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Xu J, Zheng B, Wang W, Zhou S. Ferroptosis: a novel strategy to overcome chemoresistance in gynecological malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1417750. [PMID: 39045454 PMCID: PMC11263176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1417750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death, distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, and is characterized by altered iron homeostasis, reduced defense against oxidative stress, and increased lipid peroxidation. Extensive research has demonstrated that ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the treatment of gynecological malignancies, offering new strategies for cancer prevention and therapy. However, chemotherapy resistance poses an urgent challenge, significantly hindering therapeutic efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that inducing ferroptosis can reverse tumor resistance to chemotherapy. This article reviews the mechanisms of ferroptosis and discusses its potential in reversing chemotherapy resistance in gynecological cancers. We summarized three critical pathways in regulating ferroptosis: the regulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), iron metabolism, and lipid peroxidation pathways, considering their prospects and challenges as strategies to reverse chemotherapy resistance. These studies provide a fresh perspective for future cancer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bohao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang X, Song T, Zhao M, Tao X, Zhang B, Sun C, Wang P, Wang K, Zhao L. Sirtuin 2 Alleviates Chronic Neuropathic Pain by Suppressing Ferroptosis in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827016. [PMID: 35401208 PMCID: PMC8984153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is chronic and associated with poor effects of general analgesia. It affects patients’ health and quality of life. The apoptotic process of lipid peroxidation caused by iron overload is called ferroptosis, which may be associated with nervous system disease. A recent study has found that sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) achieves a neuroprotective effect by suppressing ferroptosis. Herein, we aimed to examine whether SIRT2 regulated spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced NP by suppressing ferroptosis in rats. A rat model of NP was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–250 g. Mechanical allodynia was observed from the first day after SNI and continued for 14 days. Compared with age-matched control rats, the expression of SIRT2 and ferroportin 1 (FPN1) decreased in the L4-6 spinal cord of the SNI-induced NP rats. In addition, we observed that the levels of both iron and anti-acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) were significantly increased in the spinal cord after SNI, while the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was decreased. Furthermore, an intrathecal injection of SIRT2 overexpressed recombinant adenovirus, which upregulated the expression of SIRT2, attenuated mechanical allodynia, enhanced the level of FPN1, inhibited intracellular iron accumulation, and reduced oxidant stress levels, thereby reversing the changes to ACSL4 and GPX4 expression in the SNI rats. This evidence suggests that SIRT2-targeted therapeutics may help relieve the symptoms of chronic NP.
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The Role of Copper in the Regulation of Ferroportin Expression in Macrophages. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092259. [PMID: 34571908 PMCID: PMC8469096 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical function of ferroportin (Fpn) in maintaining iron homeostasis requires complex and multilevel control of its expression. Besides iron-dependent cellular and systemic control of Fpn expression, other metals also seem to be involved in regulating the Fpn gene. Here, we found that copper loading significantly enhanced Fpn transcription in an Nrf2-dependent manner in primary bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). However, prolonged copper loading resulted in decreased Fpn protein abundance. Moreover, CuCl2 treatment induced Fpn expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages at both the mRNA and protein level. These data suggest that cell-type-specific regulations have an impact on Fpn protein stability after copper loading. Transcriptional suppression of Fpn after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment contributes to increased iron storage inside macrophages and may result in anemia of inflammation. Here, we observed that in both primary BMDMs and RAW 264.7 macrophages, LPS treatment significantly decreased Fpn mRNA levels, but concomitant CuCl2 stimulation counteracted the transcriptional suppression of Fpn and restored its expression to the control level. Overall, we show that copper loading significantly enhances Fpn transcription in macrophages, while Fpn protein abundance in response to CuCl2 treatment, depending on macrophage type and factors specific to the macrophage population, can influence Fpn regulation in response to copper loading.
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Gammella E, Correnti M, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Iron Availability in Tissue Microenvironment: The Key Role of Ferroportin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062986. [PMID: 33804198 PMCID: PMC7999357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Body iron levels are regulated by hepcidin, a liver-derived peptide that exerts its function by controlling the presence of ferroportin (FPN), the sole cellular iron exporter, on the cell surface. Hepcidin binding leads to FPN internalization and degradation, thereby inhibiting iron release, in particular from iron-absorbing duodenal cells and macrophages involved in iron recycling. Disruption in this regulatory mechanism results in a variety of disorders associated with iron-deficiency or overload. In recent years, increasing evidence has emerged to indicate that, in addition to its role in systemic iron metabolism, FPN may play an important function in local iron control, such that its dysregulation may lead to tissue damage despite unaltered systemic iron homeostasis. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries to discuss the role of FPN-mediated iron export in the microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Rishi G, Subramaniam VN. Biology of the iron efflux transporter, ferroportin. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 123:1-16. [PMID: 33485480 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron, the most common metal in the earth, is also an essential component for almost all living organisms. While these organisms require iron for many biological processes, too much or too little iron itself poses many issues; this is most easily recognized in human beings. The control of body iron levels is thus an important metabolic process which is regulated essentially by controlling the expression, activity and levels of the iron transporter ferroportin. Ferroportin is the only known iron exporter. The function and activity of ferroportin is influenced by its interaction with the iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin, which itself is regulated by many factors. Here we review the current state of understanding of the mechanisms that regulate ferroportin and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Nairz M, Weiss G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100864. [PMID: 32461004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferation. On the one hand, microbial iron uptake is linked to the virulence of most human pathogens. On the other hand, the sequestration of iron from bacteria and other microorganisms is an efficient strategy of host defense in line with the principles of 'nutritional immunity'. In an acute infection, host-driven iron withdrawal inhibits the growth of pathogens. Chronic immune activation due to persistent infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy however, sequesters iron not only from infectious agents, autoreactive lymphocytes and neoplastic cells but also from erythroid progenitors. This is one of the key mechanisms which collectively result in the anemia of chronic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and immunity, focusing on host defense against relevant infections and on the clinical consequences of anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Fu M, Su H, Su Z, Yin Z, Jin J, Wang L, Zhang Q, Xu X. Transcriptome analysis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-infected spleen of dairy goats. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104370. [PMID: 32653437 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic disease of goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C.pseudotuberculosis) which causes great harm to the dairy goats industry. In order to obtain detailed information about the pathogenesis and host immune response in C.pseudotuberculosis-infected goats, in this study, the gene expression difference of spleen tissue after infection with C.pseudotuberculosis was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Transcripts obtained over 412 700 462 clean reads after reassembly were 21 343 genes detected, of which 14 720 were known genes and 7623 new genes were predicted. There were 448 up-regulated and 519 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that all of the DEGs were annotated into biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Most of these unigenes are annotated in cellular processes, the cell and binding. KEGG analysis of the DEGs showed that a total of 8733 DEGs unigenes were annotated into 459 pathways classified into 6 main categories. Most of these annotated unigenes were related to immune system response to the infectious diseases pathways. In addition, 14 DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. As the first, in vivo, RNAseq analysis of dairy goats and C.pseudotuberculosis infection, this study provides knowledge about the transcriptomics of spleen in C.pseudotuberculosis-infected goats, from which a complex molecular pathways and immune response mechanism are involved in C.pseudotuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Zhanqiang Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jian Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Duval C, Macabiou C, Garcia C, Lesuisse E, Camadro J, Auchère F. The adaptive response to iron involves changes in energetic strategies in the pathogen Candida albicans. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e970. [PMID: 31788966 PMCID: PMC7002100 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunist pathogen responsible for a large spectrum of infections, from superficial mycosis to systemic diseases known as candidiasis. Its ability to grow in different morphological forms, such as yeasts or filamentous hyphae, contributes to its survival in diverse microenvironments. Iron uptake has been associated with virulence, and C. albicans has developed elaborate strategies for acquiring iron from its host. In this work, we analyze the metabolic changes in response to changes in iron content in the growth medium and compare C. albicans adaptation to the presence or absence of iron. Functional and morphological studies, correlated to a quantitative proteomic analysis, were performed to assess the specific pathways underlying the response to iron, both in the yeast and filamentous forms. Overall, the results show that the adaptive response to iron is associated with a metabolic remodeling affecting the energetic pathways of the pathogen. This includes changes in the thiol-dependent redox status, the activity of key mitochondrial enzymes and the respiratory chain. Iron deficiency stimulates bioenergetic pathways, whereas iron-rich condition is associated with greater biosynthetic needs, particularly in filamentous forms. Moreover, we found that C. albicans yeast cells have an extraordinary capability to adapt to changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Duval
- Laboratoire MitochondriesMétaux et Stress OxydantInstitut Jacques MonodUMR 7592Université Paris‐Diderot/CNRS (USPC)ParisFrance
| | - Carole Macabiou
- Laboratoire MitochondriesMétaux et Stress OxydantInstitut Jacques MonodUMR 7592Université Paris‐Diderot/CNRS (USPC)ParisFrance
| | - Camille Garcia
- Plateforme Protéomique structurale et fonctionnelle/Spectrométrie de masseInstitut Jacques MonodUMR 7592Université Paris‐Diderot/CNRS (USPC)ParisFrance
| | - Emmanuel Lesuisse
- Laboratoire MitochondriesMétaux et Stress OxydantInstitut Jacques MonodUMR 7592Université Paris‐Diderot/CNRS (USPC)ParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Michel Camadro
- Laboratoire MitochondriesMétaux et Stress OxydantInstitut Jacques MonodUMR 7592Université Paris‐Diderot/CNRS (USPC)ParisFrance
| | - Françoise Auchère
- Laboratoire MitochondriesMétaux et Stress OxydantInstitut Jacques MonodUMR 7592Université Paris‐Diderot/CNRS (USPC)ParisFrance
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Lu CD, Ma JK, Luo ZY, Tai QX, Wang P, Guan PP. Transferrin is responsible for mediating the effects of iron ions on the regulation of anterior pharynx-defective-1α/β and Presenilin 1 expression via PGE 2 and PGD 2 at the early stage of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3117-3135. [PMID: 30383537 PMCID: PMC6286844 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an important iron-binding protein postulated to play a key role in iron ion (Fe) absorption via the Tf receptor (TfR), which potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the role of Tf in AD remains unknown. Using mouse-derived neurons and APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as model systems, we firstly revealed the mechanisms of APH-1α/1β and presenilin 1 (PS1) upregulation by Fe in prostaglandin (PG) E2- and PGD2-dependent mechanisms. Specifically, Fe stimulated the expression of mPGES-1 and the production of PGE2 and PGD2 via the Tf and TfR system. Highly accumulated PGE2 markedly induced the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1α and -1β (APH-1α/1β) and PS1 via an EP receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, PGD2 suppressed the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 via a prostaglandin D2 (DP) receptor-dependent mechanism. As the natural dehydrated product of PGD2, 15d-PGJ2 exerts inhibitory effects on the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ-dependent manner. The expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 ultimately determined the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), an effect that potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Di Lu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kang Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yang Luo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Qun-Xi Tai
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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Hawula ZJ, Wallace DF, Subramaniam VN, Rishi G. Therapeutic Advances in Regulating the Hepcidin/Ferroportin Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040170. [PMID: 31775259 PMCID: PMC6958404 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between hepcidin and ferroportin is the key mechanism involved in regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. This axis can be affected by multiple stimuli including plasma iron levels, inflammation and erythropoietic demand. Genetic defects or prolonged inflammatory stimuli results in dysregulation of this axis, which can lead to several disorders including hereditary hemochromatosis and anaemia of chronic disease. An imbalance in iron homeostasis is increasingly being associated with worse disease outcomes in many clinical conditions including multiple cancers and neurological disorders. Currently, there are limited treatment options for regulating iron levels in patients and thus significant efforts are being made to uncover approaches to regulate hepcidin and ferroportin expression. These approaches either target these molecules directly or regulatory steps which mediate hepcidin or ferroportin expression. This review examines the current status of hepcidin and ferroportin agonists and antagonists, as well as inducers and inhibitors of these proteins and their regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Hawula
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Wallace
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.N.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Gautam Rishi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; (Z.J.H.); (D.F.W.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.N.S.); (G.R.)
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Tomay F, Marinelli A, Leoni V, Caccia C, Matros A, Mock HP, Tonelli C, Petroni K. Purple corn extract induces long-lasting reprogramming and M2 phenotypic switch of adipose tissue macrophages in obese mice. J Transl Med 2019; 17:237. [PMID: 31337415 PMCID: PMC6651915 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disorder and an important risk factor for the onset of several chronic syndromes. Adipose tissue (AT) plays a crucial role in the development of obesity, promoting the infiltration and accumulation of leukocytes in the tissue and sustaining adipocyte expansion. Anthocyanins exert a broad range of health benefits, but their effect in improving obesity-related inflammation in vivo has been poorly characterized. We examined the effects of a purple corn cob extract in the context of AT inflammation in a murine diet-induced obesity (DIO) model. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to control diet (CTR + H2O), high fat diet (HF + H2O) or high fat diet plus purple corn extract (HF + RED) for 12 weeks. Blood glucose, AT, and liver gene expression, metabolism, biochemistry, and histology were analysed and flow cytometry was performed on AT leukocytes and Kupffer cells. Results RED extract intake resulted in lower MCP-1 mediated recruitment and proliferation of macrophages into crown-like structures in the AT. AT macrophages (ATM) of HF + RED group upregulated M2 markers (ArgI, Fizz1, TGFβ), downregulating inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2) thanks to the suppression of NF-kB signalling. ATM also increased the expression of iron metabolism-related genes (FABP4, Hmox1, Ferroportin, CD163, TfR1, Ceruloplasmin, FtL1, FtH1) associated with a reduction in iron storage and increased turnover. ATM from HF + RED mice did not respond to LPS treatment ex vivo, confirming the long-lasting effects of the treatment on M2 polarization. Adipocytes of HF + RED group improved lipid metabolism and displayed a lower inflammation grade. Liver histology revealed a remarkable reduction of steatosis in the HF + RED group, and Kupffer cell profiling displayed a marked switch towards the M2 phenotype. Conclusions RED extract attenuated AT inflammation in vivo, with a long-lasting reprogramming of ATM and adipocyte profiles towards the anti-inflammatory phenotype, therefore representing a valuable supplement in the context of obesity-associated disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1972-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomay
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Human Genetics, Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Katia Petroni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Verma S, Prescott R, Cherayil BJ. The commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis down-regulates ferroportin expression and alters iron homeostasis in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1079-1088. [PMID: 31166618 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a1018-408rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has several effects on host physiology. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the microbiota influences systemic iron homeostasis in mouse colitis models by altering inflammation-induced expression of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin. In the present study, we examined the impact of the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis on the expression of the iron exporter ferroportin, the target of hepcidin action, in macrophages, the cell type that plays a pivotal role in iron recycling. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages were exposed to B. fragilis and were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We found that B. fragilis down-regulated ferroportin transcription independently of bacterial viability. Medium conditioned by the bacteria also reduced ferroportin expression, indicating the involvement of soluble factors, possibly Toll-like receptor ligands. Consistent with this idea, several of these ligands were able to down-regulate ferroportin. The B. fragilis-induced decrease in ferroportin was functionally important since it produced a significant increase in intracellular iron concentrations that prevented the effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine on Salmonella-induced IL-6 and IL-1β production. Our results thus reveal that B. fragilis can influence macrophage iron handling and inflammatory responses by modulating ferroportin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Prescott
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bobby J Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ndayisaba A, Kaindlstorfer C, Wenning GK. Iron in Neurodegeneration - Cause or Consequence? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:180. [PMID: 30881284 PMCID: PMC6405645 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis can cause neuronal damage to iron-sensitive brain regions. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation reflects a group of disorders caused by iron overload in the basal ganglia. High iron levels and iron related pathogenic triggers have also been implicated in sporadic neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Iron-induced dyshomeostasis within vulnerable brain regions is still insufficiently understood. Here, we summarize the modes of action by which iron might act as primary or secondary disease trigger in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, available treatment options targeting brain iron dysregulation and the use of iron as biomarker in prodromal stages are critically discussed to address the question of cause or consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ndayisaba
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Muriuki JM, Atkinson SH. How Eliminating Malaria May Also Prevent Iron Deficiency in African Children. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040096. [PMID: 30275421 PMCID: PMC6315967 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and iron deficiency are common among children living in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have linked a child’s iron status to their future risk of malaria infection; however, few have examined whether malaria might be a cause of iron deficiency. Approximately a quarter of African children at any one time are infected by malaria and malaria increases hepcidin and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations leading to poor iron absorption and recycling. In support of a hypothetical link between malaria and iron deficiency, studies indicate that the prevalence of iron deficiency in children increases over a malaria season and decreases when malaria transmission is interrupted. The link between malaria and iron deficiency can be tested through the use of observational studies, randomized controlled trials and genetic epidemiology studies, each of which has its own strengths and limitations. Confirming the existence of a causal link between malaria infection and iron deficiency would readjust priorities for programs to prevent and treat iron deficiency and would demonstrate a further benefit of malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah H Atkinson
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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15
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Hepcidin-mediated hypoferremic response to acute inflammation requires a threshold of Bmp6/Hjv/Smad signaling. Blood 2018; 132:1829-1841. [PMID: 30213871 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-841197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic iron balance is controlled by hepcidin, a liver hormone that limits iron efflux to the bloodstream by promoting degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin in target cells. Iron-dependent hepcidin induction requires hemojuvelin (HJV), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor that is disrupted in juvenile hemochromatosis, causing dramatic hepcidin deficiency and tissue iron overload. Hjv-/- mice recapitulate phenotypic hallmarks of hemochromatosis but exhibit blunted hepcidin induction following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We show that Hjv-/- mice fail to mount an appropriate hypoferremic response to acute inflammation caused by LPS, the lipopeptide FSL1, or Escherichia coli infection because residual hepcidin does not suffice to drastically decrease macrophage ferroportin levels. Hfe-/- mice, a model of milder hemochromatosis, exhibit almost wild-type inflammatory hepcidin expression and associated effects, whereas double Hjv-/-Hfe-/- mice phenocopy single Hjv-/- counterparts. In primary murine hepatocytes, Hjv deficiency does not affect interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Stat, and only slightly inhibits BMP2/Smad signaling to hepcidin; however, it severely impairs BMP6/Smad signaling and thereby abolishes synergism with the IL-6/Stat pathway. Inflammatory induction of hepcidin is suppressed in iron-deficient wild-type mice and recovers after the animals are provided overnight access to an iron-rich diet. We conclude that Hjv is required for inflammatory induction of hepcidin and controls the acute hypoferremic response by maintaining a threshold of Bmp6/Smad signaling. Our data highlight Hjv as a potential pharmacological target against anemia of inflammation.
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16
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Nairz M, Dichtl S, Schroll A, Haschka D, Tymoszuk P, Theurl I, Weiss G. Iron and innate antimicrobial immunity-Depriving the pathogen, defending the host. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 48:118-133. [PMID: 29773170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute-phase response is triggered by the presence of infectious agents and danger signals which indicate hazards for the integrity of the mammalian body. One central feature of this response is the sequestration of iron into storage compartments including macrophages. This limits the availability of this essential nutrient for circulating pathogens, a host defence strategy known as 'nutritional immunity'. Iron metabolism and the immune response are intimately linked. In infections, the availability of iron affects both the efficacy of antimicrobial immune pathways and pathogen proliferation. However, host strategies to withhold iron from microbes vary according to the localization of pathogens: Infections with extracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella or Yersinia stimulate the expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin which targets the cellular iron-exporter ferroportin-1 causing its internalization and blockade of iron egress from absorptive enterocytes in the duodenum and iron-recycling macrophages. This mechanism disrupts both routes of iron delivery to the circulation, contributes to iron sequestration in the mononuclear phagocyte system and mediates the hypoferraemia of the acute phase response subsequently resulting in the development of anaemia of inflammation. When intracellular microbes are present, other strategies of microbial iron withdrawal are needed. For instance, in macrophages harbouring intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella Typhimurium, ferroportin-1-mediated iron export is turned on for the removal of iron from infected cells. This also leads to reduced iron availability for intra-macrophage pathogens which inhibits their growth and in parallel strengthens anti-microbial effector pathways of macrophages including the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor. Iron plays a key role in infectious diseases both as modulator of the innate immune response and as nutrient for microbes. We need to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how the body can differentially respond to infection by extra- or intracellular pathogens. This knowledge may allow us to modulate mammalian iron homeostasis pharmaceutically and to target iron-acquisition systems of pathogens, thus enabling us to treat infections with novel strategies that act independent of established antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Agoro R, Taleb M, Quesniaux VFJ, Mura C. Cell iron status influences macrophage polarization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196921. [PMID: 29771935 PMCID: PMC5957380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in innate immune response and in the priming of adaptive immunity, and are characterized by their phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity. Reprogramming intracellular metabolism in response to microenvironmental signals is required for M1/M2 macrophage polarization and function. Here we assessed the influence of iron on the polarization of the immune response in vivo and in vitro. Iron-enriched diet increased M2 marker Arg1 and Ym1 expression in liver and peritoneal macrophages, while iron deficiency decreased Arg1 expression. Under LPS-induced inflammatory conditions, low iron diet exacerbated the proinflammatory response, while the IL-12/IL-10 balance decreased with iron-rich diet, thus polarizing toward type 2 response. Indeed, in vitro macrophage iron loading reduced the basal percentage of cells expressing M1 co-stimulatory CD86 and MHC-II molecules. Further, iron loading of macrophages prevented the pro-inflammatory response induced by LPS through reduction of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation with decreased iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNFα expression. The increase of intracellular iron also reduced LPS-induced hepcidin gene expression and abolished ferroportin down-regulation in macrophages, in line with macrophage polarization. Thus, iron modulates the inflammatory response outcome, as elevated iron levels increased M2 phenotype and negatively regulated M1 proinflammatory LPS-induced response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiou Agoro
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Meriem Taleb
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Valerie F. J. Quesniaux
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Mura
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Cutone A, Polticelli F, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Valenti P, Musci G. The ferroportin-ceruloplasmin system and the mammalian iron homeostasis machine: regulatory pathways and the role of lactoferrin. Biometals 2018; 31:399-414. [PMID: 29453656 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, several new genes and proteins involved in iron metabolism in eukaryotes, particularly related to pathological states both in animal models and in humans have been identified, and we are now starting to unveil at the molecular level the mechanisms of iron absorption, the regulation of iron transport and the homeostatic balancing processes. In this review, we will briefly outline the general scheme of iron metabolism in humans and then focus our attention on the cellular iron export system formed by the permease ferroportin and the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. We will finally summarize data on the role of the iron binding protein lactoferrin on the regulation of the ferroportin/ceruloplasmin couple and of other proteins involved in iron homeostasis in inflamed human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy.
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19
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Stocks CJ, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ, Kapetanovic R. For when bacterial infections persist: Toll-like receptor-inducible direct antimicrobial pathways in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:35-51. [PMID: 29345056 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0917-358r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are linchpins of innate immunity, responding to invading microorganisms by initiating coordinated inflammatory and antimicrobial programs. Immediate antimicrobial responses, such as NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS), are triggered upon phagocytic receptor engagement. Macrophages also detect and respond to microbial products through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLRs. TLR signaling influences multiple biological processes including antigen presentation, cell survival, inflammation, and direct antimicrobial responses. The latter enables macrophages to combat infectious agents that persist within the intracellular environment. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of TLR-inducible direct antimicrobial responses that macrophages employ against bacterial pathogens, with a focus on emerging evidence linking TLR signaling to reprogramming of mitochondrial functions to enable the production of direct antimicrobial agents such as ROS and itaconic acid. In addition, we describe other TLR-inducible antimicrobial pathways, including autophagy/mitophagy, modulation of nutrient availability, metal ion toxicity, reactive nitrogen species, immune GTPases (immunity-related GTPases and guanylate-binding proteins), and antimicrobial peptides. We also describe examples of mechanisms of evasion of such pathways by professional intramacrophage pathogens, with a focus on Salmonella, Mycobacteria, and Listeria. An understanding of how TLR-inducible direct antimicrobial responses are regulated, as well as how bacterial pathogens subvert such pathways, may provide new opportunities for manipulating host defence to combat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Stocks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Barin FR, Durigan JLQ, Oliveira KDS, Migliolo L, Almeida JA, Carvalho M, Petriz B, Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Fontes W, Franco OL, Marqueti RDC. Beneficial effects of resistance training on the protein profile of the calcaneal tendon during aging. Exp Gerontol 2017; 100:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Costa da Silva M, Breckwoldt MO, Vinchi F, Correia MP, Stojanovic A, Thielmann CM, Meister M, Muley T, Warth A, Platten M, Hentze MW, Cerwenka A, Muckenthaler MU. Iron Induces Anti-tumor Activity in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1479. [PMID: 29167669 PMCID: PMC5682327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) frequently help to sustain tumor growth and mediate immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we identified a subset of iron-loaded, pro-inflammatory TAMs localized in hemorrhagic areas of the TME. The occurrence of iron-loaded TAMs (iTAMs) correlated with reduced tumor size in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ex vivo experiments established that TAMs exposed to hemolytic red blood cells (RBCs) were converted into pro-inflammatory macrophages capable of directly killing tumor cells. This anti-tumor effect could also be elicited via iron oxide nanoparticles. When tested in vivo, tumors injected with such iron oxide nanoparticles led to significantly smaller tumor sizes compared to controls. These results identify hemolytic RBCs and iron as novel players in the TME that repolarize TAMs to exert direct anti-tumor effector function. Thus, the delivery of iron to TAMs emerges as a simple adjuvant therapeutic strategy to promote anti-cancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Costa da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Vinchi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margareta P Correia
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Stojanovic
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl Maximilian Thielmann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Warth
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Hentze
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Immunbiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Pérez-García LA, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. Fungal Strategies to Evade the Host Immune Recognition. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040051. [PMID: 29371567 PMCID: PMC5753153 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of fungal cells by the host immune system is key during the establishment of a protective anti-fungal response. Even though the immune system has evolved a vast number of processes to control these organisms, they have developed strategies to fight back, avoiding the proper recognition by immune components and thus interfering with the host protective mechanisms. Therefore, the strategies to evade the immune system are as important as the virulence factors and attributes that damage the host tissues and cells. Here, we performed a thorough revision of the main fungal tactics to escape from the host immunosurveillance processes. These include the composition and organization of the cell wall, the fungal capsule, the formation of titan cells, biofilms, and asteroid bodies; the ability to undergo dimorphism; and the escape from nutritional immunity, extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and the action of humoral immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, C.P., Cd. Valle SLP. 79060, México.
| | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
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23
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TLR4 Deficiency Impairs Oligodendrocyte Formation in the Injured Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6352-64. [PMID: 27277810 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0353-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute oligodendrocyte (OL) death after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is followed by robust neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2)-positive OL progenitor proliferation and differentiation into new OLs. Inflammatory mediators are prevalent during both phases and can influence the fate of NG2 cells and OLs. Specifically, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling induces OL genesis in the naive spinal cord, and lack of TLR4 signaling impairs white matter sparing and functional recovery after SCI. Therefore, we hypothesized that TLR4 signaling may regulate oligodendrogenesis after SCI. C3H/HeJ (TLR4-deficient) and control (C3H/HeOuJ) mice received a moderate midthoracic spinal contusion. TLR4-deficient mice showed worse functional recovery and reduced OL numbers compared with controls at 24 h after injury through chronic time points. Acute OL loss was accompanied by reduced ferritin expression, which is regulated by TLR4 and needed for effective iron storage. TLR4-deficient injured spinal cords also displayed features consistent with reduced OL genesis, including reduced NG2 expression, fewer BrdU-positive OLs, altered BMP4 signaling and inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) expression, and delayed myelin phagocytosis. Expression of several factors, including IGF-1, FGF2, IL-1β, and PDGF-A, was altered in TLR4-deficient injured spinal cords compared with wild types. Together, these data show that TLR4 signaling after SCI is important for OL lineage cell sparing and replacement, as well as in regulating cytokine and growth factor expression. These results highlight new roles for TLR4 in endogenous SCI repair and emphasize that altering the function of a single immune-related receptor can dramatically change the reparative responses of multiple cellular constituents in the injured CNS milieu. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelinating cells of the CNS [oligodendrocytes (OLs)] are killed for several weeks after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), but they are replaced by resident progenitor cells. How the concurrent inflammatory signaling affects this endogenous reparative response is unclear. Here, we provide evidence that immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) supports OL lineage cell sparing, long-term OL and OL progenitor replacement, and chronic functional recovery. We show that TLR4 signaling is essential for acute iron storage, regulating cytokine and growth factor expression, and efficient myelin debris clearance, all of which influence OL replacement. Importantly, the current study reveals that a single immune receptor is essential for repair responses after SCI, and the potential mechanisms of this beneficial effect likely change over time after injury.
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24
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Recalcati S, Gammella E, Buratti P, Cairo G. Molecular regulation of cellular iron balance. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:389-398. [PMID: 28480557 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Handling a life-supporting yet redox-active metal like iron represents a significant challenge to cells and organisms that must not only tightly balance intra- and extracellular iron concentrations but also chaperone it during its journey from its point of entry to final destinations, to prevent inappropriate generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, regulatory mechanisms have been developed to maintain appropriate cellular and body iron levels. In intracellular compartments, about 95% of iron is protein-bound and the expression of the major proteins of iron metabolism is controlled by an integrated and dynamic system involving multilayered levels of regulation. However, dysregulation of iron homeostasis, which could result from both iron-related and unrelated effectors, may occur and have important pathological consequences in a number of human disorders. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the mechanisms that keep cellular iron balance and outline recent advances that increased our knowledge of the molecular physiology of iron metabolism. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(6):389-398, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Recalcati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Gammella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Buratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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25
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Willemetz A, Beatty S, Richer E, Rubio A, Auriac A, Milkereit RJ, Thibaudeau O, Vaulont S, Malo D, Canonne-Hergaux F. Iron- and Hepcidin-Independent Downregulation of the Iron Exporter Ferroportin in Macrophages during Salmonella Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28507548 PMCID: PMC5410627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retention of iron in tissue macrophages via upregulation of hepcidin (HAMP) and downregulation of the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN) is thought to participate in the establishment of anemia of inflammation after infection. However, an upregulation of FPN has been proposed to limit macrophages iron access to intracellular pathogens. Therefore, we studied the iron homeostasis and in particular the regulation of FPN after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice presenting tissue macrophages with high iron (AcB61), basal iron (A/J and wild-type mice), or low iron (Hamp knock out, Hamp-/-) levels. The presence of iron in AcB61 macrophages due to extravascular hemolysis and strong erythrophagocytosis activity favored the proliferation of Salmonella in the spleen and liver with a concomitant decrease of FPN protein expression. Despite systemic iron overload, no or slight increase in Salmonella burden was observed in Hamp-/- mice compared to controls. Importantly, FPN expression at both mRNA and protein levels was strongly decreased during Salmonella infection in Hamp-/- mice. The repression of Fpn mRNA was also observed in Salmonella-infected cultured macrophages. In addition, the downregulation of FPN was associated with decreased iron stores in both the liver and spleen in infected mice. Our findings show that during Salmonella infection, FPN is repressed through an iron and hepcidin-independent mechanism. Such regulation likely provides the cellular iron indispensable for the growth of Salmonella inside the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Willemetz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sean Beatty
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Richer
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Aude Rubio
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Auriac
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ruth J Milkereit
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Thibaudeau
- Anatomie-Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Canonne-Hergaux
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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26
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Zaidi A, Singh KP, Ali V. Leishmania and its quest for iron: An update and overview. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 211:15-25. [PMID: 27988301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of genus Leishmania are the causative agents of complex neglected diseases called leishmaniasis and continue to be a significant health concern globally. Iron is a vital nutritional requirement for virtually all organisms, including pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, and plays a crucial role in many facets of cellular metabolism as a cofactor of several enzymes. Iron acquisition is essential for the survival of parasites. Yet parasites are also vulnerable to the toxicity of iron and reactive oxygen species. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge about iron acquisition and usage by Leishmania species. We have also discussed about host strategy to modulate iron availability and the strategies deployed by Leishmania parasites to overcome iron withholding defences and thus favour parasite growth within host macrophages. Since iron plays central roles in the host's response and parasite metabolism, a comprehensive understanding of the iron metabolism is beneficial to identify potential viable therapeutic opportunities against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India.
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Agoro R, Mura C. Inflammation-induced up-regulation of hepcidin and down-regulation of ferroportin transcription are dependent on macrophage polarization. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 61:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Armitage AE, Lim PJ, Frost JN, Pasricha SR, Soilleux EJ, Evans E, Morovat A, Santos A, Diaz R, Biggs D, Davies B, Gileadi U, Robbins PA, Lakhal-Littleton S, Drakesmith H. Induced Disruption of the Iron-Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin Inhibits Acute Inflammatory Hypoferraemia. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:517-28. [PMID: 27423740 PMCID: PMC5322583 DOI: 10.1159/000447713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawal of iron from serum (hypoferraemia) is a conserved innate immune antimicrobial strategy that can withhold this critical nutrient from invading pathogens, impairing their growth. Hepcidin (Hamp1) is the master regulator of iron and its expression is induced by inflammation. Mice lacking Hamp1 from birth rapidly accumulate iron and are susceptible to infection by blood-dwelling siderophilic bacteria such as Vibrio vulnificus. In order to study the innate immune role of hepcidin against a background of normal iron status, we developed a transgenic mouse model of tamoxifen-sensitive conditional Hamp1 deletion (termed iHamp1-KO mice). These mice attain adulthood with an iron status indistinguishable from littermate controls. Hamp1 disruption and the consequent decline of serum hepcidin concentrations occurred within hours of a single tamoxifen dose. We found that the TLR ligands LPS and Pam3CSK4 and heat-killed Brucella abortus caused an equivalent induction of inflammation in control and iHamp1-KO mice. Pam3CSK4 and B. abortus only caused a drop in serum iron in control mice, while hypoferraemia due to LPS was evident but substantially blunted in iHamp1-KO mice. Our results characterise a powerful new model of rapidly inducible hepcidin disruption, and demonstrate the critical contribution of hepcidin to the hypoferraemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Armitage
- Department of Biochemistry, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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29
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TLR Stimulation Dynamically Regulates Heme and Iron Export Gene Expression in Macrophages. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4039038. [PMID: 27006955 PMCID: PMC4783552 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4039038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to capture iron or iron-containing heme from host tissues or blood. In response, organisms have developed defense mechanisms to keep iron from pathogens. Very little of the body's iron store is available as free heme; rather nearly all body iron is complexed with heme or other proteins. The feline leukemia virus, subgroup C (FeLV-C) receptor, FLVCR, exports heme from cells. It was unknown whether FLVCR regulates heme-iron availability after infection, but given that other heme regulatory proteins are upregulated in macrophages in response to bacterial infection, we hypothesized that macrophages dynamically regulate FLVCR. We stimulated murine primary macrophages or macrophage cell lines with LPS and found that Flvcr is rapidly downregulated in a TLR4/MD2-dependent manner; TLR1/2 and TLR3 stimulation also decreased Flvcr expression. We identified several candidate TLR-activated transcription factors that can bind to the Flvcr promoter. Macrophages must balance the need to sequester iron from systemic circulating or intracellular pathogens with the macrophage requirement for heme and iron to produce reactive oxygen species. Our findings underscore the complexity of this regulation and point to a new role for FLVCR and heme export in macrophages responses to infection and inflammation.
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30
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Rishi G, Secondes ES, Wallace DF, Subramaniam VN. Normal systemic iron homeostasis in mice with macrophage-specific deletion of transferrin receptor 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G171-80. [PMID: 26608187 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00291.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element, since it is a component of many macromolecules involved in diverse physiological and cellular functions, including oxygen transport, cellular growth, and metabolism. Systemic iron homeostasis is predominantly regulated by the liver through the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin expression is itself regulated by a number of proteins, including transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2). TFR2 has been shown to be expressed in the liver, bone marrow, macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Studies from our laboratory have shown that mice with a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Tfr2 recapitulate the hemochromatosis phenotype of the global Tfr2 knockout mice, suggesting that the hepatic expression of TFR2 is important in systemic iron homeostasis. It is unclear how TFR2 in macrophages contributes to the regulation of iron metabolism. We examined the role of TFR2 in macrophages by analysis of transgenic mice lacking Tfr2 in macrophages by crossing Tfr2(f/f) mice with LysM-Cre mice. Mice were fed an iron-rich diet or injected with lipopolysaccharide to examine the role of macrophage Tfr2 in iron- or inflammation-mediated regulation of hepcidin. Body iron homeostasis was unaffected in the knockout mice, suggesting that macrophage TFR2 is not required for the regulation of systemic iron metabolism. However, peritoneal macrophages of knockout mice had significantly lower levels of ferroportin mRNA and protein, suggesting that TFR2 may be involved in regulating ferroportin levels in macrophages. These studies further elucidate the role of TFR2 in the regulation of iron homeostasis and its role in regulation of ferroportin and thus macrophage iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eriza S Secondes
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Daniel F Wallace
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Membrane Transport Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Maintaining physiologic iron concentrations in tissues is critical for metabolism and host defense. Iron absorption in the duodenum, recycling of iron from senescent erythrocytes, and iron mobilization from storage in macrophages and hepatocytes constitute the major iron flows into plasma for distribution to tissues, predominantly for erythropoiesis. All iron transfer to plasma occurs through the iron exporter ferroportin. The concentration of functional membrane-associated ferroportin is controlled by its ligand, the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, and fine-tuned by regulatory mechanisms serving iron homeostasis, oxygen utilization, host defense, and erythropoiesis. Fundamental questions about the structure and biology of ferroportin remain to be answered.
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Taniguchi R, Kato HE, Font J, Deshpande CN, Wada M, Ito K, Ishitani R, Jormakka M, Nureki O. Outward- and inward-facing structures of a putative bacterial transition-metal transporter with homology to ferroportin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8545. [PMID: 26461048 PMCID: PMC4633820 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the iron exporter ferroportin releases Fe2+ from cells into plasma, thereby maintaining iron homeostasis. The transport activity of ferroportin is suppressed by the peptide hormone hepcidin, which exhibits upregulated expression in chronic inflammation, causing iron-restrictive anaemia. However, due to the lack of structural information about ferroportin, the mechanisms of its iron transport and hepcidin-mediated regulation remain largely elusive. Here we report the crystal structures of a putative bacterial homologue of ferroportin, BbFPN, in both the outward- and inward-facing states. Despite undetectable sequence similarity, BbFPN adopts the major facilitator superfamily fold. A comparison of the two structures reveals that BbFPN undergoes an intra-domain conformational rearrangement during the transport cycle. We identify a substrate metal-binding site, based on structural and mutational analyses. Furthermore, the BbFPN structures suggest that a predicted hepcidin-binding site of ferroportin is located within its central cavity. Thus, BbFPN may be a valuable structural model for iron homeostasis regulation by ferroportin. Iron export from vertebrate cells is mediated by ferroportin, which is suppressed by the peptide hormone hepcidin. Taniguchi et al. present crystal structures of a putative bacterial ferroportin homologue in both outward- and inward-facing states, providing insight into its transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiya Taniguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideaki E Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Josep Font
- Structural Biology Program, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chandrika N Deshpande
- Structural Biology Program, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Miki Wada
- Technical office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mika Jormakka
- Structural Biology Program, Centenary Institute, Locked Bag 6, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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33
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Deschemin JC, Noordine ML, Remot A, Willemetz A, Afif C, Canonne-Hergaux F, Langella P, Karim Z, Vaulont S, Thomas M, Nicolas G. The microbiota shifts the iron sensing of intestinal cells. FASEB J 2015; 30:252-61. [PMID: 26370847 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amount of iron in the diet directly influences the composition of the microbiota. Inversely, the effects of the microbiota on iron homeostasis have been little studied. So, we investigate whether the microbiota itself may alter host iron sensing. Duodenal cytochrome b and divalent metal transporter 1, involved in apical iron uptake, are 8- and 10-fold, respectively, more abundant in the duodenum of germ-free (GF) mice than in mice colonized with a microbiota. In contrast, the luminal exporter ferroportin is 2-fold less abundant in GF. The overall signature of microbiota on iron-related proteins is similar in the colon. The colonization does not modify systemic parameters as plasma transferrin saturation (20%), plasma ferritin (150 ng/L), and liver (85 µg/g) iron load. Commensal organisms (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165) and a probiotic strain (Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9) led to up to 12-fold induction of ferritin in colon. Our data suggest that the intestinal cells of GF mice are depleted of iron and that following colonization, the epithelial cells favor iron storage. This study is the first to demonstrate that gut microbes induce a specific iron-related protein signature, highlighting new aspects of the crosstalk between the microbiota and the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Deschemin
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Louise Noordine
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Aude Remot
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Willemetz
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Clément Afif
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - François Canonne-Hergaux
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- *INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot, site Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, and Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1319, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé, Jouy-en-Josas, France; **INSERM Unité 1043-Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité 5282, Toulouse, France; and INSERM Unité 1149, Centre de Recherches sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
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35
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Scindia Y, Dey P, Thirunagari A, Liping H, Rosin DL, Floris M, Okusa MD, Swaminathan S. Hepcidin Mitigates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Systemic Iron Homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2800-14. [PMID: 25788528 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-mediated oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepcidin is an endogenous acute phase hepatic hormone that prevents iron export from cells by inducing degradation of the only known iron export protein, ferroportin. In this study, we used a mouse model to investigate the effect of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury on systemic iron homeostasis and determine if dynamic modulation of iron homeostasis with hepcidin has therapeutic benefit in the treatment of AKI. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury induced hepatosplenic iron export through increased ferroportin expression, which resulted in hepatosplenic iron depletion and an increase in serum and kidney nonheme iron levels. Exogenous hepcidin treatment prevented renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced changes in iron homeostasis. Hepcidin also decreased kidney ferroportin expression and increased the expression of cytoprotective H-ferritin. Hepcidin-induced restoration of iron homeostasis was accompanied by a significant reduction in ischemia-reperfusion-induced tubular injury, apoptosis, renal oxidative stress, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Hepcidin -: deficient mice demonstrated increased susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury compared with wild-type mice. Reconstituting hepcidin-deficient mice with exogenous hepcidin induced hepatic iron sequestration, attenuated the reduction in renal H-ferritin and reduced renal oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and tubular injury. Hepcidin-mediated protection was associated with reduced serum IL-6 levels. In summary, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury results in profound alterations in systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin treatment restores iron homeostasis and reduces inflammation to mediate protection in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, suggesting that hepcidin-ferroportin pathway holds promise as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Scindia
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Paromita Dey
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | | | - Huang Liping
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Diane L Rosin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Regenerative Medicine, and
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36
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Yun S, Vincelette ND. Update on iron metabolism and molecular perspective of common genetic and acquired disorder, hemochromatosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 95:12-25. [PMID: 25737209 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential component of erythropoiesis and its metabolism is tightly regulated by a variety of internal and external cues including iron storage, tissue hypoxia, inflammation and degree of erythropoiesis. There has been remarkable improvement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of iron metabolism past decades. The classical model of iron metabolism with iron response element/iron response protein (IRE/IRP) is now extended to include hepcidin model. Endogenous and exogenous signals funnel down to hepcidin via wide range of signaling pathways including Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), Bone Morphogenetic Protein/Hemojuvelin/Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog (BMP/HJV/SMAD), and Von Hippel Lindau/Hypoxia-inducible factor/Erythropoietin (VHL/HIF/EPO), then relay to ferroportin, which directly regulates intra- and extracellular iron levels. The successful molecular delineation of iron metabolism further enhanced our understanding of common genetic and acquired disorder, hemochromatosis. The majority of the hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) patients are now shown to have mutations in the genes coding either upstream or downstream proteins of hepcidin, resulting in iron overload. The update on hepcidin centered mechanisms of iron metabolism and their clinical perspective in hemochromatosis will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongseok Yun
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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37
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A novel inflammatory pathway mediating rapid hepcidin-independent hypoferremia. Blood 2015; 125:2265-75. [PMID: 25662334 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of iron metabolism and innate immunity are tightly interlinked. The acute phase response to infection and inflammation induces alterations in iron homeostasis that reduce iron supplies to pathogens. The iron hormone hepcidin is activated by such stimuli causing degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin and reduced iron release from macrophages, suggesting that hepcidin is the crucial effector of inflammatory hypoferremia. Here, we report the discovery of an acute inflammatory condition that is mediated by Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 (TLR2 and TLR6) and which induces hypoferremia in mice injected with TLR ligands. Stimulation of TLR2/TLR6 triggers profound decreases in ferroportin messenger RNA and protein expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages, liver, and spleen of mice without changing hepcidin expression. Furthermore, C326S ferroportin mutant mice with a disrupted hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory circuitry respond to injection of the TLR2/6 ligands FSL1 or PAM3CSK4 by ferroportin downregulation and a reduction of serum iron levels. Our findings challenge the prevailing role of hepcidin in hypoferremia and suggest that rapid hepcidin-independent ferroportin downregulation in the major sites of iron recycling may represent a first-line response to restrict iron access for numerous pathogens.
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38
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Nitrosative stress and apoptosis in non-anemic healthy rats induced by intravenous iron sucrose similars versus iron sucrose originator. Biometals 2015; 28:279-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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39
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β-Carotene can reverse dysregulation of iron protein in an in vitro model of inflammation. Immunol Res 2014; 61:70-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Nairz M, Haschka D, Demetz E, Weiss G. Iron at the interface of immunity and infection. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:152. [PMID: 25076907 PMCID: PMC4100575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both, mammalian cells and microbes have an essential need for iron, which is required for many metabolic processes and for microbial pathogenicity. In addition, cross-regulatory interactions between iron homeostasis and immune function are evident. Cytokines and the acute phase protein hepcidin affect iron homeostasis leading to the retention of the metal within macrophages and hypoferremia. This is considered to result from a defense mechanism of the body to limit the availability of iron for extracellular pathogens while on the other hand the reduction of circulating iron results in the development of anemia of inflammation. Opposite, iron and the erythropoiesis inducing hormone erythropoietin affect innate immune responses by influencing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mediated (iron) or NF-kB inducible (erythropoietin) immune effector pathways in macrophages. Thus, macrophages loaded with iron lose their ability to kill intracellular pathogens via IFN-γ mediated effector pathways such as nitric oxide (NO) formation. Accordingly, macrophages invaded by the intracellular bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium increase the expression of the iron export protein ferroportin thereby reducing the availability of iron for intramacrophage bacteria while on the other side strengthening anti-microbial macrophage effector pathways via increased formation of NO or TNF-α. In addition, certain innate resistance genes such as natural resistance associated macrophage protein function (Nramp1) or lipocalin-2 exert part of their antimicrobial activity by controlling host and/or microbial iron homeostasis. Consequently, pharmacological or dietary modification of cellular iron trafficking enhances host resistance to intracellular pathogens but may increase susceptibility to microbes in the extracellular compartment and vice versa. Thus, the control over iron homeostasis is a central battlefield in host–pathogen interplay influencing the course of an infectious disease in favor of either the mammalian host or the pathogenic invader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI-Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
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41
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Zhao GY, DI DH, Wang B, Zhang P, Xu YJ. Iron regulates the expression of ferroportin 1 in the cultured hFOB 1.19 osteoblast cell line. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:826-830. [PMID: 25120608 PMCID: PMC4113530 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism is tightly regulated in osteoblasts, and ferroportin 1 (FPN1) is the only identified iron exporter in mammals to date. In the present study, the regulation of FNP1 in human osteoblasts was investigated following various iron treatments. The human osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19 was treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) or desferrioxamine (DFO) of various concentrations. The intracellular iron ion levels were measured using a confocal laser scanning microscope. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of FPN1 were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that increasing iron concentrations via FAC treatment increased the expression of FPN1. By contrast, decreasing the iron concentration by DFO treatment decreased FNP1 expression levels. In addition to demonstrating that the FNP1 expression changed according to the iron concentration, the observations indicated that changes in FPN1 expression may contribute to the maintenance of the intracellular iron balance in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Hua DI
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - You-Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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Chaturvedi R, Chattopadhyay P, Banerjee S, Bhattacharjee CR, Raul P, Borah K, Singh L, Veer V. Iron-rich drinking water and ascorbic acid supplementation improved hemolytic anemia in experimental Wistar rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:856-61. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.918589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Musci G, Polticelli F, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC. Ceruloplasmin-ferroportin system of iron traffic in vertebrates. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:204-215. [PMID: 24921009 PMCID: PMC4050113 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe trafficking of iron across the cell membrane is a delicate process that requires specific protein carriers. While many proteins involved in iron uptake by cells are known, only one cellular iron export protein has been identified in mammals: ferroportin (SLC40A1). Ceruloplasmin is a multicopper enzyme endowed with ferroxidase activity that is found as a soluble isoform in plasma or as a membrane-associated isoform in specific cell types. According to the currently accepted view, ferrous iron transported out of the cell by ferroportin would be safely oxidized by ceruloplasmin to facilitate loading on transferrin. Therefore, the ceruloplasmin-ferroportin system represents the main pathway for cellular iron egress and it is responsible for physiological regulation of cellular iron levels. The most recent findings regarding the structural and functional features of ceruloplasmin and ferroportin and their relationship will be described in this review.
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44
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Kong WN, Lei YH, Chang YZ. The regulation of iron metabolism in the mononuclear phagocyte system. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 6:411-8. [PMID: 23991927 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2013.814840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The daily iron absorption and loss are small and iron metabolism in human is characterized by a limited external exchange and by an efficient reutilization of iron from internal sources. The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) plays a key role in recycling iron from hemoglobin of senescent or damaged erythrocytes, which is important in maintaining iron homeostasis. Many iron-related proteins are expressed in the MPS, including heme oxygenase (HO) for heme degradation, the iron importer transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and divalent metal transport 1 (DMT1), the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control the regulation of iron metabolism proteins in the MPS will deepen our understanding about the molecular mechanism of iron homeostasis and iron-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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45
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Cutone A, Frioni A, Berlutti F, Valenti P, Musci G, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC. Lactoferrin prevents LPS-induced decrease of the iron exporter ferroportin in human monocytes/macrophages. Biometals 2014; 27:807-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Lactoferrin differently modulates the inflammatory response in epithelial models mimicking human inflammatory and infectious diseases. Biometals 2014; 27:843-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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47
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Urrutia PJ, Mena NP, Núñez MT. The interplay between iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation during the execution step of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 24653700 PMCID: PMC3948003 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing set of observations points to mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, oxidative damage and chronic inflammation as common pathognomonic signs of a number of neurodegenerative diseases that includes Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedrich’s ataxia and Parkinson’s disease. Particularly relevant for neurodegenerative processes is the relationship between mitochondria and iron. The mitochondrion upholds the synthesis of iron–sulfur clusters and heme, the most abundant iron-containing prosthetic groups in a large variety of proteins, so a fraction of incoming iron must go through this organelle before reaching its final destination. In turn, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from leaks in the electron transport chain. The co-existence of both iron and ROS in the secluded space of the mitochondrion makes this organelle particularly prone to hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. In addition, a connection between the loss of iron homeostasis and inflammation is starting to emerge; thus, inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce the synthesis of the divalent metal transporter 1 and promote iron accumulation in neurons and microglia. Here, we review the recent literature on mitochondrial iron homeostasis and the role of inflammation on mitochondria dysfunction and iron accumulation on the neurodegenerative process that lead to cell death in Parkinson’s disease. We also put forward the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation and inflammation are part of a synergistic self-feeding cycle that ends in apoptotic cell death, once the antioxidant cellular defense systems are finally overwhelmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Urrutia
- Department of Biology and Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia P Mena
- Department of Biology and Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology and Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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48
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Montalbetti N, Dalghi MG, Albrecht C, Hediger MA. Nutrient transport in the mammary gland: calcium, trace minerals and water soluble vitamins. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:73-90. [PMID: 24567109 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk nutrients are secreted by epithelial cells in the alveoli of the mammary gland by several complex and highly coordinated systems. Many of these nutrients are transported from the blood to the milk via transcellular pathways that involve the concerted activity of transport proteins on the apical and basolateral membranes of mammary epithelial cells. In this review, we focus on transport mechanisms that contribute to the secretion of calcium, trace minerals and water soluble vitamins into milk with particular focus on the role of transporters of the SLC series as well as calcium transport proteins (ion channels and pumps). Numerous members of the SLC family are involved in the regulation of essential nutrients in the milk, such as the divalent metal transporter-1 (SLC11A2), ferroportin-1 (SLC40A1) and the copper transporter CTR1 (SLC31A1). A deeper understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of these transporters will be of great value for drug discovery and treatment of breast diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland,
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49
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Silva-Gomes S, Vale-Costa S, Appelberg R, Gomes MS. Iron in intracellular infection: to provide or to deprive? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:96. [PMID: 24367768 PMCID: PMC3856365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their chemical versatility, transition metals were incorporated as cofactors for several basic metabolic pathways in living organisms. This same characteristic makes them potentially harmful, since they can be engaged in deleterious reactions like Fenton chemistry. As such, organisms have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to supply their own metal needs while keeping their toxic potential in check. This dual character comes into play in host-pathogen interactions, given that the host can either deprive the pathogen of these key nutrients or exploit them to induce toxicity toward the invading agent. Iron stands as the prototypic example of how a metal can be used to limit the growth of pathogens by nutrient deprivation, a mechanism widely studied in Mycobacterium infections. However, the host can also take advantage of iron-induced toxicity to control pathogen proliferation, as observed in infections caused by Leishmania. Whether we may harness either of the two pathways for therapeutical purposes is still ill-defined. In this review, we discuss how modulation of the host iron availability impacts the course of infections, focusing on those caused by two relevant intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium and Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Silva-Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Vale-Costa
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria S Gomes
- Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
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50
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Noble SM. Candida albicans specializations for iron homeostasis: from commensalism to virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:708-15. [PMID: 24121029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal commensal-pathogen that persistently associates with its mammalian hosts. Between the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, this microorganism inhabits host niches that differ markedly in the levels of bioavailable iron. A number of recent studies have exposed C. albicans specializations for acquiring iron from specific host molecules in regions where iron is scarce, while also defending against iron-related toxicity in regions where iron occurs in surfeit. Together, these results point to a central role for iron homeostasis in the evolution of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Noble
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, United States.
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