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Ciccarese C, Anghelone A, Stefani A, Cigliola A, Strusi A, D'Agostino F, Bria E, Iacovelli R, Tortora G. The incidence and relative risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and hypertension in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors plus tyrosine-kinase inhibitors for solid tumors: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:623-633. [PMID: 38879826 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2357814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can be responsible for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). We performed a meta-analysis to assess the relative risk (RR) of MACEs and hypertension in cancer patients treated with ICI+TKI combinations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We selected prospective trials through MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ASCOMeeting abstracts. We calculated combined ORs, RRs, and 95% CIs using RevMansoftware for meta-analysis (v.5.2.3). RESULTS Seven studies were selected for the analysis of MACEs (3849 patients). The incidence MACEs were 0.8% with ICI+TKI combinations, compared to 0.2% in the control arms for both any- and high-grade. ICI+TKI combinations significantly increased the risk of any- (OR = 3.21; p = 0.01) and high-grade MACEs (OR = 2.72; p = 0.05). Ten studies were selected for the analysis of hypertension (5744 patients). The incidence of treatment-related hypertension of any-grade and high-grade was41.3% (vs. 20.8%) and 26.1% (vs. 12.3%) with ICI+TKI combinations, respectively. ICI+TKI combinations significantly increased the risk of treatment-related hypertension of any-grade (RR = 2.10; p = 0.001), but not of high-grade (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS ICI+TKI combinations increase the risk of MACEs compared to controls, although the absolute incidence is eventually low. Routine cardiovascular monitoring in asymptomatic patients is therefore not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ciccarese
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Stefani
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cigliola
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Emilio Bria
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Kamalakar A, Tobin B, Kaimari S, Robinson MH, Toma AI, Cha T, Chihab S, Moriarity I, Gautam S, Bhattaram P, Abramowicz S, Drissi H, García AJ, Wood LB, Goudy SL. Delivery of A Jagged1-PEG-MAL hydrogel with Pediatric Human Bone Cells Regenerates Critically-Sized Craniofacial Bone Defects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561291. [PMID: 37873448 PMCID: PMC10592619 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for congenital and acquired craniofacial (CF) bone abnormalities are limited and expensive. Current reconstructive methods include surgical correction of injuries, short-term bone stabilization, and long-term use of bone grafting solutions, including implantation of (i) allografts which are prone to implant failure or infection, (ii) autografts which are limited in supply. Current bone regenerative approaches have consistently relied on BMP2 application with or without addition of stem cells. BMP2 treatment can lead to severe bony overgrowth or uncontrolled inflammation, which can accelerate further bone loss. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments, which do not have the side effects of BMP2, are not currently FDA approved, and are time and resource intensive. There is a critical need for novel bone regenerative therapies to treat CF bone loss that have minimal side effects, are easily available, and are affordable. In this study we investigated novel bone regenerative therapies downstream of JAGGED1 (JAG1). We previously demonstrated that JAG1 induces murine cranial neural crest (CNC) cells towards osteoblast commitment via a NOTCH non-canonical pathway involving JAK2-STAT5 (1) and that JAG1 delivery with CNC cells elicits bone regeneration in vivo. In this study, we hypothesize that delivery of JAG1 and induction of its downstream NOTCH non-canonical signaling in pediatric human osteoblasts constitute an effective bone regenerative treatment in an in vivo murine bone loss model of a critically-sized cranial defect. Using this CF defect model in vivo, we delivered JAG1 with pediatric human bone-derived osteoblast-like (HBO) cells to demonstrate the osteo-inductive properties of JAG1 in human cells and in vitro we utilized the HBO cells to identify the downstream non-canonical JAG1 signaling intermediates as effective bone regenerative treatments. In vitro, we identified an important mechanism by which JAG1 induces pediatric osteoblast commitment and bone formation involving the phosphorylation of p70 S6K. This discovery enables potential new treatment avenues involving the delivery of tethered JAG1 and the downstream activators of p70 S6K as powerful bone regenerative therapies in pediatric CF bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kamalakar
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brendan Tobin
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sundus Kaimari
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. Hope Robinson
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Afra I. Toma
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy Cha
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samir Chihab
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Irica Moriarity
- Neuroscience Program in College of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Surabhi Gautam
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelly Abramowicz
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Cell biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrés J. García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Levi B. Wood
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven L. Goudy
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Butel-Simoes LE, Haw TJ, Williams T, Sritharan S, Gadre P, Herrmann SM, Herrmann J, Ngo DTM, Sverdlov AL. Established and Emerging Cancer Therapies and Cardiovascular System: Focus on Hypertension-Mechanisms and Mitigation. Hypertension 2023; 80:685-710. [PMID: 36756872 PMCID: PMC10023512 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.17947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are 2 of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although improvements in outcomes have been noted for both disease entities, the success of cancer therapies has come at the cost of at times very impactful adverse events such as cardiovascular events. Hypertension has been noted as both, a side effect as well as a risk factor for the cardiotoxicity of cancer therapies. Some of these dynamics are in keeping with the role of hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor not only for heart failure, but also for the development of coronary and cerebrovascular disease, and kidney disease and its association with a higher morbidity and mortality overall. Other aspects such as the molecular mechanisms underlying the amplification of acute and long-term cardiotoxicity risk of anthracyclines and increase in blood pressure with various cancer therapeutics remain to be elucidated. In this review, we cover the latest clinical data regarding the risk of hypertension across a spectrum of novel anticancer therapies as well as the underlying known or postulated pathophysiological mechanisms. Furthermore, we review the acute and long-term implications for the amplification of the development of cardiotoxicity with drugs not commonly associated with hypertension such as anthracyclines. An outline of management strategies, including pharmacological and lifestyle interventions as well as models of care aimed to facilitate early detection and more timely management of hypertension in patients with cancer and survivors concludes this review, which overall aims to improve both cardiovascular and cancer-specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd E Butel-Simoes
- Cardiovascular Department, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW Australia
| | - Tatt Jhong Haw
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia
- Newcastle Centre of Excellence in Cardio-Oncology, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW Australia
| | - Trent Williams
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia
- Newcastle Centre of Excellence in Cardio-Oncology, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW Australia
| | - Shanathan Sritharan
- Department of Medicine, Hunter New England Local Health District, NSW, Australia
| | - Payal Gadre
- Department of Medicine, Hunter New England Local Health District, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra M Herrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Doan TM Ngo
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia
- Newcastle Centre of Excellence in Cardio-Oncology, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW Australia
| | - Aaron L Sverdlov
- Cardiovascular Department, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia
- Newcastle Centre of Excellence in Cardio-Oncology, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW Australia
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4
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Glen C, Tan YY, Waterston A, Evans TRJ, Jones RJ, Petrie MC, Lang NN. Mechanistic and Clinical Overview Cardiovascular Toxicity of BRAF and MEK Inhibitors: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:1-18. [PMID: 35492830 PMCID: PMC9040125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma B-type (BRAF) and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors have revolutionized melanoma treatment. Approximately half of patients with melanoma harbor a BRAF gene mutation with subsequent dysregulation of the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Targeting this pathway with BRAF and MEK blockade results in control of cell proliferation and, in most cases, disease control. These pathways also have cardioprotective effects and are necessary for normal vascular and cardiac physiology. BRAF and MEK inhibitors are associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, venous thromboembolism, atrial arrhythmia, and electrocardiographic QT interval prolongation. These effects may be underestimated in clinical trials. Baseline cardiovascular assessment and follow-up, including serial imaging and blood pressure assessment, are essential to balance optimal anti-cancer therapy while minimizing cardiovascular side effects. In this review, an overview of BRAF/MEK inhibitor-induced cardiovascular toxicity, the mechanisms underlying these, and strategies for surveillance, prevention, and treatment of these effects are provided.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- BRAF inhibitor
- BRAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma B-type
- CVAE, cardiovascular adverse event
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction
- MEK inhibitor
- MEK, mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cardio-oncology
- cardiovascular toxicity
- hypertension
- left ventricular systolic dysfunction
- melanoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Glen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Yi Tan
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ashita Waterston
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Jeffry Evans
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Jones
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Petrie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ninian N. Lang
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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5
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Hassoun R, Budde H, Zhazykbayeva S, Herwig M, Sieme M, Delalat S, Mostafi N, Gömöri K, Tangos M, Jarkas M, Pabel S, Bruckmüller S, Skrygan M, Lódi M, Jaquet K, Sequeira V, Gambichler T, Remedios CD, Kovács Á, Mannherz HG, Mügge A, Sossalla S, Hamdani N. Stress activated signalling impaired protein quality control pathways in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2021; 344:160-169. [PMID: 34517018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex myocardial disorder with no well-established disease-modifying therapy so far. Our study aimed to investigate how autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, stress signalling pathways, and apoptosis are hallmark of HCM and their contribution to the cardiac dysfunction. Demembranated cardiomyocytes from patients with HCM display increased titin-based stiffness (Fpassive), which was corrected upon antioxidant treatment. Titin as a main determinant of Fpassive was S-glutathionylated and highly ubiquitinated in HCM patients. This was associated with a shift in the balance of reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively). Both heat shock proteins (HSP27 and α-ß crystalline) were upregulated and S-glutathionylated in HCM. Administration of HSPs in vitro significantly reduced HCM cardiomyocyte stiffness. High levels of the phosphorylated monomeric superoxide anion-generating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, decreased soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activity, and high levels of 3-nitrotyrosine were observed in HCM. Many regulators of signal transduction pathways that are involved in autophagy, apoptosis, cardiac contractility, and growth including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK-3ß), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) were modified in HCM. The apoptotic factors cathepsin, procaspase 3, procaspase 9 and caspase 12, but not caspase 9, were elevated in HCM hearts and associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines (Interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 18 (IL-18), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), the Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and the Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4)) and oxidative stress (3-nitrotyrosine and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)). Here we reveal stress signalling and impaired PQS as potential mechanisms underlying the HCM phenotype. Our data suggest that reducing oxidative stress can be a viable therapeutic approach to attenuating the severity of cardiac dysfunction in heart failure and potentially in HCM and prevent its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Hassoun
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Heidi Budde
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Saltanat Zhazykbayeva
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Melissa Herwig
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marcel Sieme
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Simin Delalat
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Nusratul Mostafi
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Kamilla Gömöri
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Melina Tangos
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Jarkas
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Steffen Pabel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Bruckmüller
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marina Skrygan
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Mária Lódi
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Kornelia Jaquet
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Vasco Sequeira
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thilo Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Cris Dos Remedios
- Molecular Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Darlinghurst, Australia.
| | - Árpád Kovács
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Hans Georg Mannherz
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Andreas Mügge
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Samuel Sossalla
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Clinic for Cardiology & Pneumology, Georg-August University Goettingen, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Arangalage D, Degrauwe N, Michielin O, Monney P, Özdemir BC. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of cardiac toxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 100:102282. [PMID: 34438238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and BRAF and MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) have drastically improved the outcome of melanoma patients. ICIs can induce myocarditis, a rare immune related adverse event (irAE) with an estimated lethality of 50%. BRAFi/MEKi may induce left ventricular ejection fraction decrease, hypertension or QT interval prolongation. While the BRAFi/MEKi induced cardiotoxicity is often reversible upon treatment discontinuation or dose adaptation and symptomatic therapy is often sufficient to restore cardiac function, the treatment of ICI-induced myocarditis mainly relies on high dose corticosteroids. There is no established therapy for steroid resistant myocarditis, yet various drugs have been reported to improve outcome. Shared epitopes between melanoma cells and cardiac tissue are thought to underlie the development of ICIs induced myocarditis. The mechanism of BRAFi/MEKi induced cardiotoxicity appears to be related to the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in cardiomyocyte repair, survival and proliferation. With the emerging application of ICI-BRAFi/MEKi combinations, so called triplet therapies, differentiating between these two types of cardiotoxicity will become important for appropriate patient management. In this article we provide a summary of the existing literature on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of cardiotoxicity of melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Arangalage
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Degrauwe
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Monney
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Switzerland; International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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7
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Sanz Ressel BL, Massone AR, Barbeito CG. Persistent activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in cats. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:675-e180. [PMID: 34240493 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) represents the most common malignant tumour of the feline skin. Emerging evidence suggests that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signalling pathway may represent a potential target for pharmacological intervention in human and canine CSCC. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to explore the expression pattern and status of activation of relevant signalling proteins of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in feline CSCC. METHODS AND MATERIALS The expression of pEGFRTyr1068 , pAktSer473 , pS6Ser235/236 combined with Ki-67, and the tumour suppressor protein PTEN was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis in 45 samples of feline CSCC, using a tissue microarray. RESULTS The immunodetection using phosphospecific antibodies to detect the activated forms of signalling proteins showed that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway is frequently activated in feline CSCCs, and may be independent of the activation of EGFR. The results also showed that PTEN expression is not significantly altered in feline CSCCs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our study shows that the persistent activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway represents a key event in feline CSCC, pointing to this signalling pathway being a potential therapeutic target in feline patients with CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice L Sanz Ressel
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, CP 1900, Argentina.,FCV - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Massone
- FCV - Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria Dr. Bernardo Epstein, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio G Barbeito
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, CP 1900, Argentina.,FCV - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Calle 60 y 118, La Plata, Buenos Aires, CP 1900, Argentina
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8
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Vanderplow AM, Eagle AL, Kermath BA, Bjornson KJ, Robison AJ, Cahill ME. Akt-mTOR hypoactivity in bipolar disorder gives rise to cognitive impairments associated with altered neuronal structure and function. Neuron 2021; 109:1479-1496.e6. [PMID: 33765445 PMCID: PMC8105282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Akt family of kinases exerts many of its cellular effects via the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase through a series of intermediary proteins. Multiple lines of evidence have identified Akt-family kinases as candidate schizophrenia and bipolar disorder genes. Although dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a key feature of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, no studies have comprehensively assessed potential alterations in Akt-mTOR pathway activity in the PFC of either disorder. Here, we examined the activity and expression profile of key proteins in the Akt-mTOR pathway in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia homogenates from two different PFC subregions. Our findings identify reduced Akt-mTOR PFC signaling in a subset of bipolar disorder subjects. Using a reverse-translational approach, we demonstrated that Akt hypofunction in the PFC is sufficient to give rise to key cognitive phenotypes that are paralleled by alterations in synaptic connectivity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Vanderplow
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew L Eagle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bailey A Kermath
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kathryn J Bjornson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael E Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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9
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Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Akula SM, Abrams SL, Cocco L, Manzoli L, Ratti S, Martelli AM, Montalto G, Cervello M, Libra M, Candido S, McCubrey JA. Therapeutic resistance in breast cancer cells can result from deregulated EGFR signaling. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100758. [PMID: 33022466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) interacts with various downstream molecules including phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC), Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/GSK-3, Jak/STAT and others. Often these pathways are deregulated in human malignancies such as breast cancer. Various therapeutic approaches to inhibit the activity of EGFR family members including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have been developed. A common problem with cancer treatments is the development of drug-resistance. We examined the effects of a conditionally-activated EGFR (v-Erb-B:ER) on the resistance of breast cancer cells to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin and 5-flurouracil as well as ionizing radiation (IR). v-Erb-B is similar to the EGFR-variant EGFRvIII, which is expressed in various cancers including breast, brain, prostate. Both v-Erb-B and EGFRvIII encode the EGFR kinase domain but lack key components present in the extracellular domain of EGFR which normally regulate its activity and ligand-dependence. The v-Erb-B oncogene was ligated to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER) which results in regulation of the activity of the v-Erb-ER construct by addition of either estrogen (E2) or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) to the culture media. Introduction of the v-Erb-B:ER construct into the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line increased the resistance to the cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs, hormonal-based therapeutics and IR. These results point to the important effects that aberrant expression of EGFR kinase domain can have on therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - William H Chappell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer (PreDiCT), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer (PreDiCT), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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10
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Dalle S, Hiroux C, Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Deldicque L, Koppo K. Cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle injury elicits profound changes in anabolic and stress signaling, and muscle fiber type composition. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:375-387. [PMID: 32621158 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To improve muscle healing upon injury, it is of importance to understand the interplay of key signaling pathways during muscle regeneration. To study this, mice were injected with cardiotoxin (CTX) or PBS in the Tibialis Anterior muscle and were sacrificed 2, 5 and 12 days upon injection. The time points represent different phases of the regeneration process, i.e. destruction, repair and remodeling, respectively. Two days upon CTX-injection, p-mTORC1 signaling and stress markers such as BiP and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated. Phospho-ERK1/2 and p-mTORC1 peaked at d5, while BiP expression decreased towards PBS levels. Phospho-FOXO decreased 2 and 5 days following CTX-injection, indicative of an increase in catabolic signaling. Furthermore, CTX-injection induced a shift in the fiber type composition, characterized by an initial loss in type IIa fibers at d2 and at d5. At d5, new type IIb fibers appeared, whereas type IIa fibers were recovered at d12. To conclude, CTX-injection severely affected key modulators of muscle metabolism and histology. These data provide useful information for the development of strategies that aim to improve muscle molecular signaling and thereby recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium.
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11
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The Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion Following Eccentric Resistance Exercise on AKT/mTOR and ERK Pathways: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:664-670. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the acute effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion following a bout of maximal eccentric resistance exercise on key anabolic kinases of mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. The authors’ hypothesis was that the activation of anabolic signaling pathways known to be upregulated by resistance exercise would be further stimulated by the physiological hyperinsulinemia resulting from CHO supplementation. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men were randomized in a crossover, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled manner to ingest either a noncaloric PLA or 3 g/kg of CHO beverage throughout recovery from resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were collected at rest, immediately after a single bout of intense lower body resistance exercise, and after 3 hr of recovery. Results: CHO ingestion elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations throughout recovery compared with PLA ingestion. The ERK pathway (phosphorylation of ERK1/2 [Thr202/Tyr204], RSK [Ser380], and p70S6K [Thr421/Ser424]) was markedly activated immediately after resistance exercise, without any effect of CHO supplementation. The phosphorylation state of AKT (Thr308) was unchanged postexercise in the PLA trial and increased at 3 hr of recovery above resting with ingestion of CHO compared with PLA. Despite stimulating-marked phosphorylation of AKT, CHO ingestion did not enhance resistance exercise–induced phosphorylation of p70S6K (Thr389) and rpS6 (Ser235/236 and Ser240/244). Conclusion: CHO supplementation after resistance exercise and hyperinsulinemia does not influence the ERK pathway nor the mTORC1 target p70S6K and its downstream proteins, despite the increased AKT phosphorylation.
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12
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Ashraf S, Hegazy YK, Harmancey R. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 inhibits activation of ERK signaling and cell growth in response to β-adrenergic stimulation in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C513-C524. [PMID: 31188636 PMCID: PMC6766613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00526.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustained elevation of sympathetic activity is an important contributor to pathological cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular arrhythmias, and left ventricular contractile dysfunction in chronic heart failure. The orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 is an immediate early-response gene activated in the heart under β-adrenergic stimulation. The goal of this study was to identify the transcriptional remodeling events induced by increased NR4A2 expression in cardiomyocytes and their impact on the physiological response of those cells to sustained β-adrenergic stimulation. Treatment of adult rat ventricular myocytes with isoproterenol induced a rapid (<4 h) increase in NR4A2 levels that was accompanied by a transient (<24 h) increase in nuclear localization of the transcription factor. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of NR4A2 to similar levels modulated the expression of genes linked to adrenoceptor signaling, calcium signaling, cell growth and proliferation and counteracted the increase in protein synthesis rate and cell surface area mediated by chronic isoproterenol stimulation. Consistent with those findings, NR4A2 overexpression also blocked the phosphorylative activation of growth-related kinases ERK1/2, Akt, and p70 S6 kinase. Prominent among the transcriptional changes induced by NR4A2 was the upregulation of the dual-specificity phosphatases DUSP2 and DUSP14, two known inhibitors of ERK1/2. Pretreatment of NR4A2-overexpressing cardiomyocytes with the DUSP inhibitor BCI [(E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one] prevented the inhibition of ERK1/2 following isoproterenol stimulation. In conclusion, our results suggest that NR4A2 acts as a novel negative feedback regulator of the β-adrenergic receptor-mediated growth response in cardiomyocytes and this at least partly through DUSP-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ashraf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Yassmin K Hegazy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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13
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Stewart RM, Rodriguez EC, King MC. Ablation of SUN2-containing LINC complexes drives cardiac hypertrophy without interstitial fibrosis. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1664-1675. [PMID: 31091167 PMCID: PMC6727752 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton, including the sarcomeric contractile apparatus, forms a cohesive network with cellular adhesions at the plasma membrane and nuclear--cytoskeletal linkages (LINC complexes) at the nuclear envelope. Human cardiomyopathies are genetically linked to the LINC complex and A-type lamins, but a full understanding of disease etiology in these patients is lacking. Here we show that SUN2-null mice display cardiac hypertrophy coincident with enhanced AKT/MAPK signaling, as has been described previously for mice lacking A-type lamins. Surprisingly, in contrast to lamin A/C-null mice, SUN2-null mice fail to show coincident fibrosis or upregulation of pathological hypertrophy markers. Thus, cardiac hypertrophy is uncoupled from profibrotic signaling in this mouse model, which we tie to a requirement for the LINC complex in productive TGFβ signaling. In the absence of SUN2, we detect elevated levels of the integral inner nuclear membrane protein MAN1, an established negative regulator of TGFβ signaling, at the nuclear envelope. We suggest that A-type lamins and SUN2 play antagonistic roles in the modulation of profibrotic signaling through opposite effects on MAN1 levels at the nuclear lamina, suggesting a new perspective on disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002
| | - Elisa C Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002
| | - Megan C King
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002
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14
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Gumucio JP, Qasawa AH, Ferrara PJ, Malik AN, Funai K, McDonagh B, Mendias CL. Reduced mitochondrial lipid oxidation leads to fat accumulation in myosteatosis. FASEB J 2019; 33:7863-7881. [PMID: 30939247 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802457rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myosteatosis is the pathologic accumulation of lipid that can occur in conjunction with atrophy and fibrosis following skeletal muscle injury. Little is known about the mechanisms by which lipid accumulates in myosteatosis, but many clinical studies have demonstrated that the degree of lipid infiltration negatively correlates with muscle function and regeneration. Our objective was to determine the pathologic changes that result in lipid accumulation in injured muscle fibers. We used a rat model of rotator cuff injury in this study because the rotator cuff muscle group is particularly prone to the development of myosteatosis after injury. Muscles were collected from uninjured controls or 10, 30, or 60 d after injury and analyzed using a combination of muscle fiber contractility assessments, RNA sequencing, and undirected metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, along with bioinformatics techniques to identify potential pathways and cellular processes that are dysregulated after rotator cuff tear. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that mitochondrial function was likely disrupted after injury. Based on these findings and given the role that mitochondria play in lipid metabolism, we then performed targeted biochemical and imaging studies and determined that mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced fatty acid oxidation likely leads to the accumulation of lipid in myosteatosis.-Gumucio, J. P., Qasawa, A. H., Ferrara, P. J., Malik, A. N., Funai, K., McDonagh, B., Mendias, C. L. Reduced mitochondrial lipid oxidation leads to fat accumulation in myosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Gumucio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Austin H Qasawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Afshan N Malik
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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15
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De Iuliis V, Marino A, Caruso M, Capodifoglio S, Flati V, Marynuk A, Marricareda V, Ursi S, Lanuti P, Talora C, Conti P, Martinotti S, Toniato E. Autophagy processes are dependent on EGF receptor signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30289-30303. [PMID: 30100990 PMCID: PMC6084397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a not well-understood conserved mechanism activated during nutritional deprivation in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the correlations between autophagy, apoptosis and the MAPK pathways in melanoma cell lines. We demonstrated that during starvation the EGF receptor mediated signaling activates many proteins involved in the MAPK pathway. Our data also suggest a previously unidentified link between the EGFR and Beclin-1 in melanoma cell line. We demonstrated that, following starvation, EGFR binds and tyrosine-phosphorylates Beclin-1, suggesting that it may play a key inhibitory role in the early stage of starvation, possibly through the Beclin-1 sequestration. Furthermore, EGFR releases Beclin-1 and allows initiating steps of the autophagic process. Interestingly enough, when the EGFR pathway was blocked by anti-EGF antibodies, immunoprecipitated Beclin-1 did not bind the phospho-EGFR. In addition, an extended binding of p-Bcl2 either with Beclin-1 or with Bax was observed with a decreased activation of the stress-induced JNK kinase, thus avoiding the transduction pathways that activate autophagy and apoptosis, respectively. For this reason, we advance the hypothesis that the activation of the EGFR is a necessary event that allows the ignition and progression of the autophagic process, at least in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Marino
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marika Caruso
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sabrina Capodifoglio
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Marynuk
- Odessa National Medical University, Odesa, Odessa Oblsat, Ucraina
| | | | - Sebastiano Ursi
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Unit of Predictive Medicine, SS Annunziata University Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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16
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Bronte E, Bronte G, Novo G, Rinaldi G, Bronte F, Passiglia F, Russo A. Cardiotoxicity mechanisms of the combination of BRAF-inhibitors and MEK-inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:65-73. [PMID: 29964124 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many new drugs have appeared in last years in the oncological treatment scenario. Each drug carries an important set of adverse events, not less, cardiovascular adverse events. This aspect is even more important considering the increasing use of combination therapies with two drugs, or three drugs as in some ongoing clinical trials. Besides it represents a growing problem for Cardiologists, that face it in every day clinical practice and that will face it probably more and more in the coming years. This work reviews the mechanism of action of BRAF-inhibitors and MEK-inhibitors used together, the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to cardiovascular toxicity. Particularly, it focuses on hypertension and ejection fraction reduction development. Then, it follows the examination of published data for each combination therapy. A Literature research was carried out using Pubmed selecting review articles, original studies and clinical trials, but mainly focusing on phase 3 studies. This work aims to summarize the knowledge about BRAF-inhibitor and MEK-inhibitor treatment and its cardiovascular toxicity to make it usable and give the basic tools to Cardiologists and Oncologists for a better management of cancer patient undergoing this treatment. Besides a deeper knowledge of the cardiovascular adverse events linked to this treatment and the magnitude of their expression and frequency can lead to a targeted cardiological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bronte
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Novo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetana Rinaldi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bronte
- U.O.C. di Gastroenterologia, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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17
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Activation of a novel p70 S6 kinase 1-dependent intracellular cascade in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is required for the acquisition of extinction memory. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1394-1401. [PMID: 28461701 PMCID: PMC5668214 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repeated presentations of a previously conditioned stimulus lead to a new form of learning known as extinction, which temporarily alters the response to the original stimulus. Previous studies have shown that the consolidation of extinction memory requires de novo protein synthesis. However, the role of specific nodes of translational control in extinction is unknown. Using auditory threat conditioning in mice, we investigated the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its effector p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in the extinction of auditory threat conditioning. We found that rapamycin attenuated the consolidation of extinction memory. In contrast, genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of S6K1, a downstream effector of mTORC1, blocked within-session extinction, indicating a role for S6K1 independent of protein synthesis. Indeed, the activation of S6K1 during extinction required extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and was necessary for increased phosphorylation of the GluA1 (Thr840) subunit of the AMPA receptor following extinction training. Mice exposed to brief uncontrollable stress showed impaired within-session extinction as well as a downregulation of ERK and S6K1 signaling in the amygdala. Finally, using fiber photometry we were able to record calcium signals in vivo, and we found that inhibition of S6K1 reduces extinction-induced changes in neuronal activity of the BLA. These results implicate a novel ERK-S6K1-GluA1 signaling cascade critically involved in extinction.
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18
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Matsuki M, Adachi Y, Ozawa Y, Kimura T, Hoshi T, Okamoto K, Tohyama O, Mitsuhashi K, Yamaguchi A, Matsui J, Funahashi Y. Targeting of tumor growth and angiogenesis underlies the enhanced antitumor activity of lenvatinib in combination with everolimus. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:763-771. [PMID: 28107584 PMCID: PMC5406533 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of lenvatinib, a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, plus everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, significantly improved clinical outcomes versus everolimus monotherapy in a phase II clinical study of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We investigated potential mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of the combination treatment in preclinical RCC models. Lenvatinib plus everolimus showed greater antitumor activity than either monotherapy in three human RCC xenograft mouse models (A‐498, Caki‐1, and Caki‐2). In particular, the combination led to tumor regression in the A‐498 and Caki‐1 models. In the A‐498 model, everolimus showed antiproliferative activity, whereas lenvatinib showed anti‐angiogenic effects. The anti‐angiogenic activity was potentiated by the lenvatinib plus everolimus combination in Caki‐1 xenografts, in which fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐driven angiogenesis may contribute to tumor growth. The combination showed mostly additive activity in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐activated, and synergistic activity against FGF‐activated endothelial cells, in cell proliferation and tube formation assays, as well as strongly suppressed mTOR‐S6K‐S6 signaling. Enhanced antitumor activities of the combination versus each monotherapy were also observed in mice bearing human pancreatic KP‐1 xenografts overexpressing VEGF or FGF. Our results indicated that simultaneous targeting of tumor cell growth and angiogenesis by lenvatinib plus everolimus resulted in enhanced antitumor activity. The enhanced inhibition of both VEGF and FGF signaling pathways by the combination underlies its superior anti‐angiogenic activity in human RCC xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsuki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ozawa
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kimura
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taisuke Hoshi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Okamoto
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Tohyama
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mitsuhashi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsumi Yamaguchi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junji Matsui
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Pabbidi MR, Ji X, Maxwell JT, Mignery GA, Samarel AM, Lipsius SL. Inhibition of cAMP-Dependent PKA Activates β2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 via Raf-1/MEK/ERK and IP3-Dependent Ca2+ Signaling in Atrial Myocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168505. [PMID: 27977772 PMCID: PMC5158063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported in atrial myocytes that inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by laminin (LMN)-integrin signaling activates β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) stimulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). The present study sought to determine the signaling mechanisms by which inhibition of PKA activates β2-AR stimulation of cPLA2. We therefore determined the effects of zinterol (0.1 μM; zint-β2-AR) to stimulate ICa,L in atrial myocytes in the absence (+PKA) and presence (-PKA) of the PKA inhibitor (1 μM) KT5720 and compared these results with atrial myocytes attached to laminin (+LMN). Inhibition of Raf-1 (10 μM GW5074), phospholipase C (PLC; 0.5 μM edelfosine), PKC (4 μM chelerythrine) or IP3 receptor (IP3R) signaling (2 μM 2-APB) significantly inhibited zint-β2-AR stimulation of ICa,L in-PKA but not +PKA myocytes. Western blots showed that zint-β2-AR stimulation increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in-PKA compared to +PKA myocytes. Adenoviral (Adv) expression of dominant negative (dn) -PKCα, dn-Raf-1 or an IP3 affinity trap, each inhibited zint-β2-AR stimulation of ICa,L in + LMN myocytes compared to control +LMN myocytes infected with Adv-βgal. In +LMN myocytes, zint-β2-AR stimulation of ICa,L was enhanced by adenoviral overexpression of wild-type cPLA2 and inhibited by double dn-cPLA2S505A/S515A mutant compared to control +LMN myocytes infected with Adv-βgal. In-PKA myocytes depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores by 5 μM thapsigargin failed to inhibit zint-β2-AR stimulation of ICa,L via cPLA2. However, disruption of caveolae formation by 10 mM methyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibited zint-β2-AR stimulation of ICa,L in-PKA myocytes significantly more than in +PKA myocytes. We conclude that inhibition of PKA removes inhibition of Raf-1 and thereby allows β2-AR stimulation to act via PKCα/Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 and IP3-mediated Ca2+ signaling to stimulate cPLA2 signaling within caveolae. These findings may be relevant to the remodeling of β-AR signaling in failing and/or aging heart, both of which exhibit decreases in adenylate cyclase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cats
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Group IV Phospholipases A2/genetics
- Group IV Phospholipases A2/metabolism
- Heart Atria/cytology
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - X. Ji
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - J. T. Maxwell
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - G. A. Mignery
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - A. M. Samarel
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - S. L. Lipsius
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
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Decreased activation of placental mTOR family members is associated with the induction of intrauterine growth restriction by secondhand smoke in the mouse. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:387-395. [PMID: 27613305 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is known to be a risk for the development of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Our objective was to assess the effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy and to what extent it regulates the activation of mTOR family members and murine trophoblast invasion. Mice were treated to SHS for 4 days. Placental and fetal weights were recorded at the time of necropsy. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the level of placental trophoblast invasion. Western blots were utilized to assess the activation of caspase 3, XIAP, mTOR, p70 and 4EBP1 in treated and control placental lysates. As compared to controls, treated animals showed: (1) decreased placental (1.4-fold) and fetal (2.3-fold) weights (p < 0.05); (2) decreased trophoblast invasion; (3) significantly decreased active caspase 3 (1.3-fold; p < 0.02) and increased active XIAP (3.6-fold; p < 0.05) in the placenta; and (4) a significant decrease in the activation of placental mTOR (2.1-fold; p < 0.05), p70 (1.9-fold; p < 0.05) and 4EBP1 (1.3-fold; p < 0.05). Confirmatory in vitro experiments revealed decreased trophoblast invasion when SW71 cells were treated with 0.5 or 1.0 % cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Similar to primary smoking, SHS may induce IUGR via decreased activation of the mTOR family of proteins in the placenta. Increased activation of the placental XIAP protein could be a survival mechanism for abnormal trophoblast cells during SHS exposure. Further, CSE reduced trophoblast invasion, suggesting a direct causative effect of smoke on susceptible trophoblast cells involved in IUGR progression. These results provide important insight into the physiological consequences of SHS exposure and smoke-mediated placental disease.
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21
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Lim W, Yang C, Bazer FW, Song G. Chrysophanol Induces Apoptosis of Choriocarcinoma Through Regulation of ROS and the AKT and ERK1/2 Pathways. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:331-339. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biotechnology and Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology and Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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22
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Sundararaj K, Pleasant DL, Moschella PC, Panneerselvam K, Balasubramanian S, Kuppuswamy D. mTOR Complexes Repress Hypertrophic Agonist-Stimulated Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Adult Cardiac Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 67:110-20. [PMID: 26371948 PMCID: PMC7334753 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a fibrogenic cytokine that promotes fibrosis in various organs. In the heart, both cardiomyocytes (CM) and cardiac fibroblasts have been reported as a source of CTGF expression, aiding cardiac fibrosis. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms 2 distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and plays a central role in integrating biochemical signals for protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis, we explored its role in CTGF expression in adult feline CM. CM were stimulated with 10 μM phenylephrine (PE), 200 nM angiotensin (Ang), or 100 nM insulin for 24 hours. PE and Ang, but not insulin, caused an increase in CTGF mRNA expression with the highest expression observed with PE. Inhibition of mTOR with torin1 but not rapamycin significantly enhanced PE-stimulated CTGF expression. Furthermore, silencing of raptor and rictor using shRNA adenoviral vectors to suppress mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively, or blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling with LY294002 (LY) or Akt signaling by dominant-negative Akt expression caused a substantial increase in PE-stimulated CTGF expression as measured by both mRNA and secreted protein levels. However, studies with dominant-negative delta isoform of protein kinase C demonstrate that delta isoform of protein kinase C is required for both agonist-induced CTGF expression and mTORC2/Akt-mediated CTGF suppression. Finally, PE-stimulated CTGF expression was accompanied with a corresponding increase in Smad3 phosphorylation and pretreatment of cells with SIS3, a Smad3 specific inhibitor, partially blocked the PE-stimulated CTGF expression. Therefore, a PI3K/mTOR/Akt axis plays a suppressive role on agonist-stimulated CTGF expression where the loss of this mechanism could be a contributing factor for the onset of cardiac fibrosis in the hypertrophying myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Sundararaj
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Dorea L. Pleasant
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Phillip C. Moschella
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Kavin Panneerselvam
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Sundaravadivel Balasubramanian
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Dhandapani Kuppuswamy
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
- Corresponding author at: Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-2221 Telephone: 843-876 5067; Fax: 843-876 5068;
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23
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Xu L, Brink M. mTOR, cardiomyocytes and inflammation in cardiac hypertrophy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1894-903. [PMID: 26775585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved kinase that senses the nutrient and energy status of cells, the availability of growth factors, stress stimuli and other cellular and environmental cues. It responds by regulating a range of cellular processes related to metabolism and growth in accordance with the available resources and intracellular needs. mTOR has distinct functions depending on its assembly in the structurally distinct multiprotein complexes mTORC1 or mTORC2. Active mTORC1 enhances processes including glycolysis, protein, lipid and nucleotide biosynthesis, and it inhibits autophagy. Reported functions for mTORC2 after growth factor stimulation are very diverse, are tissue and cell-type specific, and include insulin-stimulated glucose transport and enhanced glycogen synthesis. In accordance with its cellular functions, mTOR has been demonstrated to regulate cardiac growth in response to pressure overload and is also known to regulate cells of the immune system. The present manuscript presents recently obtained insights into mechanisms whereby mTOR may change anabolic, catabolic and stress response pathways in cardiomocytes and discusses how mTOR may affect inflammatory cells in the heart during hemodynamic stress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marijke Brink
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Structure–activity relations of leucine derivatives reveal critical moieties for cellular uptake and activation of mTORC1-mediated signaling. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1045-1058. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Leontieva OV, Blagosklonny MV. Tumor promoter-induced cellular senescence: cell cycle arrest followed by geroconversion. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12715-27. [PMID: 25587030 PMCID: PMC4350340 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phorbol ester (PMA or TPA), a tumor promoter, can cause either proliferation or cell cycle arrest, depending on cellular context. For example, in SKBr3 breast cancer cells, PMA hyper-activates the MEK/MAPK pathway, thus inducing p21 and cell cycle arrest. Here we showed that PMA-induced arrest was followed by conversion to cellular senescence (geroconversion). Geroconversion was associated with active mTOR and S6 kinase (S6K). Rapamycin suppressed geroconversion, maintaining quiescence instead. In this model, PMA induced arrest (step one of a senescence program), whereas constitutively active mTOR drove geroconversion (step two). Without affecting Akt phosphorylation, PMA increased phosphorylation of S6K (T389) and S6 (S240/244), and that was completely prevented by rapamycin. Yet, T421/S424 and S235/236 (p-S6K and p-S6, respectively) phosphorylation became rapamycin-insensitive in the presence of PMA. Either MEK or mTOR was sufficient to phosphorylate these PMA-induced rapamycin-resistant sites because co-treatment with U0126 and rapamycin was required to abrogate them. We next tested whether activation of rapamycin-insensitive pathways would shift quiescence towards senescence. In HT-p21 cells, cell cycle arrest was caused by IPTG-inducible p21 and was spontaneously followed by mTOR-dependent geroconversion. Rapamycin suppressed geroconversion, whereas PMA partially counteracted the effect of rapamycin, revealing the involvement of rapamycin-insensitive gerogenic pathways. In normal RPE cells arrested by serum withdrawal, the mTOR/pS6 pathway was inhibited and cells remained quiescent. PMA transiently activated mTOR, enabling partial geroconversion. We conclude that PMA can initiate a senescent program by either inducing arrest or fostering geroconversion or both. Rapamycin can decrease gero-conversion by PMA, without preventing PMA-induced arrest. The tumor promoter PMA is a gero-promoter, which may be useful to study aging in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Leontieva
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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26
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Figueiredo VC, Caldow MK, Massie V, Markworth JF, Cameron-Smith D, Blazevich AJ. Ribosome biogenesis adaptation in resistance training-induced human skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E72-83. [PMID: 25968575 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00050.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) has the capacity to increase skeletal muscle mass, which is due in part to transient increases in the rate of muscle protein synthesis during postexercise recovery. The role of ribosome biogenesis in supporting the increased muscle protein synthetic demands is not known. This study examined the effect of both a single acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) and a chronic RT program on the muscle ribosome biogenesis response. Fourteen healthy young men performed a single bout of RE both before and after 8 wk of chronic RT. Muscle cross-sectional area was increased by 6 ± 4.5% in response to 8 wk of RT. Acute RE-induced activation of the ERK and mTOR pathways were similar before and after RT, as assessed by phosphorylation of ERK, MNK1, p70S6K, and S6 ribosomal protein 1 h postexercise. Phosphorylation of TIF-IA was also similarly elevated following both RE sessions. Cyclin D1 protein levels, which appeared to be regulated at the translational rather than transcriptional level, were acutely increased after RE. UBF was the only protein found to be highly phosphorylated at rest after 8 wk of training. Also, muscle levels of the rRNAs, including the precursor 45S and the mature transcripts (28S, 18S, and 5.8S), were increased in response to RT. We propose that ribosome biogenesis is an important yet overlooked event in RE-induced muscle hypertrophy that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa K Caldow
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Vivien Massie
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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27
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Yi T, Zhuang L, Song G, Zhang B, Li G, Hu T. Akt Signaling Is Associated with the Berberine-Induced Apoptosis of Human Gastric Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:523-31. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yi
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Luhua Zhuang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Song
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Guideng Li
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tianhui Hu
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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28
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Cheng L, Zeng G, Liu Z, Zhang B, Cui X, Zhao H, Zheng X, Song G, Kang J, Xia C. Protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase contribute to the chondroprotective effect of morroniside on osteoarthritis chondrocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1877-86. [PMID: 25754021 PMCID: PMC4549038 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on the multifaceted roles of morroniside, the main active constituent of iridoid glycoside from Corni Fructus, the effect of morroniside on osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the influence of morroniside on cultured human OA chondrocytes and a rat experimental model of OA. The results showed that morroniside enhanced the cell viability and the levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (PCNA), type II collagen and aggrecan in human OA chondrocytes, indicating that morroniside promoted chondrocyte survival and matrix synthesis. Furthermore, different doses of morroniside activated protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in human OA chondrocytes, and in turn, triggered AKT/S6 and ERK/P70S6K/S6 pathway, respectively. The PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 or the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 attenuated the effect of morroniside on human OA chondrocytes, indicating that the activation of AKT and ERK contributed to the regulation of morroniside in human OA chondrocytes. In addition, the intra-articular injection of morroniside elevated the level of proteoglycans in cartilage matrix and the thickness of articular cartilage in a rat experimental model of OA, with the increase of AKT and ERK activation. As a consequence, morroniside has chondroprotective effect on OA chondrocytes, and may have the therapeutic potential for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Taiping People's Hospital of Dongguan, University of Jinan, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqing Zeng
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zejun Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Cui
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Honghai Zhao
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xinpeng Zheng
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Song
- School of Medicine, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Taiping People's Hospital of Dongguan, University of Jinan, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Zhongshan Hospital, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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29
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Li G, Xue Q, Luo Y, Hu X, Yu B. S6 inhibition contributes to isoflurane neurotoxicity in the developing brain. Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:102-13. [PMID: 25597859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal isoflurane exposure leads to neurodegeneration and deficits of spatial learning and memory in the adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ribosomal protein S6 is demonstrated to play a pivotal role in control of cell survival, protein synthesis and synaptogenesis for brain development. In this study, the possible role of S6 and its upstream signaling pathways in the developmental neurotoxicity of isoflurane was evaluated using models of primary cultured hippocampal neurons and postnatal day 7 rats. We found that isoflurane decreased IGF-1 level and suppressed activation of IGF-1 receptor, sequentially inhibiting S6 activity via IGF-1/MEK/ERK and IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. S6 inhibition enhanced isoflurane-induced decreased Bcl-xL and increased cleaved caspase-3 and Bad, also reduced PSD95 expression and aggravated deficits of spatial learning and memory. S6 activation could reverse the damages above. These results indicate that S6 inhibition, led by suppression of upstream IGF-1/MEK/ERK and IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, is involved in the neuroapoptosis, synaptogenesis impairment and spatial learning and memory decline caused by postnatal isoflurane exposure. S6 activation may exhibit protective potential against developmental neurotoxicity of isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Buwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 at Thr421/Ser424 and dephosphorylation at Thr389 regulates SP600125-induced polyploidization of megakaryocytic cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114389. [PMID: 25486532 PMCID: PMC4259319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are one of the few cell types that become polyploid; however, the mechanisms by which these cells are designated to become polyploid are not fully understood. In this investigation, we successfully established two relatively synchronous polyploid cell models by inducing Dami and CMK cells with SP600125. We found that SP600125 induced the polyploidization of Dami and CMK cells, concomitant with the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) at Thr421/Ser424 and dephosphorylation at Thr389. The polyploidization was partially blocked by H-89, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, through direct binding to S6K1, leading to dephosphorylation at Thr421/Ser424 and phosphorylation at Thr389, independent of PKA. Overexpression of a rapamycin-resistant mutant of S6K1 further enhanced the inhibitory effect of LY294002 on the SP600125-induced polyploidization of Dami and CMK cells. SP600125 also induced the polyploidization of Meg-01 cells, which are derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia, without causing a significant change in S6K1 phosphorylation. Additionally, SP600125 induced the polyploidization of HEL cells, which are derived from a patient with erythroleukemia, and phosphorylation at Thr389 of S6K1 was detected. However, the polyploidization of both Meg-01 cells and HEL cells as a result of SP600125 treatment was lower than that of SP600125-induced Dami and CMK cells, and it was not blocked by H-89 despite the increased phosphorylation of S6K1 at Thr389 in both cell lines in response to H-89. Given that the Dami and CMK cell lines were derived from patients with acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) and expressed high levels of platelet-specific antigens, our data suggested that SP600125-induced polyploidization is cell-type specific, that these cell lines were more differentiated, and that phosphorylation at Thr421/Ser424 and dephosphorylation at Thr389 of S6K1 may play an important role in the SP600125-induced polyploidization of these cell lines synergistically with other signaling pathways.
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31
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Abstract
p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), a member of the AGC serine/threonine kinase family, was initially identified as a key player, together with its downstream effector S6, in the regulation of cellular growth and survival. The p70S6K protein has emerged in recent years as a multifunctional protein which also regulates the actin cytoskeleton and thus plays a role in cell migration. This new function is through two important activities of p70S6K, namely actin cross-linking and Rac1 and Cdc42 activation. The testis is critically dependent on an intricate balance of fundamental cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, and differentiation. It is increasingly evident that Rho GTPases and actin binding proteins play fundamental roles in regulating spermatogenesis within the testis. In this review, we will discuss current findings of p70S6K in the control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. In addition, the potential role of p70S6K in spermatogenesis and testicular function will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carman K M Ip
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong, China
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Knuth A, Liu L, Nielsen H, Merril D, Torry DS, Arroyo JA. Placenta growth factor induces invasion and activates p70 during rapamycin treatment in trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 73:330-40. [PMID: 25271148 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Aberrant trophoblast invasion has been associated with human intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE). Our objective was to determine placenta growth factor (PlGF)-mediated regulation of cell invasion in trophoblast cells with reduced mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. METHOD OF STUDY First trimester SW 71 trophoblast cells were subjected to invasion assays with the following conditions: 10% FBS, 10% FBS with Rapamycin, and 10% FBS with Rapamycin and PlGF. mTOR siRNA was also done in these cells. Western blots were performed on cell lysates with antibodies against phospho- and total mTOR, 70-kDa ribosomal protein kinase I (p70), 4EBP1, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (AKT). RESULTS Compared to controls, trophoblast cells showed: (i) a 33% decrease in invasion following Rapamycin treatment, (ii) protection from decreased invasion following Rapamycin and PlGF treatment, (iii) a 31% decrease in mTOR phosphorylation with Rapamycin, (iv) increased phosphorylation of p70 (43%) with Rapamycin and PlGF, and (v) a 76% decrease in invasion following mTOR depletion. CONCLUSION We conclude that first trimester trophoblast invasion is functionally decreased when phosphorylation of mTOR is prevented and this decrease is recovered with the addition of PlGF. Mechanistically, this recovery involves the phosphorylation of p70 independent of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Knuth
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Lim W, Choi H, Kim J, Kim S, Jeon S, Zheng H, Kim D, Ko Y, Kim D, Sohn H, Kim O. Anti-inflammatory effect of 635 nm irradiations on in vitro
direct/indirect irradiation model. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:94-102. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- WonBong Lim
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences; College of Health Science; Chosun University; Dong-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - Hongran Choi
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - SangMi Jeon
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - DoMan Kim
- Research Institute of Bio Food Industry; Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology; Seoul National University; Pyeongchang-gun Gangwon-do Korea
| | - Youngjong Ko
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Chosun University Hospital; Dong-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - HongMoon Sohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Chosun University Hospital; Dong-Gu Gwangju Korea
| | - OkJoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology; Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders; School of Dentistry; Chonnam National University; Bug-Gu Gwangju Korea
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Martin TD, Dennis MD, Gordon BS, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. mTORC1 and JNK coordinate phosphorylation of the p70S6K1 autoinhibitory domain in skeletal muscle following functional overloading. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1397-405. [PMID: 24801387 PMCID: PMC4059989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00064.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present project was designed to investigate phosphorylation of p70S6K1 in an animal model of skeletal muscle overload. Within 24 h of male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing unilateral tenotomy to induce functional overloading of the plantaris muscle, phosphorylation of the Thr³⁸⁹ and Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ sites on p70S6K1 was significantly elevated. Since the Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ sites are purportedly mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) independent, we sought to identify the kinase(s) responsible for their phosphorylation. Initially, we used IGF-I treatment of serum-deprived HEK-293E cells as an in vitro model system, because IGF-I promotes phosphorylation of p70S6K1 on both the Thr³⁸⁹ and Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ sites in skeletal muscle and in cells in culture. We found that, whereas the mTOR inhibitor TORIN2 prevented the IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of the Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ sites, it surprisingly enhanced phosphorylation of these sites during serum deprivation. JNK inhibition with SP600125 attenuated phosphorylation of the Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ sites, and in combination with TORIN2 both the effect of IGF-I and the enhanced Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ phosphorylation during serum deprivation were ablated. In contrast, both JNK activation with anisomycin and knockdown of the mTORC2 subunit rictor specifically stimulated phosphorylation of the Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ sites, suggesting that mTORC2 represses JNK-mediated phosphorylation of these sites. The role of JNK in mediating p70S6K1 phosphorylation was confirmed in the animal model noted above, where rats treated with SP600125 exhibited attenuated Thr⁴²¹/Ser⁴²⁴ phosphorylation. Overall, the results provide evidence that the mTORC1 and JNK signaling pathways coordinate the site-specific phosphorylation of p70S6K1. They also identify a novel role for mTORC1 and mTORC2 in the inhibition of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony D Martin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley S Gordon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Leonard S Jefferson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Markworth JF, Vella LD, Figueiredo VC, Cameron-Smith D. Ibuprofen treatment blunts early translational signaling responses in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:20-8. [PMID: 24833778 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01299.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 pathway-derived prostaglandins (PGs) have been implicated in adaptive muscle responses to exercise, but the role of PGs in contraction-induced muscle signaling has not been determined. We investigated the effect of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 activities with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen on human muscle signaling responses to resistance exercise. Subjects orally ingested 1,200 mg ibuprofen (or placebo control) in three 400-mg doses administered ∼30 min before and ∼6 h and ∼12 h following a bout of unaccustomed resistance exercise (80% one repetition maximum). Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (preexercise), immediately postexercise (0 h), 3 h postexercise, and at 24 h of recovery. In the placebo (PLA) group, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK, Ser380), mitogen-activated kinase 1 (Mnk1, Thr197/202), and p70S6 kinase (p70S6K, Thr421/Ser424) increased at both 0 and 3 h postexercise, with delayed elevation of phospho (p)-p70S6K (Thr389) and p-rpS6 (Ser235/S36 and Ser240/244) at 3 h postexercise. Only p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) remained significantly elevated in the 24-h postexercise biopsy. Ibuprofen treatment prevented sustained elevation of MEK-ERK signaling at 3 h (p-ERK1/2, p-RSK, p-Mnk1, p-p70S6K Thr421/Ser424) and 24 h (p-ERK1/2) postexercise, and this was associated with suppressed phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236 and Ser240/244). Early contraction-induced p-Akt (Ser473) and p-p70S6K (Thr389) were not influenced by ibuprofen, but p-p70S6K (Thr389) remained elevated 24 h postexercise only in those receiving ibuprofen treatment. Early muscle signaling responses to resistance exercise are, in part, ibuprofen sensitive, suggesting that PGs are important signaling molecules during early postexercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Markworth
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Luke D Vella
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
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Guégan JP, Ezan F, Gailhouste L, Langouët S, Baffet G. MEK1/2 overactivation can promote growth arrest by mediating ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of p70S6K. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:903-15. [PMID: 24501087 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway has been involved in the positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation. Upon mitogen stimulation, ERK1/ERK2 activation is necessary for G1- to S-phase progression whereas when hyperactived, this pathway could elicit cell cycle arrest. The mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated but a kinase-independent function of ERK1/2 has been evidenced in the MAPK-induced growth arrest. Here, we show that p70S6K, a central regulator of protein biosynthesis, is essential for the cell cycle arrest induced by overactivation of ERK1/2. Indeed, whereas MEK1 silencing inhibits cell cycle progression, we demonstrate that active mutant form of MEK1 or MEK2 triggers a G1 phase arrest by stimulating an activation of p70S6K by ERK1/2 kinases. Silencing of ERK1/2 activity by shRNA efficiently suppresses p70S6K phosphorylation on Thr421/Ser424 and S6 phosphorylation on Ser240/244 as well as p21 expression, but these effects can be partially reversed by the expression of kinase-dead mutant form of ERK1 or ERK2. In addition, we demonstrate that the kinase p70S6K modulates neither the p21 gene transcription nor the stability of the protein but enhances the translation of the p21 mRNA. In conclusion, our data emphasizes the importance of the translational regulation of p21 by the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-p70S6K pathway to negatively control the cell cycle progression.
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Moore SF, Hunter RW, Hers I. Protein kinase C and P2Y12 take center stage in thrombin-mediated activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:748-60. [PMID: 24612393 PMCID: PMC4238809 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1), reduces platelet spreading, thrombus stability, and clot retraction. Despite an important role of mTORC1 in platelet function, little is known about how it is regulated. The objective of this study was to determine the signaling pathways that regulate mTORC1 in human platelets. METHODS Mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 activation was assessed by measuring the phosphorylation of its downstream substrate ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K). RESULTS Thrombin or the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbal 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated activation of mTORC1 in a PKC-dependent, Akt-independent manner that correlated with phosphorylation of tuberin/tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2) (Ser939 and Thr1462). In contrast, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-stimulated TSC2 phosphorylation was completely dependent on phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3 kinase)/Akt but did not result in any detectable mTORC1 activation. Early (Ser939 and Thr1462) and late (Thr1462) TSC2 phosphorylation in response to thrombin were directly PKC dependent, whereas later TSC2 (Ser939) and p70S6K phosphorylation were largely dependent on paracrine signaling through P2Y(12). PKC-mediated adenosine diphosphate (ADP) secretion was essential for thrombin-stimulated mTORC1 activation, as (i) ADP rescued p70S6K phosphorylation in the presence of a PKC inhibitor and (ii) P2Y(12) antagonism prevented thrombin-mediated mTORC1 activation. Rescue of mTORC1 activation with exogenous ADP was completely dependent on the Src family kinases but independent of PI3 kinase/Akt. Interestingly, although inhibition of Src blocked the ADP rescue, it had little effect on thrombin-stimulated p70S6K phosphorylation under conditions where PKC was not inhibited. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that thrombin activates the mTORC1 pathway in human platelets through PKC-mediated ADP secretion and subsequent activation of P2Y(12), in a manner largely independent of the canonical PI3 kinase/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Moore
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Yee AJ, Hari P, Marcheselli R, Mahindra AK, Cirstea DD, Scullen TA, Burke JN, Rodig SJ, Hideshima T, Laubach JP, Ghobrial IM, Schlossman RL, Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Weller EA, Richardson PG, Raje NS. Outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a phase I study of everolimus in combination with lenalidomide. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:401-9. [PMID: 24761838 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Everolimus, an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, has been studied in multiple myeloma (MM) but lacks significant single agent activity. Based on preclinical studies showing synergistic activity of mTOR inhibitors with lenalidomide, we studied the combination of lenalidomide and everolimus in relapsed or refractory MM in a phase I clinical trial. We assessed patient samples using gene expression, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to probe the mTOR pathway. Twenty-six patients were evaluable for toxicity. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose was lenalidomide 15 mg and everolimus 5 mg for 21 d with a 7 d rest period. Grade 3/4 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (35%) and neutropenia (42%). The overall response rate was 65% (1 complete response + 4 partial response + 10 minimal response). The median progression-free survival was 5·5 months and median overall survival was 29·5 months. Biomarker data demonstrated downregulation of phosphorylated p70S6K. Gene expression profiling suggested activation of mTOR in responders versus non-responders. The combination of lenalidomide and everolimus was well tolerated with predictable toxicities and showed responses in a heavily pretreated population. When confirmed with larger patient numbers, this analysis may guide patient selection for future clinical trials of mTOR inhibition in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Yee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dworatzek E, Mahmoodzadeh S, Schubert C, Westphal C, Leber J, Kusch A, Kararigas G, Fliegner D, Moulin M, Ventura-Clapier R, Gustafsson JA, Davidson MM, Dragun D, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex differences in exercise-induced physiological myocardial hypertrophy are modulated by oestrogen receptor beta. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:418-28. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Phosphorylated p-70S6K predicts tamoxifen resistance in postmenopausal breast cancer patients randomized between adjuvant tamoxifen versus no systemic treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R6. [PMID: 24447434 PMCID: PMC3979131 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and/or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways results in anti-estrogen resistance in vitro, but a biomarker with clinical validity to predict intrinsic resistance has not been identified. In metastatic breast cancer patients with previous exposure to endocrine therapy, the addition of a mammalian target of rapamycine (mTOR) inhibitor has been shown to be beneficial. Whether or not patients on adjuvant endocrine treatment might benefit from these drugs is currently unclear. A biomarker that predicts intrinsic resistance could potentially be used as companion diagnostic in this setting. We tested the clinical validity of different downstream-activated proteins in the PI3K and/or MAPK pathways to predict intrinsic tamoxifen resistance in postmenopausal primary breast cancer patients. Methods We recollected primary tumor tissue from patients who participated in a randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen (1–3 years) versus observation. After constructing a tissue micro-array, cores from 563 estrogen receptor α positive were immunostained for p-AKT(Thr308), p-AKT(Ser473), p-mTOR, p-p706SK and p-ERK1/2. Cox proportional hazard models for recurrence free interval were used to assess hazard ratios and interactions between these markers and tamoxifen treatment efficacy. Results Interactions were identified between tamoxifen and p-AKT(Thr308), p-mTOR, p-p70S6K and p-ERK1/2. Applying a conservative level of significance, p-p70S6K remained significantly associated with tamoxifen resistance. Patients with p-p70S6K negative tumors derived significant benefit from tamoxifen (HR 0.24, P < 0.0001), while patients whose tumor did express p-p70S6K did not (HR = 1.02, P =0.95), P for interaction 0.004. In systemically untreated breast cancer patients, p-p70S6K was associated with a decreased risk for recurrence. Conclusions Patients whose tumor expresses p-p70S6K, as a marker of downstream PI3K and/or MAPK pathway activation, have a favorable prognosis, but do not benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen. A potential benefit from inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in these patients needs to be further explored.
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Abstract
Cellular and organismal aging are driven in part by the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway and rapamycin extends life span in C elegans, Drosophila and mice. Herein, we investigated effects of rapamycin on brain aging in OXYS rats. Previously we found, in OXYS rats, an early development of age-associated pathological phenotypes similar to several geriatric disorders in humans, including cerebral dysfunctions. Behavioral alterations as well as learning and memory deficits develop by 3 months. Here we show that rapamycin treatment (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg as a food mixture daily from the age of 1.5 to 3.5 months) decreased anxiety and improved locomotor and exploratory behavior in OXYS rats. In untreated OXYS rats, MRI revealed an increase of the area of hippocampus, substantial hydrocephalus and 2-fold increased area of the lateral ventricles. Rapamycin treatment prevented these abnormalities, erasing the difference between OXYS and Wistar rats (used as control). All untreated OXYS rats showed signs of neurodegeneration, manifested by loci of demyelination. Rapamycin decreased the percentage of animals with demyelination and the number of loci. Levels of Tau and phospho-Tau (T181) were increased in OXYS rats (compared with Wistar). Rapamycin significantly decreased Tau and inhibited its phosphorylation in the hippocampus of OXYS and Wistar rats. Importantly, rapamycin treatment caused a compensatory increase in levels of S6 and correspondingly levels of phospo-S6 in the frontal cortex, indicating that some downstream events were compensatory preserved, explaining the lack of toxicity. We conclude that rapamycin in low chronic doses can suppress brain aging.
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Moschella PC, McKillop J, Pleasant DL, Harston RK, Balasubramanian S, Kuppuswamy D. mTOR complex 2 mediates Akt phosphorylation that requires PKCε in adult cardiac muscle cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1904-12. [PMID: 23673367 PMCID: PMC3704180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier work showed that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential to the development of various hypertrophic responses, including cardiomyocyte survival. mTOR forms two independent complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, by associating with common and distinct cellular proteins. Both complexes are sensitive to a pharmacological inhibitor, torin1, although only mTORC1 is inhibited by rapamycin. Since mTORC2 is known to mediate the activation of a prosurvival kinase, Akt, we analyzed whether mTORC2 directly mediates Akt activation or whether it requires the participation of another prosurvival kinase, PKCε (epsilon isoform of protein kinase-C). Our studies reveal that treatment of adult feline cardiomyocytes in vitro with insulin results in Akt phosphorylation at S473 for its activation which could be augmented with rapamycin but blocked by torin1. Silencing the expression of Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR), an mTORC2 component, with a sh-RNA in cardiomyocytes lowers both insulin-stimulated Akt and PKCε phosphorylation. Furthermore, phosphorylation of PKCε and Akt at the critical S729 and S473 sites respectively was blocked by torin1 or Rictor knockdown but not by rapamycin, indicating that the phosphorylation at these specific sites occurs downstream of mTORC2. Additionally, expression of DN-PKCε significantly lowered the insulin-stimulated Akt S473 phosphorylation, indicating an upstream role for PKCε in the Akt activation. Biochemical analyses also revealed that PKCε was part of Rictor but not Raptor (a binding partner and component of mTORC1). Together, these studies demonstrate that mTORC2 mediates prosurvival signaling in adult cardiomyocytes where PKCε functions downstream of mTORC2 leading to Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C. Moschella
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - John McKillop
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Dorea L. Pleasant
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Rebecca K. Harston
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Sundaravadivel Balasubramanian
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
| | - Dhandapani Kuppuswamy
- Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-2221
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MEK drives cyclin D1 hyperelevation during geroconversion. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1241-9. [PMID: 23852369 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When the cell cycle becomes arrested, MTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) converts reversible arrest into senescence (geroconversion). Hyperexpression of cyclin D1 is a universal marker of senescence along with hypertrophy, beta-Gal staining and loss of replicative/regenerative potential (RP), namely, the ability to restart proliferation when the cell cycle is released. Inhibition of MTOR decelerates geroconversion, although only partially decreases cyclin D1. Here we show that in p21- and p16-induced senescence, inhibitors of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) (U0126, PD184352 and siRNA) completely prevented cyclin D1 accumulation, making it undetectable. We also used MEL10 cells in which MEK inhibitors do not inhibit MTOR. In such cells, U0126 by itself induced senescence that was remarkably cyclin D1 negative. In contrast, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 by PD0332991 caused cyclin D1-positive senescence in MEL10 cells. Both types of senescence were suppressed by rapamycin, converting it into reversible arrest. We confirmed that the inhibitor of CDK4/6 caused cyclin D1 positive senescence in normal RPE cells, whereas U0126 prevented cyclin D1 expression. Elimination of cyclin D1 by siRNA did not prevent other markers of senescence that are consistent with the lack of its effect on MTOR. Our data confirmed that a mere inhibition of the cell cycle was sufficient to cause senescence, providing MTOR was active, and inhibition of MEK partially inhibited MTOR in a cell-type-dependent manner. Second, hallmarks of senescence may be dissociated, and hyperelevated cyclin D1, a marker of hyperactivation of senescent cells, did not necessarily determine other markers of senescence. Third, inhibition of MEK was sufficient to eliminate cyclin D1, regardless of MTOR.
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Lynch CM, Leandry LA, Matheny RW. Lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated phosphorylation of PKD2 is mediated by PI3K p110β and PKCδ in myoblasts. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2012; 33:41-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Liu LP, Ho RLK, Chen GG, Lai PBS. Sorafenib inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1α synthesis: implications for antiangiogenic activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5662-71. [PMID: 22929805 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a common finding in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and it leads to angiogenesis and poor prognosis. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, has shown significant improvement in survival in patients with advanced HCC in clinical trials. However, the mechanisms that account for the antiangiogenic efficiency of sorafenib have not been fully elucidated. The present study aims to explore the effect of sorafenib on HIF-1α expression and activation in HCC cells and xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HCC cells and xenografts were treated with sorafenib or vehicles. Western blotting and quantitative PCR array were used to determine protein and mRNA expression, respectively. HIF-1α activity, de novo protein synthesis, and VEGF secretions were determined using assay kits. RESULTS Sorafenib dose dependently decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation and activation of HIF-1α protein. Further analysis revealed that such reduction of HIF-1α was associated with the inhibition of HIF-1α protein synthesis rather than the promotion of HIF-1α protein degradation or the reduction of HIF-1α mRNA. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of mTOR, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p70S6K, RP-S6, 4E-BP1, and eIF4E were significantly suppressed by sorafenib. In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of sorafenib on the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins, leading to a decrease in tumor vascularization and growth of the xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib-mediated inhibition of HIF-1α synthesis is associated with previously undefined pathways in which mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and ERK phosphorylation are downregulated. Our preclinical data expand our understanding of sorafenib's antiangiogenic mechanism of action by inhibiting HIF-1α and VEGF protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-ping Liu
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Weigand S, Herting F, Maisel D, Nopora A, Voss E, Schaab C, Klammer M, Tebbe A. Global quantitative phosphoproteome analysis of human tumor xenografts treated with a CD44 antagonist. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4329-39. [PMID: 22777824 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein CD44 plays an important role in the development and progression of various tumor types. RG7356 is a humanized antibody targeting the constant region of CD44 that shows antitumor efficacy in mice implanted with CD44-expressing tumors such as MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. CD44 receptor seems to function as the main receptor for hyaluronic acid and osteopontin, serving as coreceptor for growth factor pathways like cMet, EGFR, HER-2, and VEGFR and by cytoskeletal modulation via ERM and Rho kinase signaling. To assess the direct impact of RG7356 binding to the CD44 receptor, a global mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics approach was applied to freshly isolated MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts. Results from a global phosphoproteomics screen were further corroborated by Western blot and ELISA analyses of tumor lysates from CD44-expressing tumors. Short-term treatment of tumor-bearing mice with RG7356 resulted in modifications of the MAPK pathway in the responsive model, although no effects on downstream phosphorylation were observed in a nonresponsive xenograft model. Taken together, our approach augments the value of other high throughput techniques to identify biomarkers for clinical development of targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weigand
- Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany.
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Zheng X, Xia C, Chen Z, Huang J, Gao F, Li G, Zhang B. Requirement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway for the effect of nicotine on interleukin-1beta-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:606-12. [PMID: 22713471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is mainly responsible for the progressive degeneration of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) was widely used as a modulating and chondrocyte apoptosis-inducing agent. Nicotine is able to confer resistance to apoptosis and promote cell survival in some cell lines, but its regulatory mechanism is ambiguous. We aimed to investigate the effect of nicotine on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the mechanism underlying how nicotine antagonizes IL-1β-induced apoptosis of rat chondrocytes. Chondrocytes isolated from newborn rat joints were exposed to IL-1β. The cell viability was analyzed by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, and the apoptotic cells were counted with DAPI staining. The levels of Akt, phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) and downstream protein targets of Akt were detected by western blotting. The results showed that nicotine neutralized the effect of IL-1β on chondrocytes by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway, to block IL-1β-induced cell apoptosis and the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K (p70S6 kinase)/S6 pathway for promoting protein synthesis, modulating its downstream effectors such as TIMP-1 and MMP-13. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is, in part, required for the effect of nicotine on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zheng
- Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Nawroth R, Stellwagen F, Schulz WA, Stoehr R, Hartmann A, Krause BJ, Gschwend JE, Retz M. S6K1 and 4E-BP1 are independent regulated and control cellular growth in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27509. [PMID: 22110663 PMCID: PMC3216974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation and mutation status of proteins in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis in various tumors including urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, anti-tumor therapy with small molecule inhibitors against mTOR turned out to be less successful than expected. We characterized the molecular mechanism of this pathway in urothelial carcinoma by interfering with different molecular components using small chemical inhibitors and siRNA technology and analyzed effects on the molecular activation status, cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. In a majority of tested cell lines constitutive activation of the PI3K was observed. Manipulation of mTOR or Akt expression or activity only regulated phosphorylation of S6K1 but not 4E-BP1. Instead, we provide evidence for an alternative mTOR independent but PI3K dependent regulation of 4E-BP1. Only the simultaneous inhibition of both S6K1 and 4E-BP1 suppressed cell growth efficiently. Crosstalk between PI3K and the MAPK signaling pathway is mediated via PI3K and indirect by S6K1 activity. Inhibition of MEK1/2 results in activation of Akt but not mTOR/S6K1 or 4E-BP1. Our data suggest that 4E-BP1 is a potential new target molecule and stratification marker for anti cancer therapy in UC and support the consideration of a multi-targeting approach against PI3K, mTORC1/2 and MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Kuang E, Fu B, Liang Q, Myoung J, Zhu F. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (EIF4B) by open reading frame 45/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (ORF45/RSK) signaling axis facilitates protein translation during Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41171-41182. [PMID: 21994950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Open reading frame 45 (ORF45) of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes sustained activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which is crucial for KSHV lytic replication, but the exact functional roles remain to be determined. To characterize the biological consequence of persistent RSK activation by ORF45, we screened known cellular substrates of RSK. We found that ORF45 induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), increased its assembly into translation initiation complex, and subsequently facilitated protein translation. The ORF45/RSK-mediated eIF4B phosphorylation was distinguishable from that caused by the canonical AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal S6 kinase and MEK/ERK/RSK pathways because it was resistant to both rapamycin (an mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor) and U1026 (an MEK inhibitor). The rapamycin and U1026 doubly insensitive eIF4B phosphorylation was induced during KSHV reactivation but was abolished if either ORF45 or RSK1/2 were ablated by siRNA, a pattern that is correlated with reduced lytic gene expression as we observed previously. Ectopic expression of eIF4B but not its phosphorylation-deficient mutant form increased KSHV lytic gene expression and production of progeny viruses. Together, these results indicated that ORF45/RSK axis-induced eIF4B phosphorylation is involved in translational regulation and is required for optimal KSHV lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersheng Kuang
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370
| | - Qiming Liang
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608-2916
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370.
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Chu M, Iyengar R, Koshman YE, Kim T, Russell B, Martin JL, Heroux AL, Robia SL, Samarel AM. Serine-910 phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase is critical for sarcomere reorganization in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:409-19. [PMID: 21937583 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is required for the hypertrophic response of cardiomyocytes to growth factors and mechanical load, but the role of FAK serine phosphorylation in this process is unknown. The aims of the present study were to characterize FAK serine phosphorylation in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM), analyse its functional significance during hypertrophic signalling, and examine its potential role in the pathogenesis of human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and other hypertrophic factors induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in FAK-S910 phosphorylation. ET-1-induced FAK-S910 phosphorylation required ET(A)R-dependent activation of PKCδ and Src via parallel Raf-1 → MEK1/2 → ERK1/2 and MEK5 → ERK5 signalling pathways. Replication-deficient adenoviruses expressing wild-type (WT) FAK and a non-phosphorylatable, S910A-FAK mutant were then used to examine the functional significance of FAK-S910 phosphorylation. Unlike WT-FAK, S910A-FAK increased the half-life of GFP-tagged paxillin within costameres (as determined by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) and increased the steady-state FAK-paxillin interaction (as determined by co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting). These alterations resulted in reduced NRVM sarcomere reorganization and cell spreading. Finally, we found that FAK was serine-phosphorylated at multiple sites in non-failing, human left ventricular tissue. FAK-S910 phosphorylation and ERK5 expression were dramatically reduced in patients undergoing heart transplantation for end-stage DCM. CONCLUSION FAK undergoes S910 phosphorylation via PKCδ and Src-dependent pathways that are important for cell spreading and sarcomere reorganization. Reduced FAK-S910 phosphorylation may contribute to sarcomere disorganization in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miensheng Chu
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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