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Vargas-Blanco DA, Hepworth OW, Basham KJ, Simaku P, Crossen AJ, Timmer KD, Hopke A, Brown Harding H, Vandal SR, Jensen KN, Floyd DJ, Reedy JL, Reardon C, Mansour MK, Ward RA, Irimia D, Abramson JS, Vyas JM. BTK inhibitor-induced defects in human neutrophil effector activity against Aspergillus fumigatus are restored by TNF-α. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176162. [PMID: 38713531 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) through covalent modifications of its active site (e.g., ibrutinib [IBT]) is a preferred treatment for multiple B cell malignancies. However, IBT-treated patients are more susceptible to invasive fungal infections, although the mechanism is poorly understood. Neutrophils are the primary line of defense against these infections; therefore, we examined the effect of IBT on primary human neutrophil effector activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. IBT significantly impaired the ability of neutrophils to kill A. fumigatus and potently inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Importantly, exogenous TNF-α fully compensated for defects imposed by IBT and newer-generation BTK inhibitors and restored the ability of neutrophils to contain A. fumigatus hyphal growth. Blocking TNF-α did not affect ROS production in healthy neutrophils but prevented exogenous TNF-α from rescuing the phenotype of IBT-treated neutrophils. The restorative capacity of TNF-α was independent of transcription. Moreover, the addition of TNF-α immediately rescued ROS production in IBT-treated neutrophils, indicating that TNF-α worked through a BTK-independent signaling pathway. Finally, TNF-α restored effector activity of primary neutrophils from patients on IBT therapy. Altogether, our data indicate that TNF-α rescued the antifungal immunity block imposed by inhibition of BTK in primary human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Blanco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia W Hepworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle J Basham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Simaku
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arianne J Crossen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle D Timmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex Hopke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah Brown Harding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven R Vandal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kirstine N Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J Floyd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Reardon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy S Abramson
- Center for Lymphoma, Mass General Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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De Bondt M, Renders J, Struyf S, Hellings N. Inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase as emerging therapeutic strategy in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103532. [PMID: 38521213 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor signal transducer, initially identified as an essential signaling molecule for B cells, with genetic mutations resulting in a disorder characterized by disturbed B cell and antibody development. Subsequent research revealed the critical role of BTK in the functionality of monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. Various immune cells, among which B cells and neutrophils, rely on BTK activity for diverse signaling pathways downstream of multiple receptors, which makes this kinase an ideal target to treat hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. First-generation BTK inhibitors are already on the market to treat hematological disorders. It has been demonstrated that B cells and myeloid cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Consequently, second-generation BTK inhibitors are currently being developed to treat these disorders. Despite the acknowledged involvement of BTK in various cell types, the focus on B cells often overshadows its impact on innate immune cells. Among these cell types, neutrophils are often underestimated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this narrative review, the function of BTK in different immune cell subsets is discussed, after which an overview is provided of different upcoming BTK inhibitors tested for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Special attention is paid to BTK inhibition and its effect on neutrophil biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirre De Bondt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium, Herestraat 49, box 1042, 3000 Leuven; Neuro Immune Connections & Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3095 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Janne Renders
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium, Herestraat 49, box 1042, 3000 Leuven
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium, Herestraat 49, box 1042, 3000 Leuven
| | - Niels Hellings
- Neuro Immune Connections & Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3095 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Sabat M, Dougan DR, Knight B, Lawson JD, Scorah N, Smith CR, Taylor ER, Vu P, Wyrick C, Wang H, Balakrishna D, Hixon M, Madakamutil L, McConn D. Discovery of the Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Clinical Candidate TAK-020 ( S)-5-(1-((1-Acryloylpyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)isoquinolin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, by Fragment-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12893-12902. [PMID: 34448571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This publication details the successful use of FBDD (fragment-based drug discovery) principles in the invention of a novel covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which ultimately became the Takeda Pharmaceuticals clinical candidate TAK-020. Described herein are the discovery of the fragment 5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, the subsequent optimization of this hit molecule to the candidate, and synthesis and performance in pharmacodynamic and efficacy models along with direct biophysical comparison of TAK-020 with other clinical-level assets and the marketed drug Ibrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sabat
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Douglas R Dougan
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Beverly Knight
- Pfizer, 10777 Science Center Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - J David Lawson
- Mirati Therapeutics, Inc., 9393 Towne Centre Dr. #200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas Scorah
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher R Smith
- Mirati Therapeutics, Inc., 9393 Towne Centre Dr. #200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ewan R Taylor
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Phong Vu
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Corey Wyrick
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Haixia Wang
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deepika Balakrishna
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Hixon
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street Suite 3500, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Loui Madakamutil
- Invivoscribe Therapeutics, Inc., 10222 Barnes Canyon Rd., Bldg. 1, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donavon McConn
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego, California 92121, United States
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4
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Tsai YF, Chen CY, Chang WY, Syu YT, Hwang TL. Resveratrol suppresses neutrophil activation via inhibition of Src family kinases to attenuate lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:67-77. [PMID: 31550527 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The natural stilbenoid, Resveratrol (RSV; 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) has been shown to have beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases as well as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. The underlying mechanism by which RSV affects neutrophil activation has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RSV modulates the inflammatory activities of formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated human neutrophils. We employed a well-established isolated-neutrophil model to investigate the effects of RSV on neutrophil functions and the underlying mechanism of signaling transduction. The lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI murine model was employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of RSV. Experiment results demonstrate that RSV reduces respiratory burst, degranulation, integrin expression, and cell adhesion in activated neutrophils in dose-dependent manners. RSV inhibited phosphorylation of Src family kinases (SFKs) and reduced their enzymatic activities. Moreover, RSV and a selective inhibitor of SFKs (PP2) reduced the phosphorylation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and Vav. There results indicated that the inhibitory effects of RSV are mediated through the inhibition of the SFKs-Btk-Vav pathway. This study also revealed that RSV attenuates endotoxin-induced lung injury. We surmise that the therapeutic effects of RSV on ALI may derive from its anti-neutrophilic inflammation function and free radical-scavenging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Syu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 243, Taiwan.
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5
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Wang F, Zhang W, Wang C, Fang X, Cheng H, Liu S, Chen XL. Inhibitor of Tec kinase, LFM-A13, decreases pro-inflammatory mediators production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages via NF-κB pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34099-34110. [PMID: 28415764 PMCID: PMC5470954 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tec kinase, a prototypical member of the Tec tyrosine kinases family, was shown to mainly govern lymphocyte proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the role of Tec kinase in acute inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. First, we demonstrate that Tec kinase activity was observed in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to LPS. Tec and phosphorylated Tec expression were upregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner after LPS stimulation. LPS increased monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 secretion and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression, and increasing mRNA expression was consistently observed. LPS also induced IκBα phoshporylaytion and its degradation, increased NF-κB p65 phoshporylaytion and translocation to nuclei in RAW264.7 cells. Pretreatment with LFM-A13 decreased LPS-induced cytokines and chemokines production and mRNA levels, blocked NF-κB transactivation. These effects of LPS were also prevented by Tec-siRNA. Additionally, LFM-A13 or Tec-siRNA obviously inhibited LPS-induced TGFβ-activated kinase 1(TAK1) phosphorylation. Taken together, our results suggest that Tec kinase involves in acute inflammation process in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, at least mediated by activating TAK1/ NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xu Fang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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6
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Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Liver Damage in a Mouse Warm Ischemia and Reperfusion Model. Transplantation 2017; 101:322-331. [PMID: 27820779 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a central player in multiple signaling pathways of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are crucial early effectors in organ ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. BTKB66 is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of Btk. In this study, we hypothesized that Btk inhibition would reduce hepatocellular injury in a murine model of liver warm hepatic IR. METHODS First, BTKB66 was tested in in vitro models of lipopolysaccharide-mediated neutrophil and macrophage activation. Then, to assess its efficacy in vivo, BTKB66 was administered orally to mice for 7 days before subjecting them to 90 minutes of warm hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion for 6 or 24 hours. Clinical and pathologic features in the livers, including AST, ALT, and a panel of cytokines and chemokines, were examined. RESULTS BTKB66 potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of bone marrow-derived neutrophils and macrophages in vitro. It also reduced the severity of IR injury as determined by AST and ALT levels, as well as immune cell infiltrates. BTKB66 significantly decreased hepatic markers of sterile inflammation, such as C-X-C motif chemokine 1, C-X-C motif chemokine 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10, in parallel with depression of serum markers of the myeloid cell activation, such as CCL5, CCL11, and C-X-C motif chemokine 5. CONCLUSIONS BTKB66 treatment ameliorated hepatocellular injury in a well-established model of liver partial warm ischemia and in situ reperfusion. These findings confirm that neutrophil recruitment and activation play an essential role in IR stress, and that targeting Btk activity may provide a useful approach for preventing hepatocellular damage and improving outcomes in liver transplantation.
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7
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Crofford LJ, Nyhoff LE, Sheehan JH, Kendall PL. The role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in autoimmunity and implications for therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:763-73. [PMID: 26864273 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1152888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mediates B cell signaling and is also present in innate immune cells but not T cells. BTK propagates B cell receptor (BCR) responses to antigen-engagement as well as to stimulation via CD40, toll-like receptors (TLRs), Fc receptors (FCRs) and chemokine receptors. Importantly, BTK can modulate signaling, acting as a "rheostat" rather than an "on-off" switch; thus, overexpression leads to autoimmunity while decreased levels improve autoimmune disease outcomes. Autoreactive B cells depend upon BTK for survival to a greater degree than normal B cells, reflected as loss of autoantibodies with maintenance of total antibody levels when BTK is absent. This review describes contributions of BTK to immune tolerance, including studies testing BTK-inhibitors for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Crofford
- a Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- b Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Jonathan H Sheehan
- c Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- b Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,d Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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8
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Perilla frutescens in activated human neutrophils through two independent pathways: Src family kinases and Calcium. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18204. [PMID: 26659126 PMCID: PMC4677386 DOI: 10.1038/srep18204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. have been traditionally used as an herbal medicine in East Asian countries to treat a variety diseases. In this present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of P. frutescens extract (PFE) on N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF)-stimulated human neutrophils and the underlying mechanisms. PFE (1, 3, and 10 μg/ml) inhibited superoxide anion production, elastase release, reactive oxygen species formation, CD11b expression, and cell migration in fMLF-activated human neutrophils in dose-dependent manners. PFE inhibited fMLF-induced phosphorylation of the Src family kinases (SFKs), Src (Tyr416) and Lyn (Tyr396), and reduced their enzymatic activities. Both PFE and PP2 (a selective inhibitor of SFKs) reduced the phosphorylation of Burton’s tyrosine kinases (Tyr223) and Vav (Tyr174) in fMLF-activated human neutrophils. Additionally, PFE decreased intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i), whereas PP2 prolonged the time required for [Ca2+]i to return to its basal level. Our findings indicated that PFE effectively regulated the inflammatory activities of fMLF-activated human neutrophils. The anti-inflammatory effects of PFE on activated human neutrophils were mediated through two independent signaling pathways involving SFKs (Src and Lyn) and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+.
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Berglöf A, Hamasy A, Meinke S, Palma M, Krstic A, Månsson R, Kimby E, Österborg A, Smith CIE. Targets for Ibrutinib Beyond B Cell Malignancies. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:208-17. [PMID: 26111359 PMCID: PMC5347933 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ibrutinib (Imbruvica™) is an irreversible, potent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Over the last few years, ibrutinib has developed from a promising drug candidate to being approved by FDA for the treatment of three B cell malignancies, a truly remarkable feat. Few, if any medicines are monospecific and ibrutinib is no exception; already during ibrutinib's initial characterization, it was found that it could bind also to other kinases. In this review, we discuss the implications of such interactions, which go beyond the selective effect on BTK in B cell malignancies. In certain cases, the outcome of ibrutinib treatment likely results from the combined inhibition of BTK and other kinases, causing additive or synergistic, effects. Conversely, there are also examples when the clinical outcome seems unrelated to inhibition of BTK. Thus, more specifically, adverse effects such as enhanced bleeding or arrhythmias could potentially be explained by different interactions. We also predict that during long‐term treatment bone homoeostasis might be affected due to the inhibition of osteoclasts. Moreover, the binding of ibrutinib to molecular targets other than BTK or effects on cells other than B cell‐derived malignancies could be beneficial and result in new indications for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berglöf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Hamasy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Meinke
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Palma
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Krstic
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Månsson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Kimby
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I E Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Smith CR, Dougan DR, Komandla M, Kanouni T, Knight B, Lawson JD, Sabat M, Taylor ER, Vu P, Wyrick C. Fragment-Based Discovery of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5437-44. [PMID: 26087137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and optimization of a series of 4-aminocinnoline-3-carboxamide inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase are reported. A fragment-based screening approach incorporating X-ray co-crystallography was used to identify a cinnoline fragment and characterize its binding mode in the ATP binding site of Btk. Optimization of the fragment hit resulted in the identification of a lead compound which reduced paw swelling in a dose- and exposure-dependent fashion in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Smith
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Douglas R Dougan
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mallareddy Komandla
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Toufike Kanouni
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Beverly Knight
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - J David Lawson
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Sabat
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ewan R Taylor
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Phong Vu
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Corey Wyrick
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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11
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Singbrant S, Wall M, Moody J, Karlsson G, Chalk AM, Liddicoat B, Russell MR, Walkley CR, Karlsson S. The SKI proto-oncogene enhances the in vivo repopulation of hematopoietic stem cells and causes myeloproliferative disease. Haematologica 2014; 99:647-55. [PMID: 24415629 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.093971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene SKI is highly expressed in human myeloid leukemia and also in murine hematopoietic stem cells. However, its operative relevance in these cells remains elusive. We have over-expressed SKI to define its intrinsic role in hematopoiesis and myeloid neoplasms, which resulted in a robust competitive advantage upon transplantation, a complete dominance of the stem and progenitor compartments, and a marked enhancement of myeloid differentiation at the expense of other lineages. Accordingly, enforced expression of SKI induced a gene signature associated with hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid differentiation, as well as hepatocyte growth factor signaling. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to what has generally been assumed, the significant impact of SKI on hematopoiesis is independent of its ability to inhibit TGF-beta signaling. Instead, myeloid progenitors expressing SKI are partially dependent on functional hepatocyte growth factor signaling. Collectively our results demonstrate that SKI is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem cell activity and its overexpression leads to myeloproliferative disease.
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12
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López-Herrera G, Vargas-Hernández A, González-Serrano ME, Berrón-Ruiz L, Rodríguez-Alba JC, Espinosa-Rosales F, Santos-Argumedo L. Bruton's tyrosine kinase--an integral protein of B cell development that also has an essential role in the innate immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:243-50. [PMID: 24249742 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Btk is the protein affected in XLA, a disease identified as a B cell differentiation defect. Btk is crucial for B cell differentiation and activation, but its role in other cells is not fully understood. This review focuses on the function of Btk in monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets and the receptors and signaling cascades in such cells with which Btk is associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela López-Herrera
- 1.Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Torre de Investigación 9o. piso, Mexico, D.F., Mexico 04530.
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Rankin AL, Seth N, Keegan S, Andreyeva T, Cook TA, Edmonds J, Mathialagan N, Benson MJ, Syed J, Zhan Y, Benoit SE, Miyashiro JS, Wood N, Mohan S, Peeva E, Ramaiah SK, Messing D, Homer BL, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Nickerson-Nutter CL, Schnute ME, Douhan J. Selective Inhibition of BTK Prevents Murine Lupus and Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4540-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Subbian S, Bandyopadhyay N, Tsenova L, O'Brien P, Khetani V, Kushner NL, Peixoto B, Soteropoulos P, Bader JS, Karakousis PC, Fallows D, Kaplan G. Early innate immunity determines outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pulmonary infection in rabbits. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:60. [PMID: 23958185 PMCID: PMC3765177 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary infection of humans by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), results in active disease in 5-10% of individuals, while asymptomatic latent Mtb infection (LTBI) is established in the remainder. The host immune responses that determine this differential outcome following Mtb infection are not fully understood. Using a rabbit model of pulmonary TB, we have shown that infection with the Mtb clinical isolate HN878 (a hyper-virulent W-Beijing lineage strain) leads to progressive cavitary disease similar to what is seen in humans with active TB. In contrast, infection with Mtb CDC1551 (a hyper-immunogenic clinical isolate) is efficiently controlled in rabbit lungs, with establishment of LTBI, which can be reactivated upon treatment with immune-suppressive drugs. We hypothesize that the initial interaction of Mtb with the cells of the host response in the lungs determine later outcome of infection. Results To test this hypothesis, we used our rabbit model of pulmonary TB and infected the animals with Mtb HN878 or CDC1551. At 3 hours, with similar lung bacillary loads, HN878 infection caused greater accumulation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the lungs, compared to animals infected with CDC1551. Using whole-genome microarray gene expression analysis, we delineated the early transcriptional changes in the lungs of HN878- or CDC1551-infected rabbits at this time and compared them to the differential response at 4 weeks of Mtb-infection. Our gene network and pathway analysis showed that the most significantly differentially expressed genes involved in the host response to HN878, compared to CDC1551, at 3 hours of infection, were components of the inflammatory response and STAT1 activation, recruitment and activation of macrophages, PMN, and fMLP (N-formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine)-stimulation. At 4 weeks, the CDC1551 bacillary load was significantly lower and the granulomatous response reduced compared to HN878 infection. Moreover, although inflammation was dampened in both Mtb infections at 4 weeks, the majority of the differentially expressed gene networks were similar to those seen at 3 hours. Conclusions We propose that differential regulation of the inflammation-associated innate immune response and related gene expression changes seen at 3 hours determine the long term outcome of Mtb infection in rabbit lungs.
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Himpe E, Abdul Rahim S, Verdood P, Mano H, Kooijman R. Tec kinase stimulates cell survival in transfected Hek293T cells and is regulated by the anti-apoptotic growth factor IGF-I in human neutrophils. Cell Signal 2013; 25:666-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Block H, Zarbock A. The role of the tec kinase Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) in leukocyte recruitment. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:104-18. [PMID: 22449072 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.668982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes into inflamed tissue is a key component of the immune system. The activation of integrins on leukocytes is required for their recruitment into the inflamed tissue. Btk is a cytoplasmic nonreceptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Tec-kinase family. It plays a key role in B-cell development and function, and recently published studies revealed important roles of Btk in myeloid cells. Btk might be activated through a variety of receptors leading to activation of integrins as the pivotal element in leukocyte recruitment. This review focuses on the role of Btk in B-lymphocyte homing and in neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Block
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone inhibits N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine-induced superoxide anion production by specific modulate membrane localization of Tec with a PI3K independent mechanism in human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:182-91. [PMID: 22484311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory burst mediates crucial bactericidal mechanism in neutrophils. However, undesirable respiratory burst leads to pathological inflammation and tissue damage. This study investigates the effect and the underlying mechanism of 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (MCL-1), a lignan extracted from the leaves of Muntingia calabura L. (Tiliaceae), on N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced respiratory burst and cathepsin G release in human neutrophils. Signaling pathways regulated by MCL-1 to oppose fMLP-induced respiratory burst were evaluated by membrane localization of Tec induced by fMLP and by immunoblotting analysis of downstream phosphorylation targets of Tec. Briefly, MCL-1 specific inhibited fMLP-induced superoxide anion production in a concentration-dependent (IC(50)=0.16±0.01 μM) and Tec kinase-dependent manner, however, MCL-1 did not affect fMLP-induced cathepsin G release. Further, MCL-1 suppressed fMLP-induced Tec translocation from the cytosol to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, and subsequently activation of phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2). Moreover, MCL-1 attenuated PLCγ2 activity and intracellular calcium concentration notably through extracellular calcium influx. Consequently, fMLP-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) and membrane localization of p47(phox) were decreased by MCL-1 in a Tec-dependent manner, while the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, AKT and Src tyrosine kinase family remained unaffected. In addition, MCL-1 neither inhibited NADPH oxidase activity nor increased cyclicAMP levels. MCL-1 specific opposes fMLP-mediated respiratory burst by inhibition of membrane localization of Tec and subsequently interfered with the activation of PLCγ2, protein kinase C, and p47(phox).
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Martini H, Enright V, Perro M, Workman S, Birmelin J, Giorda E, Quinti I, Lougaris V, Baronio M, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B. Importance of B cell co-stimulation in CD4(+) T cell differentiation: X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, a human model. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:381-7. [PMID: 21488866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We were interested in the question of whether the congenital lack of B cells actually had any influence on the development of the T cell compartment in patients with agammaglobulinaemia. Sixteen patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) due to mutations in Btk, nine patients affected by common variable immune deficiency (CVID) with <2% of peripheral B cells and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The T cell phenotype was determined with FACSCalibur and CellQuest Pro software. Mann-Whitney two-tailed analysis was used for statistical analysis. The CD4 T cell memory compartment was reduced in patients with XLA of all ages. This T cell subset encompasses both CD4(+)CD45RO(+) and CD4(+)CD45RO(+)CXCR5(+) cells and both subsets were decreased significantly when compared to healthy controls: P = 0·001 and P < 0·0001, respectively. This observation was confirmed in patients with CVID who had <2% B cells, suggesting that not the lack of Bruton's tyrosine kinase but the lack of B cells is most probably the cause of the impaired CD4 T cell maturation. We postulate that this defect is a correlate of the observed paucity of germinal centres in XLA. Our results support the importance of the interplay between B and T cells in the germinal centre for the activation of CD4 T cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Martini
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, UK
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Zarbock A, Ley K. Protein tyrosine kinases in neutrophil activation and recruitment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:112-9. [PMID: 21338576 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Migration of leukocytes into tissue is a key element of innate and adaptive immunity. The first contact of leukocytes with endothelial cells is mediated by engagement of selectins with their counter-receptors which results in leukocyte rolling. During rolling, leukocytes collect different inflammatory signals that activate intracellular signaling pathways. Integration of these signals induces leukocyte activation, firm arrest, post-adhesion strengthening, intravascular crawling, and transmigration. In neutrophils, like in T-cells and platelets, both G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent and -independent activation pathways exist that lead to integrin activation. Accumulating evidence suggests that different protein tyrosine kinases play key roles in signal transduction pathways regulating neutrophil activation and recruitment to inflammatory sites. This review focuses on the role of protein tyrosine kinases of the Src, Syk, and Tec families for neutrophil activation and recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Münster, Germany.
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20
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Marron TU, Rohr K, Martinez-Gallo M, Yu J, Cunningham-Rundles C. TLR signaling and effector functions are intact in XLA neutrophils. Clin Immunol 2010; 137:74-80. [PMID: 20634142 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system, and their ligands are important activators of neutrophils. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) has been reported to mediate signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs) in many cell types, however, the role of Btk in TLR activation of neutrophils remains unclear. Impaired TLR-induced neutrophil function was found in mice with loss of Btk and in humans with TLR-signaling defects, but the integrity of TLR pathways in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) neutrophils has not been assessed. In this study LPS (TLR4) or an imidazoquinoline compound (TLR7/8) activated XLA neutrophil shedding of surface CD62L, and phosphorylated MAP kinases p38, JNK and ERK. TLR activation also induced normal respiratory burst and retarded apoptosis for XLA neutrophils, comparable to normal controls. These data demonstrate that the loss of Btk in XLA neutrophils does not impair functional responses to TLR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Marron
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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21
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E-selectin engages PSGL-1 and CD44 through a common signaling pathway to induce integrin alphaLbeta2-mediated slow leukocyte rolling. Blood 2010; 116:485-94. [PMID: 20299514 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-259556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In inflamed venules, neutrophils rolling on E-selectin induce integrin alpha(L)beta(2)-dependent slow rolling on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by activating Src family kinases (SFKs), DAP12 and Fc receptor-gamma (FcRgamma), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and p38. E-selectin signaling cooperates with chemokine signaling to recruit neutrophils into tissues. Previous studies identified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as the essential E-selectin ligand and Fgr as the only SFK that initiate signaling to slow rolling. In contrast, we found that E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 or CD44 triggered slow rolling through a common, lipid raft-dependent pathway that used the SFKs Hck and Lyn as well as Fgr. We identified the Tec kinase Bruton tyrosine kinase as a key signaling intermediate between Syk and p38. E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 was dependent on its cytoplasmic domain to activate SFKs and slow rolling. Although recruiting phosphoinositide-3-kinase to the PSGL-1 cytoplasmic domain was reported to activate integrins, E-selectin-mediated slow rolling did not require phosphoinositide-3-kinase. Studies in mice confirmed the physiologic significance of these events for neutrophil slow rolling and recruitment during inflammation. Thus, E-selectin triggers common signals through distinct neutrophil glycoproteins to induce alpha(L)beta(2)-dependent slow rolling.
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Tyrosine kinase Btk regulates E-selectin-mediated integrin activation and neutrophil recruitment by controlling phospholipase C (PLC) gamma2 and PI3Kgamma pathways. Blood 2010; 115:3118-27. [PMID: 20167705 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-254185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectins mediate leukocyte rolling, trigger beta(2)-integrin activation, and promote leukocyte recruitment into inflamed tissue. E-selectin binding to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) leads to activation of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent pathway, which in turn activates the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). However, the signaling pathway linking Syk to integrin activation after E-selectin engagement is unknown. To identify the pathway, we used different gene-deficient mice in autoperfused flow chamber, intravital microscopy, peritonitis, and biochemical studies. We report here that the signaling pathway downstream of Syk divides into a phospholipase C (PLC) gamma2- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) gamma-dependent pathway. The Tec family kinase Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is required for activating both pathways, generating inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)), and inducing E-selectin-mediated slow rolling. Inhibition of this signal-transduction pathway diminished Galpha(i)-independent leukocyte adhesion to and transmigration through endothelial cells in inflamed postcapillary venules of the cremaster. Galpha(i)-independent neutrophil recruitment into the inflamed peritoneal cavity was reduced in Btk(-/-) and Plcg2(-/-) mice. Our data demonstrate the functional importance of this newly identified signaling pathway mediated by E-selectin engagement.
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Yu L, Simonson OE, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. NF-kappaB regulates the transcription of protein tyrosine kinase Tec. FEBS J 2009; 276:6714-24. [PMID: 19843184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (Tec) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that is expressed in hematopoietic cells, such as B and T lymphocytes, myeloid lineage cells and neutrophils. Mutations in the human Btk gene cause X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), but the corresponding mutation in mice results in a much milder defect. However, the combined inactivation of Btk and Tec genes in mice cause a severe phenotype resembling XLA. Tec is involved in the regulation of both B and T lymphocytes, fine-tuning of TCR/BCR signaling, and also activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells. Previous work has shown that the transcription factors Sp1 and PU.1 can bind and regulate the Tec promoter. In this study, we demonstrate that NF-kappaB is an essential transcription factor for optimal expression of the Tec gene, and identify a unique functionally active NF-kappaB binding site in its promoter. The NF-kappaB subunit p65/RelA directly induced transcriptional activity of the Tec promoter. Moreover, we also found that proteasome inhibitors, including Bortezomib, repress Tec transcription through inactivation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. This study, together with our previous findings on the transcriptional regulation of Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) by proteasome inhibitors, provides important insight into the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the role of NF-kappaB in Tec family kinase signaling and lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zemans RL, Arndt PG. Tec kinases regulate actin assembly and cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils via JNK activation. Cell Immunol 2009; 258:90-7. [PMID: 19393603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The acute inflammatory response involves neutrophils wherein recognition of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activates intracellular signaling pathways. We have shown that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by LPS in neutrophils and plays a critical role in monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression and actin assembly. As the Tec family kinases are expressed in neutrophils and regulate activation of the MAPKs in other cell systems, we hypothesized that the Tec kinases are an upstream component of the signaling pathway leading to LPS-induced MAPKs activation in neutrophils. Herein, we show that the Tec kinases are activated in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils and that inhibition of the Tec kinases, with leflunomide metabolite analog (LFM-A13), decreased LPS-induced JNK, but not p38, activity. Furthermore, LPS-induced actin polymerization as well as MCP-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1beta expression are dependent on Tec kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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25
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Popa-Nita O, Marois L, Paré G, Naccache PH. Crystal-induced neutrophil activation: X. Proinflammatory role of the tyrosine kinase Tec. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1866-76. [PMID: 18512796 DOI: 10.1002/art.23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals are among the most potent proinflammatory stimuli, and an innate immune inflammatory response to the crystal surface is involved in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis. Release of the crystals into the joint cavity promotes an acute inflammation characterized by massive infiltration of neutrophils, which leads to tissue damage. The aim of the present study was to assess the involvement of the tyrosine kinase Tec in MSU crystal-initiated transduction events in human neutrophils. METHODS Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques were used for the cellular signaling studies. Chemotaxis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques were used for the functional studies. Silencing of Tec expression using specific small interfering RNA was also performed. RESULTS MSU crystals induced the phosphorylation and activation of Tec in a Src-dependent manner. This activation was necessary for the MSU crystal-induced secretion of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8 and for the generation of chemotactic activity in supernatants of MSU crystal-stimulated neutrophils. In addition, colchicine, an effective drug for the treatment of gout, inhibited the MSU crystal-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Tec, thus modulating its kinase activity. CONCLUSION Our findings show that Tec is the principal kinase of the Tec family that plays a major role in the responses of human neutrophils to MSU crystals, which are likely to be involved in the initiation and perpetuation of gout. Our results suggest that the specific inhibition of Tec during the acute phase of MSU crystal-induced inflammation may be considered for the treatment of gouty arthritis.
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Leclerc P, Biarc J, St-Onge M, Gilbert C, Dussault AA, Laflamme C, Pouliot M. Nucleobindin co-localizes and associates with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in human neutrophils. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2229. [PMID: 18493301 PMCID: PMC2373884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible cyclooxygenase isoform (COX-2) is associated with inflammation, tumorigenesis, as well as with physiological events. Despite efforts deployed in order to understand the biology of this multi-faceted enzyme, much remains to be understood. Nucleobindin (Nuc), a ubiquitous Ca2+-binding protein, possesses a putative COX-binding domain. In this study, we investigated its expression and subcellular localization in human neutrophils, its affinity for COX-2 as well as its possible impact on PGE2 biosynthesis. Complementary subcellular localization approaches including nitrogen cavitation coupled to Percoll fractionation, immunofluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy collectively placed Nuc, COX-2, and all of the main enzymes involved in prostanoid synthesis, in the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum of human neutrophils. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated a high affinity between Nuc and COX-2. Addition of human recombinant (hr) Nuc to purified hrCOX-2 dose-dependently caused an increase in PGE2 biosynthesis in response to arachidonic acid. Co-incubation of Nuc with COX-2-expressing neutrophil lysates also increased their capacity to produce PGE2. Moreover, neutrophil transfection with hrNuc specifically enhanced PGE2 biosynthesis. Together, these results identify a COX-2-associated protein which may have an impact in prostanoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jordane Biarc
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mireille St-Onge
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Dussault
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Laflamme
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie and Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Phylogeny of Tec Family Kinases: Identification of a Premetazoan Origin of Btk, Bmx, Itk, Tec, Txk, and the Btk Regulator SH3BP5. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 64:51-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lee SY, Lee HY, Kim SD, Shim JW, Bae YS. Lysophosphatidylglycerol stimulates chemotactic migration and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:490-4. [PMID: 17888875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we observed that lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). LPG-stimulated ERK activity was not inhibited by pertussis toxin (PTX), indicating PTX-sensitive G-proteins-independent manner. In terms of functional aspect, LPG induced chemotactic migration of HUVECs in a PTX-insensitive manner. Preincubation of HUVECs with an ERK inhibitor (PD98059) completely inhibited LPG-induced chemotactic migration, suggesting the crucial role of ERK in the process. LPG-induced ERK activation and chemotactic migration in HUVECs were not affected by an lysophosphatidic acid receptor-selective antagonist (Ki16425), indicating lysophosphatidic acid receptors-independency. We also found that LPG stimulated tube formation in HUVECs. Taken together we suggest that LPG stimulates HUVECs and result in chemotactic migration and tube formation, suggesting a new aspect of LPG as a modulator of endothelial cell functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
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Gomez-Rodriguez J, Readinger JA, Viorritto IC, Mueller KL, Houghtling RA, Schwartzberg PL. Tec kinases, actin, and cell adhesion. Immunol Rev 2007; 218:45-64. [PMID: 17624943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Tec family non-receptor tyrosine kinases have been recognized for their roles in the regulation of phospholipase C-gamma and Ca(2+) mobilization downstream from antigen receptors on lymphocytes. Recent data, however, show that the Tec family kinase interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) also participates in pathways regulating the actin cytoskeleton and 'inside-out' signaling to integrins downstream from the T-cell antigen receptor. Data suggest that Itk may function in a kinase-independent fashion to regulate proper recruitment of the Vav1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor. By enhancing actin cytoskeleton reorganization, recruitment of signaling molecules to the immune synapse, and integrin clustering in response to both antigen and chemokine receptors, the Tec kinases serve as modulators or amplifiers that can increase the duration of T-cell signaling and regulate T-cell functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Burelout C, Thibault N, Harbour D, Naccache PH, Bourgoin SG. The PGE2-induced inhibition of the PLD activation pathway stimulated by fMLP in human neutrophils is mediated by PKA at the PI3-Kgamma level. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:730-41. [PMID: 17631865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid that modulates inflammation, inhibits several chemoattractant-elicited functions in neutrophils such as chemotaxis, production of superoxide anions, adhesion, secretion of cytotoxic enzymes and synthesis of leukotriene B4. We previously reported that PGE2 inhibits the fMLP signaling pathway that leads to PLD activation through suppression of PI3-Kgamma activity and the decreased recruitment to membranes of PLD activation factors, PKC, Rho and Arf-GTPases. This effect is mediated via the EP2 receptors known to raise cAMP in cells. The inhibition of most fMLP-induced functional responses by PGE2 via EP2 receptors is mediated by PKA, except the chemotactic response. We have investigated the role of PKA in the EP2-mediated inhibition of the PLD activation pathway. H-89, a selective PKA pharmacological inhibitor suppressed the inhibitory effects of PGE2 at all stages of the PLD pathway activated by fMLP, i.e. PLD activity, translocation to membranes of PKCalpha, Rho and Arf-GTPases, calcium influx, tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins and finally translocation of p110gamma catalytic subunit of PI3-K to membranes. However, neither PLD nor PI3-Kgamma was substrate of PKA. These data provide evidence that PGE2-stimulated PKA activity regulates the PLD pathway stimulated by fMLP at the level of PI3-Kgamma and that the inhibition of PI3-Kgamma activation by PKA is a complex mechanism that remains to be completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Burelout
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie-Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Département d'Anatomie-Physiologie, Québec, Canada
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31
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Kim MK, Min DS, Park YJ, Kim JH, Ryu SH, Bae YS. Expression and functional role of formyl peptide receptor in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1917-22. [PMID: 17442310 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and its functional role in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We analyzed the expression of FPR by using ligand-binding assay with radio-labeled N-formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLF), and found that MSCs express FPR. FMLF stimulated intracellular calcium increase, mitogen-activated protein kinases activation, and Akt activation, which were mediated by G(i) proteins. MSCs were chemotactically migrated to fMLF. FMLF-induced MSC chemotaxis was also completely inhibited by pertussis toxin, LY294002, and PD98059, indicating the role of G(i) proteins, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and extracellular signal regulated protein kinase. N-terminal fragment of annexin-1, Anx-1(2-26), an endogenous agonist for FPR, also induced chemotactic migration of MSCs. Thus MSCs express functional FPR, suggesting a new (patho)physiological role of FPR and its ligands in regulating MSC trafficking during induction of injured tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
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32
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Fumagalli L, Zhang H, Baruzzi A, Lowell CA, Berton G. The Src family kinases Hck and Fgr regulate neutrophil responses to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:3874-85. [PMID: 17339487 PMCID: PMC4683084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenilalanine (fMLP) triggers intracellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation leading to neutrophil activation. Deficiency of the Src family kinases Hck and Fgr have previously been found to regulate fMLP-induced degranulation. In this study, we further investigate fMLP signaling in hck-/-fgr-/- neutrophils and find that they fail to activate a respiratory burst and display reduced F-actin polymerization in response to fMLP. Additionally, albeit migration of both hck-/-fgr-/-mouse neutrophils and human neutrophils incubated with the Src family kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2) through 3-microm pore size Transwells was normal, deficiency, or inhibition, of Src kinases resulted in a failure of neutrophils to migrate through 1-microm pore size Transwells. Among MAPKs, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was not different, phosphorylation of p38 was only partially affected, and phosphorylation of JNK was markedly decreased in fMLP-stimulated hck-/-fgr-/- neutrophils and in human neutrophils incubated with PP2. An increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and phosphorylation of Akt/PKB occurred normally in fMLP-stimulated hck-/-fgr-/- neutrophils, indicating that activation of both phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and PI3K is independent of Hck and Fgr. In contrast, phosphorylation of the Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 and the Rac target p21-activated kinases were markedly reduced in both hck-/-fgr-/- neutrophils and human neutrophils incubated with a PP2. Consistent with these findings, PP2 inhibited Rac2 activation in human neutrophils. We suggest that Hck and Fgr act within a signaling pathway triggered by fMLP receptors that involves Vav1 and p21-activated kinases, leading to respiratory burst and F-actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Anna Baruzzi
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Giorgio Berton
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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33
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de Gorter DJJ, Beuling EA, Kersseboom R, Middendorp S, van Gils JM, Hendriks RW, Pals ST, Spaargaren M. Bruton's tyrosine kinase and phospholipase Cgamma2 mediate chemokine-controlled B cell migration and homing. Immunity 2007; 26:93-104. [PMID: 17239630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Control of integrin-mediated adhesion and migration by chemokines plays a critical role in B cell development, differentiation, and function; however, the underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we show that the chemokine SDF-1 induced activation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and that integrin-mediated adhesion and migration in response to SDF-1 or CXCL13, as well as in vivo homing to lymphoid organs, was impaired in Btk-deficient (pre-)B cells. Furthermore, SDF-1 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2), which, unlike activation of the migration regulatory GTPases Rac or Rap1, was mediated by Btk. PLCgamma2-deficient B cells also exhibited impaired SDF-1-controlled migration. These results reveal that Btk and PLCgamma2 mediate chemokine-controlled migration, thereby providing insights into the control of B cell homeostasis, trafficking, and function, as well as into the pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J J de Gorter
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Boulven I, Levasseur S, Marois S, Paré G, Rollet-Labelle E, Naccache PH. Class IA phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, rather than p110 gamma, regulate formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated chemotaxis and superoxide production in differentiated neutrophil-like PLB-985 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7621-7. [PMID: 16751409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Class I PI3Ks, through the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P(3)), are thought of as essential elements of the neutrophil response to chemotactic factors. Moreover, the recent development of PI3K-deficient mice and isoform-specific inhibitors enabled examinations of the contribution of the distinct PI3K isoforms in neutrophil activation. However, the results of these various studies are conflicting, and the exact role of the different PI3K isoforms is not yet clearly established, particularly in human cells. In the present study, we used a different approach to assess the role of the distinct PI3K isoforms in response to the chemotactic agent fMLP. We inhibited PI3K activities by the transient expression following nucleofection of dominant negative mutants of either p85alpha or p110gamma in the human myeloid cell line PLB-985, which can be induced to express a neutrophil-like phenotype. The data obtained with this approach showed that the production of PI(3,4,5)P(3) triggered by fMLP is biphasic, with a peak of production observed in a short time period that entirely depends on p110gamma activity, and a delayed phase that is mediated by class I(A) PI3K. We also provide evidence that the PI3K-dependent functional responses (i.e., superoxide production and chemotaxis) induced by the chemotactic factor mainly involve PI3K I(A) and, by implication, the delayed phase of PI(3,4,5)P(3) production, whereas p110gamma and the early peak of PI(3,4,5)P(3) do not play major roles in the initiation or the control of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaline Boulven
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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35
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Park KS, Lee HY, Kim MK, Shin EH, Jo SH, Kim SD, Im DS, Bae YS. Lysophosphatidylserine Stimulates L2071 Mouse Fibroblast Chemotactic Migration via a Process Involving Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive Trimeric G-Proteins. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:1066-73. [PMID: 16368894 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.018960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) may be generated after phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A2 activation. However, the effects of LPS on cellular activities and the identities of its target molecules have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we observed that LPS stimulates an intracellular calcium increase in L2071 mouse fibroblast cells, and that this increase was inhibited by 1-[6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U-73122) but not by pertussis toxin, suggesting that LPS stimulates calcium signaling via G-protein coupled receptor-mediated phospholipase C activation. Moreover, LPS-induced calcium mobilization was not inhibited by the lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonist, (S)-phosphoric acid mono-{2-octadec-9-enoylamino-3-[4-(pyridine-2-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-propyl} ester (VPC 32183), thus indicating that LPS binds to a receptor other than lysophosphatidic acid receptors. It was also found that LPS stimulates two types of mitogen-activated protein kinase [i.e., extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase] in L2071 cells. Furthermore, these LPS-induced ERK and p38 kinase activations were inhibited by pertussis toxin, which suggests the role of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins in the process. In terms of functional issues, LPS stimulated L2071 cell chemotactic migration, which was completely inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating the involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) protein(s). This chemotaxis of L2071 cells induced by LPS was also dramatically inhibited by 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) and by 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD98059). This study demonstrates that LPS stimulates at least two different signaling cascades, one of which involves a pertussis toxin-insensitive but phospholipase C-dependent intracellular calcium increase, and the other involves a pertussis toxin-sensitive chemotactic migration mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sun Park
- Medical Research Center for Cancer Molecular Therapy and Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
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36
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Kuan YH, Lin RH, Tsao LT, Chen YL, Tzeng CC, Wang JP. Inhibition of phospholipase D activation by CYL-26z in formyl peptide-stimulated neutrophils involves the blockade of RhoA activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:901-10. [PMID: 16024001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
5-[4-Acridin-9-ylamino]phenyl]-5-methyl-3-methylenedihydrofuran-2-one (CYL-26z) inhibited the formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) activity, which was assessed by the production of phosphatidylethanol (PEt) in the presence of ethanol, in rat neutrophils (IC50 1.2+/-0.2 microM). CYL-26z caused a slight but significant attenuation of the global protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by fMLP only at concentrations of CYL-26z up to 30 microM. CYL-26z blocked the membrane recruitment of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) at concentrations of CYL-26z > or =3 microM, but failed to affect the membrane association of PKC-betaI and -betaII. The translocation of RhoA to the membrane was attenuated by CYL-26z (IC50 3.8+/-0.8 microM) in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils, whereas CYL-26z caused no significant inhibition of the membrane recruitment of ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf). CYL-26z inhibited the activation of RhoA and dissociation of the RhoA-Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) complex in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils (IC50 1.8+/-1.0 microM and 1.8+/-0.9 microM, respectively). In a cell-free system, CYL-26z effectively attenuated the membrane association of RhoA in response to GTPgammaS (IC50 1.3+/-0.5 microM). In contrast, the GTPgammaS-stimulated translocation of Arf to membrane was suppressed only at concentrations of CYL-26z up to 30 microM. CYL-26z inhibited the fMLP-stimulated membrane expression of CD11b, CD45 and CD63, and the release of lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase. These results indicate that CYL-26z inhibited the fMLP-stimulated PLD activity, mainly through the blockade of RhoA activation, and degranulation in rat neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Fernandes MJG, Lachance G, Paré G, Rollet-Labelle E, Naccache PH. Signaling through CD16b in human neutrophils involves the Tec family of tyrosine kinases. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:524-32. [PMID: 15899983 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tec kinases belong to the second largest family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Although these kinases are expressed in myeloid cells, little is known about their implication in neutrophil function. We recently reported the participation of Tec kinases in the responses of human neutrophils to the bacterial peptide N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine via G-coupled protein receptors. In this study, we extended our investigations of Tec kinases to the signaling of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked receptor CD16b, which is highly and specifically expressed in neutrophils. The results obtained indicate that Tec is translocated to the plasma membrane, phosphorylated, and activated upon CD16b cross-linking and that the activation of Tec is inhibited by Src-specific inhibitors as well as by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, wortmannin. As no specific inhibitor of Tec exists, the role of Tec kinases was further investigated using a-Cyano-b-hydroxy-b-methyl-N-(2,5-dibromophenyl)propenamide (LFM-A13), a compound known to inhibit Bruton's tyrosine kinase. We show that this compound also inhibits the kinase activity of Tec and provide evidence that the mobilization of intracellular calcium and the tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2) induced upon CD16b engagement are inhibited by LFM-A13. We also show that Tec kinases are important for CD16b-dependent degranulation of neutrophils. In summary, we provide direct evidence for the implication of Tec in CD16b signaling and suggest that Tec kinases are involved in the phosphorylation and activation of PLCgamma2 and subsequently, in the mobilization of calcium in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J G Fernandes
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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38
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Procko E, McColl SR. Leukocytes on the move with phosphoinositide 3-kinase and its downstream effectors. Bioessays 2005; 27:153-63. [PMID: 15666353 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell signalling mediators derived from membrane phospholipids are frequent participants in biological processes. The family of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) phosphorylate the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol, generating second messengers that direct diverse responses. These PI3K products are fundamental for leukocyte migration or chemotaxis, a pivotal event during the immune response. This system is therefore of significant biomedical interest. This review focuses on the biochemistry and signalling pathways of PI3K, with particular emphasis on chemokine (chemotactic cytokine)-directed responses. The key objectives of chemotaxis are motility and direction. The latter--direction--requires distinct events at the front and back of a cell. In light of this, the coordinated localisation of signalling factors, an event choreographed by a sharp intracellular gradient of PI3K-derived products, is a common theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Procko
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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39
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Schwartzberg PL, Finkelstein LD, Readinger JA. TEC-family kinases: regulators of T-helper-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:284-95. [PMID: 15803148 DOI: 10.1038/nri1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TEC-family protein tyrosine kinases ITK, RLK and TEC have been identified as key components of T-cell-receptor signalling that contribute to the regulation of phospholipase C-gamma, the mobilization of Ca(2+) and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Recent data also show that TEC kinases contribute to T-cell-receptor-driven actin reorganization and cell polarization, which are required for productive T-cell activation. Functional studies have implicated TEC kinases as important mediators of pathways that control the differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells. Here, we review studies of signalling pathways that involve TEC kinases and how these pathways might contribute to the regulation of T-helper-cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 4A38/49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinases are now recognized as important mediators of antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. Three members of this family, Itk, Rlk, and Tec, are expressed in T cells and activated in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Although initial studies demonstrated a role for these proteins in TCR-mediated activation of phospholipase C-gamma, recent data indicate that Tec family kinases also regulate actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cellular adhesion following TCR stimulation. In addition, Tec family kinases are activated downstream of G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, where they play parallel roles in the regulation of Rho GTPases, cell polarization, adhesion, and migration. In all these systems, however, Tec family kinases are not essential signaling components, but instead function to modulate or amplify signaling pathways. Although they quantitatively reduce proximal signaling, mutations that eliminate Tec family kinases in T cells nonetheless qualitatively alter T cell development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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41
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Finkelstein LD, Schwartzberg PL. Tec kinases: shaping T-cell activation through actin. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 14:443-51. [PMID: 15308211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Following stimulation, T cells undergo marked actin-dependent changes in shape that are required for productive cellular interactions and movement during immune responses. Reorganization of the actin cytoskeletal is also necessary for the formation of an immunological synapse - the convergence of several signaling molecules at the plasma membrane that occurs after effective T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Much emerging evidence indicates that the Tec family of tyrosine kinases has a role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Specifically, T cells that lack or express mutant versions of the Tec kinase Itk show impaired TCR-induced actin polymerization, cell polarization and regulation of the signaling events involved in cytoskeletal reorganization. These data, as well as other findings, support roles for Tec kinases in actin cytoskeleton regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Finkelstein
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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42
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Burelout C, Thibault N, Levasseur S, Simard S, Naccache PH, Bourgoin SG. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits the phospholipase D pathway stimulated by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in human neutrophils. Involvement of EP2 receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:293-301. [PMID: 15266020 DOI: 10.1124/mol.66.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), originally discovered as a pro-inflammatory mediator, also inhibits several chemoattractant-elicited neutrophil functions, including adhesion, secretion of cytotoxic enzymes, production of superoxide anions, and chemotaxis. In this study, we have examined the effects of PGE(2) and prostaglandin E (EP) receptor-selective agonists/antagonists on several steps of the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced phospholipase D (PLD) activation pathway in human neutrophils to elucidate the PGE(2) inhibitory mechanism. PGE(2) and EP(2) receptor agonists inhibited the stimulation of the activity of PLD induced by fMLP in a concentration-dependent manner. The fMLP-stimulated translocation to membranes of protein kinase C alpha, Rho, and Arf GTPases was diminished in the presence of PGE(2) or EP(2) agonists. Moreover, PGE(2) and EP(2) agonists decreased the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma) and Tec kinases as well as the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins stimulated by fMLP. These data provide strong evidence that 1) the inhibitory effects of PGE(2) on the fMLP-induced PLD activation pathway were mediated via EP(2) receptors and that 2) the suppression of PI3Kgamma activity was the crucial step in the EP(2)-mediated inhibition of the fMLP-induced signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Burelout
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie-Immunologie, Pavillon CHUL, Canada
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43
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Takesono A, Horai R, Mandai M, Dombroski D, Schwartzberg PL. Requirement for Tec kinases in chemokine-induced migration and activation of Cdc42 and Rac. Curr Biol 2004; 14:917-22. [PMID: 15186750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization and migration in response to chemokines is essential for proper development of the immune system and activation of immune responses. Recent studies of chemokine signaling have revealed a critical role for PI3-Kinase, which is required for polarized membrane association of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-containing proteins and activation of Rho family GTPases that are essential for cell polarization and actin reorganization. Additional data argue that tyrosine kinases are also important for chemokine-induced Rac activation. However, how and which kinases participate in these pathways remain unclear. We demonstrate here that the Tec kinases Itk and Rlk play an important role in chemokine signaling in T lymphocytes. Chemokine stimulation induced transient membrane association of Itk and phosphorylation of both Itk and Rlk, and purified T cells from Rlk(-/-)Itk(-/-) mice exhibited defective migration to multiple chemokines in vitro and decreased homing to lymph nodes upon transfer to wt mice. Expression of a dominant-negative Itk impaired SDF-1alpha-induced migration, cell polarization, and activation of Rac and Cdc42. Thus, Tec kinases are critical components of signaling pathways required for actin polarization downstream from both antigen and chemokine receptors in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Takesono
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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44
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Yamamori T, Inanami O, Nagahata H, Kuwabara M. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates the phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase component p47(phox) by controlling cPKC/PKCdelta but not Akt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:720-30. [PMID: 15033459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide production by NADPH oxidase is essential for the bactericidal properties of phagocytes. Phosphorylation of p47(phox), one of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase, is a crucial step of the oxidase activation. Some evidences suggest that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is involved in p47(phox) phosphorylation, but it has not been fully understood how PI3K regulates it. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanism underlying the PI3K regulation of p47(phox) phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K attenuated both fMLP-stimulated p47(phox) phosphorylation and NADPH oxidase activity in HL-60 cells differentiated to a neutrophil-like phenotype. Although fMLP elicited Akt activation in a PI3K-dependent manner, an Akt inhibitor had no effect on the oxidase activity triggered by fMLP. In vitro kinase assay revealed that Akt was unable to catalyze p47(phox) phosphorylation. Interestingly, the activation of cPKC and PKCdelta after fMLP stimulation was dependent on PI3K. Furthermore, PI3K inhibitors reduced the activation of phospholipase Cgamma2 without affecting tyrosine phosphorylation on it. These results suggest that PI3K regulates the phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase component p47(phox) by controlling diacylglycerol-dependent PKCs but not Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yamamori
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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45
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Schmidt U, Boucheron N, Unger B, Ellmeier W. The role of Tec family kinases in myeloid cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 134:65-78. [PMID: 15133303 DOI: 10.1159/000078339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Tec kinase family (Bmx, Btk, Itk, Rlk and Tec) are primarily expressed in the hematopoietic system and form, after the Src kinase family, the second largest class of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. During lymphocyte development and activation Tec kinases have important functions in signaling pathways downstream of the antigen receptors. Tec family kinases are also expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage. However, with the exception of mast cells and platelets, their biological role in the myeloid system is only poorly understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the function of Tec family kinases in hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schmidt
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Immunology, Vienna, Austria
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46
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Mangla A, Khare A, Vineeth V, Panday NN, Mukhopadhyay A, Ravindran B, Bal V, George A, Rath S. Pleiotropic consequences of Bruton tyrosine kinase deficiency in myeloid lineages lead to poor inflammatory responses. Blood 2004; 104:1191-7. [PMID: 15117762 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), a non-receptor-associated tyrosine kinase of the Tec family, appears to participate in many myeloid cell functions. We show that macrophages from X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice lacking functional Btk cannot generate efficient bursts of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). The induction of apoptotic cell death by inflammatory stimuli is also enhanced in XID macrophages. Phagocytosis of bacterial particles is only marginally affected in them. In vivo, XID mice show reduced severity of inflammatory diseases in models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, and carrageenan-induced acute edema. Also, polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) in XID mice show poor ROI and nitric oxide (NO) induction, along with a reduction in PMN recruitment to peritoneal inflammation. XID mice show reduction in PMN numbers in peripheral blood, and their bone marrow shows a reduction in the numbers of both monocytic and granulocytic lineages, extending to the earliest progenitor populations. Thus, Btk is likely to play a significant role at multiple points during the development and functioning of the myeloid lineages, affecting the outcome of many infectious as well as noninfectious inflammatory events in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mangla
- Anna George, or Satyajit Rath, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
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Liu Y, Shaw SK, Ma S, Yang L, Luscinskas FW, Parkos CA. Regulation of leukocyte transmigration: cell surface interactions and signaling events. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7-13. [PMID: 14688302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Epithelial Pathobiology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Haque NS, Fallon JT, Pan JJ, Taubman MB, Harpel PC. Chemokine receptor–8 (CCR8) mediates human vascular smooth muscle cell chemotaxis and metalloproteinase-2 secretion. Blood 2004; 103:1296-304. [PMID: 14576057 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe response of the arterial vascular wall to injury is characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, a process requiring metalloproteinase production. This migration is induced by cytokines, however the agonists involved are not fully defined. The CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is expressed on monocytes and T lymphocytes and is the sole receptor for the human CC chemokine 1 (CCL1, I-309) and for the viral chemokine, vCCL1 (viral macrophage inflammatory protein 1 [vMIP-1]). We have reported that CCR8 is expressed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mediates chemotaxis induced by CCL1. The conditioned medium from incubation mixtures of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and HUVECs (LCM) contained CCL1 and stimulated both monocyte and HUVEC chemotaxis, providing novel mechanisms for the atherogenicity of Lp(a). We now report that CCL1, vCCL1, and LCM stimulate chemotaxis of human VSMCs that is blocked by murine monoclonal antibody against CCR8 and by the G-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin. The effect of anti-CCR8 was specific, as this antibody failed to effect the chemotaxis of VSMCs in response to CCL3 or by platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). VSMCs contained CCR8 mRNA and CCR8 antigen coprecipitated with VSMC membranes. Antibodies against metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibited the CCL1-induced chemotaxis of VSMCs, whereas anti–MMP-9 was less effective. CCL1 induced VSMC pro–MMP-2 mRNA and protein secretion. Poxvirus MC148 inhibited the increase in MMP-2 induced by CCL1, documenting that CCR8 was the receptor responsible. In mouse femoral arteries, CCR8 and TCA3 antigen colocalized with VSMCs and were up-regulated after injury. The induction of CCR8 and CCL1/TCA3 under conditions associated with VSMC proliferation and migration raises the possibility that CCR8 may play an important role in vessel wall pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Gelatinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/immunology
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen S Haque
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Neutrophils, a major type of blood leukocytes, are indispensable for host defense of bacterial infections. Directed migration in a gradient of chemotactic stimuli enables these cells to rapidly find the site of infection and destroy the invading pathogens. Chemotactic factors bind to seven-transmembrane-domain receptors and activate heterotrimeric G-proteins. Downstream of these proteins a complex interrelated signaling network is activated in human neutrophils. Stimulation of phospholipase C beta results in activation of protein kinase C isoforms and increases in cytosolic calcium. Activation of the enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase results in increased production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and phosphatidyl 3,4-bisphosphate. In addition, small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family, the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, tyrosine kinases and protein phosphatases are activated. The enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the small cytosolic GTP-binding proteins Rho and Rac emerge as key regulators of neutrophil migration. A steep internal gradient of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, with a high concentration in the leading lamellae, is thought to regulate polarized actin polymerization and formation of protrusions, together with Rac which may be more directly involved in initiating actin reorganization. Rho may regulate localized myosin activation, tail retraction, cell body traction and dynamics of adhesion. The impact of these different signaling pathways on reversible actin polymerization, development of polarity, reversible adhesion and migration, and the putative targets of these pathways in neutrophils, are reviewed in this article. Insight into mechanisms regulating migration of neutrophils could potentially lead to novel therapeutic strategies for counteracting chronic activation of neutrophils which leads to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Niggli
- Department of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Gilbert C, Levasseur S, Desaulniers P, Dusseault AA, Thibault N, Bourgoin SG, Naccache PH. Chemotactic factor-induced recruitment and activation of Tec family kinases in human neutrophils. II. Effects of LFM-A13, a specific Btk inhibitor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5235-43. [PMID: 12734372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation events play major roles in the initiation and regulation of several functional responses of human neutrophils stimulated by chemotactic factors such as the bacterially derived tripeptide formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe). However, the links between the G protein-coupled receptors, the activation of the tyrosine kinases, and the initiation of neutrophil functional responses remain unclear. In the present study we assessed the effects of a Btk inhibitor, leflunomide metabolite analog (LFM-A13), on neutrophils. LFM-A13 decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation induced by fMet-Leu-Phe and inhibited the production of superoxide anions and the stimulation of adhesion, chemotaxis, and phospholipase D activity. We observed a decreased accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in response to fMet-Leu-Phe in LFM-A13-pretreated cells even though the inhibitor had no direct effect on the lipid kinase activity of the p110 gamma or p85/p110 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases or on the activation of p110 gamma by fMet-Leu-Phe. The phosphorylation of Akt and of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p38 were similarly inhibited by LFM-A13. LFM-A13 also negatively affected the translocation of Rac-2, RhoA, ADP ribosylation factor-1, Tec, Bmx, and Btk induced by fMet-Leu-Phe. The results of this study provide evidence for an involvement of Btk and possibly other Tec kinase family members in the regulation of the functional responsiveness of human neutrophils and link these events, in part at least, to the modulation of levels of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gilbert
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on the Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation, Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite Laval, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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