17A1 enzyme. Androgens were decreased when exposing the H295R cells to AL, indicating a CYP17A1 lyase inhibition. However, this was not confirmed by the recombinant CYP17A1 assay but a down-regulation in gene expression was observed for StAR and CYP17A1. The present study showed that the three investigated benzodiazepines (BZDs) are rather potent endocrine disruptors in vitro, exerting endocrine effects close the therapeutic Cmax. Both direct and indirect effects on steroidogenesis were observed, but molecular modelling indicated no direct interactions between the heme group in the steroidogenic CYP enzymes and the unique diazepin structure. In contrast, physicochemical properties such as high log P, structure and molecular weight similar to that of steroids appeared to influence the endocrine disrupting abilities of the investigated pharmaceuticals in vitro. Docking of the three BZDs in CYP17A1 and CYP21A2 confirmed that shape complementarity and hydrophobic effects seem to determine the binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Louise Johannsen
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Hurup Munkboel
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Section of Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen OE, Denmark.
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19
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Bracco P, Wijma HJ, Nicolai B, Buitrago JAR, Klünemann T, Vila A, Schrepfer P, Blankenfeldt W, Janssen DB, Schallmey A. CYP154C5 Regioselectivity in Steroid Hydroxylation Explored by Substrate Modifications and Protein Engineering*. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1099-1110. [PMID: 33145893 PMCID: PMC8048783 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CYP154C5 from Nocardia farcinica is a P450 monooxygenase able to hydroxylate a range of steroids with high regio- and stereoselectivity at the 16α-position. Using protein engineering and substrate modifications based on the crystal structure of CYP154C5, an altered regioselectivity of the enzyme in steroid hydroxylation had been achieved. Thus, conversion of progesterone by mutant CYP154C5 F92A resulted in formation of the corresponding 21-hydroxylated product 11-deoxycorticosterone in addition to 16α-hydroxylation. Using MD simulation, this altered regioselectivity appeared to result from an alternative binding mode of the steroid in the active site of mutant F92A. MD simulation further suggested that the entrance of water to the active site caused higher uncoupling in this mutant. Moreover, exclusive 15α-hydroxylation was observed for wild-type CYP154C5 in the conversion of 5α-androstan-3-one, lacking an oxy-functional group at C17. Overall, our data give valuable insight into the structure-function relationship of this cytochrome P450 monooxygenase for steroid hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Bracco
- Biocatalysis, Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hein J Wijma
- Department of Biochemistry Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bastian Nicolai
- Biocatalysis, Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jhon Alexander Rodriguez Buitrago
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agustina Vila
- Biocatalysis, Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schrepfer
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dick B Janssen
- Department of Biochemistry Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Masamrekh RA, Filippova TA, Sherbakov KA, Veselovsky AV, Shumyantseva VV, Kuzikov AV. Interactions of galeterone and its 3-keto-Δ4 metabolite (D4G) with one of the key enzymes of corticosteroid biosynthesis - steroid 21-monooxygenase (CYP21A2). Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:423-431. [PMID: 33012006 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated interactions of galeterone and its pharmacologically active metabolite - 3-keto-Δ4-galeterone (D4G) - with one of the key enzymes of corticosteroid biosynthesis - steroid 21-monooxygenase (CYP21A2). It was shown by absorption spectroscopy that both compounds induce type I spectral changes of CYP21A2. Spectral dissociation constants (KS ) of complexes of CYP21A2 with galeterone or D4G were calculated as 3.1 ± 0.7 μm and 4.6 ± 0.4 μm, respectively. It was predicted by molecular docking that both ligands similarly bind to the active site of CYP21A2. We have revealed using reconstituted monooxygenase system that galeterone is a competitive inhibitor of CYP21A2 with the inhibition constant (Ki ) value of 12 ± 3 μm, while D4G at the concentrations of 10 and 25 μm does not inhibit the enzyme. Summarizing, based on the in vitro analyses we detected inhibition of CYP21A2 by galeterone and lack of the influence of D4G on this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Masamrekh
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Filippova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Kirill A Sherbakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Alexander V Veselovsky
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kuzikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow, 119121, Russia
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21
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Cohen M, Pignatti E, Dines M, Mory A, Ekhilevitch N, Kolodny R, Flück CE, Tiosano D. In Silico Structural and Biochemical Functional Analysis of a Novel CYP21A2 Pathogenic Variant. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165857. [PMID: 32824094 PMCID: PMC7461554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by pathogenic variants in the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2) is a severe life-threatening condition. We present a detailed investigation of the molecular and functional characteristics of a novel pathogenic variant in this gene. The patient, 46 XX newborn, was diagnosed with classical salt wasting CAH in the neonatal period after initially presenting with ambiguous genitalia. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe analysis demonstrated a full deletion of the paternal CYP21A2 gene, and Sanger sequencing revealed a novel de novo CYP21A2 variant c.694–696del (E232del) in the other allele. This variant resulted in the deletion of a non-conserved single amino acid, and its functional relevance was initially undetermined. We used both in silico and in vitro methods to determine the mechanistic significance of this mutation. Computational analysis relied on the solved structure of the protein (Protein-data-bank ID 4Y8W), structure prediction of the mutated protein, evolutionary analysis, and manual inspection. We predicted impaired stability and functionality of the protein due to a rotatory disposition of amino acids in positions downstream of the deletion. In vitro biochemical evaluation of enzymatic activity supported these predictions, demonstrating reduced protein levels to 22% compared to the wild-type form and decreased hydroxylase activity to 1–4%. This case demonstrates the potential of combining in-silico analysis based on evolutionary information and structure prediction with biochemical studies. This approach can be used to investigate other genetic variants to understand their potential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cohen
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa 352540, Israel;
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 352540, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Emanuele Pignatti
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (E.P.); (C.E.F.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monica Dines
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel;
| | - Adi Mory
- Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3525408, Israel; (A.M.); (N.E.)
| | - Nina Ekhilevitch
- Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3525408, Israel; (A.M.); (N.E.)
| | - Rachel Kolodny
- Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Christa E. Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (E.P.); (C.E.F.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dov Tiosano
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa 352540, Israel;
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 352540, Israel
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22
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Fernández CS, Taboas M, Bruque CD, Benavides-Mori B, Belli S, Stivel M, Oneto A, Pasqualini T, Delea M, Espeche LD, Kolomenski JE, Alba L, Buzzalino N, Dain L. Genetic characterization of a large cohort of Argentine 21-hydroxylase Deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 93:19-27. [PMID: 32289882 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. It presents as severe or classical forms-salt wasting and simple virilizing-and a mild or nonclassical (NC). Several studies have reported the frequency of pathogenic variants in different populations, although few of them included a large number of NC patients. OBJECTIVE To analyse the CYP21A2 gene defects in a large cohort of Argentine patients. DESIGN Molecular characterization of 628 patients (168 classical, 460 nonclassical, representing 1203 nonrelated alleles), 398 relatives, 126 partners. METHODS Genetic variants were assessed by allele-specific PCR, PCR-RFLP or direct sequencing. Deletions, duplications and large gene conversions (LGC) were studied by Southern blot/MLPA or long-range PCR. Biological implications of novel variants were analysed by structure-based in silico studies. RESULTS The most frequent pathogenic variants were p.V282L (58%) in NC alleles and c.293-13C>G (31.8%) and p.I173N (21.1%) in classical. Deletions and LGC were found at low frequency (6.2%), 57 alleles had rare pathogenic variants, and 3 had novel variants: p.(S166F); p.(P189R), p.(R436L). Genotype-phenotype correlation was observed in 98.6% of the cases, 11 asymptomatic first-degree relatives had pathogenic variants in both alleles, and 21/126 partners were carriers. CONCLUSIONS We conducted a comprehensive genetic characterization of the largest cohort of 21-hydroxylase patients from the region. In particular, we add to the molecular characterization of a large number of NC patients and to the estimation of the disease carrier's frequency in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Taboas
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos D Bruque
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Benavides-Mori
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Belli
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Stivel
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Oneto
- División Endocrinología, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Titania Pasqualini
- Sección Endocrinología, Crecimiento y Desarrollo, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol Delea
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía D Espeche
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Kolomenski
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Alba
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noemí Buzzalino
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Dain
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) 'Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán', Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Heck CS, Seneviratne HK, Bumpus NN. Twelfth-Position Deuteration of Nevirapine Reduces 12-Hydroxy-Nevirapine Formation and Nevirapine-Induced Hepatocyte Death. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6561-6574. [PMID: 32065749 PMCID: PMC7959450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of the anti-HIV drug nevirapine (NVP) to 12-hydroxy-NVP (12-OHNVP) has been implicated in NVP toxicities. We investigated the impact of twelfth-position trideuteration (12-D3NVP) on the hepatic metabolism of and response to NVP. Formation of 12-OHNVP decreased in human (10.6-fold) and mouse (4.6-fold) hepatocytes incubated with 10 μM 12-D3NVP vs NVP. An observed kinetic isotope effect of 10.1 was measured in human liver microsomes. During mouse hepatocyte treatment (400 μM) with NVP or 12-D3NVP, cell death was reduced 30% with 12-D3NVP vs NVP, while glucuronidated and glutathione-conjugated metabolites increased with 12-D3NVP vs NVP. Using mass spectrometry proteomics, changes in hepatocyte protein expression, including an increase in stress marker insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), were observed with 12-D3NVP vs NVP. These results demonstrate that while deuteration can reduce P450 metabolite formation, impacts on phase II metabolism and hepatocyte protein expression should be considered when employing deuteration to reduce P450 metabolite-related hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley
J. S. Heck
- Department
of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Namandjé N. Bumpus
- Department
of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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24
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Loke S, Stoll A, Joseph JF, Machalz D, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Wolber G, Bureik M, Parr M. Corticosteroid Biosynthesis Revisited: Substrate Specificity of Steroid 21‐Hydroxylase. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Masamrekh R, Filippova T, Haurychenka Y, Shcherbakov K, Veselovsky A, Strushkevich N, Shkel T, Gilep A, Usanov S, Shumyantseva V, Kuzikov A. Estimation of the inhibiting impact of abiraterone D4A metabolite on human steroid 21-monooxygenase (CYP21A2). Steroids 2020; 154:108528. [PMID: 31678135 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone D4A metabolite, the product of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity toward abiraterone, may serve as a potential antitumor agent for the treatment of prostate cancer. The main adverse effect of abiraterone is the disruption of corticosteroid biosynthesis, and the more pharmacologically active abiraterone D4A metabolite may have the same issues. We therefore estimated the inhibiting impact of the abiraterone D4A metabolite on one of the key corticosteroidogenic enzymes - human steroid 21-monooxygenase (CYP21A2). Molecular docking of D4A into the active site of CYP21A2 has been predicted to be similar to abiraterone binding with the enzyme. Abiraterone D4A metabolite, similar to abiraterone, induces type II spectral changes of CYP21A2. The spectral dissociation constant for the abiraterone D4A metabolite-CYP21A2 complex was calculated as 3.4 ± 0.5 μM. Abiraterone D4A metabolite demonstrates competitive/mixed type CYP21A2 inhibition with an inhibitory constant of 1.8 ± 0.8 μM, as obtained by Dixon plot. These results make it possible to predict the adverse effects of the new perspective candidate compound for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Masamrekh
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Tatiana Filippova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yaraslau Haurychenka
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Kirill Shcherbakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexander Veselovsky
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Natallia Strushkevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2, Minsk BY-220141, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Shkel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2, Minsk BY-220141, Belarus
| | - Andrei Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2, Minsk BY-220141, Belarus
| | - Sergey Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Academician V.F. Kuprevich Street, Build 2, Minsk BY-220141, Belarus
| | - Victoria Shumyantseva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexey Kuzikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia.
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26
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Malikova J, Zingg T, Fingerhut R, Sluka S, Grössl M, Brixius-Anderko S, Bernhardt R, McDougall J, Pandey AV, Flück CE. HIV Drug Efavirenz Inhibits CYP21A2 Activity with Possible Clinical Implications. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 91:262-270. [PMID: 31256164 DOI: 10.1159/000500522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV drugs lopinavir and ritonavir have recently been reported to cause transient adrenal insufficiency in preterm newborns. We, therefore, considered HIV drugs as a cause of transiently elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) levels in a neonatal screening test for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a preterm girl exposed to zidovudine, efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine. OBJECTIVE So far, HIV drugs have not been tested for their effect on steroidogenesis and the steroidogenic enzyme activity of CYP21A2 specifically in an in vitro system. METHODS We tested the effect of efavirenz, tenofovir, emtricitabine, and zidovudine on steroidogenesis of human adrenal H295R cells. Cells were treated with the drugs at different concentrations including concentrations in therapeutic use. The effect on CYP21A2 activity was assessed by testing the conversion of radiolabeled 17OHP to 11-deoxycortisol. Cell viability was tested by an MTT assay. In addition, recombinant human CYP21A2 protein was used to assess direct drug effects on CYP21A2 activity. RESULTS We observed significantly decreased CYP21A2 activity in both in vitro testing systems after treatment with efavirenz at therapeutic concentrations. Moreover, efavirenz affected cell viability. By contrast, the other test drugs did not affect steroidogenesis. Follow-up of our patient revealed elevated 17OHP and androgen levels during the first weeks of life, but values normalized spontaneously. Genetic testing for CYP21A2 mutations was negative. Thus, it remains unsettled whether the transient 17OHP elevation in this baby was due to a drug effect. CONCLUSION The HIV drug efavirenz inhibits CYP21A2 activity in vitro through direct interaction with enzyme catalysis at therapeutic concentrations. This may have clinical implications for HIV treatment in children and adults. However, so far, clinical data are scarce, and further studies are needed to be able to draw clinical conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Malikova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, SecondFaculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tanja Zingg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Sluka
- Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grössl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Brixius-Anderko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jane McDougall
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, .,Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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27
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Arteaga E, Valenzuela F, Lagos CF, Lagos M, Martinez A, Baudrand R, Carvajal C, Fardella CE. Detection of a novel severe mutation affecting the CYP21A2 gene in a Chilean male with salt wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocrine 2020; 67:258-263. [PMID: 31571129 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) is a congenital adrenal disease with more than 200 mutations published to date. The aim of this report is to describe a severe novel mutation of the CYP21A2 gene. METHOD We describe a case of a 39-year-old male diagnosed with a salt wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (SWCAH) due to 21-OHD. The genetic testing was done using a combination of three methods (PCR XL, SALSA-MLPA, and bidirectional sequencing) and finally an in silico analysis. RESULTS The genetic testing demonstrated three severe mutations of the CYP21A2 gene (p.Gln318*; c.290-13C>G; and p.Trp86*), being the last one a novel mutation not previously reported. The in silico modeling of the p.Trp86* (c.258G>A) showed a truncated CYP21A2 protein that loses all the main structural features required for activity, such as the HEM binding domain and the hormone binding site. CONCLUSION We present an adult man with an SWCAH due to 21-OHD who carried three severe mutations of the CYP21A2 gene, one of them, p.Trp86* (c.258G>A) has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Arteaga
- Departamento de Endocrinología and Centro Traslacional en Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 4, Santiago Centro, 8330077, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe Valenzuela
- Departamento de Endocrinología and Centro Traslacional en Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 4, Santiago Centro, 8330077, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos F Lagos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Los Leones, Lota 2465, Providencia, 7510157, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Lagos
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686, Piso 3, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Martinez
- Departamento de Endocrinología and Centro Traslacional en Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 4, Santiago Centro, 8330077, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Departamento de Endocrinología and Centro Traslacional en Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 4, Santiago Centro, 8330077, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia IMII, Portugal 49, Santiago Centro, 8330075, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Carvajal
- Departamento de Endocrinología and Centro Traslacional en Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 4, Santiago Centro, 8330077, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Departamento de Endocrinología and Centro Traslacional en Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 4, Santiago Centro, 8330077, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia IMII, Portugal 49, Santiago Centro, 8330075, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Lin B, Zhang H, Zheng Q. How do mutations affect the structural characteristics and substrate binding of CYP21A2? An investigation by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8870-8877. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CYP21A2 mutations affect the activity of the protein leading to CAH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Lin
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
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29
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Betterle C, Presotto F, Furmaniak J. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Addison's disease in adults. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1407-1433. [PMID: 31321757 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addison's disease (AD) is a rare disorder and among adult population in developed countries is most commonly caused by autoimmunity. In contrast, in children genetic causes are responsible for AD in the majority of patients. PURPOSE This review describes epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics, natural history, clinical manifestations, immunological markers and diagnostic strategies in patients with AD. Standard care treatments including the management of patients during pregnancy and adrenal crises consistent with the recent consensus statement of the European Consortium and the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline are described. In addition, emerging therapies designed to improve the quality of life and new strategies to modify the natural history of autoimmune AD are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Progress in optimizing replacement therapy for patients with AD has allowed the patients to lead a normal life. However, continuous education of patients and health care professionals of ever-present danger of adrenal crisis is essential to save lives of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Betterle
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - F Presotto
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128, Padua, Italy.
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Ospedale dell'Angelo, via Paccagnella 11, 30174, Mestre-Venice, Italy.
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30
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Stoll A, Loke S, Joseph JF, Machalz D, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Wolber G, Bureik M, Parr MK. Fine-mapping of the substrate specificity of human steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105446. [PMID: 31404637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are capable of catalyzing regio- and stereo-specific oxy functionalization reactions, which otherwise are major challenges in organic chemistry. In order to make the best possible use of these biocatalysts it is imperative to understand their specificities. Human CYP21A2 (steroid 21-hydroxylase) acts on the side-chain attached to C-17 in ring D of a steroid substrate, but the configuration of ring A also plays a prominent role in substrate cognition. Here, we comprehensively investigated this relationship using sixteen 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-13-ene steroids with different arrangements of hydroxy-, oxo-, fluoro- and chloro-groups and in the presence or absence of double bonds (Δ1 and/or Δ4) and heteroatoms in ring A. The results show that presence of a 3-oxo group is a strict requirement for a CYP21A2 substrate, while the other configurations tested were all tolerated. This was also confirmed by control experiments using endogenous steroids. While progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were hydroxylated at C-21, (17-hydroxy-) pregnenolone did not react. Molecular docking experiments indicate that the interaction of the carbonyl group at C-3 to the side-chain Arg234 of the enzyme is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stoll
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steffen Loke
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Felix Joseph
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David Machalz
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy; 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin University, Health Science Platform, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Rodríguez Castaño P, Parween S, Pandey AV. Bioactivity of Curcumin on the Cytochrome P450 Enzymes of the Steroidogenic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184606. [PMID: 31533365 PMCID: PMC6770025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turmeric, a popular ingredient in the cuisine of many Asian countries, comes from the roots of the Curcuma longa and is known for its use in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Turmeric is rich in curcuminoids, including curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids have potent wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. While curcuminoids have been studied for many years, not much is known about their effects on steroid metabolism. Since many anti-cancer drugs target enzymes from the steroidogenic pathway, we tested the effect of curcuminoids on cytochrome P450 CYP17A1, CYP21A2, and CYP19A1 enzyme activities. When using 10 µg/mL of curcuminoids, both the 17α-hydroxylase as well as 17,20 lyase activities of CYP17A1 were reduced significantly. On the other hand, only a mild reduction in CYP21A2 activity was observed. Furthermore, CYP19A1 activity was also reduced up to ~20% of control when using 1–100 µg/mL of curcuminoids in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking studies confirmed that curcumin could dock onto the active sites of CYP17A1, CYP19A1, as well as CYP21A2. In CYP17A1 and CYP19A1, curcumin docked within 2.5 Å of central heme while in CYP21A2 the distance from heme was 3.4 Å, which is still in the same range or lower than distances of bound steroid substrates. These studies suggest that curcuminoids may cause inhibition of steroid metabolism, especially at higher dosages. Also, the recent popularity of turmeric powder as a dilatory supplement needs further evaluation for the effect of curcuminoids on steroid metabolism. The molecular structure of curcuminoids could be modified to generate better lead compounds with inhibitory effects on CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 for potential drugs against prostate cancer and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodríguez Castaño
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaheena Parween
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Karlsson L, de Paula Michelatto D, Lusa ALG, D'Almeida Mgnani Silva C, Östberg LJ, Persson B, Guerra-Júnior G, Valente de Lemos-Marini SH, Baldazzi L, Menabó S, Balsamo A, Greggio NA, Palandi de Mello M, Barbaro M, Lajic S. Novel non-classic CYP21A2 variants, including combined alleles, identified in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Biochem 2019; 73:50-56. [PMID: 31344365 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inborn error of metabolism and a common disorder of sex development where >90% of all cases are due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Novel and rare pathogenic variants account for 5% of all clinical cases. Here, we sought to investigate the functional and structural effects of four novel (p.Val358Ile, p.Arg369Gln, p.Asp377Tyr, and p.Leu461Pro) and three combinations of CYP21A2 variants (i.e. one allele containing two variants p.[Ile172Asn;Val358Ile], p.[Val281Leu;Arg369Gln], or p.[Asp377Tyr;Leu461Pro]) identified in patients with CAH. METHODS All variants were reconstructed by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis, the proteins were transiently expressed in COS-1 cells and enzyme activities directed toward the two natural substrates (17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone) were determined. In parallel, in silico prediction of the pathogenicity of the variants based on the human CYP21 X-ray structure was performed. RESULTS The novel variants, p.Val358Ile, p.Arg369Gln, p.Asp377Tyr, and p.Leu461Pro exhibited residual enzymatic activities within the range of non-classic (NC) CAH variants (40-82%). An additive effect on the reduction of enzymatic activity (1-17%) was observed when two variants were expressed together, as identified in several patients, resulting in either NC or more severe phenotypes. In silico predictions were in line with the in vitro data except for p.Leu461Pro. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the combination of clinical data, in silico prediction, and data from in vitro studies are important for establishing a correct genotype and phenotype correlation in patients with CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Débora de Paula Michelatto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Gori Lusa
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Linus J Östberg
- Science for Life Laboratory and eSSENCE, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Persson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lilia Baldazzi
- Department of Woman, Child and Urological Diseases, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions (CARENDO BO; Endo-ERN), S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Soara Menabó
- Department of Woman, Child and Urological Diseases, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions (CARENDO BO; Endo-ERN), S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Department of Woman, Child and Urological Diseases, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions (CARENDO BO; Endo-ERN), S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nella Augusta Greggio
- Department of Women's and Children's Health of Padua, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Italy
| | - Maricilda Palandi de Mello
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS L7:05), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (Q2:08), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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A large-scale comparative analysis of affinity, thermodynamics and functional characteristics of interactions of twelve cytochrome P450 isoforms and their redox partners. Biochimie 2019; 162:156-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Guengerich FP, Wilkey CJ, Phan TTN. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes bind drugs and other substrates mainly through conformational-selection modes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10928-10941. [PMID: 31147443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are major catalysts involved in the oxidations of most drugs, steroids, carcinogens, fat-soluble vitamins, and natural products. The binding of substrates to some of the 57 human P450s and other mammalian P450s is more complex than a two-state system and has been proposed to involve mechanisms such as multiple ligand occupancy, induced-fit, and conformational-selection. Here, we used kinetic analysis of binding with multiple concentrations of substrates and computational modeling of these data to discern possible binding modes of several human P450s. We observed that P450 2D6 binds its ligand rolapitant in a mechanism involving conformational-selection. P450 4A11 bound the substrate lauric acid via conformational-selection, as did P450 2C8 with palmitic acid. Binding of the steroid progesterone to P450 21A2 was also best described by a conformational-selection model. Hexyl isonicotinate binding to P450 2E1 could be described by either a conformational-selection or an induced-fit model. Simulation of the binding of the ligands midazolam, bromocriptine, testosterone, and ketoconazole to P450 3A4 was consistent with an induced-fit or a conformational-selection model, but the concentration dependence of binding rates for varying both P450 3A4 and midazolam concentrations revealed discordance in the parameters, indicative of conformational-selection. Binding of the P450s 2C8, 2D6, 3A4, 4A11, and 21A2 was best described by conformational-selection, and P450 2E1 appeared to fit either mode. These findings highlight the complexity of human P450-substrate interactions and that conformational-selection is a dominant feature of many of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146.
| | - Clayton J Wilkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Thanh T N Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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36
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Guengerich FP, Wilkey CJ, Glass SM, Reddish MJ. Conformational selection dominates binding of steroids to human cytochrome P450 17A1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10028-10041. [PMID: 31072872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes are the major catalysts involved in the oxidation of steroids as well as many other compounds. Their versatility has been explained in part by flexibility of the proteins and complexity of the binding mechanisms. However, whether these proteins bind their substrates via induced fit or conformational selection is not understood. P450 17A1 has a major role in steroidogenesis, catalyzing the two-step oxidations of progesterone and pregnenolone to androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, respectively, via 17α-hydroxy (OH) intermediates. We examined the interaction of P450 17A1 with its steroid substrates by analyzing progress curves (UV-visible spectroscopy), revealing that the rates of binding of any of these substrates decreased with increasing substrate concentration, a hallmark of conformational selection. Further, when the concentration of 17α-OH pregnenolone was held constant and the P450 concentration increased, the binding rate increased, and such opposite patterns are also diagnostic of conformational selection. Kinetic simulation modeling was also more consistent with conformational selection than with an induced-fit mechanism. Cytochrome b 5 partially enhances P450 17A1 lyase activity by altering the P450 17A1 conformation but did not measurably alter the binding of 17α-OH pregnenolone or 17α-OH progesterone, as judged by the apparent Kd and binding kinetics. The P450 17A1 inhibitor abiraterone also bound to P450 17A1 in a multistep manner, and modeling indicated that the selective inhibition of the two P450 17A1 steps by the drug orteronel can be rationalized only by a multiple-conformation model. In conclusion, P450 17A1 binds its steroid substrates via conformational selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Clayton J Wilkey
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Sarah M Glass
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Michael J Reddish
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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37
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Neves Cruz J, da Costa KS, de Carvalho TAA, de Alencar NAN. Measuring the structural impact of mutations on cytochrome P450 21A2, the major steroid 21-hydroxylase related to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1425-1434. [PMID: 30982438 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1607560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder related to deficient cortisol synthesis. The deficiency of steroid 21-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 21A2), an enzyme involved in cortisol synthesis, is responsible for ∼95% of cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This metabolic disease exhibits three clinical forms: salt-wasting, simple virilizing, and non-classical form, which are divided according to the degree of severity. In the present study, structural and mutational analyses were performed in order to identify the structural impact of mutations on cytochrome P450 21A2 and correlate them with patient clinical severity. The following mutations were selected: arginine-356 to tryptophan (R356W), proline-30 to leucine (P30L), isoleucine-172 to asparagine (I172N), valine-281 to leucine (V281L), and the null mutation glutamine-318 (Q318X). Our computational approach mapped the location of residues on P450 and identified their implications on enzyme electrostatic potential mapping to progesterone and heme binding pockets. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we analyzed the structural stability of ligand binding and protein structure, as well as possible conformational changes at the catalytic pocket that leads to impairment of enzymatic activity. Our study sheds light on the impact structural mutations have over steroid 21-hydroxylase structure-function in the cell.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorddy Neves Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Amazon, Belém, Brazil.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Xu C, Jia W, Cheng X, Ying H, Chen J, Xu J, Guan Q, Zhou X, Zheng D, Li G, Zhao J. Genotype-phenotype correlation study and mutational and hormonal analysis in a Chinese cohort with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e671. [PMID: 30968594 PMCID: PMC6565591 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid 21‐hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is the most common enzymatic defect, but the genotype–phenotype associations have not been well established in Chinese patients. Here, a Chinese 21OHD cohort was enrolled to investigate the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of this disorder. Methods Mutation analysis of CYP21A2 gene, 21‐hydroxylase activity assays and in silico predictions of protein structure were performed. Genotype–phenotype associations were analyzed in both the cohort and 487 Chinese CAH patients ever reported. Results Among the total cohort (72 patients), 47 patients (65.3%) were diagnosed as salt‐wasting (SW) phenotype, 11 (15.3%) were simple virilizing (SV) type, and 14 (19.4%) were nonclassic (NC) type. The value of FSH and LH for prediction of the SW phenotype was up to 0.862 and 0.669, respectively. Overall, the detection rate of CYP21A2 mutation was 97.9%, which revealed 25 mutations and 36 genotypes. Four novel mutations (p.L199X, p.E321del, p.H393Q, and p.L459‐P464del) were detected and induced a significantly reduced 21‐hydroxylase activity. Generally, disease severity can be predicted with the genotypes. The most common genotypes in Chinese population were I2G/I2G (12.5%), I2G/Large lesion (12.1%), I173N/I2G (10.3%), and I173N/Large lesion (9.2%). The SW form of CAH is prominent in deletion or intronic splice mutations, namely I2G/I2G (18.6%), I2G/Large lesion (17.2%) and Large lesion/Large lesion (8.6%). Conclusion Four novel mutations were identified and a high consistency of genotype–phenotype association was found in SW CAH. Moreover, FSH and LH levels were proved to be a promising marker for predicting the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyu Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangdeng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Ying
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Child Health, Xiamen Maternal and Child Health Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Guimei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
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Abstract
Enzymes are complex biological catalysts and are critical to life. Most oxidations of chemicals are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes, which generally utilize mixed-function oxidase stoichiometry, utilizing pyridine nucleotides as electron donors: NAD(P)H + O2 + R → NAD(P)+ + RO + H2O (where R is a carbon substrate and RO is an oxidized product). The catalysis of oxidations is largely understood in the context of the heme iron-oxygen complex generally referred to as Compound I, formally FeO3+, whose basis was in peroxidase chemistry. Many X-ray crystal structures of P450s are now available (≥ 822 structures from ≥146 different P450s) and have helped in understanding catalytic specificity. In addition to hydroxylations, P450s catalyze more complex oxidations, including C-C bond formation and cleavage. Enzymes derived from P450s by directed evolution can even catalyze more unusual reactions, e.g. cyclopropanation. Current P450 questions under investigation include the potential role of the intermediate Compound 0 (formally FeIII-O2 -) in catalysis of some reactions, the roles of high- and low-spin forms of Compound I, the mechanism of desaturation, the roles of open and closed structures of P450s in catalysis, the extent of processivity in multi-step oxidations, and the role of the accessory protein cytochrome b 5. More global questions include exactly how structure drives function, prediction of catalysis, and roles of multiple protein conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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40
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Fehl C, Vogt CD, Yadav R, Li K, Scott EE, Aubé J. Structure-Based Design of Inhibitors with Improved Selectivity for Steroidogenic Cytochrome P450 17A1 over Cytochrome P450 21A2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4946-4960. [PMID: 29792703 PMCID: PMC6367708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of androgen biosynthesis is clinically effective for treating androgen-responsive prostate cancer. Abiraterone is a clinical first-in-class inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) required for androgen biosynthesis. However, abiraterone also causes hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema, likely due in part to off-target inhibition of another steroidogenic cytochrome P450, CYP21A2. Abiraterone analogs were designed based on structural evidence that B-ring substituents may favorably interact with polar residues in binding CYP17A1 and sterically clash with residues in the CYP21A2 active site. The best analogs increased selectivity of CYP17A1 inhibition up to 84-fold compared with 6.6-fold for abiraterone. Cocrystallization with CYP17A1 validated the intended new contacts with CYP17A1 active site residues. Docking these analogs into CYP21A2 identified steric clashes that likely underlie decreased binding and CYP21A2 inhibition. Overall, these analogs may offer a clinical advantage in the form of reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Fehl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, United States
| | - Caleb D. Vogt
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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41
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Combined chemical and biotechnological production of 20βOH-NorDHCMT, a long-term metabolite of Oral-Turinabol (DHCMT). J Inorg Biochem 2018; 183:165-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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42
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Comprehensive Focus on 233 Pathogenic Variants of CYP21A2 Gene. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:261-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Gonzalez E, Johnson KM, Pallan PS, Phan TTN, Zhang W, Lei L, Wawrzak Z, Yoshimoto FK, Egli M, Guengerich FP. Inherent steroid 17α,20-lyase activity in defunct cytochrome P450 17A enzymes. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:541-556. [PMID: 29212707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 catalyzes the oxidations of progesterone and pregnenolone and is the major source of androgens. The enzyme catalyzes both 17α-hydroxylation and a subsequent 17α,20-lyase reaction, and several mechanisms have been proposed for the latter step. Zebrafish P450 17A2 catalyzes only the 17α-hydroxylations. We previously reported high similarity of the crystal structures of zebrafish P450 17A1 and 17A2 and human P450 17A1. Five residues near the heme, which differed, were changed. We also crystallized this five-residue zebrafish P450 17A1 mutant, and the active site still resembled the structure in the other proteins, with some important differences. These P450 17A1 and 17A2 mutants had catalytic profiles more similar to each other than did the wildtype proteins. Docking with these structures can explain several minor products, which require multiple enzyme conformations. The 17α-hydroperoxy (OOH) derivatives of the steroids were used as oxygen surrogates. Human P450 17A1 and zebrafish P450s 17A1 and P450 17A2 readily converted these to the lyase products in the absence of other proteins or cofactors (with catalytically competent kinetics) plus hydroxylated 17α-hydroxysteroids. The 17α-OOH results indicate that a "Compound I" (FeO3+) intermediate is capable of formation and can be used to rationalize the products. We conclude that zebrafish P450 17A2 is capable of lyase activity with the 17α-OOH steroids because it can achieve an appropriate conformation for lyase catalysis in this system that is precluded in the conventional reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gonzalez
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Pradeep S Pallan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Thanh T N Phan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Lei
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- the Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Sector 21, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and
| | | | - Martin Egli
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146,
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44
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Malikova J, Brixius-Anderko S, Udhane SS, Parween S, Dick B, Bernhardt R, Pandey AV. CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone, an anti-prostate cancer drug, also inhibits the 21-hydroxylase activity of CYP21A2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:192-200. [PMID: 28893623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone is an inhibitor of CYP17A1 which is used for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer. Abiraterone is known to inhibit several drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, but its effects on steroid metabolizing P450 enzymes are not clear. In preliminary results, we had observed inhibition of CYP21A2 by 1μM abiraterone. Here we are reporting the effect of abiraterone on activities of CYP21A2 in human adrenal cells as well as with purified recombinant CYP21A2. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of abiraterone for 24h and CYP21A2 activity was measured using [3H] 17-hydroxyprogesterone as substrate. Whole steroid profile changes were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Binding of abiraterone to purified CYP21A2 protein was measured spectroscopically. Computational docking was used to study the binding and interaction of abiraterone with CYP21A2. Abiraterone caused significant reduction in CYP21A2 activity in assays with cells and an inhibition of CYP21A2 activity was also observed in experiments using recombinant purified proteins. Abiraterone binds to CYP21A2 with an estimated Kd of 6.3μM. These inhibitory effects of abiraterone are at clinically used concentrations. A loss of CYP21A2 activity in combination with reduction of CYP17A1 activities by abiraterone could result in lower cortisol levels and may require monitoring for any potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Malikova
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Brixius-Anderko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaheena Parween
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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45
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) research provides many opportunities for the application of kinetic isotope effect (KIE) strategies. P450s collectively catalyze oxidations of more substrates than any other group of enzymes, and CH bond cleavage is a major feature in a large fraction of these reactions. The presence of a significant primary deuterium KIE is evidence that hydrogen abstraction is at least partially rate-limiting in the reactions, and this appears to be the case in many P450 reactions. The first report of a KIE in (P450-linked) drug metabolism appeared in 1961 (for morphine N-demethylation), and in a number of cases, it has been possible to modulate the in vivo metabolism or toxicity of chemicals by deuterium substitution. A number of efforts are in progress to utilize deuterium substitution to alter the metabolism of drugs in an advantageous manner.
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46
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Johnson KM, Phan TTN, Albertolle ME, Guengerich FP. Human mitochondrial cytochrome P450 27C1 is localized in skin and preferentially desaturates trans-retinol to 3,4-dehydroretinol. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13672-13687. [PMID: 28701464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, zebrafish and human cytochrome P450 (P450) 27C1 enzymes have been shown to be retinoid 3,4-desaturases. The enzyme is unusual among mammalian P450s in that the predominant oxidation is a desaturation and in that hydroxylation represents only a minor pathway. We show by proteomic analysis that P450 27C1 is localized to human skin, with two proteins of different sizes present, one being a cleavage product of the full-length form. P450 27C1 oxidized all-trans-retinol to 3,4-dehydroretinol, 4-hydroxy (OH) retinol, and 3-OH retinol in a 100:3:2 ratio. Neither 3-OH nor 4-OH retinol was an intermediate in desaturation. No kinetic burst was observed in the steady state; neither the rate of substrate binding nor product release was rate-limiting. Ferric P450 27C1 reduction by adrenodoxin was 3-fold faster in the presence of the substrate and was ∼5-fold faster than the overall turnover. Kinetic isotope effects of 1.5-2.3 (on kcat/Km ) were observed with 3,3-, 4,4-, and 3,3,4,4-deuterated retinol. Deuteration at C-4 produced a 4-fold increase in 3-hydroxylation due to metabolic switching, with no observable effect on 4-hydroxylation. Deuteration at C-3 produced a strong kinetic isotope effect for 3-hydroxylation but not 4-hydroxylation. Analysis of the products of deuterated retinol showed a lack of scrambling of a putative allylic radical at C-3 and C-4. We conclude that the most likely catalytic mechanism begins with abstraction of a hydrogen atom from C-4 (or possibly C-3) initiating the desaturation pathway, followed by a sequential abstraction of a hydrogen atom or proton-coupled electron transfer. Adrenodoxin reduction and hydrogen abstraction both contribute to rate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Thanh T N Phan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Matthew E Albertolle
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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Wang C, Pallan PS, Zhang W, Lei L, Yoshimoto FK, Waterman MR, Egli M, Guengerich FP. Functional analysis of human cytochrome P450 21A2 variants involved in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10767-10778. [PMID: 28539365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) 21A2 is the major steroid 21-hydroxylase, converting progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OH-progesterone) to 11-deoxycortisol. More than 100 CYP21A2 variants give rise to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We previously reported a structure of WT human P450 21A2 with bound progesterone and now present a structure bound to the other substrate (17α-OH-progesterone). We found that the 17α-OH-progesterone- and progesterone-bound complex structures are highly similar, with only some minor differences in surface loop regions. Twelve P450 21A2 variants associated with either salt-wasting or nonclassical forms of CAH were expressed, purified, and analyzed. The catalytic activities of these 12 variants ranged from 0.00009% to 30% of WT P450 21A2 and the extent of heme incorporation from 10% to 95% of the WT. Substrate dissociation constants (Ks) for four variants were 37-13,000-fold higher than for WT P450 21A2. Cytochrome b5, which augments several P450 activities, inhibited P450 21A2 activity. Similar to the WT enzyme, high noncompetitive intermolecular kinetic deuterium isotope effects (≥ 5.5) were observed for all six P450 21A2 variants examined for 21-hydroxylation of 21-d3-progesterone, indicating that C-H bond breaking is a rate-limiting step over a 104-fold range of catalytic efficiency. Using UV-visible and CD spectroscopy, we found that P450 21A2 thermal stability assessed in bacterial cells and with purified enzymes differed among salt-wasting- and nonclassical-associated variants, but these differences did not correlate with catalytic activity. Our in-depth investigation of CAH-associated P450 21A2 variants reveals critical insight into the effects of disease-causing mutations on this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Pradeep S Pallan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Lei
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Michael R Waterman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Martin Egli
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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48
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Albertolle ME, Kim D, Nagy LD, Yun CH, Pozzi A, Savas Ü, Johnson EF, Guengerich FP. Heme-thiolate sulfenylation of human cytochrome P450 4A11 functions as a redox switch for catalytic inhibition. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11230-11242. [PMID: 28533430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) 4A11 is a human fatty acid ω-hydroxylase that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to the eicosanoid 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), which plays important roles in regulating blood pressure regulation. Variants of P450 4A11 have been associated with high blood pressure and resistance to anti-hypertensive drugs, and 20-HETE has both pro- and antihypertensive properties relating to increased vasoconstriction and natriuresis, respectively. These physiological activities are likely influenced by the redox environment, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we found that reducing agents (e.g. dithiothreitol and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine) strongly enhanced the catalytic activity of P450 4A11, but not of 10 other human P450s tested. Conversely, added H2O2 attenuated P450 4A11 catalytic activity. Catalytic roles of five of the potentially eight implicated Cys residues of P450 4A11 were eliminated by site-directed mutagenesis. Using an isotope-coded dimedone/iododimedone-labeling strategy and mass spectrometry of peptides, we demonstrated that the heme-thiolate cysteine (Cys-457) is selectively sulfenylated in an H2O2 concentration-dependent manner. This sulfenylation could be reversed by reducing agents, including dithiothreitol and dithionite. Of note, we observed heme ligand cysteine sulfenylation of P450 4A11 ex vivo in kidneys and livers derived from CYP4A11 transgenic mice. We also detected sulfenylation of murine P450 4a12 and 4b1 heme peptides in kidneys. To our knowledge, reversible oxidation of the heme thiolate has not previously been observed in P450s and may have relevance for 20-HETE-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Albertolle
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Donghak Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146.,the Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05025, Korea
| | - Leslie D Nagy
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- the School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602.,the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Üzen Savas
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Eric F Johnson
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146,
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49
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Petrunak EM, Rogers SA, Aubé J, Scott EE. Structural and Functional Evaluation of Clinically Relevant Inhibitors of Steroidogenic Cytochrome P450 17A1. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:635-645. [PMID: 28373265 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is a bifunctional enzyme that performs both hydroxylation and lyase reactions, with the latter required to generate androgens that fuel prostate cancer proliferation. The steroid abiraterone, the active form of the only CYP17A1 inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration, binds the catalytic heme iron, nonselectively impeding both reactions and ultimately causing undesirable corticosteroid imbalance. Some nonsteroidal inhibitors reportedly inhibit the lyase reaction more than the preceding hydroxylase reaction, which would be clinically advantageous, but the mechanism is not understood. Thus, the nonsteroidal inhibitors seviteronel and orteronel and the steroidal inhibitors abiraterone and galeterone were compared with respect to their binding modes and hydroxylase versus lyase inhibition. Binding studies and X-ray structures of CYP17A1 with nonsteroidal inhibitors reveal coordination to the heme iron like the steroidal inhibitors. (S)-seviteronel binds similarly to both observed CYP17A1 conformations. However, (S)-orteronel and (R)-orteronel bind to distinct CYP17A1 conformations that differ in a region implicated in ligand entry/exit and the presence of a peripheral ligand. To reconcile these binding modes with enzyme function, side-by-side enzymatic analysis was undertaken and revealed that neither the nonsteroidal seviteronel nor the (S)-orteronel inhibitors demonstrated significant lyase selectivity, but the less potent (R)-orteronel was 8- to 11-fold selective for lyase inhibition. While active-site iron coordination is consistent with competitive inhibition, conformational selection for binding of some inhibitors and the differential presence of a peripheral ligand molecule suggest the possibility of CYP17A1 functional modulation by features outside the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Steven A Rogers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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50
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Bruque CD, Delea M, Fernández CS, Orza JV, Taboas M, Buzzalino N, Espeche LD, Solari A, Luccerini V, Alba L, Nadra AD, Dain L. Structure-based activity prediction of CYP21A2 stability variants: A survey of available gene variations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39082. [PMID: 27966633 PMCID: PMC5155424 DOI: 10.1038/srep39082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency accounts for 90-95% of CAH cases. In this work we performed an extensive survey of mutations and SNPs modifying the coding sequence of the CYP21A2 gene. Using bioinformatic tools and two plausible CYP21A2 structures as templates, we initially classified all known mutants (n = 343) according to their putative functional impacts, which were either reported in the literature or inferred from structural models. We then performed a detailed analysis on the subset of mutations believed to exclusively impact protein stability. For those mutants, the predicted stability was calculated and correlated with the variant's expected activity. A high concordance was obtained when comparing our predictions with available in vitro residual activities and/or the patient's phenotype. The predicted stability and derived activity of all reported mutations and SNPs lacking functional assays (n = 108) were assessed. As expected, most of the SNPs (52/76) showed no biological implications. Moreover, this approach was applied to evaluate the putative synergy that could emerge when two mutations occurred in cis. In addition, we propose a putative pathogenic effect of five novel mutations, p.L107Q, p.L122R, p.R132H, p.P335L and p.H466fs, found in 21-hydroxylase deficient patients of our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Bruque
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol Delea
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan V Orza
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Taboas
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noemí Buzzalino
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía D Espeche
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Solari
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Liliana Alba
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro D Nadra
- Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Dain
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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