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Xie J, Idris A, Feng R. The complex interplay between encephalomyocarditis virus and the host defence system. Virulence 2024; 15:2383559. [PMID: 39066684 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2383559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A variety of animals can be infected by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). EMCV is the established causative agent of myocarditis and encephalitis in some animals. EMCV causes high fatality in suckling and weaning piglets, making pigs the most susceptible domestic animal species. Importantly, EMCV has zoonotic potential to infect the human population. The ability of the pathogen to avoid and undermine the initial defence mechanism of the host contributes to its virulence and pathogenicity. A large body of literature highlights the intricate strategies employed by EMCV to escape the innate immune machinery to suit its "pathogenic needs." Here, we also provide examples on how EMCV interacts with certain host proteins to dampen the infection process. Hence, this concise review aims to summarize these findings in a compendium of decades of research on this exciting yet underappreciated topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Zhang X, Li P, Chen W, Zhang S, Li K, Ru Y, Zhao Z, Cao W, Yang F, Tian H, Guo J, He J, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Impaired interferon response in senecavirus A infection and identification of 3C pro as an antagonist. J Virol 2024; 98:e0058524. [PMID: 38869319 PMCID: PMC11265225 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00585-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), a picornavirus, causes vesicular diseases and epidemic transient neonatal losses in swine, resulting in a multifaceted economic impact on the swine industry. SVA counteracts host antiviral response through multiple strategies facilitatng viral infection and transmission. However, the mechanism of how SVA modulates interferon (IFN) response remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that SVA 3C protease (3Cpro) blocks the transduction of Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway to antagonize type I IFN response. Mechanistically, 3Cpro selectively cleaves and degrades STAT1 and STAT2 while does not target JAK1, JAK2, and IRF9, through its protease activity. Notably, SVA 3Cpro cleaves human and porcine STAT1 on a Leucine (L)-Aspartic acid (D) motif, specifically L693/D694. In the case of STAT2, two cleavage sites were identified: glutamine (Q) 707 was identified in both human and porcine, while the second cleavage pattern differed, with residues 754-757 (Valine-Leucine-Glutamine-Serine motifs) in human STAT2 and Q758 in porcine STAT2. These cleavage patterns by SVA 3Cpro partially differ from previously reported classical motifs recognized by other picornaviral 3Cpro, highlighting the distinct characteristics of SVA 3Cpro. Together, these results reveal a mechanism by which SVA 3Cpro antagonizes IFN-induced antiviral response but also expands our knowledge about the substrate recognition patterns for picornaviral 3Cpro.IMPORTANCESenecavirus A (SVA), the only member in the Senecavirus genus within the Picornaviridae family, causes vesicular diseases in pigs that are clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response plays a pivotal role in restricting and controlling viral infection. Picornaviruses evolved numerous strategies to antagonize host antiviral response. However, how SVA modulates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, influencing the type I IFN response, remains elusive. Here, we identify that 3Cpro, a protease of SVA, functions as an antagonist for the IFN response. 3Cpro utilizes its protease activity to cleave STAT1 and STAT2, thereby diminishing the host IFN response to promote SVA infection. Our findings underscore the significance of 3Cpro as a key virulence factor in the antagonism of the type I signaling pathway during SVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Luo M, Wei B. Novel insights into rosacea's role in cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization approach. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13737. [PMID: 38769705 PMCID: PMC11106556 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation has been shown to promote cancer progression. Rosacea is indeed a long-term inflammatory skin condition and had been reported to link with increased risk for several types of malignancies, but evidence for causality is lacking. OBJECTIVES To systematically estimate the causal relationship between rosacea and several types of cancer, including cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), actinic keratosis (AK), thyroid cancer, breast cancer, glioma and hepatic cancer, as well as explore the potential underlying pathogenesis. METHODS We conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study to probe the potential causal relationships between rosacea and several types of cancer. Instrumental variables were established using genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with rosacea and cancers. The assessment of causality was carried out through multiple methods, and the robustness of the results was evaluated via sensitivity analyses. RESULTS There was no significant indication of causal effects of rosacea on CMM (pivw = 0.71), cSCC (pivw = 0.45), BCC (pivw = 0.90), AK (pivw = 0.73), thyroid cancer (pivw = 0.59), glioma (pivw = 0.15), and hepatic cancer (pivw = 0.07), but the genetic risk of rosacea was associated with an increased susceptibility to human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-negative malignant neoplasm of breast (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.18; pivw = 0.01). TANK (TRAF family member associated nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) activator) was identified as a common protective gene for both rosacea (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99; pivw = 0.048) and HER-negative malignant neoplasm of the breast (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98; pivw = 0.032), which was primarily enriched in the negative regulation of NF-κB signal transduction and may contribute to the genetic links between rosacea and this subtype of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide suggestive evidence for causal links between rosacea and HER-negative malignant neoplasm of the breast risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Luo
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Yubei Hospital (Yubei District People's Hospital of Chongqing)ChongqingChina
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Mondal S, Sarvari G, Boehr DD. Picornavirus 3C Proteins Intervene in Host Cell Processes through Proteolysis and Interactions with RNA. Viruses 2023; 15:2413. [PMID: 38140654 PMCID: PMC10747604 DOI: 10.3390/v15122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae family comprises a large group of non-enveloped viruses with enormous impact on human and animal health. The picornaviral genome contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that can be processed by viral proteases. The picornaviral 3C proteases share similar three-dimensional structures and play a significant role in the viral life cycle and virus-host interactions. Picornaviral 3C proteins also have conserved RNA-binding activities that contribute to the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex. The 3C protease is important for regulating the host cell response through the cleavage of critical host cell proteins, acting to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and inactivating key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways. The protease and RNA-binding activities of 3C are involved in viral polyprotein processing and the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. Most importantly, 3C modifies critical molecules in host organelles and maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death through the blocking of transcription, translation, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to modulate cell physiology for viral replication. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in promoting virus infection, replication, and release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David D. Boehr
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Ma X, Luo Z, Song R, Nian X, Choudhury SM, Ru Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Cao W, Pei J, Liu X, Zheng H. The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lb Protease Cleaves Intracellular Transcription Factors STAT1 and STAT2 to Antagonize IFN-β-Induced Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:283-296. [PMID: 36548461 PMCID: PMC9842942 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, one of the most highly infectious animal viruses throughout the world. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a highly conserved pathway for IFN-β-induced antiviral gene expression. Previous studies have shown that FMDV can strongly suppress the innate immune response. Moreover, although STAT1 and STAT2 (STAT1/2) have been well established in JAK-STAT signaling-induced antiviral gene expression, whether FMDV proteins inhibit IFN-β-induced JAK-STAT signaling remains poorly understood. In this study, we described the Lb leader protease (Lbpro) of FMDV as a candidate for inhibiting IFN-β-induced signaling transduction via directly interacting with STAT1/2. We further showed that Lbpro colocalized with STAT1/2 to inhibit their nuclear translocation. Importantly, Lbpro cleaved STAT1/2 to inhibit IFN-β-induced signal transduction, whereas the catalytically inactive mutant of LC51A (Lbpro with cysteine substituted with alanine at amino acid residue 51) had no effect on the stability of STAT1/2 proteins. The cleavage of the STAT1/2 proteins was also determined during FMDV infection in vitro. Lbpro could cleave the residues between 252 and 502 aa for STAT1 and the site spanning residues 140 - 150 aa (QQHEIESRIL) for STAT2. The in vivo results showed that Lbpro can cleave STAT1/2 in pigs. Overall, our findings suggest that FMDV Lbpro-mediated targeting of STAT1/2 may reveal a novel mechanism for viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- XuSheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China;,National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - ZhiKuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - XiaoFeng Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sk Mohiuddin Choudhury
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China;,National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - YuXia Zhang
- Comprehensive Technology Center of GanSu Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Lanzhou, China
| | - ZongBo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - WeiJun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China;,National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - JingJing Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - XiangTao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China;,National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - HaiXue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China;,National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and,Comprehensive Technology Center of GanSu Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Lanzhou, China
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Chen X, Wang X, Yang Y, Fang C, Liu J, Liang X, Yang Y. A20 Enhances the Expression of the Proto-Oncogene C-Myc by Downregulating TRAF6 Ubiquitination after ALV-A Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102210. [PMID: 36298765 PMCID: PMC9607361 DOI: 10.3390/v14102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hens infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV-A) experience stunted growth, immunosuppression, and potentially, lymphoma development. According to past research, A20 can both promote and inhibit tumor growth. In this study, DF-1 cells were infected with ALV-A rHB2015012, and Gp85 expression was measured at various time points. A recombinant plasmid encoding the chicken A20 gene and short hairpin RNA targeting chicken A20 (A20-shRNA) was constructed and transfected into DF-1 cells to determine the effect on ALV-A replication. The potential signaling pathways of A20 were explored using bioinformatics prediction, co-immunoprecipitation, and other techniques. The results demonstrate that A20 and ALV-A promoted each other after ALV-A infection of DF-1 cells, upregulated A20, inhibited TRAF6 ubiquitination, and promoted STAT3 phosphorylation. The phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3) promoted the expression of proto-oncogene c-myc, which may lead to tumorigenesis. This study will help to further understand the tumorigenic process of ALV-A and provide a reference for preventing and controlling ALV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.Y.)
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7
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Jian Z, Ma R, Zhu L, Deng H, Li F, Zhao J, Deng L, Lai S, Sun X, Tang H, Xu Z. Evasion of interferon-mediated immune response by arteriviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963923. [PMID: 36091073 PMCID: PMC9454096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN is the most potent antiviral cytokine required for the innate and adaptive immune responses, and its expression can help the host defend against viral infection. Arteriviruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the host cell’s innate immune responses, interfering with IFN expression by interfering with RIG, blocking PRR, obstructing IRF-3/7, NF-κB, and degrading STAT1 signaling pathways, thereby assisting viral immune evasion. Arteriviruses infect immune cells and may result in persistence in infected hosts. In this article, we reviewed the strategies used by Arteriviruses to antagonize IFN production and thwart IFN-activated antiviral signaling, mainly including structural and nonstructural proteins of Arteriviruses encoding IFN antagonists directly or indirectly to disrupt innate immunity. This review will certainly provide a better insight into the pathogenesis of the arthritis virus and provide a theoretical basis for developing more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng Du, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Xu,
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8
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Yin M, Wen W, Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhu H, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Porcine Sapelovirus 3Cpro Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:852473. [PMID: 35782136 PMCID: PMC9240219 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.852473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is the causative pathogen of reproductive obstacles, acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, or severe polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Nevertheless, the pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism of PSV infection are not fully understood, which hinders disease prevention and control. In this study, we found that PSV was sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-β). However, PSV could not activate the IFN-β promoter and induce IFN-β mRNA expression, indicating that PSV has evolved an effective mechanism to block IFN-β production. Further study showed that PSV inhibited the production of IFN-β by cleaving mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and degrading melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) through viral 3Cpro. In addition, our study demonstrated that PSV 3Cpro degrades MDA5 and TBK1 through its protease activity and cleaves MAVS through the caspase pathway. Collectively, our results revealed that PSV inhibits the production of type I interferon to escape host antiviral immunity through cleaving and degrading the adaptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hechao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
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9
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Xu S, Xie J, Zhang X, Chen L, Bi Y, Li X, Idris A, Feng R. DDX56 antagonizes IFN-β production to enhance EMCV replication by inhibiting IRF3 nuclear translocation. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109304. [PMID: 34922148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp)-box RNA helicases (DDX) play important roles in viral infection, either as cytosolic viral nucleic acids sensors or as essential host factors for viral replication. In this study, we identified DDX56 as a positive regulator for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) replication. EMCV infection promotes DDX56 expression via its viral proteins, VP3 and 3C. We showed that DDX56 overexpression promotes EMCV replication whereas its loss dampened EMCV replication. Consequently, knockdown of DDX56 increases type I interferon (IFN) expression during EMCV infection. We also showed that DDX56 interrupts IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and its nucleus translocation by directly targeting KPNA3 and KPNA4 in an EMCV-triggered MDA5 signaling activation cascade leading to the blockade of IFN-β production. Overall, we showed that DDX56 is a novel negative regulator of EMCV-mediated IFN-β responses and that DDX56 plays a critical role in EMCV replication. These findings reveal a novel strategy for EMCV to utilize a host factor to evade the host innate immune response and provide us new insight into the function of DDX56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.
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10
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Li X, Ma R, Wu B, Niu Y, Li H, Li D, Xie J, Idris A, Feng R. HSP27 Protein Dampens Encephalomyocarditis Virus Replication by Stabilizing Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:788870. [PMID: 34899669 PMCID: PMC8664592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.788870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a protein family that respond to physiological stress, such as heat, starvation, and infection. As cellular protein chaperones, they play an important role in protein folding, assembly, and degradation. Though it is well known that HSP27 is involved in a range of viral infections, its role during an encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection is not known. Here, we report that EMCV degrades HSP27 and that EMCV proteins 2Cpro and 3Apro are primarily responsible for its degradation. Consequently, loss of cellular HSP27 augmented EMCV proliferation, an effect that could be reversed upon HSP27 overexpression. Importantly, we found that HSP27 positively regulated EMCV-triggered type I interferon (IFN) production. Moreover, overexpression of 2Cpro and 3Apro significantly blocked type I IFN production. We also found for the first time that HSP27, as a molecular chaperone, can specifically interact with MDA5 and stabilize the expression of MDA5. Collectively, this study shows that HSP27 dampens EMCV infectivity by positively regulating EMCV-triggered retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor (RLR)/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) signal pathway, while EMCV proteins 2Cpro and 3Apro interact with HSP27 and degrade HSP27 protein expression to allow EMCV proliferation. Our findings provide further mechanistic evidence for EMCV partaking in immune escape mechanisms, and that 2Cpro and 3Apro could serve as potential antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Zhao G, Li T, Liu X, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Kang L, Song J, Zhou S, Chen X, Wang X, Li J, Huang L, Li C, Bu Z, Zheng J, Weng C. African swine fever virus cysteine protease pS273R inhibits pyroptosis by noncanonically cleaving gasdermin D. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101480. [PMID: 34890644 PMCID: PMC8728581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar and is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The ASFV virion contains a long double-stranded DNA genome, which encodes more than 150 proteins. However, the immune escape mechanism and pathogenesis of ASFV remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the pyroptosis execution protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a new binding partner of ASFV-encoded protein S273R (pS273R), which belongs to the SUMO-1 cysteine protease family. Further experiments demonstrated that ASFV pS273R-cleaved swine GSDMD in a manner dependent on its protease activity. ASFV pS273R specifically cleaved GSDMD at G107-A108 to produce a shorter N-terminal fragment of GSDMD consisting of residues 1 to 107 (GSDMD-N1–107). Interestingly, unlike the effect of GSDMD-N1–279 fragment produced by caspase-1-mediated cleavage, the assay of LDH release, cell viability, and virus replication showed that GSDMD-N1–107 did not trigger pyroptosis or inhibit ASFV replication. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism involved in the inhibition of ASFV infection-induced pyroptosis, which highlights an important function of pS273R in inflammatory responses and ASFV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihong Zhao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Xuemin Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Taoqing Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Li Kang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Jie Song
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Shijun Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Changyao Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China.
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China.
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12
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Pang Y, Ma M, Wang D, Li X, Jiang L. TANK Promotes Pressure Overload Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy via Activating AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687540. [PMID: 34540911 PMCID: PMC8446676 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: TANK (TRAF family member associated NF-κB activator) acts as a member of scaffold proteins participated in the development of multiple diseases. However, its function in process of cardiac hypertrophy is still unknown. Methods and Results: In this study, we observed an increased expression of TANK in murine hypertrophic hearts after aortic banding, suggesting that TANK may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. We generated cardiac-specific TANK knockout mice, and subsequently subjected to aortic banding for 4–8 weeks. TANK knockout mice showed attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction compared to the control group. In contrast, cardiac-specific TANK transgenic mice showed opposite signs. Consistently, in vitro experiments revealed that TANK knockdown decreased the cell size and expression of hypertrophic markers. Mechanistically, AKT signaling was inhibited in TANK knockout mice, but activated in TANK transgenic mice after aortic banding. Blocking AKT signaling with a pharmacological AKT inhibitor alleviated the cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in TANK transgenic mice. Conclusions: Collectively, we identified TANK accelerates the progression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Pang
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglu Ma
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Host protein, HSP90β, antagonizes IFN-β signaling pathway and facilitates the proliferation of encephalomyocarditis virus in vitro. Virus Res 2021; 305:198547. [PMID: 34425163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a small, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus which infects a wide variety of mammalian species, and has zoonotic importance. Many host proteins are known to regulate EMCV proliferation by interacting with its structural or nonstructural proteins, but the regulatory role and mechanism of heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β), in EMCV infection has not been reported yet. Here, we report that overexpression of HSP90β significantly promotes the growth and proliferation of EMCV in vitro. On the contrary, down-regulation of HSP90β by RNAi or geldanamycin inhibits EMCV replication. HSP90β suppresses IFN-β responses in the RLRs pathway by targeting the expression of the key adaptor molecules MAVS, TBK1, and IRF3, but not MDA5. This study demonstrates the firsthand information that HSP90β plays a positive role in viral proliferation by inhibiting EMCV induced IFN-β production. Collectively, the results reveal new insights into HSP90β-assisted progression of EMCV infection.
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14
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Li J, Song J, Kang L, Huang L, Zhou S, Hu L, Zheng J, Li C, Zhang X, He X, Zhao D, Bu Z, Weng C. pMGF505-7R determines pathogenicity of African swine fever virus infection by inhibiting IL-1β and type I IFN production. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009733. [PMID: 34310655 PMCID: PMC8341718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory factors and type I interferons (IFNs) are key components of host antiviral innate immune responses, which can be released from the pathogen-infected macrophages. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has developed various strategies to evade host antiviral innate immune responses, including alteration of inflammatory responses and IFNs production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying inhibition of inflammatory responses and IFNs production by ASFV-encoded proteins has not been fully understood. Here we report that ASFV infection only induced low levels of IL-1β and type I IFNs in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), even in the presence of strong inducers such as LPS and poly(dA:dT). Through further exploration, we found that several members of the multigene family 360 (MGF360) and MGF505 strongly inhibited IL-1β maturation and IFN-β promoter activation. Among them, pMGF505-7R had the strongest inhibitory effect. To verify the function of pMGF505-7R in vivo, a recombinant ASFV with deletion of the MGF505-7R gene (ASFV-Δ7R) was constructed and assessed. As we expected, ASFV-Δ7R infection induced higher levels of IL-1β and IFN-β compared with its parental ASFV HLJ/18 strain. ASFV infection-induced IL-1β production was then found to be dependent on TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pMGF505-7R interacted with IKKα in the IKK complex to inhibit NF-κB activation and bound to NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome formation, leading to decreased IL-1β production. Moreover, we found that pMGF505-7R interacted with and inhibited the nuclear translocation of IRF3 to block type I IFN production. Importantly, the virulence of ASFV-Δ7R is reduced in piglets compared with its parental ASFV HLJ/18 strain, which may due to induction of higher IL-1β and type I IFN production in vivo. Our findings provide a new clue to understand the functions of ASFV-encoded pMGF505-7R and its role in viral infection-induced pathogenesis, which might help design antiviral agents or live attenuated vaccines to control ASF. African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly lethal swine disease that is currently present in many countries, severely affecting the pig industry. Despite extensive research, effective vaccines and antiviral strategies are still lacking and relevant gaps in knowledge of the fundamental biology of the viral infection cycle exist. In this study, we found that ASFV infection only induced low levels of IL-1β and type I IFNs in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and identified that pMGF505-7R, a member of the multigene family 505 (MGF505), strongly inhibited IL-1β and IFN-β production. ASFV lacking the MGF505-7R gene (ASFV-Δ7R) had reduced virulence in piglets and induced increased IL-1β and IFN-β production in PAMs and pigs compared with its parental ASFV HLJ/18 strain. Our results significantly increase our knowledge to understand functions of ASFV-encoded pMGF505-7R and its roles in pathogenesis, which may shed light on future research on live attenuated vaccines and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Song
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Kang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shijun Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changyao Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xijun He
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (ZB); (CW)
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (ZB); (CW)
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15
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Yi J, Peng J, Yang W, Zhu G, Ren J, Li D, Zheng H. Picornavirus 3C - a protease ensuring virus replication and subverting host responses. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/5/jcs253237. [PMID: 33692152 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease 3C is encoded by all known picornaviruses, and the structural features related to its protease and RNA-binding activities are conserved; these contribute to the cleavage of viral polyproteins and the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex during virus replication. Furthermore, 3C performs functions in the host cell through its interaction with host proteins. For instance, 3C has been shown to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and to inactivate key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways, inhibiting the production of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, 3C maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death and modifying critical molecules in host organelles. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in virus-host interaction, thus highlighting the picornavirus-mediated pathogenesis caused by 3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
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16
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Han Y, Xie J, Xu S, Bi Y, Li X, Zhang H, Idris A, Bai J, Feng R. Encephalomyocarditis Virus Abrogates the Interferon Beta Signaling Pathway via Its Structural Protein VP2. J Virol 2021; 95:e01590-20. [PMID: 33328314 PMCID: PMC8094936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01590-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are critical for modulating host-virus responses, and indeed, viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize this pathway. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, which causes myocarditis, encephalitis, neurological disease, reproductive disorders, and diabetes in pigs. This study aims to understand how EMCV interacts with the IFN pathway. EMCV circumvents the type I IFN response by expressing proteins that antagonize cellular innate immunity. Here, we show that EMCV VP2 is a negative regulator of the IFN-β pathway. This occurs via the degradation of the MDA5-mediated cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) antiviral sensing RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway. We show that structural protein VP2 of EMCV interacts with MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 through its C terminus. In addition, we found that EMCV VP2 could significantly degrade RLRs by the proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. For the first time, EMCV VP2 was shown to play an important role in EMCV evasion of the type I IFN signaling pathway. This study expands our understanding that EMCV utilizes its capsid protein VP2 to evade the host antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Encephalomyocarditis virus is an important pathogen that can cause encephalitis, myocarditis, neurological diseases, and reproductive disorders. It also causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. Innate immunity plays an important role in defending the host from pathogen infection. Understanding pathogen microorganisms evading the host immune system is of great importance. Currently, whether EMCV evades cytosolic RNA sensing and signaling is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that viral protein VP2 antagonized the RLR signaling pathway by degrading MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 protein expression to facilitate viral replication in HEK293 cells. The findings in this study identify a new mechanism for EMCV evading the host's innate immune response, which provide new insights into the virus-host interaction and help develop new antiviral approaches against EMCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jialin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Tsu BV, Beierschmitt C, Ryan AP, Agarwal R, Mitchell PS, Daugherty MD. Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome. eLife 2021; 10:60609. [PMID: 33410748 PMCID: PMC7857732 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP1 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is a potent activator of inflammation. Mouse NLRP1B can be activated through proteolytic cleavage by the bacterial Lethal Toxin (LeTx) protease, resulting in degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B and liberation of the bioactive C-terminal domain, which includes the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). However, natural pathogen-derived effectors that can activate human NLRP1 have remained unknown. Here, we use an evolutionary model to identify several proteases from diverse picornaviruses that cleave human NLRP1 within a rapidly evolving region of the protein, leading to host-specific and virus-specific activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome. Our work demonstrates that NLRP1 acts as a 'tripwire' to recognize the enzymatic function of a wide range of viral proteases and suggests that host mimicry of viral polyprotein cleavage sites can be an evolutionary strategy to activate a robust inflammatory immune response. The immune system recognizes disease-causing microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, and removes them from the body before they can cause harm. When the immune system first detects these foreign invaders, a multi-part structure known as the inflammasome launches an inflammatory response to help fight the microbes off. Several sensor proteins can activate the inflammasome, including one in mice called NLRP1B. This protein has evolved a specialized site that can be cut by a bacterial toxin. Once cleaved, this region acts like a biological tripwire and sparks NLRP1B into action, allowing the sensor to activate the inflammasome system. Humans have a similar protein called NLRP1, but it is unclear whether this protein has also evolved a tripwire region that can sense microbial proteins. To answer this question, Tsu, Beierschmitt et al. set out to find whether NLRP1 can be activated by viruses in the Picornaviridae family, which are responsible for diseases like polio, hepatitis A, and the common cold. This revealed that NLRP1 contains a cleavage site for enzymes produced by some, but not all, of the viruses in the picornavirus family. Further experiments confirmed that when a picornavirus enzyme cuts through this region during a viral infection, it triggers NLRP1 to activate the inflammasome and initiate an immune response. The enzymes from different viruses were also found to cleave human NLRP1 at different sites, and the protein’s susceptibility to cleavage varied between different animal species. For instance, Tsu, Beierschmitt et al. discovered that NLRP1B in mice is also able to sense picornaviruses, and that different enzymes activate and cleave NLRP1B and NLRP1 to varying degrees: this affected how well the two proteins are expected to be able to sense specific viral infections. This variation suggests that there is an ongoing evolutionary arms-race between viral proteins and the immune system: as viral proteins change and new ones emerge, NLRP1 rapidly evolves new tripwire sites that allow it to sense the infection and launch an inflammatory response. What happens when NLRP1B activates the inflammasome during a viral infection is still an open question. The discovery that mouse NLRP1B shares features with human NLRP1 could allow the development of animal models to study the role of the tripwire in antiviral defenses and the overactive inflammation associated with some viral infections. Understanding the types of viruses that activate the NLRP1 inflammasome, and the outcomes of the resulting immune response, may have implications for future treatments of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Tsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Andrew P Ryan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Rimjhim Agarwal
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Patrick S Mitchell
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Matthew D Daugherty
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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18
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Ng CS, Stobart CC, Luo H. Innate immune evasion mediated by picornaviral 3C protease: Possible lessons for coronaviral 3C-like protease? Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-22. [PMID: 33624382 PMCID: PMC7883238 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is the etiological agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019, a multi-organ disease that has triggered an unprecedented global health and economic crisis. The virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro ), which is named after picornaviral 3C protease (3Cpro ) due to their similarities in substrate recognition and enzymatic activity, is essential for viral replication and has been considered as the primary drug target. However, information regarding the cellular substrates of 3CLpro and its interaction with the host remains scarce, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Here we summarized and compared the mechanisms by which picornaviruses and coronaviruses have evolved to evade innate immune surveillance, with a focus on the established role of 3Cpro in this process. Through this comparison, we hope to highlight the potential action and mechanisms that are conserved and shared between 3Cpro and 3CLpro . In this review, we also briefly discussed current advances in the development of broad-spectrum antivirals targeting both 3Cpro and 3CLpro .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Wei J, Li C, Ou J, Zhang X, Liu Z, Qin Q. The roles of grouper TANK in innate immune defense against iridovirus and nodavirus infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:506-516. [PMID: 32585359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The TRAF family member-associated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activator (TANK) was first identified as a TRAF-binding protein with both stimulatory and inhibitory properties in host innate immune activation. To elucidate the roles of TANK in teleosts, we cloned and characterized the TANK homologue of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The open reading frame (ORF) of EcTANK consists of 1026 nucleotides encoding a 342 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 38.24 kDa. EcTANK shares 89.47% and 88.89% identity with Larimichthys crocea TANK and Lates calcarifer TANK, respectively. EcTANK was distributed in all 11 examined tissues. The expression of EcTANK in the spleen increased after infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). EcTANK was mainly located in the cytoplasm of grouper spleen cells. EcTANK enhanced SGIV and RGNNV replication during viral infection in vitro. Overexpression EcTANK decreased the expression levels of interferon-associated cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors, and enhanced activation of NF-κB. Taken together, these results suggest that EcTANK may play an important role in antiviral innate immune activation in grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguang Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Chen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jisheng Ou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zetian Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China.
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20
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Wang B, Fu M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li X, Cao H, Zheng SJ. Corrigendum: gga-miR-155 Enhances Type I Interferon Expression and Suppresses Infectious Burse Disease Virus Replication via Targeting SOCS1 and TANK. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:324. [PMID: 32760677 PMCID: PMC7374044 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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21
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Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme 2S Enhances Viral Replication by Inhibiting Type I IFN Production through Recruiting USP15 to Deubiquitinate TBK1. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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22
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Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L Negatively Regulates Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication through Inhibition of Viral RNA Synthesis by Interacting with the Internal Ribosome Entry Site in the 5' Untranslated Region. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00282-20. [PMID: 32161169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00282-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, the highly structured 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of picornavirus is involved in viral protein translation and RNA synthesis. As a critical element in the 5' UTR, the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds to various cellular proteins to function in the processes of picornavirus replication. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important member in the family Picornaviridae, and its 5' UTR contains a functional IRES element. In this study, the cellular heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP L) was identified as an IRES-binding protein for FMDV by biotinylated RNA pulldown assays, mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, and determination of hnRNP L-IRES interaction regions. Further, we found that hnRNP L inhibited the growth of FMDV through binding to the viral IRES and that the inhibitory effect of hnRNP L on FMDV growth was not due to FMDV IRES-mediated translation, but to influence on viral RNA synthesis. Finally, hnRNP L was demonstrated to coimmunoprecipitate with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol) in an FMDV RNA-dependent manner in the infected cells. Thus, our results suggest that hnRNP L, as a critical IRES-binding protein, negatively regulates FMDV replication by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis, possibly by remaining in the replication complex.IMPORTANCE Picornaviruses, as a large family of human and animal pathogens, cause a bewildering array of disease syndromes. Many host factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of these viruses, and some proteins interact with the viral IRES elements to affect function. Here, we report for the first time that cellular hnRNP L specifically interacts with the IRES of the picornavirus FMDV and negatively regulates FMDV replication through inhibiting viral RNA synthesis. Further, our results showed that hnRNP L coimmunoprecipitates with FMDV 3Dpol in a viral RNA-dependent manner, suggesting that it may remain in the replication complex to function. The data presented here would facilitate further understanding of virus-host interactions and the pathogenesis of picornavirus infections.
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23
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Zeng W, Zhang J, Cai L, Wu Z, Su J, Xiao Y, Liu N, Tang L, Xu X, Chen X, Peng C. TRAF6 Activates Fibroblasts to Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts through FGF19 in Tumor Microenvironment to Benefit the Malignant Phenotype of Melanoma Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2268-2279.e11. [PMID: 32275977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment and mediate tumor progression in various cancers. A previous study demonstrated that TRAF6 promotes the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells. However, the role of TRAF6 in melanoma CAFs remains unclear. In this study, we found that TRAF6 was significantly upregulated in CAFs adjacent to melanoma cells. Functional assays showed that TRAF6 promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration as well as MMP and α-SMA expression. Moreover, the expression of TRAF6 in fibroblasts promoted the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, the intervention of TRAF6 expression in melanoma cells affected the activation of CAFs. We found that FGF19 was a key cytokine regulated by TRAF6 through NF-κB1 using luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation in melanoma cells. Because plasma FGF19 levels are elevated in patients with melanoma, it may significantly induce fibroblast activation in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results support that TRAF6 is a key molecule that mediates the interaction between melanoma cells and stromal fibroblasts, suggesting that TRAF6 is a potentially promising target in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health And Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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24
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Chen S, Tian J, Li Z, Kang H, Zhang J, Huang J, Yin H, Hu X, Qu L. Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Nsp5 Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Cleaving NEMO at Multiple Sites. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010043. [PMID: 31905881 PMCID: PMC7019732 DOI: 10.3390/v12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), caused by virulent feline coronavirus, is the leading infectious cause of death in cats. The type I interferon (type I IFN)-mediated immune responses provide host protection from infectious diseases. Several coronaviruses have been reported to evolve diverse strategies to evade host IFN response. However, whether feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) antagonizes the type I IFN signaling remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that FIPV strain DF2 infection not only failed to induce interferon-β (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) production, but also inhibited Sendai virus (SEV) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-induced IFN-β production. Subsequently, we found that one of the non-structural proteins encoded by the FIPV genome, nsp5, interrupted type I IFN signaling in a protease-dependent manner by cleaving the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO) at three sites—glutamine132 (Q132), Q205, and Q231. Further investigation revealed that the cleavage products of NEMO lost the ability to activate the IFN-β promoter. Mechanistically, the nsp5-mediated NEMO cleavage disrupted the recruitment of the TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) to NEMO, which reduced the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), leading to the inhibition of type I IFN production. Our research provides new insights into the mechanism for FIPV to counteract host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-451-5105-1785 (X.H.); +86-451-5105-1788 (L.Q.)
| | - Liandong Qu
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.Q.); Tel.: +86-451-5105-1785 (X.H.); +86-451-5105-1788 (L.Q.)
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25
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Wang T, Chen S, Wang X, Huang Y, Qiu J, Fei Y, Chaulagain A, Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin L, Yan B, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhao W, Zhong Z. Aberrant PD-1 ligand expression contributes to the myocardial inflammatory injury caused by Coxsackievirus B infection. Antiviral Res 2019; 166:1-10. [PMID: 30904424 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus group B (CVB) is considered as one of the most common pathogens of human viral myocarditis. CVB-induced myocarditis is mainly characterized by the persistence of the virus infection and immune-mediated inflammatory injury. Costimulatory signals are crucial for the activation of adaptive immunity. Our data reveal that the CVB type 3 (CVB3) infection altered the expression profile of costimulatory molecules in host cells. CVB3 infection caused the decrease of PD-1 ligand expression, partially due to the cleavage of AU-rich element binding protein AUF1 by the viral protease 3Cpro, leading to the exacerbated inflammatory injury of the myocardium. Moreover, systemic PD-L1 treatment, which augmented the apoptosis of proliferating lymphocytes, alleviated myocardial inflammatory injury. Our findings suggest that PD1-pathway can be a potential immunologic therapeutic target for CVB-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Yike Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfa Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Yanru Fei
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Anita Chaulagain
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Biying Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China.
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26
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Fernandes MHV, Maggioli MF, Otta J, Joshi LR, Lawson S, Diel DG. Senecavirus A 3C Protease Mediates Host Cell Apoptosis Late in Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:363. [PMID: 30918505 PMCID: PMC6424860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), an oncolytic picornavirus used for cancer treatment in humans, has recently emerged as a vesicular disease (VD)-causing agent in swine worldwide. Notably, SVA-induced VD is indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other high-consequence VDs of pigs. Here we investigated the role of apoptosis on infection and replication of SVA. Given the critical role of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway on modulation of cell death, we first assessed activation of NF-κB during SVA infection. Results here show that while early during infection SVA induces activation of NF-κB, as evidenced by nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-mediated transcription, late in infection a cleaved product corresponding to the C-terminus of NF-κB-p65 is detected in infected cells, resulting in lower NF-κB transcriptional activity. Additionally, we assessed the potential role of SVA 3C protease (3Cpro) in SVA-induced host-cell apoptosis and cleavage of NF-κB-p65. Transient expression of SVA 3Cpro was associated with cleavage of NF-κB-p65 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting its involvement in virus-induced apoptosis. Most importantly, we showed that while cleavage of NF-κB-p65 is secondary to caspase activation, the proteolytic activity of SVA 3Cpro is essential for induction of apoptosis. Experiments using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK confirmed the relevance of late apoptosis for SVA infection, indicating that SVA induces apoptosis, presumably, as a mechanism to facilitate virus release and/or spread from infected cells. Together, these results suggest an important role of apoptosis for SVA infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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27
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Zhang K, Zhang Y, Xue J, Meng Q, Liu H, Bi C, Li C, Hu L, Yu H, Xiong T, Yang Y, Cui S, Bu Z, He X, Li J, Huang L, Weng C. DDX19 Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Disrupting TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 Interactions and Promoting TBK1 and IKKε Degradation. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1258-1272.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Ma L, Stipkovits L, Szathmary S, Li X, Liu Y. The Strategy of Picornavirus Evading Host Antiviral Responses: Non-structural Proteins Suppress the Production of IFNs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2943. [PMID: 30619109 PMCID: PMC6297142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger the innate immune system to produce interferons (IFNs), which play important role in host antiviral responses. Co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has favored development of various strategies to evade the effects of IFNs, enabling viruses to survive inside host cells. One such strategy involves inhibition of IFN signaling pathways by non-structural proteins. In this review, we provide a brief overview of host signaling pathways inducing IFN production and their suppression by picornavirus non-structural proteins. Using this strategy, picornaviruses can evade the host immune response and replicate inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Feng C, Zhang Y, Li J, Liu J, Wu H, Xiao J, Feng H. Molecular cloning and characterization of TANK of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:113-120. [PMID: 30017926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is linked to the regulation of the transcription of NF-κB in mammals; however, its role in interferon induction is unclear. To elucidate the roles of TANK in teleost, the TANK homologue of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized in this paper. The open reading frame (ORF) of black carp TANK (bcTANK) comprises 1050 nucleotides and the predicted bcTANK protein contains 350 amino acids. The transcription of bcTANK in host cells increased in response to the stimulation of LPS, poly (I:C), SVCV and GCRV. bcTANK migrated around 50 KDa in immunoblot assay and was identified as a cytosolic protein by immunofluorescent staining in both EPC and HeLa cells. bcTANK could not induce the activity of IFN promoter in luciferase reporter assay in EPC cells; however, the IFN-activation ability of bcTANK was obviously enhanced when the cells were treated with LPS, poly (I:C) or virus. Both CPE ratio and virus titer in the media of EPC cells expressing bcTANK were obviously lower than those of the control cells, which were examined by violet crystal staining and plaque assay separately. Taken together, our data support the conclusion that bcTANK plays an important role in the antiviral innate immune activation of black carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yinyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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30
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Ma XX, Ma LN, Chang QY, Ma P, Li LJ, Wang YY, Ma ZR, Cao X. Type I Interferon Induced and Antagonized by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1862. [PMID: 30150977 PMCID: PMC6099088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger the innate immune system, serving as the first line of defense, and are characterized by the production of type I interferon (IFN). Type I IFN is expressed in a broad spectrum of cells and tissues in the host and includes various subtypes (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-δ, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, IFN-τ, IFN-ω, IFN-ν, and IFN-ζ). Since the discovery of type I IFN, our knowledge of the biology of type I IFN has accumulated immensely, and we now have a substantial amount of information on the molecular mechanisms of the response and induction of type I IFN, as well as the strategies utilized by viruses to evade the type I IFN response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can selectively alter cellular pathways to promote viral replication and evade antiviral immune activation of type I IFN. RNA molecules generated by FMDV are sensed by the cellular receptor for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). FMDV preferentially activates different sensor molecules and various signal transduction pathways. Based on knowledge of the virus or RNA pathogen specificity as well as the function-structure relationship of RNA sensing, it is necessary to summarize numerous signaling adaptors that are reported to participate in the regulation of IFN gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Ma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jie Li
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Ren Ma
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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31
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Carmody M, Zimmer JT, Cushman CH, Nguyen T, Lawson TG. The ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP/UBE3A supports early encephalomyocarditis virus replication. Virus Res 2018; 252:48-57. [PMID: 29782878 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses make use of, and even direct, the ubiquitin-proteasome system to facilitate the generation of a cellular environment favorable for virus replication, while host cells use selected protein ubiquitylation pathways for antiviral defense. Relatively little information has been acquired, however, regarding the extent to which protein ubiquitylation determines the replication success of picornaviruses. Here we report that the ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP/UBE3A, recently shown to be a participant in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 3C protease concentration regulation, also facilitates the early stages of EMCV replication, probably by a mechanism that does not involve 3C protease ubiquitylation. Using stably transfected E6AP knockdown cells, we found that reduced E6AP concentration extends the time required for infected cells to undergo the morphological changes caused by virally induced pathogenesis and to begin the production of infectious virions. This lag in virion production is accompanied by a corresponding delay in the appearance of detectable levels of viral proteins and RNA. We also found, by using both immunofluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation, that E6AP is partially redistributed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in EMCV-infected cells, thereby increasing its availability to participate in cytoplasmic virus replication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Carmody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Joshua T Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Camille H Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - T Glen Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA.
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32
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Wang B, Fu M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li X, Cao H, Zheng SJ. gga-miR-155 Enhances Type I Interferon Expression and Suppresses Infectious Burse Disease Virus Replication via Targeting SOCS1 and TANK. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:55. [PMID: 29564226 PMCID: PMC5845882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in host-pathogen interactions and innate immune response to viral infection. However, the role of miRNAs in host response to IBDV infection is not clear. We report here that gga-miR-155 acts as an anti-virus host factor inhibiting IBDV replication. We found that transfection of DF-1 cells with gga-miR-155 suppressed IBDV replication, while blockage of the endogenous gga-miR-155 by inhibitors enhanced IBDV replication. Furthermore, our data showed that gga-miR-155 enhanced the expression of type I interferon in DF-1 cells post IBDV infection. Importantly, we found that gga-miR-155 enhanced type I interferon expression via targeting SOCS1 and TANK, two negative regulators of type I IFN signaling. These results indicate that gga-miR-155 plays a critical role in cell response to IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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33
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Zhang S, Qian C, Liu X, Piao S, Jin X. TRAF6 Affects RAC1 Expression and Apoptosis in SK-Hep1 Cells. Chin Med 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2018.94011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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34
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Lei J, Hilgenfeld R. RNA-virus proteases counteracting host innate immunity. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3190-3210. [PMID: 28850669 PMCID: PMC7163997 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus invasion triggers host immune responses, in particular, innate immune responses. Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns of viruses (such as dsRNA, ssRNA, or viral proteins) released during virus replication are detected by the corresponding pattern‐recognition receptors of the host, and innate immune responses are induced. Through production of type‐I and type‐III interferons as well as various other cytokines, the host innate immune system forms the frontline to protect host cells and inhibit virus infection. Not surprisingly, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to counter this antiviral system. In this review, we discuss the multiple strategies used by proteases of positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses of the families Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, and Flaviviridae, when counteracting host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems Site, University of Lübeck, Germany
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35
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Qian S, Fan W, Liu T, Wu M, Zhang H, Cui X, Zhou Y, Hu J, Wei S, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Seneca Valley Virus Suppresses Host Type I Interferon Production by Targeting Adaptor Proteins MAVS, TRIF, and TANK for Cleavage. J Virol 2017; 91:e00823-17. [PMID: 28566380 PMCID: PMC5533933 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00823-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is an oncolytic RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. Its nucleotide sequence is highly similar to those of members of the Cardiovirus genus. SVV is also a neuroendocrine cancer-selective oncolytic picornavirus that can be used for anticancer therapy. However, the interaction between SVV and its host is yet to be fully characterized. In this study, SVV inhibited antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses by targeting different host adaptors, including mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS), Toll/interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF), and TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK), via viral 3C protease (3Cpro). SVV 3Cpro mediated the cleavage of MAVS, TRIF, and TANK at specific sites, which required its protease activity. The cleaved MAVS, TRIF, and TANK lost the ability to regulate pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated IFN production. The cleavage of TANK also facilitated TRAF6-induced NF-κB activation. SVV was also found to be sensitive to IFN-β. Therefore, SVV suppressed antiviral IFN production to escape host antiviral innate immune responses by cleaving host adaptor molecules.IMPORTANCE Host cells have developed various defenses against microbial pathogen infection. The production of IFN is the first line of defense against microbial infection. However, viruses have evolved many strategies to disrupt this host defense. SVV, a member of the Picornavirus genus, is an oncolytic virus that shows potential functions in anticancer therapy. It has been demonstrated that IFN can be used in anticancer therapy for certain tumors. However, the relationship between oncolytic virus and innate immune response in anticancer therapy is still not well known. In this study, we showed that SVV has evolved as an effective mechanism to inhibit host type I IFN production by using its 3Cpro to cleave the molecules MAVS, TRIF, and TANK directly. These molecules are crucial for the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR)-mediated signaling pathway. We also found that SVV is sensitive to IFN-β. These findings increase our understanding of the interaction between SVV and host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengge Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Gastrointerstinal Surgery, Hubei Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Department of Gastrointerstinal Surgery, Hubei Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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36
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Rui Y, Su J, Wang H, Chang J, Wang S, Zheng W, Cai Y, Wei W, Gordy JT, Markham R, Kong W, Zhang W, Yu XF. Disruption of MDA5-Mediated Innate Immune Responses by the 3C Proteins of Coxsackievirus A16, Coxsackievirus A6, and Enterovirus D68. J Virol 2017; 91:e00546-17. [PMID: 28424289 PMCID: PMC5469270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00546-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), CV-A6, and enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) belong to the Picornaviridae family and are major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and pediatric respiratory disease worldwide. The biological characteristics of these viruses, especially their interplay with the host innate immune system, have not been well investigated. In this study, we discovered that the 3Cpro proteins from CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 bind melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and inhibit its interaction with MAVS. Consequently, MDA5-triggered type I interferon (IFN) signaling in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) pathway was blocked by the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins. Furthermore, the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins all cleave transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), resulting in the inhibition of NF-κB activation, a host response also critical for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling. Thus, our data demonstrate that circulating HFMD-associated CV-A16 and CV-A6, as well as severe respiratory disease-associated EV-D68, have developed novel mechanisms to subvert host innate immune responses by targeting key factors in the RLR and TLR pathways. Blocking the ability of 3Cpro proteins from diverse enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses to interfere with type I IFN induction should restore IFN antiviral function, offering a potential novel antiviral strategy.IMPORTANCE CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 are emerging pathogens associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease and pediatric respiratory disease worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins block MDA5-triggered type I IFN induction. The 3Cpro proteins of these viruses bind MDA5 and inhibit its interaction with MAVS. In addition, the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins cleave TAK1 to inhibit the NF-κB response. Thus, our data demonstrate that circulating HFMD-associated CV-A16 and CV-A6, as well as severe respiratory disease-associated EV-D68, have developed a mechanism to subvert host innate immune responses by simultaneously targeting key factors in the RLR and TLR pathways. These findings indicate the potential merit of targeting the CV-A16, CV-A6, and EV-D68 3Cpro proteins as an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Rui
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Wang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Junliang Chang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - James T Gordy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Markham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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37
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Rodríguez Pulido M, Sáiz M. Molecular Mechanisms of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Targeting the Host Antiviral Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:252. [PMID: 28660175 PMCID: PMC5468379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of an acute vesicular disease affecting pigs, cattle and other domestic, and wild animals worldwide. The aim of the host interferon (IFN) response is to limit viral replication and spread. Detection of the viral genome and products by specialized cellular sensors initiates a signaling cascade that leads to a rapid antiviral response involving the secretion of type I- and type III-IFNs and other antiviral cytokines with antiproliferative and immunomodulatory functions. During co-evolution with their hosts, viruses have acquired strategies to actively counteract host antiviral responses and the balance between innate response and viral antagonism may determine the outcome of disease and pathogenesis. FMDV proteases Lpro and 3C have been found to antagonize the host IFN response by a repertoire of mechanisms. Moreover, the putative role of other viral proteins in IFN antagonism is being recently unveiled, uncovering sophisticated immune evasion strategies different to those reported to date for other members of the Picornaviridae family. Here, we review the interplay between antiviral responses induced by FMDV infection and viral countermeasures to block them. Research on strategies used by viruses to modulate immunity will provide insights into the function of host pathways involved in defense against pathogens and will also lead to development of new therapeutic strategies to fight virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rodríguez Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM)Madrid, Spain
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38
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Wu Y, Song LT, Li JS, Zhu DW, Jiang SY, Deng JY. MicroRNA-126 Regulates Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Gingival Fibroblasts Under High Glucose via Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Associated Factor 6. J Periodontol 2017; 88:e179-e187. [PMID: 28598282 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Meanwhile, miRs act as biomarkers for predicting diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the regulatory mechanism of miR-126 on development of periodontitis in patients with DM still remains unclear. METHODS Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured with low (5.5 mmol/L), medium (15 mmol/L), and high (25 mmol/L) glucose, respectively. Expressions of miR-126, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) 6, and related cytokines were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After transfection with miR-126 mimic, PCR and western blot were performed to detect level of TRAF6, and luciferase reporter assay confirmed if TRAF6 is the direct target of miR-126. Production of cytokines was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Increased glucose significantly suppressed miR-126 expression in human gingival fibroblasts (P <0.05). Also, high glucose increased TRAF6, interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, and chemical chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 levels, whereas it decreased IL-10 level. MiR-126 mimic significantly decreased TRAF6 mRNA and protein levels under high glucose (P <0.05). Also, miR-126 directly targeted TRAF6 through binding to its 3' untranslated region in human gingival fibroblasts. Overexpression of miR-126 significantly abrogated high glucose-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL2 and promoted production of IL-10. CONCLUSION These data suggest that miR-126 inhibits inflammation of human gingival fibroblasts under high glucose through targeting TRAF6, which may be a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis concomitant with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Ting Song
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Shan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong-Wang Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shao-Yun Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Yin Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Huang L, Xiong T, Yu H, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Li C, Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wang S, He X, Bu Z, Cai X, Cui S, Li J, Weng C. Encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease attenuates type I interferon production through disrupting the TANK-TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex. Biochem J 2017; 474:2051-2065. [PMID: 28487378 PMCID: PMC5465970 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator (TANK) is a scaffold protein that assembles into the interferon (IFN) regulator factor 3 (IRF3)-phosphorylating TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-(IκB) kinase ε (IKKε) complex, where it is involved in regulating phosphorylation of the IRF3 and IFN production. However, the functions of TANK in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection-induced type I IFN production are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that, instead of stimulating type I IFN production, the EMCV-HB10 strain infection potently inhibited Sendai virus- and polyI:C-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production in HEK293T cells. Mechanistically, EMCV 3C protease (EMCV 3C) cleaved TANK and disrupted the TANK-TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex, which resulted in the reduction in IRF3 phosphorylation and type I IFN production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that EMCV adopts a novel strategy to evade host innate immune responses through cleavage of TANK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China
| | - Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Changyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150069, China
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Wang W, Zheng Y, Jia J, Li C, Duan Q, Li R, Wang X, Shao Y, Chen C, Yan H. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes the viability and invasion of skin squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating YB-1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:499-506. [PMID: 28672959 PMCID: PMC5488501 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 serves a function in the host defense against microbial invasion, and also regulates cell proliferation, immune activity and angiogenesis. Previous studies have reported that LL-37 participates in the development of numerous tumour types, such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer, melanoma and breast cancer. However, the function of LL-37 in the development of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the current study was to investigate how LL-37 promotes the expression of Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) in SCC. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to inhibit the expression of YB-1, and in vitro MTT and Transwell migration assays were used to evaluate the effect of reduced YB-1 on the viability and invasion of A431 cells. A431 cells were stimulated with LL-37, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses were used to detect changes in YB-1 expression. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway inhibitors were also used to evaluate the mechanism of LL-37-induced YB-1 protein expression. It was found that YB-1 expression was increased in SCC tissue compared with normal tissue. Inhibiting YB-1 expression using siRNA significantly reduced the viability and suppressed the invasion of tumour cells (P<0.05 for both). LL-37 treatment at 0.05 µg/ml for 24 or 48 h significantly promoted YB-1 protein expression (P<0.05), and this was dependent on the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that by upregulating the expression of YB-1, LL-37 can promote the occurrence and development of SCC, and this process involves the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Changji Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Duan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ruilian Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China.,Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Caifeng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Huling Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Li B, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Li P, Song N, Lin W, Liu Y, Gu L, Meng H. A Novel Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Virulence Determinant: The 69th Residue of 3C Protease Modulates Pathogenicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:26. [PMID: 28217559 PMCID: PMC5290453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71), the major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, has been known to cause fatal neurological complications. Unfortunately, the reason for neurological complications that have been seen in fatal cases of the disease and the relationship between EV71 virulence and viral genetic sequences remains largely undefined. The 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 plays an irreplaceable role in segmenting the precursor polyprotein during viral replication, and intervening with host life activity during viral infection. In this study, for the first time, the 69th residue of 3C protease has been identified as a novel virulence determinant of EV71. The recombinant virus with single point variation, in the 69th of 3Cpro, exhibited obvious decline in replication, and virulence. We further determined the crystal structure of 3C N69D at 1.39 Ǻ resolution and found that conformation of 3C N69D demonstrated significant changes compared with a normal 3C protein, in the substrate-binding site and catalytic active site. Strikingly, one of the switch loops, essential in fixing substrates, adopts an open conformation in the 3C N69D-rupintrivir complex. Consistent with this apparent structural disruption, the catalytic activity of 3C N69D decreased sharply for host derived and viral derived substrates, detected for both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in addition to EV71, Asp69 was also found in 3C proteases of other virus strains, such as CAV16, and was conserved in nearly all C type human rhinovirus. Overall, we identified a natural virulence determinant of 3C protease and revealed the mechanism of attenuated virulence is mediated by N69D substitution. Our data provides new insight into the enzymatic mechanism of a subdued 3C protease and suggests a theoretical basis for virulence determinantion of picornaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
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Schulz KS, Mossman KL. Viral Evasion Strategies in Type I IFN Signaling - A Summary of Recent Developments. Front Immunol 2016; 7:498. [PMID: 27891131 PMCID: PMC5104748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects the organism against infections and the damage associated with them. The first line of defense against pathogens is the innate immune response. In the case of a viral infection, it induces the interferon (IFN) signaling cascade and eventually the expression of type I IFN, which then causes an antiviral state in the cells. However, many viruses have developed strategies to counteract this mechanism and prevent the production of IFN. In order to modulate or inhibit the IFN signaling cascade in their favor, viruses have found ways to interfere at every single step of the cascade, for example, by inducing protein degradation or cleavage, or by mediate protein polyubiquitination. In this article, we will review examples of viruses that modulate the IFN response and describe the mechanisms they use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Schulz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
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Li JJ, Luo J, Lu JN, Liang XN, Luo YH, Liu YR, Yang J, Ding H, Qin GH, Yang LH, Dang YW, Yang H, Chen G. Relationship between TRAF6 and deterioration of HCC: an immunohistochemical and in vitro study. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:76. [PMID: 27708550 PMCID: PMC5041287 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and the clinicopathological features in HCC as well as its biological function. Methods Totally, 412 liver tissues were collected, including 171 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their corresponding non-tumor tissues, 37 cirrhosis and 33 normal liver tissues. The expression of TRAF6 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Then, analysis of the correlations between TRAF6 expression and clinicopathological parameters in HCC was conducted. Furtherer, in vitro experiments on HepG2 and Hep3B cells were performed to validate the biological function of TRAF6 on HCC cells. TRAF6 siRNA was transfected into HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines and TRAF6 expression was evaluated with RT-qPCR and western blot. The assays of cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activity were carried out to investigate the effects of TRAF6 on HCC cells with RNA interference. Cell viability was assessed with Cell Titer-Blue kit. Cell proliferation was tested with MTS kit. Cell apoptosis was checked through morphologic detection with fluorescence microscope, as well as caspase-3/7 activity was measured with fluorogenic substrate detection. Results The positive expression rate of TRAF6 protein was 49.7 % in HCC, significantly higher than that of normal liver (12.1 %), cirrhosis (21.6 %) and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (36.3 %, all P < 0.05). Upregulated TRAF6 was detected in groups with metastasis (Z = −2.058, P = 0.04) and with low micro-vessel density (MVD) expression (Z = −2.813, P = 0.005). Spearman correlation analysis further showed that the expression of TRAF6 was positively correlated with distant metastasis (r = 0.158, P = 0.039) and negatively associated with MVD (r = −0.249, P = 0.004). Besides, knock-down of TRAF6 mRNA in HCC cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B both resulted in cell viability and proliferation inhibition, also cell apoptosis induction and caspase-3/7 activity activation. Conclusions TRAF6 may contribute to metastasis and deterioration of the HCC via influencing cell growth and apoptosis. Thus, TRAF6 might become a predictive and therapeutic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Western Branch, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ning Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Liang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Huan Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ru Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hui Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Republic of China
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Yu H, Huang L, Zhang Y, Hu L, Wang S, Li J, Cai X, Cui S, Weng C. An attenuated EMCV-HB10 strain acts as a live viral vector delivering a foreign gene. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2280-2290. [PMID: 27392429 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We successfully constructed a full-length cDNA infectious clone of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) HB10 strain and obtained a partially attenuated rEMCV-C9 virus with a shorter poly(C) tract. Our results showed that the length of the EMCV-HB10 poly(C) tract was related to the pathogenicity of the EMCV-HB10 strain in vivo. Using pEMCV-C9 as the backbone, we constructed the novel viral vector pC9-MCS-∆2A by inserting a cDNA fragment containing a 127 amino acid deletion in the 2A protein, a primary cleavage cassette, a FLAG tag and a multiple cloning site (MCS) at the junction of VP1 and ∆2A. Additionally, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was cloned into the MCS of pC9-MCS-∆2A to test its capacity to express foreign proteins. Insertion of the egfp gene did not affect viral replication, and a decrease in EGFP expression was observed within five serial passages. Furthermore, we found that rC9-EGFP-∆2A was avirulent in vivo, induced neutralizing antibody production and conferred protective immune responses against lethal challenge with EMCV in mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that we had constructed an attenuated live vector based on an EMCV-HB10 strain with two modified critical virulence factors (the poly(C) tract and 2A protein) that could be used as a candidate live vaccine and a potential live viral vector for foreign antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
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C. butyricum lipoteichoic acid inhibits the inflammatory response and apoptosis in HT-29 cells induced by S. aureus lipoteichoic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:81-7. [PMID: 27020942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is one of microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules of gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we demonstrated that Clostridium butyricum LTA (bLTA) significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and apoptosis induced by Staphylococcus aureus LTA (aLTA) in HT-29 cells. aLTA stimulated the inflammatory responses by activating a strong signal transduction cascade through NF-κB and ERK, but bLTA did not activate the signaling pathway. bLTA pretreatment inhibited the activation of the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathway induced by aLTA. The expression and release of cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-α were also suppressed by bLTA pretreatment. aLTA treatment induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells, but bLTA did not affect the viability of the cells. Further study indicated that bLTA inhibited apoptosis in HT-29 cells induced by aLTA. These results suggest that bLTA may act as an aLTA antagonist and that an antagonistic bLTA may be a useful agent for suppressing the pro-inflammatory activities of gram-positive pathogenic bacteria.
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