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Tripathi S, Bhawana. Epigenetic Orchestration of Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Possible Target for Curcumin as a Therapeutic. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2319-2335. [PMID: 38856890 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic modulations play a major role in gene expression and thus are responsible for various physiological changes including age-associated neurological disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), although symptomatically different, may share common underlying mechanisms. Most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with increased oxidative stress, aggregation of certain proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, inactivation/dysregulation of protein degradation machinery, DNA damage and cell excitotoxicity. Epigenetic modulations has been reported to play a significant role in onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases by regulating these processes. Previous studies have highlighted the marked antioxidant and neuroprotective abilities of polyphenols such as curcumin, by increased activity of detoxification systems like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or glutathione peroxidase. The role of curcumin as an epigenetic modulator in neurological disorders and neuroinflammation apart from other chronic diseases have also been reported by a few groups. Nonetheless, the evidences for the role of curcumin mediated epigenetic modulation in its neuroprotective ability are still limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modulations and mitoepigenetics in age-associated neurological disorders such as PD, AD, HD, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and describes the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in the treatment and/or prevention of these neurodegenerative diseases by regulation of the epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Paramedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, 122505, Haryana, India.
| | - Bhawana
- Department of Paramedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, 122505, Haryana, India
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2
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Bagheri S, Saboury AA, Saso L. Sequence of Molecular Events in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease: Cascade Interactions from Beta-Amyloid to Other Involved Proteins. Cells 2024; 13:1293. [PMID: 39120323 PMCID: PMC11312137 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the primary neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly population. Despite the first description of its pathology over a century ago, its precise cause and molecular mechanism remain unknown. Numerous factors, including beta-amyloid, tau protein, the APOEε4 gene, and different metals, have been extensively investigated in relation to this disease. However, none of them have been proven to have a decisive causal relationship. Furthermore, no single theory has successfully integrated these puzzle pieces thus far. In this review article, we propose the most probable molecular mechanism for AD, which clearly shows the relationship between the main aspects of the disease, and addresses fundamental questions such as: Why is aging the major risk factor for the disease? Are amyloid plaques and tau tangles the causes or consequences of AD? Why are the distributions of senile plaques and tau tangles in the brain different and independent of each other? Why is the APOEε4 gene a risk factor for AD? Finally, why is the disease more prevalent in women?
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Krishnarjuna B, Sharma G, Hiiuk VM, Struppe J, Nagorny P, Ivanova MI, Ramamoorthy A. Nanodisc Reconstitution and Characterization of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein C99. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9362-9369. [PMID: 38826107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a pivotal role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the fragmentation of the membrane-bound APP that results in the production of amyloid-β peptides is the starting point for amyloid toxicity in AD, it is important to investigate the structure and dynamics of APP in a near-native lipid-bilayer environment. However, the reconstitution of APP into a stable and suitable membrane-mimicking lipid environment is a challenging task. In this study, the 99-residue C-terminal domain of APP is successfully reconstituted into polymer nanodiscs and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, solution NMR, and magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR. In addition, the feasibility of using lipid-solubilizing polymers for isolating and characterizing APP in the native Escherichia. coli membrane environment is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Volodymyr M Hiiuk
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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4
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Krishnarjuna B, Sharma G, Hiiuk VM, Struppe J, Nagorny P, Ivanova MI, Ramamoorthy A. Nanodisc reconstitution and characterization of amyloid-β precursor protein C99. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.21.590446. [PMID: 38659865 PMCID: PMC11042261 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.590446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a pivotal role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Since the fragmentation of the membrane-bound APP that results in the production of amyloid-beta peptides is the starting point for amyloid toxicity in AD, it is important to investigate the structure and dynamics of APP in a near-native lipid-bilayer environment. However, the reconstitution of APP into a stable/suitable membrane-mimicking lipid environment is a challenging task. In this study, the 99-residue C-terminal domain of APP is successfully reconstituted into polymer nanodiscs and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, solution NMR, and magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR. In addition, the feasibility of using lipid-solubilizing polymers for isolating and characterizing APP in native E. coli membrane environment is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Volodymyr M Hiiuk
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
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5
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Fan YG, Wu TY, Zhao LX, Jia RJ, Ren H, Hou WJ, Wang ZY. From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107039. [PMID: 38123108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Rong-Jun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wen-Jia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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6
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Hounjet J, Groot AJ, Piepers JP, Kranenburg O, Zwijnenburg DA, Rapino FA, Koster JB, Kampen KR, Vooijs MA. Iron-responsive element of Divalent metal transporter 1 (Dmt1) controls Notch-mediated cell fates. FEBS J 2023; 290:5811-5834. [PMID: 37646174 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Notch receptor activation is regulated by the intramembrane protease γ-secretase, which cleaves and liberates the Notch intracellular domain (Nicd) that regulates gene transcription. While γ-secretase cleavage is necessary, we demonstrate it is insufficient for Notch activation and requires vesicular trafficking. Here, we report Divalent metal transporter 1 (Dmt1, Slc11A2) as a novel and essential regulator of Notch signalling. Dmt1-deficient cells are defective in Notch signalling and have perturbed endolysosomal trafficking and function. Dmt1 encodes for two isoforms, with and without an iron response element (ire). We show that isoform-specific silencing of Dmt1-ire and Dmt1+ire has opposite consequences on Notch-dependent cell fates in cell lines and intestinal organoids. Loss of Dmt1-ire suppresses Notch activation and promotes differentiation, whereas loss of Dmt1+ire causes Notch activation and maintains stem-progenitor cell fates. Dmt1 isoform expression correlates with Notch and Wnt signalling in Apc-deficient intestinal organoids and human colorectal cancers. Consistently, Dmt1-ire silencing induces Notch-dependent differentiation in colorectal cancer cells. These data identify Dmt1 isoforms as binary switches controlling Notch cell fate decisions in normal and tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hounjet
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Groot
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda P Piepers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Lab Translational Oncology, Division Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny A Zwijnenburg
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca A Rapino
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Giga Stem Cells, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Jan B Koster
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim R Kampen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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7
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Vicente-Zurdo D, Brunetti L, Piemontese L, Guedes B, Cardoso SM, Chavarria D, Borges F, Madrid Y, Chaves S, Santos MA. Rivastigmine-Benzimidazole Hybrids as Promising Multitarget Metal-Modulating Compounds for Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098312. [PMID: 37176018 PMCID: PMC10179505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the goal of combating the multi-faceted Alzheimer's disease (AD), a series of Rivastigmine-Benzimidazole (RIV-BIM) hybrids was recently reported by us as multitarget-directed ligands, thanks to their capacity to tackle important hallmarks of AD. In particular, they exhibited antioxidant activity, acted as cholinesterase inhibitors, and inhibited amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. Herein, we moved forward in this project, studying their ability to chelate redox-active biometal ions, Cu(II) and Fe(III), with widely recognized roles in the generation of oxidative reactive species and in protein misfolding and aggregation in both AD and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although Cu(II) chelation showed higher efficiency for the positional isomers of series 5 than those of series 4 of the hybrids, the Aβ-aggregation inhibition appears more dependent on their capacity for fibril intercalation than on copper chelation. Since monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are also important targets for the treatment of AD and PD, the capacity of these hybrids to inhibit MAO-A and MAO-B was evaluated, and they showed higher activity and selectivity for MAO-A. The rationalization of the experimental evaluations (metal chelation and MAO inhibition) was supported by computational molecular modeling studies. Finally, some compounds showed also neuroprotective effects in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y cells) upon treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a neurotoxic metabolite of a Parkinsonian-inducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vicente-Zurdo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Brunetti
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Beatriz Guedes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Madrid
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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8
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Dietary Trace Elements and the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:2067. [PMID: 37432185 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are absorbed from food via the gastrointestinal tract, transported into the brain, and play central roles in normal brain functions. An excess of these trace elements often produces reactive oxygen species and damages the brain. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that the dyshomeostasis of these metals is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, and Lewy body diseases. The disease-related amyloidogenic proteins can regulate metal homeostasis at the synapses, and thus loss of the protective functions of these amyloidogenic proteins causes neurodegeneration. Meanwhile, metal-induced conformational changes of the amyloidogenic proteins contribute to enhancing their neurotoxicity. Moreover, excess Zn and Cu play central roles in the pathogenesis of vascular-type senile dementia. Here, we present an overview of the intake, absorption, and transport of four essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and one non-essential element (aluminum: Al) in food and their connections with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases based on metal-protein, and metal-metal cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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9
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Afsar A, Chacon Castro MDC, Soladogun AS, Zhang L. Recent Development in the Understanding of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087258. [PMID: 37108421 PMCID: PMC10138573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance.Additionally, recent studies have shown an association between altered heme metabolism and AD. Unfortunately, decades of research and drug development have not produced any effective treatments for AD. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for AD drug development. This review discusses the most common alterations associated with AD and promising therapeutic targets for AD drug discovery. Furthermore, it highlights the role of heme in AD development and summarizes mathematical models of AD, including a stochastic mathematical model of AD and mathematical models of the effect of Aβ on AD. We also summarize the potential treatment strategies that these models can offer in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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10
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Hosseinpour Mashkani SM, Bishop DP, Raoufi-Rad N, Adlard PA, Shimoni O, Golzan SM. Distribution of Copper, Iron, and Zinc in the Retina, Hippocampus, and Cortex of the Transgenic APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081144. [PMID: 37190053 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A mis-metabolism of transition metals (i.e., copper, iron, and zinc) in the brain has been recognised as a precursor event for aggregation of Amyloid-β plaques, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, imaging cerebral transition metals in vivo can be extremely challenging. As the retina is a known accessible extension of the central nervous system, we examined whether changes in the hippocampus and cortex metal load are also mirrored in the retina. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to visualise and quantify the anatomical distribution and load of Cu, Fe, and Zn in the hippocampus, cortex, and retina of 9-month-old Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 (APP/PS1, n = 10) and Wild Type (WT, n = 10) mice. Our results show a similar metal load trend between the retina and the brain, with the WT mice displaying significantly higher concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn in the hippocampus (p < 0.05, p < 0.0001, p < 0.01), cortex (p < 0.05, p = 0.18, p < 0.0001) and the retina (p < 0.001, p = 0.01, p < 0.01) compared with the APP/PS1 mice. Our findings demonstrate that dysfunction of the cerebral transition metals in AD is also extended to the retina. This could lay the groundwork for future studies on the assessment of transition metal load in the retina in the context of early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Hosseinpour Mashkani
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David P Bishop
- Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (HyMaS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Newsha Raoufi-Rad
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Synaptic Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Olga Shimoni
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - S Mojtaba Golzan
- Vision Science Group, Graduate School of Health (GSH), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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11
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Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
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12
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Zhang B, Burke R. Copper homeostasis and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Metallomics 2023; 15:7055959. [PMID: 36822629 PMCID: PMC10022722 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper is involved in many physiological pathways and important biological processes as a cofactor of several copper-dependent enzymes. Given the requirement for copper and its potential toxicity, intracellular copper levels are tightly controlled. Disturbances of human copper homeostasis are characterized by disorders of copper overload (Wilson's disease) or copper deficiency (Menkes disease). The maintenance of cellular copper levels involves numerous copper transporters and copper chaperones. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) participate in the posttranslational regulation of these proteins, suggesting that they might play a role in maintaining copper homeostasis. Cellular copper levels could also affect the activity of the UPS, indicating that copper homeostasis and the UPS are interdependent. Copper homeostasis and the UPS are essential to the integrity of normal brain function and while separate links between neurodegenerative diseases and UPS inhibition/copper dyshomeostasis have been extensively reported, there is growing evidence that these two networks might contribute synergistically to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role of copper and the UPS in the development of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and discuss the genetic interactions between copper transporters/chaperones and components of the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Richard Burke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Chen LL, Fan YG, Zhao LX, Zhang Q, Wang ZY. The metal ion hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of metal chelators. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106301. [PMID: 36455485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, is the most common dementia with uncertain etiology. The clinical trials of Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs have almost failed, giving rise to great attention on the other etiologic hypothesis regarding AD such as metal ions dysmetabolism and chronic neuroinflammation. Mounting evidence revealed that the metal ions (iron, copper, and zinc) were dysregulated in the susceptible brain regions of AD patients, which was highly associated with Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal loss, as well as neuroinflammation. Further studies uncovered that iron, copper and zinc could not only enhance the production of Aβ but also directly bind to Aβ and tau to promote their aggregations. In addition, the accumulation of iron and copper could respectively promote ferroptosis and cuproptosis. Therefore, the metal ion chelators were recognized as promising agents for treating AD. This review comprehensively summarized the effects of metal ions on the Aβ dynamics and tau phosphorylation in the progression of AD. Furthermore, taking chronic neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of AD, we also provided a summary of the mechanisms concerning metal ions on neuroinflammation and highlighted the metal ion chelators may be potential agents to alleviate neuroinflammation under the condition of AD. Nevertheless, more investigations regarding metal ions on neuroinflammation should be taken into practice, and the effects of metal ion chelators on neuroinflammation should gain more attention. Running title: Metal chelators against neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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14
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Chaudhari V, Bagwe-Parab S, Buttar HS, Gupta S, Vora A, Kaur G. Challenges and Opportunities of Metal Chelation Therapy in Trace Metals Overload-Induced Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:270-287. [PMID: 36705861 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Essential trace metals like zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) play an important physiological role in the metabolomics and healthy functioning of body organs, including the brain. However, abnormal accumulation of trace metals in the brain and dyshomeostasis in the different regions of the brain have emerged as contributing factors in neuronal degeneration, Aβ aggregation, and Tau formation. The link between these essential trace metal ions and the risk of AD has been widely studied, although the conclusions have been ambiguous. Despite the absence of evidence for any clinical benefit, therapeutic chelation is still hypothesized to be a therapeutic option for AD. Furthermore, the parameters like bioavailability, ability to cross the BBB, and chelation specificity must be taken into consideration while selecting a suitable chelation therapy. The data in this review summarizes that the primary intervention in AD is brain metal homeostasis along with brain metal scavenging. This review evaluates the impact of different trace metals (Cu, Zn, Fe) on normal brain functioning and their association with neurodegeneration in AD. Also, it investigates the therapeutic potential of metal chelators in the management of AD. An extensive literature search was carried out on the "Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar" to investigate the effect of trace elements in neurological impairment and the role of metal chelators in AD. In addition, the current review highlights the advantages and limitations of chelation therapies and the difficulties involved in developing selective metal chelation therapy in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chaudhari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhi Bagwe-Parab
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Harpal S Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shubhangi Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Amisha Vora
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India.
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15
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Cunliffe G, Lim YT, Chae W, Jung S. Alternative Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Neuromodulator Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123064. [PMID: 36551821 PMCID: PMC9776382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, comprising 70% of dementia diagnoses worldwide and affecting 1 in 9 people over the age of 65. However, the majority of its treatments, which predominantly target the cholinergic system, remain insufficient at reversing pathology and act simply to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. The most recent neurotransmitter-targeting drug for AD was approved in 2003, strongly suggesting that targeting neurotransmitter systems alone is unlikely to be sufficient, and that research into alternate treatment avenues is urgently required. Neuromodulators are substances released by neurons which influence neurotransmitter release and signal transmission across synapses. Neuromodulators including neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, ATP and metal ions display altered function in AD, which underlies aberrant neuronal activity and pathology. However, research into how the manipulation of neuromodulators may be useful in the treatment of AD is relatively understudied. Combining neuromodulator targeting with more novel methods of drug delivery, such as the use of multi-targeted directed ligands, combinatorial drugs and encapsulated nanoparticle delivery systems, may help to overcome limitations of conventional treatments. These include difficulty crossing the blood-brain-barrier and the exertion of effects on a single target only. This review aims to highlight the ways in which neuromodulator functions are altered in AD and investigate how future therapies targeting such substances, which act upstream to classical neurotransmitter systems, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the sustained search for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Tang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Woori Chae
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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16
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Brain copper may protect from cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease pathology: a community-based study. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4307-4313. [PMID: 36195639 PMCID: PMC9764421 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient for brain health and dyshomeostasis of copper could have a pathophysiological role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, there are limited data from community-based samples. In this study, we investigate the association of brain copper (assessed using ICP-MS in four regions -inferior temporal, mid-frontal, anterior cingulate, and cerebellum) and dietary copper with cognitive decline and AD pathology burden (a quantitative summary of neurofibrillary tangles, diffuse and neuritic plaques in multiple brain regions) at autopsy examination among deceased participants (N = 657; age of death: 90.2(±6.2)years, 70% women, 25% APOE-ɛ4 carriers) in the Rush Memory and Aging Project. During annual visits, these participants completed cognitive assessments using a 19-test battery and dietary assessments (using a food frequency questionnaire). Regression, linear mixed-effects, and logistic models adjusted for age at death, sex, education, and APOE-ε4 status were used. Higher composite brain copper levels were associated with slower cognitive decline (β(SE) = 0.028(0.01), p = 0.001) and less global AD pathology (β(SE) = -0.069(0.02), p = 0.0004). Participants in the middle and highest tertile of dietary copper had slower cognitive decline (T2vs.T1: β = 0.038, p = 0.0008; T3vs.T1: β = 0.028, p = 0.01) than those in the lowest tertile. Dietary copper intake was not associated with brain copper levels or AD pathology. Associations of higher brain copper levels with slower cognitive decline and with less AD pathology support a role for copper dyshomeostasis in AD pathogenesis and suggest that lower brain copper may exacerbate or indicate disease severity. Dietary and brain copper are unrelated but dietary copper is associated with slower cognitive decline via an unknown mechanism.
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17
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zheng W, Xu H. Current understanding of the interactions between metal ions and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105824. [PMID: 35878744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in the elderly, is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective disease-modifying treatments to date. Studies have shown that an imbalance in brain metal ions, such as zinc, copper, and iron, is closely related to the onset and progression of AD. Many efforts have been made to understand metal-related mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for AD. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions of brain metal ions and apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, may be one of the mechanisms for neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the key points regarding how metal ions and ApoE contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We further describe the interactions between metal ions and ApoE in the brain and propose that their interactions play an important role in neuropathological alterations and cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Zinc in Cognitive Impairment and Aging. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12071000. [PMID: 35883555 PMCID: PMC9312494 DOI: 10.3390/biom12071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc, an essential micronutrient for life, was first discovered in 1869 and later found to be indispensable for the normal development of plants and for the normal growth of rats and birds. Zinc plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in normal mammalian brain development, especially in the development of the central nervous system. Zinc deficiency can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, mental abnormalities, sleep disorders, tumors, vascular diseases, and other pathological conditions, which can cause cognitive impairment and premature aging. This study aimed to review the important effects of zinc and zinc-associated proteins in cognitive impairment and aging, to reveal its molecular mechanism, and to highlight potential interventions for zinc-associated aging and cognitive impairments.
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19
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Abstract
Amyloids are organized suprastructural polypeptide arrangements. The prevalence of amyloid-related processes of pathophysiological relevance has been linked to aging-related degenerative diseases. Besides the role of genetic polymorphisms on the relative risk of amyloid diseases, the contributions of nongenetic ontogenic cluster of factors remain elusive. In recent decades, mounting evidences have been suggesting the role of essential micronutrients, in particular transition metals, in the regulation of amyloidogenic processes, both directly (such as binding to amyloid proteins) or indirectly (such as regulating regulatory partners, processing enzymes, and membrane transporters). The features of transition metals as regulatory cofactors of amyloid proteins and the consequences of metal dyshomeostasis in triggering amyloidogenic processes, as well as the evidences showing amelioration of symptoms by dietary supplementation, suggest an exaptative role of metals in regulating amyloid pathways. The self- and cross-talk replicative nature of these amyloid processes along with their systemic distribution support the concept of their metastatic nature. The role of amyloidosis as nutrient sensors would act as intra- and transgenerational epigenetic metabolic programming factors determining health span and life span, viability, which could participate as an evolutive selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE. Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:233-243. [PMID: 31747384 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of homeostasis of zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Wilson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The last two pathological conditions of the brain are the most common; moreover, it is possible that TBI is a risk factor for the development of AD. Disruptions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ homeostasis play an important role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of both TBI and AD. This review attempts to summarize and systematize the currently available research data on this issue. The neurocytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Zn2+, the synergism of the toxic effect of calcium and Zn2+ ions on the mitochondria of neurons, and the interaction of Zn2+ and Cu2+ with β-amyloid (Abeta) and tau protein are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, N.A. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Research Center of Neurology, Moscow 125367, Russia
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21
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Bailey DK, Clark W, Kosman DJ. The iron chelator, PBT434, modulates transcellular iron trafficking in brain microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254794. [PMID: 34310628 PMCID: PMC8312958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and other transition metals, such as copper and manganese, are essential for supporting brain function, yet over-accumulation is cytotoxic. This over-accumulation of metals, particularly iron, is common to several neurological disorders; these include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Friedrich’s ataxia and other disorders presenting with neurodegeneration and associated brain iron accumulation. The management of iron flux by the blood-brain barrier provides the first line of defense against the over-accumulation of iron in normal physiology and in these pathological conditions. In this study, we determined that the iron chelator PBT434, which is currently being developed for treatment of Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy, modulates the uptake of iron by human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC) by chelation of extracellular Fe2+. Treatment of hBMVEC with PBT434 results in an increase in the abundance of the transcripts for transferrin receptor (TfR) and ceruloplasmin (Cp). Western blot and ELISA analyses reveal a corresponding increase in the proteins as well. Within the cell, PBT434 increases the detectable level of chelatable, labile Fe2+; data indicate that this Fe2+ is released from ferritin. In addition, PBT434 potentiates iron efflux likely due to the increase in cytosolic ferrous iron, the substrate for the iron exporter, ferroportin. PBT434 equilibrates rapidly and bi-directionally across an hBMVEC blood-brain barrier. These results indicate that the PBT434-iron complex is not substrate for hBMVEC uptake and thus support a model in which PBT434 would chelate interstitial iron and inhibit re-uptake of iron by endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, as well as inhibit its uptake by the other cells of the neurovascular unit. Overall, this presents a novel and promising mechanism for therapeutic iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K. Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Whitney Clark
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
Since the discovery of manifest Zn deficiency in 1961, the increasing number of studies demonstrated the association between altered Zn status and multiple diseases. In this chapter, we provide a review of the most recent advances on the role of Zn in health and disease (2010-20), with a special focus on the role of Zn in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, diabetes and obesity, male and female reproduction, as well as COVID-19. In parallel with the revealed tight association between ASD risk and severity and Zn status, the particular mechanisms linking Zn2+ and ASD pathogenesis like modulation of synaptic plasticity through ProSAP/Shank scaffold, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gut microbiota, have been elucidated. The increasing body of data indicate the potential involvement of Zn2+ metabolism in neurodegeneration. Systemic Zn levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease were found to be reduced, whereas its sequestration in brain may result in modulation of amyloid β and α-synuclein processing with subsequent toxic effects. Zn2+ was shown to possess adipotropic effects through the role of zinc transporters, zinc finger proteins, and Zn-α2-glycoprotein in adipose tissue physiology, underlying its particular role in pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Recent findings also contribute to further understanding of the role of Zn2+ in spermatogenesis and sperm functioning, as well as oocyte development and fertilization. Finally, Zn2+ was shown to be the potential adjuvant therapy in management of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), underlining the perspectives of zinc in management of old and new threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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23
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Zhong M, Kou H, Zhao P, Zheng W, Xu H, Zhang X, Lan W, Guo C, Wang T, Guo F, Wang Z, Gao H. Nasal Delivery of D-Penicillamine Hydrogel Upregulates a Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10 Expression via Melatonin Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease Models. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:660249. [PMID: 33935689 PMCID: PMC8081912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.660249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease that is associated with the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Increasing non-amyloidogenic processing and/or manipulating amyloid precursor protein signaling could reduce AD amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment. D-penicillamine (D-Pen) is a water-soluble metal chelator and can reduce the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) with metals in vitro. However, the potential mechanism of D-Pen for treating neurodegenerative disorders remains unexplored. In here, a novel type of chitosan-based hydrogel to carry D-Pen was designed and the D-Pen-CS/β-glycerophosphate hydrogel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and HPLC. Behavior tests investigated the learning and memory levels of APP/PS1 mice treated through the D-Pen hydrogel nasal delivery. In vivo and in vitro findings showed that nasal delivery of D-Pen-CS/β-GP hydrogel had properly chelated metal ions that reduced Aβ deposition. Furthermore, D-Pen mainly regulated A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) expression via melatonin receptor 1 (MTNR1α) and the downstream PKA/ERK/CREB pathway. The present data demonstrated D-Pen significantly improved the cognitive ability of APP/PS1 mice and reduced Aβ generation through activating ADAM10 and accelerating non-amyloidogenic processing. Hence, these findings indicate the potential of D-Pen as a promising agent for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhong
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hejia Kou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wang Lan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Fujiki K. [Involvement of Notch1 and ALK4/5 Signaling Pathways in Renal Tubular Cell Death: Their Application to Clarification of Cadmium Toxicity]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2021; 75. [PMID: 33342936 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubular cell death is caused by various extracellular stresses including toxic amounts of cadmium, an occupational and environmental pollutant metal, and is responsible for renal dysfunction. While cadmium exposure disrupts many intracellular signaling pathways, the molecular mechanism underlying cadmium-induced renal tubular cell death has not yet been fully elucidated. We have recently identified two important intracellular signaling pathways that promote cadmium-induced renal tubular cell death: the Notch1 signaling and activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 4/5 signaling (also known as the activin-transforming growth factor β receptor pathways). In this review paper, we introduce our previous experimental findings, focusing on Notch1 and ALK4/5 signaling pathways, which may uncover the molecular mechanisms involved in cadmium-induced renal tubular cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Fujiki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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25
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Neurometals in the Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031267. [PMID: 33525334 PMCID: PMC7866166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive and transmissive neurodegenerative diseases. The conformational conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into abnormal pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) is critical for its infection and pathogenesis. PrPC possesses the ability to bind to various neurometals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that PrPC plays essential roles in the maintenance of homeostasis of these neurometals in the synapse. In addition, trace metals are critical determinants of the conformational change and toxicity of PrPC. Here, we review our studies and other new findings that inform the current understanding of the links between trace elements and physiological functions of PrPC and the neurotoxicity of PrPSc.
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Lakey-Beitia J, Burillo AM, Penna GL, Hegde ML, Rao K. Polyphenols as Potential Metal Chelation Compounds Against Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S335-S357. [PMID: 32568200 PMCID: PMC7809605 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 50 million people worldwide. The pathology of this multifactorial disease is primarily characterized by the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates; however, other etiological factors including metal dyshomeostasis, specifically copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), play critical role in disease progression. Because these transition metal ions are important for cellular function, their imbalance can cause oxidative stress that leads to cellular death and eventual cognitive decay. Importantly, these transition metal ions can interact with the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and Aβ42 peptide, affecting Aβ aggregation and increasing its neurotoxicity. Considering how metal dyshomeostasis may substantially contribute to AD, this review discusses polyphenols and the underlying chemical principles that may enable them to act as natural chelators. Furthermore, polyphenols have various therapeutic effects, including antioxidant activity, metal chelation, mitochondrial function, and anti-amyloidogenic activity. These combined therapeutic effects of polyphenols make them strong candidates for a moderate chelation-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Andrea M. Burillo
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K.S. Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Institute, Hangzhou, Republic of China
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Solovyev N, El-Khatib AH, Costas-Rodríguez M, Schwab K, Griffin E, Raab A, Platt B, Theuring F, Vogl J, Vanhaecke F. Cu, Fe, and Zn isotope ratios in murine Alzheimer's disease models suggest specific signatures of amyloidogenesis and tauopathy. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100292. [PMID: 33453282 PMCID: PMC7949056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of tau and amyloid-beta in the brain, and recent evidence suggests a correlation between associated protein aggregates and trace elements, such as copper, iron, and zinc. In AD, a distorted brain redox homeostasis and complexation by amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau may alter the isotopic composition of essential mineral elements. Therefore, high-precision isotopic analysis may reveal changes in the homeostasis of these elements. We used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)-based techniques to determine the total Cu, Fe, and Zn contents in the brain, as well as their isotopic compositions in both mouse brain and serum. Results for male transgenic tau (Line 66, L66) and amyloid/presenilin (5xFAD) mice were compared with those for the corresponding age- and sex-matched wild-type control mice (WT). Our data show that L66 brains showed significantly higher Fe levels than did those from the corresponding WT. Significantly less Cu, but more Zn was found in 5xFAD brains. We observed significantly lighter isotopic compositions of Fe (enrichment in the lighter isotopes) in the brain and serum of L66 mice compared with WT. For 5xFAD mice, Zn exhibited a trend toward a lighter isotopic composition in the brain and a heavier isotopic composition in serum compared with WT. Neither mouse model yielded differences in the isotopic composition of Cu. Our findings indicate significant pathology-specific alterations of Fe and Zn brain homeostasis in mouse models of AD. The associated changes in isotopic composition may serve as a marker for proteinopathies underlying AD and other types of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Solovyev
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry-A&MS Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Division 1.1 Inorganic Trace Analysis, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, African Union Authority St, Abbassia, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marta Costas-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry-A&MS Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karima Schwab
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Griffin
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory (TESLA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Theuring
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Vogl
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Division 1.1 Inorganic Trace Analysis, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry-A&MS Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Calabrò M, Rinaldi C, Santoro G, Crisafulli C. The biological pathways of Alzheimer disease: a review. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 8:86-132. [PMID: 33490374 PMCID: PMC7815481 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mainly affecting older people, which severely impairs patients' quality of life. In the recent years, the number of affected individuals has seen a rapid increase. It is estimated that up to 107 million subjects will be affected by 2050 worldwide. Research in this area has revealed a lot about the biological and environmental underpinnings of Alzheimer, especially its correlation with β-Amyloid and Tau related mechanics; however, the precise molecular events and biological pathways behind the disease are yet to be discovered. In this review, we focus our attention on the biological mechanics that may lie behind Alzheimer development. In particular, we briefly describe the genetic elements and discuss about specific biological processes potentially associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Concetta Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
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29
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Lim SL, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Hsu HW, Wu J, Zumkehr J, Kilian J, Vidal J, Ayata P, Kitazawa M. Chronic copper exposure directs microglia towards degenerative expression signatures in wild-type and J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126578. [PMID: 32599538 PMCID: PMC7655674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper (Cu) is an essential metal mediating a variety of vital biological reactions with its redox property. Its dyshomeostasis has been associated with accelerated cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, underlying neurotoxic mechanisms elicited by dysregulated Cu remain largely elusive. We and others previously demonstrated that exposure to Cu in drinking water significantly exacerbated pathological hallmarks of AD and pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, coupled with impaired phagocytic capacity, in mouse models of AD. METHODS In the present study, we extended our investigation to evaluate whether chronic Cu exposure to wild-type (WT) and J20 mouse model of AD perturbs homeostatic dynamics of microglia and contributes to accelerated transformation of microglia towards degenerative phenotypes that are closely associated with neurodegeneration. We further looked for evidence of alterations in the microglial morphology and spatial memory of the Cu-exposed mice to assess the extent of the Cu toxicity. RESULTS We find that chronic Cu exposure to pre-pathological J20 mice upregulates the translation of degenerative genes and represses homeostatic genes within microglia even in the absence amyloid-beta plaques. We also observe similar expression signatures in Cu-exposed WT mice, suggesting that excess Cu exposure alone could lead to perturbed microglial homeostatic phenotypes and contribute to accelerated cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the risk of chronic Cu exposure on cognitive decline and altered microglia activation towards degenerative phenotypes. These changes may represent one of the key mechanisms linking Cu exposure or its dyshomeostasis to an increased risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok Lam Lim
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heng-Wei Hsu
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joannee Zumkehr
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kilian
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janielle Vidal
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pinar Ayata
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI. The essential elements of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100105. [PMID: 33219130 PMCID: PMC7948403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) directed against the prominent amyloid plaque neuropathology are yet to be proved effective despite many phase 3 clinical trials. There are several other neurochemical abnormalities that occur in the AD brain that warrant renewed emphasis as potential therapeutic targets for this disease. Among those are the elementomic signatures of iron, copper, zinc, and selenium. Here, we review these essential elements of AD for their broad potential to contribute to Alzheimer’s pathophysiology, and we also highlight more recent attempts to translate these findings into therapeutics. A reinspection of large bodies of discovery in the AD field, such as this, may inspire new thinking about pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Ejaz HW, Wang W, Lang M. Copper Toxicity Links to Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutics Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7660. [PMID: 33081348 PMCID: PMC7589751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, age-related progressive neurological disorder, and the most common type of dementia in aged people. Neuropathological lesions of AD are neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and senile plaques comprise the accumulated amyloid-beta (Aβ), loaded with metal ions including Cu, Fe, or Zn. Some reports have identified metal dyshomeostasis as a neurotoxic factor of AD, among which Cu ions seem to be a central cationic metal in the formation of plaque and soluble oligomers, and have an essential role in the AD pathology. Cu-Aβ complex catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative damage. Several studies have indicated that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. The connection of copper levels in AD is still ambiguous, as some researches indicate a Cu deficiency, while others show its higher content in AD, and therefore there is a need to increase and decrease its levels in animal models, respectively, to study which one is the cause. For more than twenty years, many in vitro studies have been devoted to identifying metals' roles in Aβ accumulation, oxidative damage, and neurotoxicity. Towards the end, a short review of the modern therapeutic approach in chelation therapy, with the main focus on Cu ions, is discussed. Despite the lack of strong proofs of clinical advantage so far, the conjecture that using a therapeutic metal chelator is an effective strategy for AD remains popular. However, some recent reports of genetic-regulating copper transporters in AD models have shed light on treating this refractory disease. This review aims to succinctly present a better understanding of Cu ions' current status in several AD features, and some conflicting reports are present herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafza Wajeeha Ejaz
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth WA6027, Australia;
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China;
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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32
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Xie Z, Wu H, Zhao J. Multifunctional roles of zinc in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Amyloids: Regulators of Metal Homeostasis in the Synapse. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061441. [PMID: 32210005 PMCID: PMC7145306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes in amyloidogenic proteins, such as β-amyloid protein, prion proteins, and α-synuclein, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, prion disease, and Lewy body disease. The disease-associated proteins possess several common characteristics, including the ability to form amyloid oligomers with β-pleated sheet structure, as well as cytotoxicity, although they differ in amino acid sequence. Interestingly, these amyloidogenic proteins all possess the ability to bind trace metals, can regulate metal homeostasis, and are co-localized at the synapse, where metals are abundantly present. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of these amyloidogenic proteins in metal homeostasis, and we propose hypothetical models of their pathogenetic role in the neurodegenerative process as the loss of normal metal regulatory functions of amyloidogenic proteins. Notably, these amyloidogenic proteins have the capacity to form Ca2+-permeable pores in membranes, suggestive of a toxic gain of function. Therefore, we focus on their potential role in the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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34
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Pilozzi A, Yu Z, Carreras I, Cormier K, Hartley D, Rogers J, Dedeoglu A, Huang X. A Preliminary Study of Cu Exposure Effects upon Alzheimer's Amyloid Pathology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E408. [PMID: 32155778 PMCID: PMC7175127 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that dysregulation of cerebral biometals (Fe, Cu, Zn) and their interactions with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ amyloid may contribute to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) Aβ amyloid pathology. However, the molecular underpinnings associated with the interactions are still not fully understood. Herein we have further validated the exacerbation of Aβ oligomerization by Cu and H2O2 in vitro. We have also reported that Cu enhanced APP translations via its 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of mRNA in SH-SY5Y cells, and increased Aβ amyloidosis and expression of associated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-5 in Alzheimer's APP/PS1 doubly transgenic mice. This preliminary study may further unravel the pathogenic role of Cu in Alzheimer's Aβ amyloid pathogenesis, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pilozzi
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA 01730, USA; (I.C.); (K.C.); (A.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kerry Cormier
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA 01730, USA; (I.C.); (K.C.); (A.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA 01730, USA; (I.C.); (K.C.); (A.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (J.R.)
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35
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Zhu X, Victor TW, Ambi A, Sullivan JK, Hatfield J, Xu F, Miller LM, Van Nostrand WE. Copper accumulation and the effect of chelation treatment on cerebral amyloid angiopathy compared to parenchymal amyloid plaques. Metallomics 2020; 12:539-546. [PMID: 32104807 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of fibrillar amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in parenchymal plaques and in blood vessels of the brain, the latter condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), are hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. Cerebral amyloid deposits have been reported to accumulate various metals, most notably copper and zinc. Here we show that, in human AD, copper is preferentially accumulated in amyloid-containing brain blood vessels compared to parenchymal amyloid plaques. In light of this observation, we evaluated the effects of reducing copper levels in Tg2576 mice, a transgenic model of AD amyloid pathologies. The copper chelator, tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), was administered to twelve month old Tg2576 mice for a period of five months. Copper chelation treatment significantly reduced both CAA and parenchymal plaque load in Tg2576 mice. Further, copper chelation reduced parenchymal plaque copper content but had no effect on CAA copper levels in this model. These findings indicate that copper is associated with both CAA deposits and parenchymal amyloid plaques in humans, but less in Tg2576 mice. TTM only reduces copper levels in plaques in Tg2576 mice. Reducing copper levels in the brain may beneficially lower amyloid pathologies associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayoue Zhu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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36
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Choudhury N, Ruidas B, Saha B, Srikanth K, Das Mukhopadhyay C, De P. Multifunctional tryptophan-based fluorescent polymeric probes for sensing, bioimaging and removal of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent polymeric probes were synthesized by amalgamating tryptophan and pyridine side-chain moieties through an imine bond with the aim of selectively sense and remove both Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhury
- Polymer Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
- Department of Chemical Sciences
| | - Bhuban Ruidas
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Howrah
- India
| | - Biswajit Saha
- Polymer Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
- Department of Chemical Sciences
| | - Kambalapalli Srikanth
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
| | | | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Nadia
- India
- Department of Chemical Sciences
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37
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Redox active metals in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1141-1157. [PMID: 31650248 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are redox active metals essential for the regulation of cellular pathways that are fundamental for brain function, including neurotransmitter synthesis and release, neurotransmission, and protein turnover. Cu and Fe are tightly regulated by sophisticated homeostatic systems that tune the levels and localization of these redox active metals. The regulation of Cu and Fe necessitates their coordination to small organic molecules and metal chaperone proteins that restrict their reactions to specific protein centres, where Cu and Fe cycle between reduced (Fe2+, Cu+) and oxidised states (Fe3+, Cu2+). Perturbation of this regulation is evident in the brain affected by neurodegeneration. Here we review the evidence that links Cu and Fe dyshomeostasis to neurodegeneration as well as the promising preclinical and clinical studies reporting pharmacological intervention to remedy Cu and Fe abnormalities in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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38
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Sheng J, Olrichs NK, Geerts WJ, Kaloyanova DV, Helms JB. Metal ions and redox balance regulate distinct amyloid-like aggregation pathways of GAPR-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15048. [PMID: 31636315 PMCID: PMC6803662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the CAP superfamily (Cysteine-rich secretory proteins, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-Related 1 proteins) are characterized by the presence of a structurally conserved CAP domain. The common structure-function relationship of this domain is still poorly understood. In this study, we unravel specific molecular mechanisms modulating the quaternary structure of the mammalian CAP protein GAPR-1 (Golgi-Associated plant Pathogenesis-Related protein 1). Copper ions are shown to induce a distinct amyloid-like aggregation pathway of GAPR-1 in the presence of heparin. This involves an immediate shift from native multimers to monomers which are prone to form amyloid-like fibrils. The Cu2+-induced aggregation pathway is independent of a conserved metal-binding site and involves the formation of disulfide bonds during the nucleation process. The elongation process occurs independently of the presence of Cu2+ ions, and amyloid-like aggregation can proceed under oxidative conditions. In contrast, the Zn2+-dependent aggregation pathway was found to be independent of cysteines and was reversible upon removal of Zn2+ ions. Together, our results provide insight into the regulation of the quaternary structure of GAPR-1 by metal ions and redox homeostasis with potential implications for regulatory mechanisms of other CAP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick K Olrichs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J Geerts
- Biomolecular Imaging, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dora V Kaloyanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Is brain iron trafficking part of the physiology of the amyloid precursor protein? J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1171-1177. [PMID: 31578640 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein is so named, because a proteolytic fragment of it was found associated with a neuropathic disorder now known as Alzheimer's disease. This fragment, Aβ, along with tau makes up the plaques and tangles that are the hallmark of AD. Iron (and other first-row transition metals) is found associated with these proteinaceous deposits. Much research has focused on the relationship of the plaques and iron to the etiology of the disease. This commentary asks another question, one only more recently addressed namely, what is the physiologic function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its secretase-generated soluble species? Overall, the data make clear that APP and its products have neurotrophic functions and some data indicate one of these may be to modulate the trafficking of iron in the brain.
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40
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Nam G, Lim MH. Intertwined Pathologies of Amyloid-β and Metal Ions in Alzheimer’s Disease: Metal–Amyloid-β. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Tian ZY, Wang CY, Wang T, Li YC, Wang ZY. Glial S100A6 Degrades β-amyloid Aggregation through Targeting Competition with Zinc Ions. Aging Dis 2019; 10:756-769. [PMID: 31440382 PMCID: PMC6675528 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating that zinc ions can trigger β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and senile plaque formation in the brain, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chelating zinc inhibits Aβ aggregation and may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for AD. S100A6 is an acidic Ca2+/Zn2+-binding protein found only in a small number of astrocytes in the normal brain. However, in the AD brain, S100A6 is highly expressed in astrocytes around Aβ plaques. The role of the astrocytic S100A6 upregulation in AD is unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of S100A6 on Aβ plaques and intracellular zinc levels in a mouse model of AD. Chronic exposure to zinc increased Aβ deposition and S100A6 expression, both reversible by the zinc chelator clioquinol, in the brains of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. To examine whether exogenous S100A6 could induce Aβ plaque disaggregation through competition for zinc in vitro, we incubated APP/PS1 mouse brain sections with recombinant human S100A6 protein or co-incubated them with human S100A6-expressing cells. Both treatments efficiently reduced the Aβ plaque burden in situ. In addition, treatment with exogenous S100A6 protected cultured COS-7 cells against zinc toxicity. Our results show for the first time that increased S100A6 levels correlate with both Aβ disaggregation and decrease of Aβ plaque-associated zinc contents in brain sections with AD-like pathology. Astrocytic S100A6 in AD may protect from Aβ deposition through zinc sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Tian
- 1Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- 1Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tao Wang
- 1Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- 2Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- 1Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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42
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Liao SM, Shen NK, Liang G, Lu B, Lu ZL, Peng LX, Zhou F, Du LQ, Wei YT, Zhou GP, Huang RB. Inhibition of α-amylase Activity by Zn2+: Insights from Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Med Chem 2019; 15:510-520. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181217114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:Inhibition of α-amylase activity is an important strategy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. An important treatment for diabetes mellitus is to reduce the digestion of carbohydrates and blood glucose concentrations. Inhibiting the activity of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes such as α-amylase and glucosidase significantly decreases the blood glucose level. Most inhibitors of α-amylase have serious adverse effects, and the α-amylase inactivation mechanisms for the design of safer inhibitors are yet to be revealed.Objective:In this study, we focused on the inhibitory effect of Zn2+ on the structure and dynamic characteristics of α-amylase from Anoxybacillus sp. GXS-BL (AGXA), which shares the same catalytic residues and similar structures as human pancreatic and salivary α-amylase (HPA and HSA, respectively).Methods:Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the protein (AGXA) in the absence and presence of Zn2+ were recorded on a Chirascan instrument. The content of different secondary structures of AGXA in the absence and presence of Zn2+ was analyzed using the online SELCON3 program. An AGXA amino acid sequence similarity search was performed on the BLAST online server to find the most similar protein sequence to use as a template for homology modeling. The pocket volume measurer (POVME) program 3.0 was applied to calculate the active site pocket shape and volume, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed with the Amber14 software package.Results:According to circular dichroism experiments, upon Zn2+ binding, the protein secondary structure changed obviously, with the α-helix content decreasing and β-sheet, β-turn and randomcoil content increasing. The structural model of AGXA showed that His217 was near the active site pocket and that Phe178 was at the outer rim of the pocket. Based on the molecular dynamics trajectories, in the free AGXA model, the dihedral angle of C-CA-CB-CG displayed both acute and planar orientations, which corresponded to the open and closed states of the active site pocket, respectively. In the AGXA-Zn model, the dihedral angle of C-CA-CB-CG only showed the planar orientation. As Zn2+ was introduced, the metal center formed a coordination interaction with H217, a cation-π interaction with W244, a coordination interaction with E242 and a cation-π interaction with F178, which prevented F178 from easily rotating to the open state and inhibited the activity of the enzyme.Conclusion:This research may have uncovered a subtle mechanism for inhibiting the activity of α-amylase with transition metal ions, and this finding will help to design more potent and specific inhibitors of α-amylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Nai-Kun Shen
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, 530008, China
| | - Ge Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Bo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Zhi-Long Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Li-Xin Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Li-Qin Du
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yu-Tuo Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
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43
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Cam M, Durieu E, Bodin M, Manousopoulou A, Koslowski S, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Hammock BD, Bohl B, Koch P, Omori C, Yamamoto K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Karg F, Gizzi P, Erakovic Haber V, Bencetic Mihaljevic V, Tavcar B, Portelius E, Pannee J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Garbis SD, Auvray P, Gerber H, Fraering J, Fraering PC, Meijer L. Induction of Amyloid-β42 Production by Fipronil and Other Pyrazole Insecticides. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1663-1681. [PMID: 29504531 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) by proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), especially increased production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40, and their aggregation as oligomers and plaques, represent a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In familial AD (FAD), altered Aβ production originates from specific mutations of AβPP or presenilins 1/2 (PS1/PS2), the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase. In sporadic AD, the origin of altered production of Aβs remains unknown. We hypothesize that the 'human chemical exposome' contains products able to favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 over Aβ40 and shorter Aβs. To detect such products, we screened a library of 3500 + compounds in a cell-based assay for enhanced Aβ42/Aβ43 production. Nine pyrazole insecticides were found to induce a β- and γ-secretase-dependent, 3-10-fold increase in the production of extracellular Aβ42 in various cell lines and neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from healthy and FAD patients. Immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry analyses showed increased production of Aβs cleaved at positions 42/43, and reduced production of peptides cleaved at positions 38 and shorter. Strongly supporting a direct effect on γ-secretase activity, pyrazoles shifted the cleavage pattern of another γ-secretase substrate, alcadeinα, and shifted the cleavage of AβPP by highly purified γ-secretase toward Aβ42/Aβ43. Focusing on fipronil, we showed that some of its metabolites, in particular the persistent fipronil sulfone, also favor the production of Aβ42/Aβ43 in both cell-based and cell-free systems. Fipronil administered orally to mice and rats is known to be metabolized rapidly, mostly to fipronil sulfone, which stably accumulates in adipose tissue and brain. In conclusion, several widely used pyrazole insecticides enhance the production of toxic, aggregation prone Aβ42/Aβ43 peptides, suggesting the possible existence of environmental "Alzheimerogens" which may contribute to the initiation and propagation of the amyloidogenic process in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Cam
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Marion Bodin
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Svenja Koslowski
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.,C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/ Medical, Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frank Karg
- HPC INTERNATIONAL SAS and Atlantis Développement SAS, Noyal-Châtillon sur Seiche, Saint-Erblon, France
| | - Patrick Gizzi
- Plate-forme TechMedILL, UMR 7242, ESBS - Pôle API, Illkirch cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pierrick Auvray
- C.RIS Pharma, Parc Technopolitain, Atalante Saint Malo, Saint Malo, France
| | - Hermeto Gerber
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Fraering
- Foundation Eclosion, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Innovation Park, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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44
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Walter S, Jumpertz T, Hüttenrauch M, Ogorek I, Gerber H, Storck SE, Zampar S, Dimitrov M, Lehmann S, Lepka K, Berndt C, Wiltfang J, Becker-Pauly C, Beher D, Pietrzik CU, Fraering PC, Wirths O, Weggen S. The metalloprotease ADAMTS4 generates N-truncated Aβ4-x species and marks oligodendrocytes as a source of amyloidogenic peptides in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:239-257. [PMID: 30426203 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Full-length Aβ peptides (mainly Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) are produced through sequential proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. However, studies of autopsy brain samples from AD patients have demonstrated that a large fraction of insoluble Aβ peptides are truncated at the N-terminus, with Aβ4-x peptides being particularly abundant. Aβ4-x peptides are highly aggregation prone, but their origin and any proteases involved in their generation are unknown. We have identified a recognition site for the secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) in the Aβ peptide sequence, which facilitates Aβ4-x peptide generation. Inducible overexpression of ADAMTS4 in HEK293 cells resulted in the secretion of Aβ4-40 but unchanged levels of Aβ1-x peptides. In the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis, Aβ4-x peptides were present not only in amyloid plaque cores and vessel walls, but also in white matter structures co-localized with axonal APP. In the ADAMTS4-/- knockout background, Aβ4-40 levels were reduced confirming a pivotal role of ADAMTS4 in vivo. Surprisingly, in the adult murine brain, ADAMTS4 was exclusively expressed in oligodendrocytes. Cultured oligodendrocytes secreted a variety of Aβ species, but Aβ4-40 peptides were absent in cultures derived from ADAMTS4-/- mice indicating that the enzyme was essential for Aβ4-x production in this cell type. These findings establish an enzymatic mechanism for the generation of Aβ4-x peptides. They further identify oligodendrocytes as a source of these highly amyloidogenic Aβ peptides.
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45
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Huat TJ, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Valmas N, Kitazawa M, Medeiros R. Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1843-1868. [PMID: 30664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the median age of the population increases, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the associated socio-economic burden are predicted to worsen. While aging and inherent genetic predisposition play major roles in the onset of AD, lifestyle, physical fitness, medical condition, and social environment have emerged as relevant disease modifiers. These environmental risk factors can play a key role in accelerating or decelerating disease onset and progression. Among known environmental risk factors, chronic exposure to various metals has become more common among the public as the aggressive pace of anthropogenic activities releases excess amount of metals into the environment. As a result, we are exposed not only to essential metals, such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, but also to toxic metals including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, which perturb metal homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. Herein, we review how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity, as well as their roles in the accumulation of toxic AD proteinaceous species (i.e., β-amyloid and tau). We also discuss studies that validate the disruption of immune-related pathways as an important mechanism of toxicity by which metals can contribute to AD. Our goal is to increase the awareness of metals as players in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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46
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Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Oniszczuk A, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. An attempt to elucidate the role of iron and zinc ions in development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1277-1289. [PMID: 30841441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are among the most studied issues both in medicine and pharmacy. Despite long and extensive research, there is no effective treatment prescribed for such diseases, including Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Available data exposes their multi-faceted character that requires a complex and multidirectional approach to treatment. In this case, the most important challenge is to understand the neurodegenerative mechanisms, which should permit the development of more elaborate and effective therapies. In the submitted review, iron and zinc are discussed as important and perfectly possible neurodegenerative factors behind Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It is commonly known that these elements are present in living organisms and are essential for the proper operation of the body. Still, their influence is positive only when their proper balance is maintained. Otherwise, when any imbalance occurs, this can eventuate in numerous disturbances, among them oxidative stress, accumulation of amyloid β and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, let alone the increase in α-synuclein concentration. At the same time, available research data reveals certain discrepancies in approaching metal ions as either impassive, helpful, or negative factors influencing the development of neurodegenerative changes. This review outlines selected neurodegenerative disorders, highlights the role of iron and zinc in the human body and discusses cases of their imbalance leading to neurodegenerative changes as shown in vitro and in vivo studies as well as through relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wojtunik-Kulesza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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47
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Sadakane Y, Kawahara M. Implications of Metal Binding and Asparagine Deamidation for Amyloid Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082449. [PMID: 30126231 PMCID: PMC6121660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that amyloid formation, i.e., self-assembly of proteins and the resulting conformational changes, is linked with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, prion diseases, and Lewy body diseases. Among the factors that accelerate or inhibit oligomerization, we focus here on two non-genetic and common characteristics of many amyloidogenic proteins: metal binding and asparagine deamidation. Both reflect the aging process and occur in most amyloidogenic proteins. All of the amyloidogenic proteins, such as Alzheimer’s β-amyloid protein, prion protein, and α-synuclein, are metal-binding proteins and are involved in the regulation of metal homeostasis. It is widely accepted that these proteins are susceptible to non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications, and many asparagine residues of these proteins are deamidated. Moreover, these two factors can combine because asparagine residues can bind metals. We review the current understanding of these two common properties and their implications in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Sadakane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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48
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Lanza V, Bellia F, Rizzarelli E. An inorganic overview of natural Aβ fragments: Copper(II) and zinc(II)-mediated pathways. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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49
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Li GZ, Liu F, Xu C, Li JY, Xu YJ. Selenium and Zinc against Aβ 25-35-Induced Cytotoxicity and Tau Phosphorylation in PC12 Cells and Inhibits γ-cleavage of APP. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:442-449. [PMID: 29081063 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is the main component of the amyloid plaques that accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer patients. The present study was conducted to investigate whether the combined treatment with selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) offers more beneficial effects than that provided by either of them alone in reversing Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Cells were pretreated with 0.1 μmol/L of Se and Zn for 4 h, after treated with 10 mmol/L Aβ25-35 for 24 h. Cells were divided into control and five treated groups, and received either 10 mmol/L Aβ25-35,10 mmol/L Aβ25-35 + 0.1 μmol/L Se, 10 mmol/L Aβ25-35 + 0.1 μmol/L Zn, 10 mmol/LAβ25-35 + 0.1 μmol/L Se + 0.1 μmol/L Zn, or 0.1 μmol/L Se + 0.1 μmol/L Zn. The result showed that cell viability was decreased in MTT metabolic rate; LDH release and MDA, H2O2, and NO levels were increased and the GSK-3β and phosphorylated tau protein level were increased in Aβ25-35-treated group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), which whole changes were attenuated by Se and Zn and Se combined Zn. In order to evaluate whether the Se and Zn have an effect on processing pathway of amyloid precursor protein (APP), we examined the activity of γ-secretase in primary cultured cortical neuron cells. ELISA analysis showed that Se and Zn could inhibit the activity of γ-secretase. Then we also investigated the effect of Se and Zn on the Aβ1-40 concentration and APP-N-terminal fragment expression from APP695 stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. APP695 stably transfected CHO cells were treated with 0.1 μmol/L Se and Zn; cells were divided into control and four treated groups, which received either 0.5 M DAPT, 0.1 μmol/L Se, 0.1 μmol/L Zn, or 0.1 μmol/L Se + 0.1 μmol/L Zn. Se and Zn could decrease Aβ1-40 production and increase the APP-N-terminal fragment protein expression. These experiments indicate that Se and Zn have a protective effect on AD pathology that a possible mechanism is inhibiting the activity of γ-secretase to decreasing Aβ1-40 production further influencing the APP processing. Altogether, our findings may provide a novel therapeutic target to treat AD sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhe Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yanbian Brain Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, 133000, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Cui Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Jing-Yang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Yan-Ji Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China.
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50
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka K. Cross talk between neurometals and amyloidogenic proteins at the synapse and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2018; 9:619-633. [PMID: 28516990 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that disruption of metal homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Lewy body diseases, and vascular dementia. Conformational changes of disease-related proteins (amyloidogenic proteins), such as β-amyloid protein, prion proteins, and α-synuclein, are well-established contributors to neurotoxicity and to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that these amyloidogenic proteins are metalloproteins that bind trace elements, including zinc, iron, copper, and manganese, and play significant roles in the maintenance of metal homeostasis. We present a current review of the role of trace elements in the functions and toxicity of amyloidogenic proteins, and propose a hypothesis integrating metal homeostasis and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases that is focused on the interactions among metals and between metals and amyloidogenic proteins at the synapse, considering that these amyloidogenic proteins and metals are co-localized at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawahara
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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