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Richard AM, Estrada DF, Flynn L, Pochapsky SS, Scott EE, Pochapsky TC. Tracking protein-protein interactions by NMR: conformational selection in human steroidogenic cytochrome P450 CYP17A1 induced by cytochrome b5. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16980-16988. [PMID: 38842434 PMCID: PMC11186455 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01268b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The human steroidogenic cytochrome P450 CYP17A1 catalyzes two types of reactions in the biosynthetic pathway leading from pregnenolone to testosterone and several other steroid hormones. The first is the hydroxylation of pregnenolone or progesterone to the corresponding 17α-hydroxy steroid, followed by a lyase reaction that converts these 17α-hydroxy intermediates to the androgens dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, respectively. cytochrome b5 (cytb5) is known to act as both an effector and electron donor for the lyase oxidations, markedly stimulating the rate of the lyase reaction in its presence relative to the rate in its absence. Extensive sequential backbone 1H,15N and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance assignments have now been made for oxidized CYP17A1 bound to the prostate cancer drug and inhibitor abiraterone. This is the first eukaryotic P450 for which such assignments are now available. These assignments allow more complete interpretation of the structural perturbations observed upon cytb5 addition. Possible mechanism(s) for the effector activity of cytb5 are discussed in light of this new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina M Richard
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Liam Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.
| | - Susan Sondej Pochapsky
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.
| | - Emily E Scott
- Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas C Pochapsky
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
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2
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Kumar A, Estrada DF. Structural basis of bidirectional allostery across the heme in a cytochrome P450 enzyme. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104977. [PMID: 37390989 PMCID: PMC10416055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are heme-containing enzymes that are present in all kingdoms of life and share a structurally homologous, globular protein fold. CYPs utilize structures distal to the heme to recognize and coordinate substrates, while the necessary interactions with redox partner proteins are mediated at the opposite, proximal surface. In the current study, we investigated the functional allostery across the heme for the bacterial enzyme CYP121A1, which utilizes a non-polar distal-to-distal dimer interface for specific binding of its dicyclotyrosine substrate. Fluorine-detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (19F-NMR) spectroscopy was combined with site-specific labeling of a distal surface residue (S171C of the FG-loop), one residue of the B-helix (N84C), and two proximal surface residues (T103C and T333C) with a thiol-reactive fluorine label. Adrenodoxin was used as a substitute redox protein and was found to promote a closed arrangement of the FG-loop, similar to the addition of substrate alone. Disruption of the protein-protein interface by mutagenesis of two CYP121 basic surface residues removed the allosteric effect. Moreover, 19F-NMR spectra of the proximal surface indicate that ligand-induced allostery modulates the environment at the C-helix but not the meander region of the enzyme. In light of the high degree of structural homology in this family of enzymes, we interpret the findings from this work to represent a conserved allosteric network in CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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3
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Esteves F, Almeida CMM, Silva S, Saldanha I, Urban P, Rueff J, Pompon D, Truan G, Kranendonk M. Single Mutations in Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Can Alter the Specificity of Human Cytochrome P450 1A2-Mediated Caffeine Metabolism. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1083. [PMID: 37509119 PMCID: PMC10377444 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique cytochrome P450 (CYP) oxidoreductase (CPR) sustains activities of human microsomal CYPs. Its function requires toggling between a closed conformation enabling electron transfers from NADPH to FAD and then FMN cofactors and open conformations forming complexes and transferring electrons to CYPs. We previously demonstrated that distinct features of the hinge region linking the FAD and FMN domain (FD) modulate conformer poses and their interactions with CYPs. Specific FD residues contribute in a CYP isoform-dependent manner to the recognition and electron transfer mechanisms that are additionally modulated by the structure of CYP-bound substrate. To obtain insights into the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed how hinge region and FD mutations influence CYP1A2-mediated caffeine metabolism. Activities, metabolite profiles, regiospecificity and coupling efficiencies were evaluated in regard to the structural features and molecular dynamics of complexes bearing alternate substrate poses at the CYP active site. Studies reveal that FD variants not only modulate CYP activities but surprisingly the regiospecificity of reactions. Computational approaches evidenced that the considered mutations are generally in close contact with residues at the FD-CYP interface, exhibiting induced fits during complexation and modified dynamics depending on caffeine presence and orientation. It was concluded that dynamic coupling between FD mutations, the complex interface and CYP active site exist consistently with the observed regiospecific alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteves
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M M Almeida
- iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Portugal), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bromatology and Water Quality, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Silva
- Laboratory of Bromatology and Water Quality, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Saldanha
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Philippe Urban
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 04, France
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Denis Pompon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 04, France
| | - Gilles Truan
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, CEDEX 04, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Wróbel TM, Jørgensen FS, Pandey AV, Grudzińska A, Sharma K, Yakubu J, Björkling F. Non-steroidal CYP17A1 Inhibitors: Discovery and Assessment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6542-6566. [PMID: 37191389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CYP17A1 is an enzyme that plays a major role in steroidogenesis and is critically involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Therefore, it remains an attractive target in several serious hormone-dependent cancer diseases, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. The medicinal chemistry community has been committed to the discovery and development of CYP17A1 inhibitors for many years, particularly for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. The current Perspective reflects upon the discovery and evaluation of non-steroidal CYP17A1 inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry angle. Emphasis is placed on the structural aspects of the target, key learnings from the presented chemotypes, and design guidelines for future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Grudzińska
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katyayani Sharma
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jibira Yakubu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Guengerich FP, McCarty KD, Tateishi Y, Liu L. Steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (cytochrome P450 17A1). Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:39-63. [PMID: 37802581 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 plays a key role in steroidogenesis, in that this enzyme catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylation of both pregnenolone and progesterone, followed by a lyase reaction to cleave the C-20 land C-21 carbons from each steroid. The reactions are important in the production of both glucocorticoids and androgens. The enzyme is critical in humans but is also a drug target in treatment of prostate cancer. Detailed methods are described for the heterologous expression of human P450 17A1 in bacteria, purification of the recombinant enzyme, reconstitution of the enzyme system in the presence of cytochrome b5, and chromatographic procedures for sensitive analyses of reaction products. Historic assay approaches are reviewed. Some information is also provided about outstanding questions in the research field, including catalytic mechanisms and searches for selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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6
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Angle ED, Cox PM. Multidisciplinary Insights into the Structure-Function Relationship of the CYP2B6 Active Site. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:369-384. [PMID: 36418184 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is a highly polymorphic human enzyme involved in the metabolism of many clinically relevant drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous molecules with disparate structures. Over the last 20-plus years, in silico and in vitro studies of CYP2B6 using various ligands have provided foundational information regarding the substrate specificity and structure-function relationship of this enzyme. Approaches such as homology modeling, X-ray crystallography, molecular docking, and kinetic activity assays coupled with CYP2B6 mutagenesis have done much to characterize this originally neglected monooxygenase. However, a complete understanding of the structural details that make new chemical entities substrates of CYP2B6 is still lacking. Surprisingly little in vitro data has been obtained about the structure-function relationship of amino acids identified to be in the CYP2B6 active site. Since much attention has already been devoted to elucidating the function of CYP2B6 allelic variants, here we review the salient findings of in silico and in vitro studies of the CYP2B6 structure-function relationship with a deliberate focus on the active site. In addition to summarizing these complementary approaches to studying structure-function relationships, we note gaps/challenges in existing data such as the need for more CYP2B6 crystal structures, molecular docking results with various ligands, and data coupling CYP2B6 active site mutagenesis with kinetic parameter measurement under standard expression conditions. Harnessing in silico and in vitro techniques in tandem to understand the CYP2B6 structure-function relationship will likely offer further insights into CYP2B6-mediated metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The apparent importance of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and endogenous molecules has grown since its discovery with many in silico and in vitro studies offering a partial description of its structure-function relationship. Determining the structure-function relationship of CYP2B6 is difficult but may be aided by thorough biochemical investigations of the CYP2B6 active site that provide a more complete pharmacological understanding of this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan D Angle
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California (E.D.A., P.M.C.) and Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (E.D.A.)
| | - Philip M Cox
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California (E.D.A., P.M.C.) and Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (E.D.A.)
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7
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Mellor SB, Behrendorff JBYH, Ipsen JØ, Crocoll C, Laursen T, Gillam EMJ, Pribil M. Exploiting photosynthesis-driven P450 activity to produce indican in tobacco chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1049177. [PMID: 36743583 PMCID: PMC9890960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1049177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organelles offer attractive features for engineering small molecule bioproduction by their ability to convert solar energy into chemical energy required for metabolism. The possibility to couple biochemical production directly to photosynthetic assimilation as a source of energy and substrates has intrigued metabolic engineers. Specifically, the chemical diversity found in plants often relies on cytochrome P450-mediated hydroxylations that depend on reductant supply for catalysis and which often lead to metabolic bottlenecks for heterologous production of complex molecules. By directing P450 enzymes to plant chloroplasts one can elegantly deal with such redox prerequisites. In this study, we explore the capacity of the plant photosynthetic machinery to drive P450-dependent formation of the indigo precursor indoxyl-β-D-glucoside (indican) by targeting an engineered indican biosynthetic pathway to tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) chloroplasts. We show that both native and engineered variants belonging to the human CYP2 family are catalytically active in chloroplasts when driven by photosynthetic reducing power and optimize construct designs to improve productivity. However, while increasing supply of tryptophan leads to an increase in indole accumulation, it does not improve indican productivity, suggesting that P450 activity limits overall productivity. Co-expression of different redox partners also does not improve productivity, indicating that supply of reducing power is not a bottleneck. Finally, in vitro kinetic measurements showed that the different redox partners were efficiently reduced by photosystem I but plant ferredoxin provided the highest light-dependent P450 activity. This study demonstrates the inherent ability of photosynthesis to support P450-dependent metabolic pathways. Plants and photosynthetic microbes are therefore uniquely suited for engineering P450-dependent metabolic pathways regardless of enzyme origin. Our findings have implications for metabolic engineering in photosynthetic hosts for production of high-value chemicals or drug metabolites for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas B. Mellor
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James B. Y. H. Behrendorff
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johan Ø. Ipsen
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Section for Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth M. J. Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Section for Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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8
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Roberts AG, Stevens JC, Szklarz GD, Scott EE, Kumar S, Shah MB, Halpert JR. Four Decades of Cytochrome P450 2B Research: From Protein Adducts to Protein Structures and Beyond. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:111-122. [PMID: 36310033 PMCID: PMC11022898 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article features selected findings from the senior author and colleagues dating back to 1978 and covering approximately three-fourths of the 60 years since the discovery of cytochrome P450. Considering the vast number of P450 enzymes in this amazing superfamily and their importance for so many fields of science and medicine, including drug design and development, drug therapy, environmental health, and biotechnology, a comprehensive review of even a single topic is daunting. To make a meaningful contribution to the 50th anniversary of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, we trace the development of the research in a single P450 laboratory through the eyes of seven individuals with different backgrounds, perspectives, and subsequent career trajectories. All co-authors are united in their fascination for the structural basis of mammalian P450 substrate and inhibitor selectivity and using such information to improve drug design and therapy. An underlying theme is how technological advances enable scientific discoveries that were impossible and even inconceivable to prior generations. The work performed spans the continuum from: 1) purification of P450 enzymes from animal tissues to purification of expressed human P450 enzymes and their site-directed mutants from bacteria; 2) inhibition, metabolism, and spectral studies to isothermal titration calorimetry, deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and NMR; 3) homology models based on bacterial P450 X-ray crystal structures to rabbit and human P450 structures in complex with a wide variety of ligands. Our hope is that humanizing the scientific endeavor will encourage new generations of scientists to make fundamental new discoveries in the P450 field. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The manuscript summarizes four decades of work from Dr. James Halpert's laboratory, whose investigations have shaped the cytochrome P450 field, and provides insightful perspectives of the co-authors. This work will also inspire future drug metabolism scientists to make critical new discoveries in the cytochrome P450 field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Roberts
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.).
| | - Jeffrey C Stevens
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.)
| | - Grazyna D Szklarz
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.)
| | - Emily E Scott
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.)
| | - Manish B Shah
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.)
| | - James R Halpert
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, 240 W. Green St., Athens, Georgia (A.G.R.); Unaffiliated (J.C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (G.D.S.); Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry and the Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (E.E.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (S.K.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York (M.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tucson, Arizona (J.R.H.)
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9
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Martinez MJ, Carder JD, Taylor EL, Jacobo EP, Kang C, Brozik JA. Thermodynamic Driving Forces of Redox-Dependent CPR Insertion into Biomimetic Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1691-1699. [PMID: 35171619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is a NADPH-dependent membrane-bound oxidoreductase found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is the main redox partner for most cytochrome P450 enzymes. Presented are the measured thermodynamic driving forces responsible for how strongly CPR partitions into a biomimetic ER with the same lipid composition of a natural ER. Using temperature-dependent fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence single-protein tracking, the standard state free energies, enthalpies, and entropies of the CPR insertion process were all measured. The results of this study demonstrate that the thermodynamic driving forces are dependent on the redox states of CPR. In particular, the partitioning of CPRox into a biomimetic ER is an exothermic process with a small positive change in entropy, while CPRred partitioning is endothermic with a large positive change in entropy. Both resulted in negative free energies and strong association to the biomimetic ER, but the KP of CPRox insertion is measurably smaller than that of CPRred. Using this new information and known results from literature sources, we also present a phenomenological model that accounts for membrane-protein interactions, protein orientation relative to the membrane, and protein conformation as a function of the redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - Jessica D Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - Evan L Taylor
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-2711, United States
| | - Eric P Jacobo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - J A Brozik
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States.,Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-2711, United States
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10
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Ravula T, Ramamoorthy A. Measurement of Residual Dipolar Couplings Using Magnetically Aligned and Flipped Nanodiscs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:244-252. [PMID: 34965145 PMCID: PMC9575995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in lipid nanodisc technology have successfully overcome the major challenges in the structural and functional studies of membrane proteins and drug delivery. Among the different types of nanodiscs, the use of synthetic amphiphilic polymers created new directions including the applications of solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The ability to magnetically align large-size (>20 nm diameter) polymer nanodiscs and flip them using paramagnetic lanthanide ions has enabled high-resolution studies on membrane proteins using solid-state NMR techniques. The use of polymer-based macro-nanodiscs (>20 nm diameter) as an alignment medium to measure residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and residual quadrupole couplings by NMR experiments has also been demonstrated. In this study, we demonstrate the use of magnetically aligned and 90°-flipped polymer nanodiscs as alignment media for structural studies on proteins by solution NMR spectroscopy. These macro-nanodiscs, composed of negatively charged SMA-EA polymers and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) lipids, were used to measure residual 1H-15N dipolar couplings (RDCs) from the water-soluble ∼21 kDa uniformly 15N-labeled flavin mononucleotide binding domain (FBD) of cytochrome-P450 reductase. The experimentally measured 1H-15N RDC values are compared with the values calculated from the crystal structures of cytochrome-P450 reductase that lacks the transmembrane domain. The N-H RDCs measured using aligned and 90°-flipped nanodiscs show a modulation by the function (3 cos2 θ - 1), where θ is the angle between the N-H bond vector and the applied magnetic field direction. This successful demonstration of the use of two orthogonally oriented alignment media should enable structural studies on a variety of systems including small molecules, DNA, and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupathi Ravula
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Corresponding author’s
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11
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Zhao X, Liu CJ. Biocatalytic system for comparatively assessing the functional association of monolignol cytochrome P450 monooxygenases with their redox partners. Methods Enzymol 2022; 676:133-158. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Structural Basis for the Diminished Ligand Binding and Catalytic Ability of Human Fetal-Specific CYP3A7. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115831. [PMID: 34072457 PMCID: PMC8198134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7) is a fetal/neonatal liver enzyme that participates in estriol synthesis, clearance of all-trans retinoic acid, and xenobiotic metabolism. Compared to the closely related major drug-metabolizing enzyme in adult liver, CYP3A4, the ligand binding and catalytic capacity of CYP3A7 are substantially reduced. To better understand the structural basis for these functional differences, the 2.15 Å crystal structure of CYP3A7 has been solved. Comparative analysis of CYP3A enzymes shows that decreased structural plasticity rather than the active site microenvironment defines the ligand binding ability of CYP3A7. In particular, a rotameric switch in the gatekeeping amino acid F304 triggers local and long-range rearrangements that transmit to the F-G fragment and alter its interactions with the I-E-D-helical core, resulting in a more rigid structure. Elongation of the β3-β4 strands, H-bond linkage in the substrate channel, and steric constraints in the C-terminal loop further increase the active site rigidity and limit conformational ensemble. Collectively, these structural distinctions lower protein plasticity and change the heme environment, which, in turn, could impede the spin-state transition essential for optimal reactivity and oxidation of substrates.
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13
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Krishnarjuna B, Yamazaki T, Anantharamaiah GM, Ramamoorthy A. Nanodisc reconstitution of flavin mononucleotide binding domain of cytochrome-P450-reductase enables high-resolution NMR probing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4819-4822. [PMID: 33982687 PMCID: PMC8136615 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome-P450-reductase transfers electrons to cytochrome-P450 through its flavin mononucleotide binding domain (FBD). Despite the importance of membrane-anchoring for FBD function, studies have focused on its soluble domain lacking the transmembrane-domain. Here we demonstrate that the reconstitution of FBD in nanodiscs enables high-resolution NMR measurements and renders a stable conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Biophysics Program, Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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Kim D, Kim V, McCarty KD, Guengerich FP. Tight binding of cytochrome b 5 to cytochrome P450 17A1 is a critical feature of stimulation of C21 steroid lyase activity and androgen synthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100571. [PMID: 33753170 PMCID: PMC8080067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized for >50 years that cytochrome b5 (b5) stimulates some cytochrome P450 (P450)–catalyzed oxidations, but the basis of this function is still not understood well. The strongest stimulation of catalytic activity by b5 is in the P450 17A1 lyase reaction, an essential step in androgen synthesis from 21-carbon (C21) steroids, making this an excellent model system to interrogate b5 function. One of the issues in studying b5–P450 interactions has been the limited solution assay methods. We constructed a fluorescently labeled variant of human b5 that can be used in titrations. The labeled b5 bound to WT P450 17A1 with a Kd of 2.5 nM and rapid kinetics, on the order of 1 s−1. Only weak binding was observed with the clinical P450 17A1 variants E305G, R347H, and R358Q; these mutants are deficient in lyase activity, which has been hypothesized to be due to attenuated b5 binding. Kd values were not affected by the presence of P450 17A1 substrates. A peptide containing the P450 17A1 Arg-347/Arg-358 region attenuated Alexa 488-T70C-b5 fluorescence at higher concentrations. The addition of NADPH–P450 reductase (POR) to an Alexa 488-T70C-b5:P450 17A1 complex resulted in a concentration-dependent partial restoration of b5 fluorescence, indicative of a ternary P450:b5:POR complex, which was also supported by gel filtration experiments. Overall, these results are interpreted in the context of a dynamic and tight P450 17A1:b5 complex that also binds POR to form a catalytically competent ternary complex, and variants that disrupt this interaction have low catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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15
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Liu Y, Denisov IG, Sligar SG, Kincaid JR. Substrate-Specific Allosteric Effects on the Enhancement of CYP17A1 Lyase Efficiency by Cytochrome b5. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3729-3733. [PMID: 33656879 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP17A1 is an essential human steroidogenic enzyme, which catalyzes two sequential reactions leading to the formation of androstenedione from progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone from pregnenolone. The second reaction is the C17-C20 bond scission, which is strongly dependent on the presence of cytochrome b5 and displays a heretofore unexplained more pronounced acceleration when 17OH-progesteone (17OH-PROG) is a substrate. The origin of the stimulating effect of cytochrome b5 on C-C bond scission catalyzed by CYP17A1 is still debated as mostly due to either the acceleration of the electron transfer to the P450 oxy complex or allosteric effects of cytochrome b5 favoring active site conformations that promote lyase activity. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy, we compared the effect of Mn-substituted cytochrome b5 (Mn-Cytb5) on the oxy complex of CYP17A1 with both proteins co-incorporated in lipid nanodiscs. For CYP17A1 with 17OH-PROG, a characteristic shift of the Fe-O mode is observed in the presence of Mn-b5, indicating reorientation of a hydrogen bond between the 17OH group of the substrate from the terminal to the proximal oxygen atom of the Fe-O-O moiety, a configuration favorable for the lyase catalysis. For 17OH-pregnenolone, no such shift is observed, the favorable H-bonding orientation being present even without Mn-Cytb5. These new data provide a precise allosteric interpretation for the more pronounced acceleration seen for the 17OH-PROG substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, 1414W Clybourn Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | | | | | - James R Kincaid
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, 1414W Clybourn Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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16
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An electron transfer competent structural ensemble of membrane-bound cytochrome P450 1A1 and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Commun Biol 2021; 4:55. [PMID: 33420418 PMCID: PMC7794467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) heme monooxygenases require two electrons for their catalytic cycle. For mammalian microsomal CYPs, key enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism and steroidogenesis and important drug targets and biocatalysts, the electrons are transferred by NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR). No structure of a mammalian CYP-CPR complex has been solved experimentally, hindering understanding of the determinants of electron transfer (ET), which is often rate-limiting for CYP reactions. Here, we investigated the interactions between membrane-bound CYP 1A1, an antitumor drug target, and CPR by a multiresolution computational approach. We find that upon binding to CPR, the CYP 1A1 catalytic domain becomes less embedded in the membrane and reorients, indicating that CPR may affect ligand passage to the CYP active site. Despite the constraints imposed by membrane binding, we identify several arrangements of CPR around CYP 1A1 that are compatible with ET. In the complexes, the interactions of the CPR FMN domain with the proximal side of CYP 1A1 are supplemented by more transient interactions of the CPR NADP domain with the distal side of CYP 1A1. Computed ET rates and pathways agree well with available experimental data and suggest why the CYP-CPR ET rates are low compared to those of soluble bacterial CYPs.
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17
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Estrada DF, Kumar A, Campomizzi CS, Jay N. Crystal Structures of Drug-Metabolizing CYPs. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:171-192. [PMID: 34272695 PMCID: PMC10813703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complex enzyme kinetics displayed by drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) (see Chapter 9 ) can, in part, be explained by an examination of their crystallographic protein structures. Fortunately, despite low sequence similarity between different families of drug-metabolizing CYPs, there exists a high degree of structural homology within the superfamily. This similarity in the protein fold allows for a direct comparison of the structural features of CYPs that contribute toward differences in substrate binding, heterotropic and homotropic cooperativity, and genetic variability in drug metabolism. In this chapter, we first provide an overview of the nomenclature and the role of structural features that are common in all CYPs. We then apply these definitions to understand the different substrate specificities and functions in the CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2D families of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Natalie Jay
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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18
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Insight into the structural and functional analysis of the impact of missense mutation on cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107708. [PMID: 32805558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is a steroidogenic and drug-metabolizing enzyme. It helps in the NADPH dependent transfer of electrons to cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes for their biological activity. In this study, we employed integrative computational approaches to decipher the impact of proline to leucine missense mutation at position 384 (P384L) in the connecting/hinge domain region which is essential for the catalytic activity of POR. Analysis of protein stability using DUET, MUpro, CUPSAT, I-Mutant2.0, iStable and SAAFEC servers predicted that mutation might alter the structural stability of POR. The significant conformational changes induced by the mutation to the POR structure were analyzed by long-range molecular dynamics simulation. The results revealed that missense mutation decreased the conformational stability of POR as compared to wild type (WT). The PCA based FEL analysis described the mutant-specific conformational alterations and dominant motions essential for the biological activity of POR. The LIGPLOT interaction analysis showed the different binding architecture of FMN, FAD, and NADPH as a result of mutation. The increased number of hydrogen bonds in the FEL conformation of WT proved the strong binding of cofactors in the binding pocket as compared to the mutant. The porcupine plot analysis associated with cross-correlation analysis depicted the high-intensity flexible motion exhibited by functionally important FAD and NADPH binding domain regions. The computational findings unravel the impact of mutation at the structural level, which could be helpful in understanding the molecular mechanism of drug metabolism.
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19
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Feyereisen R. Origin and evolution of the CYP4G subfamily in insects, cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 143:106695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Gentry KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Ramamoorthy A. Probing protein-protein and protein-substrate interactions in the dynamic membrane-associated ternary complex of cytochromes P450, b 5, and reductase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13422-13425. [PMID: 31638629 PMCID: PMC6879317 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05904k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (cytP450) interacts with two redox partners, cytP450 reductase and cytochrome-b5, to metabolize substrates. Using NMR, we reveal changes in the dynamic interplay when all three proteins are incorporated into lipid nanodiscs in the absence and presence of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Gentry
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
| | - G M Anantharamaiah
- Department of Medicine, UAB Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
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21
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Mahajan M, Ravula T, Prade E, Anantharamaiah GM, Ramamoorthy A. Probing membrane enhanced protein-protein interactions in a minimal redox complex of cytochrome-P450 and P450-reductase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5777-5780. [PMID: 31041432 PMCID: PMC7467500 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the interplay in a minimal redox complex of cytochrome-P450 and its reductase is crucial for understanding cytochrome-P450's enzymatic activity. Probing the hotspots of dynamic structural interactions using NMR revealed the engagement of loop residues from P450-reductase to be responsible for the enhanced affinity of CYP450 towards its obligate redox partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Mahajan
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
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22
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Molecular mechanism of metabolic NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer systems: The role of redox cofactors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1860:233-258. [PMID: 30419202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer (ET) systems require three functional components: a flavin-containing NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase, one-electron carrier and metal-containing redox center. In principle, these ET systems consist of one-, two- and three-components, and the electron flux from pyridine nucleotide cofactors, NADPH or NADH to final electron acceptor follows a linear pathway: NAD(P)H → flavin → one-electron carrier → metal containing redox center. In each step ET is primarily controlled by one- and two-electron midpoint reduction potentials of protein-bound redox cofactors in which the redox-linked conformational changes during the catalytic cycle are required for the domain-domain interactions. These interactions play an effective ET reactions in the multi-component ET systems. The microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) ET systems, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isozymes, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) ET systems and methionine synthase (MS) ET system include a combination of multi-domain, and their organizations display similarities as well as differences in their components. However, these ET systems are sharing of a similar mechanism. More recent structural information obtained by X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis provides more detail for the mechanisms associated with multi-domain ET systems. Therefore, this review summarizes the roles of redox cofactors in the metabolic ET systems on the basis of one-electron redox potentials. In final Section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain ET systems will be discussed.
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23
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Gentry KA, Zhang M, Im SC, Waskell L, Ramamoorthy A. Substrate mediated redox partner selectivity of cytochrome P450. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5780-5783. [PMID: 29781479 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the interplay between cytochrome-P450 and its redox partners (CPR and cytochrome-b5) is vital for understanding the metabolism of most hydrophobic drugs. Dynamic structural interactions with the ternary complex, with and without substrates, captured by NMR reveal a gating mechanism for redox partners to promote P450 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Gentry
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
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24
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Prade E, Mahajan M, Im S, Zhang M, Gentry KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Waskell L, Ramamoorthy A. A Minimal Functional Complex of Cytochrome P450 and FBD of Cytochrome P450 Reductase in Nanodiscs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055 USA
| | - Mukesh Mahajan
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055 USA
| | - Sang‐Choul Im
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan and VA Medical Center Ann Arbor MI 48105-1055 USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055 USA
| | - Katherine A. Gentry
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055 USA
| | | | - Lucy Waskell
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan and VA Medical Center Ann Arbor MI 48105-1055 USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1055 USA
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25
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Duggal R, Denisov IG, Sligar SG. Cytochrome b 5 enhances androgen synthesis by rapidly reducing the CYP17A1 oxy-complex in the lyase step. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2282-2288. [PMID: 29888793 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyzes the synthesis of androgens from the steroid precursors pregnenolone and progesterone in a two-step reaction process: allylic hydroxylation and carbo-carbon bond scission. Cytochrome b5 (Cyt-b5 ) is a stimulator of the second lyase reaction, but the chemical mechanism is unclear. We have shown previously that this stimulatory effect requires redox active Cyt-b5 . To investigate the origin of the lyase reaction enhancement by electron transfer from Cyt-b5 , we measured the reduction rates of oxy-ferrous substrate-bound CYP17A1 by Cyt-b5 and by cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) coincorporated in Nanodiscs using stopped flow spectroscopy. We observed that Cyt-b5 reduces oxy-ferrous CYP17A1 10-fold faster than CPR, with the rate similar to that observed in a ternary complex of all three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchia Duggal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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26
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Prade E, Mahajan M, Im SC, Zhang M, Gentry KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Waskell L, Ramamoorthy A. A Minimal Functional Complex of Cytochrome P450 and FBD of Cytochrome P450 Reductase in Nanodiscs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8458-8462. [PMID: 29722926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural interactions that enable electron transfer to cytochrome-P450 (CYP450) from its redox partner CYP450-reductase (CPR) are a vital prerequisite for its catalytic mechanism. The first structural model for the membrane-bound functional complex to reveal interactions between the full-length CYP450 and a minimal domain of CPR is now reported. The results suggest that anchorage of the proteins in a lipid bilayer is a minimal requirement for CYP450 catalytic function. Akin to cytochrome-b5 (cyt-b5 ), Arg 125 on the C-helix of CYP450s is found to be important for effective electron transfer, thus supporting the competitive behavior of redox partners for CYP450s. A general approach is presented to study protein-protein interactions combining the use of nanodiscs with NMR spectroscopy and SAXS. Linking structural details to the mechanism will help unravel the xenobiotic metabolism of diverse microsomal CYP450s in their native environment and facilitate the design of new drug entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mukesh Mahajan
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Sang-Choul Im
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan and VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-1055, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Katherine A Gentry
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | | | - Lucy Waskell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan and VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-1055, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
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27
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Šrejber M, Navrátilová V, Paloncýová M, Bazgier V, Berka K, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M. Membrane-attached mammalian cytochromes P450: An overview of the membrane's effects on structure, drug binding, and interactions with redox partners. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 183:117-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Don CG, Smieško M. Out‐compute drug side effects: Focus on cytochrome P450 2D6 modeling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charleen G. Don
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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29
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Li RJ, Xu JH, Chen Q, Zhao J, Li AT, Yu HL. Enhancing the Catalytic Performance of a CYP116B Monooxygenase by Transdomain Combination Mutagenesis. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 P.R. China
| | - Ai-Tao Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for, Green Transformation of Bio-resources; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Hubei University; Wuhan 430062 P.R. China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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30
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Chen C, Liu J, Halpert JR, Wilderman PR. Use of Phenoxyaniline Analogues To Generate Biochemical Insights into the Interactio n of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether with CYP2B Enzymes. Biochemistry 2018; 57:817-826. [PMID: 29215266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYP) are integral to xenobiotic metabolism. CYP2B6 is a major catalyst of biotransformation of environmental toxicants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). CYP2B substrates tend to contain halogen atoms, but the biochemical basis for this selectivity and for species specific determinants of metabolism has not been identified. Spectral binding titrations and inhibition studies were performed to investigate interactions of rat CYP2B1, rabbit CYP2B4, and CYP2B6 with a series of phenoxyaniline (POA) congeners that are analogues of PBDEs. For most congeners, there was a <3-fold difference between the spectral binding constants (KS) and IC50 values. In contrast, large discrepancies between these values were observed for POA and 3-chloro-4-phenoxyaniline. CYP2B1 was the enzyme most sensitive to POA congeners, so the Val-363 residue from that enzyme was introduced into CYP2B4 or CYP2B6. This substitution partially altered the protein-ligand interaction profiles to make them more similar to that of CYP2B1. Addition of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) to titrations of CYP2B6 with POA or 2'4'5'TCPOA decreased the affinity of both ligands for the enzyme. Addition of cytochrome b5 to a recombinant enzyme system containing POR and CYP2B6 increased the POA IC50 value and decreased the 2'4'5'TCPOA IC50 value. Overall, the inconsistency between KS and IC50 values for POA versus 2'4'5'TCPOA is largely due to the effects of redox partner binding. These results provide insight into the biochemical basis of binding of diphenyl ethers to human CYP2B6 and changes in CYP2B6-mediated metabolism that are dependent on POA congener and redox partner identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jingbao Liu
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James R Halpert
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - P Ross Wilderman
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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31
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Estrada DF. The cytochrome P450 24A1 interaction with adrenodoxin relies on multiple recognition sites that vary among species. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4167-4179. [PMID: 29371396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochromes P450 (P450s) are responsible for important metabolic reactions, including steps involved in steroid and vitamin D metabolism. The mitochondrial P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) is responsible for deactivation of the bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3. Its function relies on formation of a P450-redox partner complex with the ferredoxin and electron donor adrenodoxin (Adx). However, very little is known about how the Adx-CYP24A1 complex forms. In this study, we report the results of solution NMR in which we monitor isotopically labeled full-length Adx as it binds CYP24A1 in complex with the P450 inhibitor clotrimazole. The NMR titration data suggested a mode for P450-Adx interactions in which formation of the complex relies on contributions from multiple recognition sites on the Adx core domain, some of which have not previously been reported. To evaluate differences among CYP24A1-Adx complexes from different mammalian species and displaying distinct regioselectivity for 1,25(OH)2D3, all bound spectra were acquired in parallel for human (carbon-23 and -24 hydroxylase), rat (carbon-24 hydroxylase), and opossum (carbon-23 hydroxylase) CYP24A1 isoforms. Binding data from a series of single and double charge-neutralizing substitutions of Adx confirmed that species-specific CYP24A1 isoforms differ in binding to Adx, providing evidence that variations in redox partner interactions correlate with P450 regioselectivity. In summary, these findings reveal that CYP24A1-Adx interactions rely on several recognition sites and that variations in CYP24A1 isoforms modulate formation of the complex, thus providing insight into the variable and complex nature of mitochondrial P450-Adx interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernando Estrada
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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32
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Galiakhmetov AR, Kovrigina EA, Xia C, Kim JJP, Kovrigin EL. Application of methyl-TROSY to a large paramagnetic membrane protein without perdeuteration: 13C-MMTS-labeled NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2018; 70:21-31. [PMID: 29168021 PMCID: PMC5820150 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy of membrane proteins involved in electron transport is difficult due to the presence of both the lipids and paramagnetic centers. Here we report the solution NMR study of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in its reduced and oxidized states. We interrogate POR, first, in its truncated soluble form (70 kDa), which is followed by experiments with the full-length protein incorporated in a lipid nanodisc (240 kDa). To overcome paramagnetic relaxation in the reduced state of POR as well as the signal broadening due to its high molecular weight, we utilized the methyl-TROSY approach. Extrinsic 13C-methyl groups were introduced by modifying the engineered surface-exposed cysteines with methyl-methanethiosulfonate. Chemical shift dispersion of the resonances from different sites in POR was sufficient to monitor differential effects of the reduction-oxidation process and conformation changes in the POR structure related to its function. Despite the high molecular weight of the POR-nanodisc complex, the surface-localized 13C-methyl probes were sufficiently mobile to allow for signal detection at 600 MHz without perdeuteration. This work demonstrates a potential of the solution methyl-TROSY in analysis of structure, dynamics, and function of POR, which may also be applicable to similar paramagnetic and flexible membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chuanwu Xia
- Biochemistry Department, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jung-Ja P Kim
- Biochemistry Department, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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33
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Mak PJ, Denisov IG. Spectroscopic studies of the cytochrome P450 reaction mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:178-204. [PMID: 28668640 PMCID: PMC5709052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are thiolate heme proteins that can, often under physiological conditions, catalyze many distinct oxidative transformations on a wide variety of molecules, including relatively simple alkanes or fatty acids, as well as more complex compounds such as steroids and exogenous pollutants. They perform such impressive chemistry utilizing a sophisticated catalytic cycle that involves a series of consecutive chemical transformations of heme prosthetic group. Each of these steps provides a unique spectral signature that reflects changes in oxidation or spin states, deformation of the porphyrin ring or alteration of dioxygen moieties. For a long time, the focus of cytochrome P450 research was to understand the underlying reaction mechanism of each enzymatic step, with the biggest challenge being identification and characterization of the powerful oxidizing intermediates. Spectroscopic methods, such as electronic absorption (UV-Vis), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), Mössbauer, X-ray absorption (XAS), and resonance Raman (rR), have been useful tools in providing multifaceted and detailed mechanistic insights into the biophysics and biochemistry of these fascinating enzymes. The combination of spectroscopic techniques with novel approaches, such as cryoreduction and Nanodisc technology, allowed for generation, trapping and characterizing long sought transient intermediates, a task that has been difficult to achieve using other methods. Results obtained from the UV-Vis, rR and EPR spectroscopies are the main focus of this review, while the remaining spectroscopic techniques are briefly summarized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Mak
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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34
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Gonzalez E, Johnson KM, Pallan PS, Phan TTN, Zhang W, Lei L, Wawrzak Z, Yoshimoto FK, Egli M, Guengerich FP. Inherent steroid 17α,20-lyase activity in defunct cytochrome P450 17A enzymes. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:541-556. [PMID: 29212707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 catalyzes the oxidations of progesterone and pregnenolone and is the major source of androgens. The enzyme catalyzes both 17α-hydroxylation and a subsequent 17α,20-lyase reaction, and several mechanisms have been proposed for the latter step. Zebrafish P450 17A2 catalyzes only the 17α-hydroxylations. We previously reported high similarity of the crystal structures of zebrafish P450 17A1 and 17A2 and human P450 17A1. Five residues near the heme, which differed, were changed. We also crystallized this five-residue zebrafish P450 17A1 mutant, and the active site still resembled the structure in the other proteins, with some important differences. These P450 17A1 and 17A2 mutants had catalytic profiles more similar to each other than did the wildtype proteins. Docking with these structures can explain several minor products, which require multiple enzyme conformations. The 17α-hydroperoxy (OOH) derivatives of the steroids were used as oxygen surrogates. Human P450 17A1 and zebrafish P450s 17A1 and P450 17A2 readily converted these to the lyase products in the absence of other proteins or cofactors (with catalytically competent kinetics) plus hydroxylated 17α-hydroxysteroids. The 17α-OOH results indicate that a "Compound I" (FeO3+) intermediate is capable of formation and can be used to rationalize the products. We conclude that zebrafish P450 17A2 is capable of lyase activity with the 17α-OOH steroids because it can achieve an appropriate conformation for lyase catalysis in this system that is precluded in the conventional reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gonzalez
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Pradeep S Pallan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Thanh T N Phan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Lei
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- the Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Sector 21, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and
| | | | - Martin Egli
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146,
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35
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Barnaba C, Taylor E, Brozik JA. Dissociation Constants of Cytochrome P450 2C9/Cytochrome P450 Reductase Complexes in a Lipid Bilayer Membrane Depend on NADPH: A Single-Protein Tracking Study. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17923-17934. [PMID: 29148818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-reductase (CPR) is a versatile NADPH-dependent electron donor located in the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is an electron transferase that is able to deliver electrons to a variety of membrane-bound oxidative partners, including the drug-metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450s (P450). CPR is also stoichiometrically limited compared to its oxidative counterparts, and hypotheses have arisen about possible models that can overcome the stoichiometric imbalance, including quaternary organization of P450 and diffusion-limited models. Described here are results from a single-protein tracking study of fluorescently labeled CPR and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) molecules in which stochastic analysis was used to determine the dissociation constants of CPR/CYP2C9 complexes in a lipid bilayer membrane for the first time. Single-protein trajectories demonstrate the transient nature of these CPR-CYP2C9 interactions, and the measured Kd values are highly dependent on the redox state of CPR. It is shown that CPRox/CYP2C9 complexes have a much higher dissociation constant than CPR2-/CYP2C9 or CPR4-/CYP2C9 complexes, and a model is presented to account for these results. An Arrhenius analysis of diffusion constants was also carried out, demonstrating that the reduced forms of CPR and CYP2C9 interact differently with the biomimetic ER and may, in addition to protein conformational changes, contribute to the observed NADPH-dependent shift in Kd. Finally, it is also shown that the CPRox/CYP2C9 affinity depends on the nature of the ligand, being higher when a substrate is bound, compared to an inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Evan Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - James A Brozik
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
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36
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Lampe JN. Advances in the Understanding of Protein-Protein Interactions in Drug Metabolizing Enzymes through the Use of Biophysical Techniques. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:521. [PMID: 28848438 PMCID: PMC5550701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a growing appreciation has developed for the importance of protein-protein interactions to modulate the function of drug metabolizing enzymes. Accompanied with this appreciation, new methods and technologies have been designed for analyzing protein-protein interactions both in vitro and in vivo. These technologies have been applied to several classes of drug metabolizing enzymes, including: cytochrome P450's (CYPs), monoamine oxidases (MAOs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and sulfotransferases (SULTs). In this review, we offer a brief description and assessment of the impact of many of these technologies to the study of protein-protein interactions in drug disposition. The still expanding list of these techniques and assays has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of how these enzymes carry out their important functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed N Lampe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, MO, United States
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37
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Barnaba C, Gentry K, Sumangala N, Ramamoorthy A. The catalytic function of cytochrome P450 is entwined with its membrane-bound nature. F1000Res 2017; 6:662. [PMID: 28529725 PMCID: PMC5428493 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450, a family of monooxygenase enzymes, is organized as a catalytic metabolon, which requires enzymatic partners as well as environmental factors that tune its complex dynamic. P450 and its reducing counterparts—cytochrome P450-reductase and cytochrome
b
5—are membrane-bound proteins located in the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are believed to dynamically associate to form functional complexes. Increasing experimental evidence signifies the role(s) played by both protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions in P450 catalytic function and efficiency. However, the biophysical challenges posed by their membrane-bound nature have severely limited high-resolution understanding of the molecular interfaces of these interactions. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on cytochrome P450, highlighting the environmental factors that are entwined with its metabolic function. Recent advances in structural biophysics are also discussed, setting up the bases for a new paradigm in the study of this important class of membrane-bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Gentry
- Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nirupama Sumangala
- Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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38
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Yadav R, Petrunak EM, Estrada DF, Scott EE. Structural insights into the function of steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:68-75. [PMID: 27566228 PMCID: PMC5235955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) operates at the core of human steroidogenesis, directing precursors into mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, or sex steroids. Although the 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of this dual function enzyme have been investigated extensively, until recently no CYP17A1 structures were available to inform our understanding. Structures of CYP17A1 with a range of steroidal inhibitors and substrates are now available. This review relates functional knowledge of this enzyme to structural features defining the selective differentiation between its various substrates. While both hydroxylase and lyase substrates have similar orientations with respect to the heme, subtle differences in hydrogen bonding between CYP17A1 and the C3 substituent at the opposite end of ligands appear to correlate with differential substrate utilization and product formation. Complementary structural information from solution NMR supports cytochrome b5 allosteric modulation of the lyase reaction, implicating regions involved in ligand access to the otherwise buried active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Elyse M Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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39
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Guengerich FP, Waterman MR, Egli M. Recent Structural Insights into Cytochrome P450 Function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:625-640. [PMID: 27267697 PMCID: PMC4961565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important in the metabolism of drugs, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, carcinogens, pesticides, and many other types of chemicals. Their catalytic activities are important issues in areas such as drug-drug interactions and endocrine function. During the past 30 years, structures of P450s have been very helpful in understanding function, particularly the mammalian P450 structures available in the past 15 years. We review recent activity in this area, focusing on the past 2 years (2014-2015). Structural work with microbial P450s includes studies related to the biosynthesis of natural products and the use of parasitic and fungal P450 structures as targets for drug discovery. Studies on mammalian P450s include the utilization of information about 'drug-metabolizing' P450s to improve drug development and also to understand the molecular bases of endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
| | - Michael R Waterman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
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40
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Evidence that cytochrome b5 acts as a redox donor in CYP17A1 mediated androgen synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:202-8. [PMID: 27297105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is an important drug target for castration resistant prostate cancer. It is a bi-functional enzyme, catalyzing production of glucocorticoid precursors by hydroxylation of pregnene-nucleus, and androgen biosynthesis by a second CC lyase step, at the expense of glucocorticoid production. Cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) is known to be a key regulator of the androgen synthesis reaction in vivo, by a mechanism that is not well understood. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism by which cyt b5 increases androgen biosynthesis. Cyt b5 could act as an allosteric effector, binding to CYP17A1 and either changing its selective substrate affinity or altering the conformation of the P450 to increase the catalytic rate or decrease unproductive uncoupling channels. Alternatively, cyt b5 could act as a redox donor for supply of the second electron in the P450 cycle, reducing the oxyferrous complex to form the reactive peroxo-intermediate. To understand the mechanism of lyase enhancement by cyt b5, we generated a redox-inactive form of cyt b5, in which the heme is replaced with a Manganese-protoporphyrin IX (Mn-b5), and investigated enhancement of androgen producing lyase reaction by CYP17A1. Given the critical significance of a stable membrane anchor for all of the proteins involved and the need for controlled stoichiometric ratios, we employed the Nanodisc system for this study. The redox inactive form was observed to have no effect on the lyase reaction, while reactions with the normal heme-iron containing cyt b5 were enhanced ∼5 fold as compared to reactions in the absence of cyt b5. We also performed resonance Raman measurements on ferric CYP17A1 bound to Mn-b5. Upon addition of Mn-b5 to Nanodisc reconstituted CYP17A1, we observed clear evidence for the formation of a b5-CYP17A1 complex, as noted by changes in the porphyrin modes and alteration in the proximal FeS vibrational frequency. Thus, although Mn-b5 binds to CYP17A1, it is unable to enhance the lyase reaction, strongly suggesting that cyt b5 has a redox effector role in enhancement of the CYP17A1 mediated lyase reaction necessary for androgen synthesis.
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41
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Scott EE, Wolf CR, Otyepka M, Humphreys SC, Reed JR, Henderson CJ, McLaughlin LA, Paloncýová M, Navrátilová V, Berka K, Anzenbacher P, Dahal UP, Barnaba C, Brozik JA, Jones JP, Estrada DF, Laurence JS, Park JW, Backes WL. The Role of Protein-Protein and Protein-Membrane Interactions on P450 Function. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:576-90. [PMID: 26851242 PMCID: PMC4810767 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This symposium summary, sponsored by the ASPET, was held at Experimental Biology 2015 on March 29, 2015, in Boston, Massachusetts. The symposium focused on: 1) the interactions of cytochrome P450s (P450s) with their redox partners; and 2) the role of the lipid membrane in their orientation and stabilization. Two presentations discussed the interactions of P450s with NADPH-P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome b5. First, solution nuclear magnetic resonance was used to compare the protein interactions that facilitated either the hydroxylase or lyase activities of CYP17A1. The lyase interaction was stimulated by the presence of b5 and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, whereas the hydroxylase reaction was predominant in the absence of b5. The role of b5 was also shown in vivo by selective hepatic knockout of b5 from mice expressing CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; the lack of b5 caused a decrease in the clearance of several substrates. The role of the membrane on P450 orientation was examined using computational methods, showing that the proximal region of the P450 molecule faced the aqueous phase. The distal region, containing the substrate-access channel, was associated with the membrane. The interaction of NADPH-P450 reductase (CPR) with the membrane was also described, showing the ability of CPR to "helicopter" above the membrane. Finally, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was shown to be heterogeneous, having ordered membrane regions containing cholesterol and more disordered regions. Interestingly, two closely related P450s, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, resided in different regions of the ER. The structural characteristics of their localization were examined. These studies emphasize the importance of P450 protein organization to their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Scott
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - James R Reed
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Markéta Paloncýová
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Veronika Navrátilová
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Karel Berka
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Upendra P Dahal
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - James A Brozik
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Jennifer S Laurence
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Ji Won Park
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
| | - Wayne L Backes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas (D.F.E, J.S.L., E.E.S.); Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.R.W., C.J.H., L.A.M.); Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science (M.O., M.P., V.N., K.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (P.A.), Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (S.C.H., U.P.D., C.B., J.A.B., J.P.J.); and Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.R.R., J.W.P., W.L.B.)
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