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Toshima T, Yagi M, Do Y, Hirai H, Kunisaki Y, Kang D, Uchiumi T. Mitochondrial translation failure represses cholesterol gene expression via Pyk2-Gsk3β-Srebp2 axis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302423. [PMID: 38719751 PMCID: PMC11079605 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and other age-related disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously showed that mice with neuron-specific deficiency of mitochondrial translation exhibit leukoencephalopathy because of demyelination. Reduced cholesterol metabolism has been associated with demyelinating diseases of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the molecular mechanisms involved and relevance to the pathogenesis remained unknown. In this study, we show that inhibition of mitochondrial translation significantly reduced expression of the cholesterol synthase genes and degraded their sterol-regulated transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2). Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Pyk2 and Gsk3β was increased in the white matter of p32cKO mice. We observed that Pyk2 inhibitors reduced the phosphorylation of Gsk3β and that GSK3β inhibitors suppressed degradation of the transcription factor Srebp2. The Pyk2-Gsk3β axis is involved in the ubiquitination of Srebp2 and reduced expression of cholesterol gene. These results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial translation may be a causative mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. Improving the mitochondrial translation or effectiveness of Gsk3β inhibitors is a potential therapeutic strategy for leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Toshima
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikako Yagi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yura Do
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirai
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Kunisaki
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Kashiigaoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Balboni N, Babini G, Poeta E, Protti M, Mercolini L, Magnifico MC, Barile SN, Massenzio F, Pignataro A, Giorgi FM, Lasorsa FM, Monti B. Transcriptional and metabolic effects of aspartate-glutamate carrier isoform 1 (AGC1) downregulation in mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:44. [PMID: 38553684 PMCID: PMC10979587 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspartate-glutamate carrier isoform 1 (AGC1) is a carrier responsible for the export of mitochondrial aspartate in exchange for cytosolic glutamate and is part of the malate-aspartate shuttle, essential for the balance of reducing equivalents in the cells. In the brain, mutations in SLC25A12 gene, encoding for AGC1, cause an ultra-rare genetic disease, reported as a neurodevelopmental encephalopathy, whose symptoms include global hypomyelination, arrested psychomotor development, hypotonia and seizures. Among the biological components most affected by AGC1 deficiency are oligodendrocytes, glial cells responsible for myelination processes, and their precursors [oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)]. The AGC1 silencing in an in vitro model of OPCs was documented to cause defects of proliferation and differentiation, mediated by alterations of histone acetylation/deacetylation. Disrupting AGC1 activity could possibly reduce the availability of acetyl groups, leading to perturbation of many biological pathways, such as histone modifications and fatty acids formation for myelin production. Here, we explore the transcriptome of mouse OPCs partially silenced for AGC1, reporting results of canonical analyses (differential expression) and pathway enrichment analyses, which highlight a disruption in fatty acids synthesis from both a regulatory and enzymatic stand. We further investigate the cellular effects of AGC1 deficiency through the identification of most affected transcriptional networks and altered alternative splicing. Transcriptional data were integrated with differential metabolite abundance analysis, showing downregulation of several amino acids, including glutamine and aspartate. Taken together, our results provide a molecular foundation for the effects of AGC1 deficiency in OPCs, highlighting the molecular mechanisms affected and providing a list of actionable targets to mitigate the effects of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Balboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Babini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Magnifico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Nicole Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Pignataro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Nagai K, Muto Y, Miura S, Takahashi K, Naruse Y, Hiruta R, Hashimoto Y, Uzuki M, Haga Y, Fujii R, Ueda K, Kawaguchi Y, Fujii M, Kitazume S. Brain-specific glycosylation enzyme GnT-IX maintains levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPRZ, thereby mediating glioma growth. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105128. [PMID: 37543361 PMCID: PMC10480537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary tumor of the central nervous system. Despite advances in imaging technologies, neurosurgical techniques, and radiotherapy, a cure for high-grade glioma remains elusive. Several groups have reported that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is highly expressed in glioblastoma, and that targeting PTPRZ attenuates tumor growth in mice. PTPRZ is modified with diverse glycan, including the PTPRZ-unique human natural killer-1 capped O-mannosyl core M2 glycans. However, the regulation and function of these unique glycans are unclear. Using CRISPR genome-editing technology, we first demonstrated that disruption of the PTPRZ gene in human glioma LN-229 cells resulted in profoundly reduced tumor growth in xenografted mice, confirming the potential of PTPRZ as a therapeutic target for glioma. Furthermore, multiple glycan analyses revealed that PTPRZ derived from glioma patients and from xenografted glioma expressed abundant levels of human natural killer-1-capped O-Man glycans via extrinsic signals. Finally, since deficiency of O-Man core M2 branching enzyme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IX (GnT-IX) was reported to reduce PTPRZ protein levels, we disrupted the GnT-IX gene in LN-229 cells and found a significant reduction of glioma growth both in vitro and in the xenograft model. These results suggest that the PTPR glycosylation enzyme GnT-IX may represent a promising therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yui Muto
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Miura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Naruse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryo Hiruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miwa Uzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Haga
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Fujii
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
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Sinha A, Kawakami J, Cole KS, Ladutska A, Nguyen MY, Zalmai MS, Holder BL, Broerman VM, Matthews RT, Bouyain S. Protein-protein interactions between tenascin-R and RPTPζ/phosphacan are critical to maintain the architecture of perineuronal nets. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104952. [PMID: 37356715 PMCID: PMC10371798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity, the ability to alter the structure and function of neural circuits, varies throughout the age of an individual. The end of the hyperplastic period in the central nervous system coincides with the appearance of honeycomb-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs) that surround a subset of neurons. PNNs are a condensed form of neural extracellular matrix that include the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and extracellular matrix proteins such as aggrecan and tenascin-R (TNR). PNNs are key regulators of developmental neural plasticity and cognitive functions, yet our current understanding of the molecular interactions that help assemble them remains limited. Disruption of Ptprz1, the gene encoding the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ, altered the appearance of nets from a reticulated structure to puncta on the surface of cortical neuron bodies in adult mice. The structural alterations mirror those found in Tnr-/- mice, and TNR is absent from the net structures that form in dissociated cultures of Ptprz1-/- cortical neurons. These findings raised the possibility that TNR and RPTPζ cooperate to promote the assembly of PNNs. Here, we show that TNR associates with the RPTPζ ectodomain and provide a structural basis for these interactions. Furthermore, we show that RPTPζ forms an identical complex with tenascin-C, a homolog of TNR that also regulates neural plasticity. Finally, we demonstrate that mutating residues at the RPTPζ-TNR interface impairs the formation of PNNs in dissociated neuronal cultures. Overall, this work sets the stage for analyzing the roles of protein-protein interactions that underpin the formation of nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Kawakami
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Kimberly S Cole
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Aliona Ladutska
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mary Y Nguyen
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mary S Zalmai
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Brandon L Holder
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Victor M Broerman
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
| | - Samuel Bouyain
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Qiu X, Zhou R, Su X, Ying J, Qu Y, Mu D. Pleiotrophin ameliorates white matter injury of neonatal rats by activating the mTOR/YY1/Id4 signaling pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23082. [PMID: 37462506 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201766rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain white matter injury (WMI) is a serious disease of the central nervous system. Pleiotrophin (PTN) promotes the differentiation and myelination of oligodendrocytes (OLs) in vitro. However, the role of PTN in WMI remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective role and potential mechanisms of PTN function in neonatal rats with WMI. The PTN and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus was used to treat a WMI model in postnatal day 3 Sprague-Dawley rats, in which the right common carotid arteries of these rats were isolated, ligated, and exposed to a hypoxic environment (6% O2 + 94% N2 ) for 2 h. OL differentiation and myelination, as well as the spatial learning and memory abilities of the rats were evaluated to examine the effects of PTN. Two proteins of the mTOR signaling pathway, YingYang1 (YY1) and inhibitor of DNA binding 4 (Id4), were detected and were used to explore the potential mechanisms of PTN in rat WMI experiment and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model. We found that the differentiation and myelination of OLs were impaired after WMI. PTN administration rescued this injury by activating mTOR/YY1 and inhibiting Id4. Everolimus administration inhibited mTOR/YY1 and activated Id4, which blocked the neuroprotective role of PTN in WMI. PTN plays a neuroprotective role in neonatal rats with WMI, which could be involved in the mTOR/YY1/Id4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Deo R, Dubin RF, Ren Y, Murthy AC, Wang J, Zheng H, Zheng Z, Feldman H, Shou H, Coresh J, Grams M, Surapaneni AL, Bhat Z, Cohen JB, Rahman M, He J, Saraf SL, Go AS, Kimmel PL, Vasan RS, Segal MR, Li H, Ganz P. Proteomic cardiovascular risk assessment in chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:2095-2110. [PMID: 37014015 PMCID: PMC10281556 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widely prevalent and independently increases cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk prediction tools derived in the general population perform poorly in CKD. Through large-scale proteomics discovery, this study aimed to create more accurate cardiovascular risk models. METHODS AND RESULTS Elastic net regression was used to derive a proteomic risk model for incident cardiovascular risk in 2182 participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. The model was then validated in 485 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. All participants had CKD and no history of cardiovascular disease at study baseline when ∼5000 proteins were measured. The proteomic risk model, which consisted of 32 proteins, was superior to both the 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equation and a modified Pooled Cohort Equation that included estimated glomerular filtrate rate. The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort internal validation set demonstrated annualized receiver operating characteristic area under the curve values from 1 to 10 years ranging between 0.84 and 0.89 for the protein and 0.70 and 0.73 for the clinical models. Similar findings were observed in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities validation cohort. For nearly half of the individual proteins independently associated with cardiovascular risk, Mendelian randomization suggested a causal link to cardiovascular events or risk factors. Pathway analyses revealed enrichment of proteins involved in immunologic function, vascular and neuronal development, and hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSION In two sizeable populations with CKD, a proteomic risk model for incident cardiovascular disease surpassed clinical risk models recommended in clinical practice, even after including estimated glomerular filtration rate. New biological insights may prioritize the development of therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction in the CKD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Deo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Electrophysiology Section, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, One Convention Avenue, Level 2 / City Side, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruth F Dubin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ashwin C Murthy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Electrophysiology Section, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, One Convention Avenue, Level 2 / City Side, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianqiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haotian Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zihe Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harold Feldman
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 2024 E. Monument Street, Room 2-635, Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Morgan Grams
- Department of Epidemiology; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 2024 E. Monument Street, Room 2-635, Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Aditya L Surapaneni
- Department of Epidemiology; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zeenat Bhat
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, 5100 Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jordana B Cohen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 831 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahboob Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Wearn Bldg. 3 Floor. Rm 352, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, SL 18, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Santosh L Saraf
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alan S Go
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Kimmel
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark R Segal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 2nd Floor, Box #0560, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 215 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Ganz
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, 5G1, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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7
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Papadimitriou E, Kanellopoulou VK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Zeta 1 as a Potential Target in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098093. [PMID: 37175798 PMCID: PMC10178973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor zeta 1 (PTPRZ1) is a type V transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed during embryonic development, while its expression during adulthood is limited. PTPRZ1 is highly detected in the central nervous system, affecting oligodendrocytes' survival and maturation. In gliomas, PTPRZ1 expression is significantly upregulated and is being studied as a potential cancer driver and as a target for therapy. PTPRZ1 expression is also increased in other cancer types, but there are no data on the potential functional significance of this finding. On the other hand, low PTPRZ1 expression seems to be related to a worse prognosis in some cancer types, suggesting that in some cases, it may act as a tumor-suppressor gene. These discrepancies may be due to our limited understanding of PTPRZ1 signaling and tumor microenvironments. In this review, we present evidence on the role of PTPRZ1 in angiogenesis and cancer and discuss the phenomenal differences among the different types of cancer, depending on the regulation of its tyrosine phosphatase activity or ligand binding. Clarifying the involved signaling pathways will lead to its efficient exploitation as a novel therapeutic target or as a biomarker, and the development of proper therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki K Kanellopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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8
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Nobakht S, Milne TJ, Duncan WJ, Ram A, Tkatchenko T, Dong Z, Coates DE. Expression of the pleiotrophin-midkine axis in a sheep tooth socket model of bone healing. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:109-121. [PMID: 36411509 PMCID: PMC10099163 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Resorption of alveolar bone after tooth extraction is a common problem often requiring bone grafting. The success of the grafting procedures is dependent on multiple factors including the presence of growth factors. This is the first in vivo study to investigate the role of the pleiotrophin family of cytokines in alveolar bone regeneration. This research investigated the role of the pleiotrophin-midkine (PTN-MDK) axis during osteogenesis, with and without a grafting material, after tooth extraction in a sheep model. METHODS Thirty Romney-cross ewes were anesthetized, and all premolar teeth on the right side were extracted. The sockets were randomized to controls sites with no treatment and test sites with Bio-Oss® graft material and Bio-Gide® membrane. Samples were harvested after sacrificing animals 4, 8, and 16 weeks post-grafting (n = 10 per time-point). Tissue for qRT2 -PCR gene analysis was recovered from the socket next to the first molar using a trephine (Ø = 2 mm). Each socket was fixed, decalcified, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to localize both PTN and MDK along with their receptors, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z1 (PTPRZ1), ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK), and notch receptor 2 (NOTCH2). RESULTS Within the healing sockets, high expression of genes for PTN, MDK, NOTCH2, and ALK was found at all time-points and in both grafted and non-grafted sites, while PTPRZ1 was only expressed at low levels. The relative gene expression of the PTN family of cytokines was not statistically different at the three time-points between test and control groups (p > .05). Immunohistochemistry found PTN and MDK in association with new bone, NOTCH2 in the connective tissue, and PTPRZ1 and ALK in association with cuboidal osteoblasts involved in bone formation. CONCLUSIONS The PTN-MDK axis was highly expressed in both non-grafted and grafted sockets during osteogenesis in a sheep model of alveolar bone regeneration with no evidence that grafting significantly affected expression. The activation of NOTCH2 and PTPRZ1 receptors may be important during bone regeneration in vivo. The discovery of the PTN-MDK axis as important during alveolar bone regeneration is novel and opens up new avenues of research into these stably expressed highly active cytokines. Growth factor supplementation with PTN and/or MDK during healing may be an approach for enhanced regeneration or to initiate healing where delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nobakht
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Trudy J Milne
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warwick J Duncan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anumala Ram
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tatiana Tkatchenko
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zhen Dong
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dawn E Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z in Central Nervous System Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084414. [PMID: 35457233 PMCID: PMC9024684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most common tumors of the central nervous system and include highly malignant subtypes, such as glioblastoma, which are associated with poor prognosis. Effective treatments are therefore urgently needed. Despite the recent advances in neuroimaging technologies, differentiating gliomas from other brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis remains challenging in some patients, and often requires invasive brain biopsy. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein that is highly expressed in the central nervous system. Several reports analyzing mouse tumor models suggest that PTPRZ may have potential as a therapeutic target for gliomas. A soluble cleaved form of PTPRZ (sPTPRZ) in the cerebrospinal fluid is markedly upregulated in glioma patients, making it another promising diagnostic biomarker. Intriguingly, PTPRZ is also involved in the process of remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Indeed, lowered PTPRZ glycosylation by deletion of the glycosyltransferase gene leads to reduced astrogliosis and enhanced remyelination in mouse models of demyelination. Here, we review the expression, molecular structure, and biological roles of PTPRZ. We also discuss glioma and demyelinating diseases, as well as the pathological role of PTPRZ and its application as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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10
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Liu Z, Yan M, Lei W, Jiang R, Dai W, Chen J, Wang C, Li L, Wu M, Nian X, Li D, Sun D, Lv X, Wang C, Xie C, Yao L, Wu C, Hu J, Xiao N, Mo W, Wang Z, Zhang L. Sec13 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin repair through autocrine pleiotrophin signaling. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:155096. [PMID: 35143418 PMCID: PMC8970680 DOI: 10.1172/jci155096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of protein trafficking has been intensively associated with neurological diseases, including neurodegeneration, but whether and how protein transport contributes to oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation and myelin repair in white matter injury remains unclear. ER-to-Golgi trafficking of newly synthesized proteins is mediated by coat protein complex II (COPII). Here, we demonstrate that the COPII component Sec13 was essential for OL differentiation and postnatal myelination. Ablation of Sec13 in the OL lineage prevented OPC differentiation and inhibited myelination and remyelination after demyelinating injury in the central nervous system (CNS), while improving protein trafficking by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) or ectopic expression of COPII components accelerated myelination. COPII components were upregulated in OL lineage cells after demyelinating injury. Loss of Sec13 altered the secretome of OLs and inhibited the secretion of pleiotrophin (PTN), which was found to function as an autocrine factor to promote OL differentiation and myelin repair. These data suggest that Sec13-dependent protein transport is essential for OL differentiation and that Sec13-mediated PTN autocrine signaling is required for proper myelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurosurgery, and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Minbiao Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurosurgery, and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Wanying Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurosurgery, and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Rencai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Wenxiu Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Chaomeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Li Li
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Mei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Ximing Nian
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Daopeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Di Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Xiaoqi Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Chaoying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Changchuan Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Luming Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Caiming Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Jin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Naian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurosurgery, and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurosurgery, and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurosurgery, and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and
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11
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Ryan EO, Jiang Z, Nguyen H, Wang X. Interactions of Pleiotrophin with a Structurally Defined Heparin Hexasaccharide. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010050. [PMID: 35053198 PMCID: PMC8773689 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent cytokine that plays an important role in neural generation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cancers. Its interactions with the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are crucial to PTN’s biological activities. In this study, we investigated the interaction of selectively protonated PTN with the heparin hexasaccharide ΔUA2S-(GlcNS6S-IdoA2S)2-GlcNS6S using solution NMR. The use of a structurally defined oligosaccharide and selectively protonated PTN enabled us to obtain intermolecular contacts using unfiltered NOESY experiments, significantly increasing the amount of high-resolution structural information obtainable. Our data showed that PTN’s arginines, lysines, and tryptophans in the two structured domains have strong interactions with the 2-O-sulfated uronate protons in the heparin hexasaccharide. Consistent with the NMR data is the observation that 2-O-desulfation and N-desulfation/N-acetylation significantly decreased heparin hexasaccharides’ affinity for PTN, while 6-O-desulfation only modestly affected the interactions with PTN. These results allowed us to hypothesize that PTN has a preference for sulfate clusters centered on the GlcNS6S-IdoA2S disaccharide. Using these data and the fact that PTN domains mostly bind heparin hexasaccharides independently, models of the PTN-heparin complex were constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-480-7278256
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12
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THAP1 modulates oligodendrocyte maturation by regulating ECM degradation in lysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100862118. [PMID: 34312226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100862118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms controlling myelination during central nervous system (CNS) maturation play a pivotal role in the development and refinement of CNS circuits. The transcription factor THAP1 is essential for timing the inception of myelination during CNS maturation through a cell-autonomous role in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Here, we demonstrate that THAP1 modulates the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition by regulating glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism within oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Thap1 -/- OPCs accumulate and secrete excess GAGs, inhibiting their maturation through an autoinhibitory mechanism. THAP1 controls GAG metabolism by binding to and regulating the GusB gene encoding β-glucuronidase, a GAG-catabolic lysosomal enzyme. Applying GAG-degrading enzymes or overexpressing β-glucuronidase rescues Thap1 -/- OL maturation deficits in vitro and in vivo. Our studies establish lysosomal GAG catabolism within OPCs as a critical mechanism regulating oligodendrocyte development.
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13
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Hughes AN. Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661486. [PMID: 34046407 PMCID: PMC8144722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a functional nervous system requires the coordinated actions of many glial cells. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons to increase conduction velocity and provide trophic support. Myelination can be modified by local signaling at the axon-myelin interface, potentially adapting sheaths to support the metabolic needs and physiology of individual neurons. However, neurons and oligodendrocytes are not wholly responsible for crafting the myelination patterns seen in vivo. Other cell types of the CNS, including microglia and astrocytes, modify myelination. In this review, I cover the contributions of non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells to the formation, maintenance, and pruning of myelin sheaths. I address ways that these cell types interact with the oligodendrocyte lineage throughout development to modify myelination. Additionally, I discuss mechanisms by which these cells may indirectly tune myelination by regulating neuronal activity. Understanding how glial-glial interactions regulate myelination is essential for understanding how the brain functions as a whole and for developing strategies to repair myelin in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Hughes
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Aurora, CO, United States
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14
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Electro‐Stimulation, a Promising Therapeutic Treatment Modality for Tissue Repair: Emerging Roles of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Electro‐Regulatory Mediators of Intrinsic Repair Processes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff Wales CF10 3AX UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Royal North Shore Hospital St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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15
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Serum ROCK2, miR-300 and miR-450b-5p levels in two different clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis: Relation to patient disability and disease progression. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577356. [PMID: 32781341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most prevalent MS subtype. Years after disease onset, most of RRMS patients show transition into secondary progressive form (SPMS). Currently, no biomarkers are available for tracking disease progression. Here, we observed marked elevation of Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) along with significant downregulation of miRNAs 300 and 450b-5p expressions in the serum of 39 RRMS and 35 SPMS Egyptian patients compared to healthy controls. More pronounced alterations were found in SPMS versus RRMS patients. Our findings also suggest relations between elevated ROCK2 and reduced expression of both miRNAs with the degree of disability and disease progression. Notably, these biomarkers effectively discriminated RRMS from SPMS patients with miR-450b-5p showing the highest prognostic power.
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17
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Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent mitogenic cytokine with a high affinity for the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Although it is most strongly associated with neural development during embryogenesis and the neonatal period, its expression has also been linked to a plethora of other physiological events including cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, bone development, and inflammation. A considerable amount of research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms by which PTN regulates these events. In particular, PTN has now been shown to bind a diverse collection of receptors including many GAG-containing proteoglycans. These interactions lead to the activation of many intracellular kinases and, ultimately, activation and transformation of cells. Structural studies of PTN in complex with both GAG and domains from its non-proteoglycan receptors reveal a binding mechanism that relies on electrostatic interactions and points to PTN-induced receptor oligomerization as one of the possible ways PTN uses to control cellular functions.
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18
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Yamanoi Y, Fujii M, Murakami Y, Nagai K, Hoshi K, Hashimoto Y, Honda T, Saito K, Kitazume S. Soluble protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) in cerebrospinal fluid is a potential diagnostic marker for glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa055. [PMID: 32642707 PMCID: PMC7260697 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade glioma is the most pervasive and lethal of all brain malignancies. Despite advances in imaging technologies, discriminating between gliomas and other brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) often requires brain biopsy. Several reports show that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor Z (PTPRZ) is highly expressed in glioblastoma, and we found that a soluble cleaved form of PTPRZ (sPTPRZ) was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to determine whether the sPTPRZ level in CSF has utility as a diagnostic marker for glioma. Methods Microarray datasets from normal brain tissue and brain tumors were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. PTPRZ protein expression in clinical specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Semiquantitative western blotting was used to measure sPTPRZ levels in CSF samples from patients with glioma, schwannoma, MS, or nontumor disorders. Results Expression of PTPRZ mRNA and protein was markedly increased in glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and schwannoma tissues compared with control brain tissue. sPTPRZ was present at significantly elevated levels in the CSF of patients with glioma (grades 1–4), but not in patients with schwannoma or MS, compared with the control samples. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that sPTPRZ in CSF could discriminate between glioma and MS patients (area under the curve 0.9676; P < .0001). Conclusions sPTPRZ in CSF is a promising diagnostic biomarker for glioma and could reduce the need for a surgical biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamanoi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Nagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Department of Human Life Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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19
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Fujikawa A, Sugawara H, Tanga N, Ishii K, Kuboyama K, Uchiyama S, Suzuki R, Noda M. A head-to-toe dimerization has physiological relevance for ligand-induced inactivation of protein tyrosine receptor type Z. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14953-14965. [PMID: 31416834 PMCID: PMC6791311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) receptor type Z (PTPRZ) has two receptor isoforms, PTPRZ-A and -B, containing tandem intracellular PTP-D1 and -D2 domains, with only D1 being active. Pleiotrophin (PTN) binding to the extracellular PTPRZ region leads to inactivation of its PTPase activity, thereby facilitating oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms responsible for PTN-induced PTPRZ inactivation remain unclear. We herein report that the crystal structure of the intracellular region of PTPRZ (PTPRZ-ICR) shows a "head-to-toe"-type dimer conformation, with D2 masking the catalytic site of D1. MS analyses revealed that PTPRZ-ICR proteins remain in monomer-dimer equilibrium in aqueous solution and that a substrate-derived inhibitory peptide or competitive inhibitor (SCB4380) specifically bind to the monomer form in a 1:1 ratio. A D2 deletion (ΔD2) or dimer interface mutation (DDKK) disrupted dimer formation, but SCB4380 binding was maintained. Similar to WT PTPRZ-B, monomer-biased PTPRZ-B-ΔD2 and PTPRZ-B-DDKK variants efficiently dephosphorylated p190RhoGAP at Tyr-1105 when co-expressed in BHK-21 cells. The catalytic activities of these variants were not suppressed by PTN treatment, but were inhibited by the cell-permeable PTPase inhibitor NAZ2329. Of note, the PTN treatment did not enhance OPC differentiation in primary cultured glial cells from ΔD2 or PTPase-inactive PTPRZ-B (CS) mutant knock-in mice. Our results thus indicate that PTN-induced PTPRZ inactivation results from dimer formation of the intracellular tandem PTP domains in a head-to-toe configuration, which is physiologically relevant to the control of OPC differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugawara
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishii
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan,Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Institute of Innovative Research (IIR), Tokyo Institute of Technology, S2 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan. Tel.:
81-45-924-5537; E-mail:
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20
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Tanga N, Kuboyama K, Kishimoto A, Kihara M, Kiyonari H, Watanabe T, Fujikawa A, Noda M. Behavioral and neurological analyses of adult mice carrying null and distinct loss-of-receptor function mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217880. [PMID: 31194769 PMCID: PMC6563982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system as two transmembrane receptor isoforms PTPRZ-A/B and one secretory isoform PTPRZ-S. Ptprz-knockout mice lacking the expression of all three isoforms show behavioral, learning, and neurological abnormalities, including increased exploratory activities to novelty, deficits in spatial and contextual learning, and reduced responses to methamphetamine, relative to wild-type mice. To investigate whether PTPRZ isoforms play distinct physiological roles, we herein performed behavioral studies on two knock-in mouse lines: One expresses the catalytically inactive Cys-1930 to Ser (CS) mutants of PTPRZ-A/B, while the other generated in the present study expresses catalytically active mutants of PTPRZ-A/B lacking the negative regulatory PTP-D2 domain and C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (ΔD2) instead of wild-type PTPRZ-A/-B. In contrast to Ptprz-knockout mice, neither increased responses to novelty in the open field nor memory impairments in the inhibitory-avoidance task were observed in Ptprz-CS or Ptprz-ΔD2 mice. However, the effects of methamphetamine on locomotor activity were significantly weaker in Ptprz-KO mice and CS mutant mice than in wild-type mice, but were normal in ΔD2 mutant mice. Furthermore, microdialysis experiments revealed that methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in Ptprz-KO mice and CS mutant mice. These results suggest that the extracellular region of PTPRZ, including the secretory isoform, is crucial for behavioral responses to novelty and the formation of aversive memories, whereas the PTPase activities of PTPRZ receptor isoforms are involved in regulating the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayako Kishimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya-nishi-machi, Nara, Japan
| | - Miho Kihara
- Laboratories Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratories Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya-nishi-machi, Nara, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4529 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Tanga N, Kuboyama K, Kishimoto A, Kiyonari H, Shiraishi A, Suzuki R, Watanabe T, Fujikawa A, Noda M. The PTN-PTPRZ signal activates the AFAP1L2-dependent PI3K-AKT pathway for oligodendrocyte differentiation: Targeted inactivation of PTPRZ activity in mice. Glia 2019; 67:967-984. [PMID: 30667096 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) maintains oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in an undifferentiated state. The inhibition of PTPase by its ligand pleiotrophin (PTN) promotes OPC differentiation; however, the substrate molecules of PTPRZ involved in the differentiation have not yet been elucidated in detail. We herein demonstrated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP1L2, paxillin, ERBB4, GIT1, p190RhoGAP, and NYAP2 was enhanced in OPC-like OL1 cells by a treatment with PTN. AFAP1L2, an adaptor protein involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway, exhibited the strongest response to PTN. PTPRZ dephosphorylated AFAP1L2 at tyrosine residues in vitro and in HEK293T cells. In OL1 cells, the knockdown of AFAP1L2 or application of a PI3K inhibitor suppressed cell differentiation as well as the PTN-induced phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. We generated a knock-in mouse harboring a catalytically inactive Cys to Ser (CS) mutation in the PTPase domain. The phosphorylation levels of AFAP1L2, AKT, and mTOR were higher, and the expression of oligodendrocyte markers, including myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin regulatory factor (MYRF), was stronger in CS knock-in brains than in wild-type brains on postnatal day 10; however, these differences mostly disappeared in the adult stage. Adult CS knock-in mice exhibited earlier remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination through the accelerated differentiation of OPCs. These phenotypes in CS knock-in mice were similar to those in Ptprz-deficient mice. Therefore, we conclude that the PTN-PTPRZ signal stimulates OPC differentiation partly by enhancing the tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP1L2 in order to activate the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cuprizone/toxicity
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Disease Models, Animal
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Myelin Proteins/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/metabolism
- Signal Detection, Psychological/drug effects
- Signal Detection, Psychological/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- X-Ray Microtomography
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayako Kishimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aki Shiraishi
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Research Center for Cell Biology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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22
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Xia Z, Ouyang D, Li Q, Li M, Zou Q, Li L, Yi W, Zhou E. The Expression, Functions, Interactions and Prognostic Values of PTPRZ1: A Review and Bioinformatic Analysis. J Cancer 2019; 10:1663-1674. [PMID: 31205522 PMCID: PMC6548002 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Available studies demonstrate that receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta (PTPRZ1) is expressed in different tumor tissues, and functions in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells and treatment resistance by interacting with or binding to several molecules. These included pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine, interleukin-34, β-catenin, VEGF, NF-κB, HIF-2, PSD-95, MAGI-3, contactin and ErbB4. PTPRZ1 was involved in survival signaling and could predict the prognosis of several tumors. This review discusses: the current knowledge about PTPRZ1, its expression, co-receptors, ligands, functions, signaling pathway, prognostic values and therapeutic agents that target PTPRZ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dengjie Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianying Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Moyun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongyan Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Yi
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Enxiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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23
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Melrose J. Functional Consequences of Keratan Sulfate Sulfation in Electrosensory Tissues and in Neuronal Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800327. [PMID: 32627425 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a functional electrosensory and neuro-instructive molecule. Recent studies have identified novel low sulfation KS in auditory and sensory tissues such as the tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti and the Ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranch fish. These are extremely sensitive proton gradient detection systems that send signals to neural interfaces to facilitate audition and electrolocation. High and low sulfation KS have differential functional roles in song learning in the immature male zebra song-finch with high charge density KS in song nuclei promoting brain development and cognitive learning. The conductive properties of KS are relevant to the excitable neural phenotype. High sulfation KS interacts with a large number of guidance and neuroregulatory proteins. The KS proteoglycan microtubule associated protein-1B (MAP1B) stabilizes actin and tubulin cytoskeletal development during neuritogenesis. A second 12 span transmembrane synaptic vesicle associated KS proteoglycan (SV2) provides a smart gel storage matrix for the storage of neurotransmitters. MAP1B and SV2 have prominent roles to play in neuroregulation. Aggrecan and phosphacan have roles in perineuronal net formation and in neuroregulation. A greater understanding of the biology of KS may be insightful as to how neural repair might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern, Sydney University, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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24
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Narentuya, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Foyez T, Zhang Z, Akama TO, Yagi H, Kato K, Komatsu Y, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. GlcNAc6ST3 is a keratan sulfate sulfotransferase for the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ in the adult brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4387. [PMID: 30867513 PMCID: PMC6416290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a carbohydrate side chain covalently attached to extracellular proteoglycans. KS is composed of disaccharide units of 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and galactose. We have previously shown that GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) 1 encoded by Chst2 is an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of GlcNAc-6-sulfated KS chains that are required for neuronal plasticity in the visual cortex of the mouse brain during the critical period, but not in adulthood. Here, we show that GlcNAc-6-sulfated KS recognized by the R-10G anti-KS antibody, of which the minimum epitope structure is Galß1-4GlcNAc(6S)ß1-3Galß1-4GlcNAc(6S), distributes diffusely in neuropils and presents densely in close proximity to the perineuronal region of the perineuronal net (PNN)-positive neurons in the adult visual cortex. Surprisingly, GlcNAc6ST3, which was discovered as an intestinal GlcNAc6ST encoded by Chst5, is a major brain KS sulfotransferase expressed in oligodendrocytes in adulthood. Moreover, we identified an isoform of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ as a R-10G-reactive KS proteoglycan. These results indicate that GlcNAc6ST3 may play a role in synthesis of a component of PNN in the adult brain, and that the KS-modified isoform of PTPRZ encoded by Ptprz1 could be an extracellular molecule associated with PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narentuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takeda-Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka-1229, Bashundhara, Bangladesh
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoya O Akama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 570-8506, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yukio Komatsu
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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25
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Melrose J. Keratan sulfate (KS)-proteoglycans and neuronal regulation in health and disease: the importance of KS-glycodynamics and interactive capability with neuroregulatory ligands. J Neurochem 2019; 149:170-194. [PMID: 30578672 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the other classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that is, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, keratan sulfate (KS), have the least known of its interactive properties. In the human body, the cornea and the brain are the two most abundant tissue sources of KS. Embryonic KS is synthesized as a linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain of d-galactose-GlcNAc repeat disaccharides which become progressively sulfated with development, sulfation of GlcNAc is more predominant than galactose. KS contains multi-sulfated high-charge density, monosulfated and non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions and thus is a heterogeneous molecule in terms of chain length and charge distribution. A recent proteomics study on corneal KS demonstrated its interactivity with members of the Slit-Robbo and Ephrin-Ephrin receptor families and proteins which regulate Rho GTPase signaling and actin polymerization/depolymerization in neural development and differentiation. KS decorates a number of peripheral nervous system/CNS proteoglycan (PG) core proteins. The astrocyte KS-PG abakan defines functional margins of the brain and is up-regulated following trauma. The chondroitin sulfate/KS PG aggrecan forms perineuronal nets which are dynamic neuroprotective structures with anti-oxidant properties and roles in neural differentiation, development and synaptic plasticity. Brain phosphacan a chondroitin sulfate, KS, HNK-1 PG have roles in neural development and repair. The intracellular microtubule and synaptic vesicle KS-PGs MAP1B and SV2 have roles in metabolite transport, storage, and export of neurotransmitters and cytoskeletal assembly. MAP1B has binding sites for tubulin and actin through which it promotes cytoskeletal development in growth cones and is highly expressed during neurite extension. The interactive capability of KS with neuroregulatory ligands indicate varied roles for KS-PGs in development and regenerative neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Huang P, Ouyang DJ, Chang S, Li MY, Li L, Li QY, Zeng R, Zou QY, Su J, Zhao P, Pei L, Yi WJ. Chemotherapy-driven increases in the CDKN1A/PTN/PTPRZ1 axis promote chemoresistance by activating the NF-κB pathway in breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:92. [PMID: 30497491 PMCID: PMC6267809 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is the primary established systemic treatment for patients with breast cancer, especially those with the triple-negative subtype. Simultaneously, the resistance of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to chemotherapy remains a major clinical problem. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression levels of PTN and its receptor PTPRZ1 were upregulated in recurrent TNBC tissue after chemotherapy, and this increase was closely related to poor prognosis in those patients. However, the mechanism and function of chemotherapy-driven increases in PTN/PTPRZ1 expression are still unclear. METHODS We compared the expression of PTN and PTPRZ1 between normal breast and cancer tissues as well as before and after chemotherapy in cancer tissue using the microarray analysis data from the GEPIA database and GEO database. The role of chemotherapy-driven increases in PTN/PTPRZ1 expression was examined with a CCK-8 assay, colony formation efficiency assay and apoptosis analysis with TNBC cells. The potential upstream pathways involved in the chemotherapy-driven increases in PTN/PTPRZ1 expression in TNBC cells were explored using microarray analysis, and the downstream mechanism was dissected with siRNA. RESULTS We demonstrated that the expression of PTN and PTPRZ1 was upregulated by chemotherapy, and this change in expression decreased chemosensitivity by promoting tumour proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. CDKN1A was the critical switch that regulated the expression of PTN/PTPRZ1 in TNBC cells receiving chemotherapy. We further demonstrated that the mechanism of chemoresistance by chemotherapy-driven increases in the CDKN1A/PTN/PTPRZ1 axis depended on the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicated that chemotherapy-driven increases in the CDKN1A/PTN/PTPRZ1 axis play a critical role in chemoresistance, which suggests a novel strategy to enhance chemosensitivity in breast cancer cells, especially in those of the triple-negative subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Deng-Jie Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mo-Yun Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qian-Ying Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qiong-Yan Zou
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Piao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Wen-Jun Yi
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.
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27
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Targeting Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with Biotherapeutics: Is Outside-in Better than Inside-Out? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030569. [PMID: 29498714 PMCID: PMC6017057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), of the receptor and non-receptor classes, are key signaling molecules that play critical roles in cellular regulation underlying diverse physiological events. Aberrant signaling as a result of genetic mutation or altered expression levels has been associated with several diseases and treatment via pharmacological intervention at the level of PTPs has been widely explored; however, the challenges associated with development of small molecule phosphatase inhibitors targeting the intracellular phosphatase domain (the “inside-out” approach) have been well documented and as yet there are no clinically approved drugs targeting these enzymes. The alternative approach of targeting receptor PTPs with biotherapeutic agents (such as monoclonal antibodies or engineered fusion proteins; the “outside-in” approach) that interact with the extracellular ectodomain offers many advantages, and there have been a number of exciting recent developments in this field. Here we provide a brief overview of the receptor PTP family and an update on the emerging area of receptor PTP-targeted biotherapeutics for CD148, vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), receptor-type PTPs σ, γ, ζ (RPTPσ, RPTPγ, RPTPζ) and CD45, and discussion of future potential in this area.
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28
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Kuboyama K, Tanga N, Suzuki R, Fujikawa A, Noda M. Protamine neutralizes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-mediated inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189164. [PMID: 29216327 PMCID: PMC5720700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are enriched in demyelinating plaques in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), impair remyelination by inhibiting the migration and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). We herein show that protamine (PRM, also known as a heparin antagonist) effectively neutralizes the inhibitory activities of CSPGs, thereby enhancing OPC differentiation and (re)myelination in mice. Cell-based assays using mouse OPC-like OL1 cells revealed that the PRM treatment exerted masking effects on extracellular CSPGs and improved oligodendrocyte differentiation on inhibitory CSPG-coated substrates. PRM also bound to the extracellular region of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ), a membrane-spanning CSPG predominantly expressed in OPCs, and functioned as a ligand mimetic of PTPRZ, thereby suppressing its negative regulatory activity on oligodendrocyte differentiation. In primary cultures, the differentiation of OPCs from wild-type and Ptprz-deficient mice was equally enhanced by PRM. Moreover, the intranasal administration of PRM accelerated myelination in the developing mouse brain, and its intracerebroventricular administration stimulated remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. These results indicate that PRM has CSPG-neutralizing activity which promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation under developmental and morbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (MN); (AF)
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (MN); (AF)
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Fujikawa A, Chow JPH, Matsumoto M, Suzuki R, Kuboyama K, Yamamoto N, Noda M. Identification of novel splicing variants of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z. J Biochem 2017; 162:381-390. [PMID: 28992190 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ, also known as PTPζ or RPTPβ) is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). PTPRZ plays important roles during development and adulthood in CNS myelination, learning and memory. Three splicing isoforms for PTPRZ have been identified to date: two receptor type isoforms, PTPRZ-A and PTPRZ-B, and one secretory isoform, PTPRZ-S. We herein identified novel PTPRZ receptor sub-isoforms without a seven-amino acid sequence encoded by exon 16. This sequence forms a part of the helix-turn-helix segment called the 'wedge' structure, which is located at the N-terminal region in the membrane-proximal protein tyrosine phosphatase domain. In contrast to conventional receptor isoforms with uniform expression, the deleted isoforms were expressed in the brain, but not in the retina, indicating the tissue-specific splicing of exon 16. Biochemical analyses of PTPRZ intracellular regions revealed differences in the characteristics of the deleted form, namely, stronger binding activity to postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and greater enrichment in the postsynaptic density fraction than the full-length form. Furthermore, the exon 16-deleted form exhibited higher catalytic efficiency in vitro. These results suggest that sub-isoforms of PTPRZ have different functions because of variations in the wedge structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Jeremy Pak Hong Chow
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology.,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Histochemistry, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology.,School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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Su Z, Kishida S, Tsubota S, Sakamoto K, Cao D, Kiyonari S, Ohira M, Kamijo T, Narita A, Xu Y, Takahashi Y, Kadomatsu K. Neurocan, an extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, stimulates neuroblastoma cells to promote malignant phenotypes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106296-106310. [PMID: 29290949 PMCID: PMC5739734 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocan (NCAN), a secreted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is one of the major inhibitory molecules for axon regeneration in nervous injury. However, its role in cancer is not clear. Here we observed that high NCAN expression was closely associated with the unfavorable outcome of neuroblastoma (NB). NCAN was also highly and ubiquitously expressed in the early lesions and terminal tumor of TH-MYCN mice, a NB model. Interestingly, exogenous NCAN (i.e., overexpression, recombinant protein and conditioned medium) transformed adherent NB cells into spheres whose malignancies in vitro (anchorage-independent growth and chemoresistance) and in vivo (xenograft tumor growth) were potentiated. Both chondroitin sulfate sugar chains and NCAN's core protein were essential for the sphere formation. The CSG3 domain was essential in the moiety of NCAN. Our comprehensive microarray analysis and RT-qPCR of mRNA expression suggested that NCAN treatment promoted cell division, and urged cells to undifferentiated state. The knockdown of NCAN in tumor sphere cells cultured from TH-MYCN mice resulted in growth suppression in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that NCAN, which stimulates NB cells to promote malignant phenotypes, is an extracellular molecule providing a growth advantage to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoma Tsubota
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dongliang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiyonari
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Narita
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Targeting PTPRZ inhibits stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5609. [PMID: 28717188 PMCID: PMC5514153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The R5 subfamily of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) comprises PTPRZ and PTPRG. A recent study on primary human glioblastomas suggested a close association between PTPRZ1 (human PTPRZ) expression and cancer stemness. However, the functional roles of PTPRZ activity in glioma stem cells have remained unclear. In the present study, we found that sphere-forming cells from the rat C6 and human U251 glioblastoma cell lines showed high expression levels of PTPRZ-B, the short receptor isoform of PTPRZ. Stable PTPRZ knockdown altered the expression levels of stem cell transcription factors such as SOX2, OLIG2, and POU3F2 and decreased the sphere-forming abilities of these cells. Suppressive effects on the cancer stem-like properties of the cells were also observed following the knockdown of PTPRG. Here, we identified NAZ2329, a cell-permeable small molecule that allosterically inhibits both PTPRZ and PTPRG. NAZ2329 reduced the expression of SOX2 in C6 and U251 cells and abrogated the sphere-forming abilities of these cells. Tumor growth in the C6 xenograft mouse model was significantly slower with the co-treatment of NAZ2329 with temozolomide, an alkylating agent, than with the individual treatments. These results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of R5 RPTPs is a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Reactivity of anti-HNK-1 antibodies to branched O- mannose glycans associated with demyelination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:450-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Papadimitriou E, Pantazaka E, Castana P, Tsalios T, Polyzos A, Beis D. Pleiotrophin and its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta as regulators of angiogenesis and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:252-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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