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Shen Z, Luo Q, Mao J, Li Y, Wang M, Zhang L. Molecular identification of two thioredoxin genes and their function in antioxidant defense in Arma chinensis diapause. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1440531. [PMID: 39113938 PMCID: PMC11303210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1440531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx), an important part of thioredoxin systems, plays crucial role in maintaining the intracellular redox balance by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, few Trxs have been functionally characterized in Arma chinensis, especially in diapause. In this study, diapause induction condition promoted hydrogen peroxide accumulation and increased CAT enzymatic activity and ascorbate content, suggesting that A. chinensis was exposed to high level of ROS. Therefore, we identified AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like, and investigated the relationship with antioxidant defense. It was found that AcTrx2 expression was significantly induced, whereas AcTrx-like expression was the highest on day 10 under diapause conditions. The expression of AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like in fat body, a central metabolic organ of resisting oxidative stress, was significantly increased under diapause conditions, and was significantly improved by 5/15°C (diapause temperature). We investigated the knockdown of AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like in A. chinensis and found that some selected antioxidant genes were upregulated, indicating that the upregulated genes may be functional compensation for AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like silencing. We also found that the enzymatic activities of SOD and CAT, and the metabolite contents of hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate increased after AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like knockdown. These results suggested the AcTrx2 and AcTrx-like may play critical roles in antioxidant defense of A. chinensis diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaozhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Horticulture and Gardening, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianjun Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Balsa LM, Solernó LM, Rodriguez MR, Parajón-Costa BS, Gonzalez-Baró AC, Alonso DF, Garona J, León IE. Cu(II)-acylhydrazone complex, a potent and selective antitumor agent against human osteosarcoma: Mechanism of action studies over in vitro and in vivo models. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110685. [PMID: 37666443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a frequent bone cancer, affecting largely children and young adults. Cisplatin (CDDP) has been efficacious in the treatment of different cancer such us OS but the development of chemoresistance and important side effects leading to therapeutic failure. Novel therapies including copper compounds have shown to be potentially effective as anticancer drugs and one alternative to usually employed platinum compounds. The goal of this work is the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antitumoral activity and dilucidate the molecular target of a Cu(II) cationic complex containing a tridentate hydrazone ligand, CuHL for short, H2L=N'-'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)thiophene-2-carbohydrazide, against human OS MG-63 cells. Anticancer activity on MG-63 cell line was evaluated in OS monolayer and spheroids. CuHL significantly impaired cell viability in both models (IC50 2D: 2.1 ± 0.3 μM; 3D: 9.1 ± 1.0 μM) (p < 0.001). Additional cell studies demonstrated the copper compound inhibits cell proliferation and conveys cells to apoptosis, determined by flow cytometry. CuHL showed a great genotoxicity, evaluated by comet assay. Proteomic analysis by Orbitrap Mass Spectometry identified 27 differentially expressed proteins: 17 proteins were found overexpressed and 10 underexpressed in MG-63 cells after the CuHL treatment. The response to unfolded protein was the most affected biological process. In addition, in vivo antitumor effects of the compound were evaluated on human OS tumors xenografted in nude mice. CuHL treatment, at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.p., given three times/week for one month, significantly inhibited the progression of OS xenografts and was associated to a reduction in mitotic index and to an increment of tumor necrosis (p < 0.01). Administration of standard-of-care cytotoxic agent CDDP, following the same treatment schedule as CuHL, failed to impair OS growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Balsa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Luisina M Solernó
- Centro de Oncología Molecular y Traslacional (COMTra), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina; Centro de Medicina Traslacional (Unidad 6), Hospital de Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce "Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner" S.A.M.I.C, Argentina
| | - Maria R Rodriguez
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Beatriz S Parajón-Costa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Ana C Gonzalez-Baró
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Daniel F Alonso
- Centro de Oncología Molecular y Traslacional (COMTra), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina
| | - Juan Garona
- Centro de Oncología Molecular y Traslacional (COMTra), Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina; Centro de Medicina Traslacional (Unidad 6), Hospital de Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce "Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner" S.A.M.I.C, Argentina
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata, 1900, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
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Mitochondrial function and nutrient sensing pathways in ageing: enhancing longevity through dietary interventions. Biogerontology 2022; 23:657-680. [PMID: 35842501 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by alterations in several biochemical processes, highly influenced by its environment. It is controlled by the interactions at various levels of biological hierarchy. To maintain homeostasis, a number of nutrient sensors respond to the nutritional status of the cell and control its energy metabolism. Mitochondrial physiology is influenced by the energy status of the cell. The alterations in mitochondrial physiology and the network of nutrient sensors result in mitochondrial damage leading to age related metabolic degeneration and diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) has proved to be as the most successful intervention to achieve the goal of longevity and healthspan. CR elicits a hormetic response and regulates metabolism by modulating these networks. In this review, the authors summarize the interdependent relationship between mitochondrial physiology and nutrient sensors during the ageing process and their role in regulating metabolism.
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Jabbar S, Mathews P, Wang X, Sundaramoorthy P, Chu E, Piryani SO, Ding S, Shen X, Doan PL, Kang Y. Thioredoxin-1 regulates self-renewal and differentiation of murine hematopoietic stem cells through p53 tumor suppressor. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:83. [PMID: 36316713 PMCID: PMC9624023 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thioredoxin-1 (TXN1) is one of the major cellular antioxidants in mammals and is involved in a wide range of physiological cellular responses. However, little is known about the roles and the underlying molecular mechanisms of TXN1 in the regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). METHODS TXN1 conditional knockout mice (ROSA-CreER-TXN1fl/fl) and TXN1fl/fl control mice were used. The mice were treated with tamoxifen and the number and biological functions of HSPCs were measured by flow cytometry, PCR and western blot. Limiting dilution competitive transplantation with sorted HSCs and serial transplantations were performed to assess the effects of TXN1 knockout on HSC self-renewal and long-term reconstitutional capacity. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to investigate the downstream molecular pathways of TXN1 deletion in murine HSPCs. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments were performed in vitro in EML murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell line to investigate the effects of TXN1 and/or TP53 deletion on cell survival, senescence and colony forming units. TP53 protein degradation assay, CHiP PCR and PGL3 firefly/renilla reporter assay were performed. The effects of TXN1 on various molecular pathways relevant to HSC radiation protection were examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS TXN1-TP53 tumor suppressor axis regulates HSPC biological fitness. Deletion of TXN1 in HSPCs using in vivo and in vitro models activates TP53 signaling pathway, and attenuates HSPC capacity to reconstitute hematopoiesis. Furthermore, we found that knocking out of TXN1 renders HSPCs more sensitive to radiation and treatment with recombinant TXN1 promotes the proliferation and expansion of HSPCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TXN1-TP53 axis acts as a regulatory mechanism in HSPC biological functions. Additionally, our study demonstrates the clinical potential of TXN1 for enhancing hematopoietic recovery in hematopoietic stem cell transplant and protecting HSPCs from radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Jabbar
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
| | - Parker Mathews
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
| | - Pasupathi Sundaramoorthy
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
| | - Emily Chu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
| | - Sadhna O Piryani
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Phuong L Doan
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Suite 5000, Durham, NC, DUMC 396127710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Hernández-Fernández J, Pinzón Velasco AM, López Barrera EA, Rodríguez Becerra MDP, Villanueva-Cañas JL, Alba MM, Mariño Ramírez L. De novo assembly and functional annotation of blood transcriptome of loggerhead turtle, and in silico characterization of peroxiredoxins and thioredoxins. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12395. [PMID: 34820176 PMCID: PMC8606161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate and analyze the atlas of the loggerhead turtle blood transcriptome by RNA-seq, as well as identify and characterize thioredoxin (Tnxs) and peroxiredoxin (Prdxs) antioxidant enzymes of the greatest interest in the control of peroxide levels and other biological functions. The transcriptome of loggerhead turtle was sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform and de novo assembly was performed using the Trinity pipeline. The assembly comprised 515,597 contigs with an N50 of 2,631 bp. Contigs were analyzed with CD-Hit obtaining 374,545 unigenes, of which 165,676 had ORFs encoding putative proteins longer than 100 amino acids. A total of 52,147 (31.5%) of these transcripts had significant homology matches in at least one of the five databases used. From the enrichment of GO terms, 180 proteins with antioxidant activity were identified, among these 28 Prdxs and 50 putative Tnxs. The putative proteins of loggerhead turtles encoded by the genes Prdx1, Prdx3, Prdx5, Prdx6, Txn and Txnip were predicted and characterized in silico. When comparing Prdxs and Txns of loggerhead turtle with homologous human proteins, they showed 18 (9%), 52 (18%) 94 (43%), 36 (16%), 35 (33%) and 74 (19%) amino acid mutations respectively. However, they showed high conservation in active sites and structural motifs (98%), with few specific modifications. Of these, Prdx1, Prdx3, Prdx5, Prdx6, Txn and Txnip presented 0, 25, 18, three, six and two deleterious changes. This study provides a high quality blood transcriptome and functional annotation of loggerhead sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Fernández
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Genetics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Research Group-GENBIMOL, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.,Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Ellie Anne López Barrera
- Institute of Environmental Studies and Services. IDEASA Research Group-IDEASA, Sergio Arboleda University, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - María Del Pilar Rodríguez Becerra
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Genetics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Research Group-GENBIMOL, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | | | - M Mar Alba
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Cao X, He W, Pang Y, Cao Y, Qin A. Redox-dependent and independent effects of thioredoxin interacting protein. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1215-1231. [PMID: 32845855 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is an important physiological inhibitor of the thioredoxin (TXN) redox system in cells. Regulation of TXNIP expression and/or activity not only plays an important role in redox regulation but also exerts redox-independent physiological effects that exhibit direct pathophysiological consequences including elevated inflammatory response, aberrant glucose metabolism, cellular senescence and apoptosis, cellular immunity, and tumorigenesis. This review provides a brief overview of the current knowledge concerning the redox-dependent and independent roles of TXNIP and its relevance to various disease states. The implications for the therapeutic targeting of TXNIP will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - Yichuan Pang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011,People's Republic of China
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Kim MJ, Han C, White K, Park HJ, Ding D, Boyd K, Rothenberger C, Bose U, Carmichael P, Linser PJ, Tanokura M, Salvi R, Someya S. Txn2 haplodeficiency does not affect cochlear antioxidant defenses or accelerate the progression of cochlear cell loss or hearing loss across the lifespan. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111078. [PMID: 32866605 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin 2 (TXN2) is a small redox protein found in nearly all organisms. As a mitochondrial member of the thioredoxin antioxidant defense system, TXN2 interacts with peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3) to remove hydrogen peroxide. Accordingly, TXN2 is thought to play an important role in maintaining the appropriate mitochondrial redox environment and protecting the mitochondrial components against oxidative stress. In the current study, we investigated the effects of Txn2 haplodeficiency on cochlear antioxidant defenses, auditory function, and cochlear cell loss across the lifespan in wild-type (WT) and Txn2 heterozygous knockout (Txn2+/-) mice backcrossed onto CBA/CaJ mice, a well-established model of age-related hearing loss. Txn2+/- mice displayed a 58% decrease in TXN2 protein levels in the mitochondria of the inner ears compared to WT mice. However, Txn2 haplodeficiency did not affect the thioredoxin or glutathione antioxidant defense in both the mitochondria and cytosol of the inner ears of young mice. There were no differences in the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, mitochondrial DNA content, or oxidative DNA and protein damage markers in the inner ears between young WT and Txn2+/- mice. In a mouse inner ear cell line, knockdown of Txn2 did not affect cell viability under hydrogen peroxide treatment. Consistent with the tissue and cell line results, there were no differences in hair cell loss or spiral ganglion neuron density between WT and Txn2+/- mice at 3-5 or 23-25 months of age. Furthermore, Txn2 haplodeficiency did not affect auditory brainstem response threshold, wave I latency, or wave I amplitude at 3-5, 15-16, or 23-25 months of age. Therefore, Txn2 haplodeficiency does not affect cochlear antioxidant defenses, accelerate degeneration of cochlear cells, or affect auditory function in mice across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jung Kim
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chul Han
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karessa White
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Boyd
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Upal Bose
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Carmichael
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul J Linser
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shinichi Someya
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Lu W, Han Y, Yang J, Jiang W, You X, Luo Y, Wen S, Hu Y, Huang P. Mitochondrial TXNRD3 confers drug resistance via redox-mediated mechanism and is a potential therapeutic target in vivo. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101652. [PMID: 32750669 PMCID: PMC7397405 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in ROS metabolism and redox signaling are often observed in cancer cells and play a significant role in tumor development and drug resistance. However, the mechanisms by which redox alterations impact cellular sensitivity to anticancer drugs remain elusive. Here we have identified the mitochondrial isoform of thioredoxin reductase 3 (mtTXNRD3), through RT-PCR microarray screen, as a key molecule that confers drug resistance to sorafenib and other clinical anticancer agents. High expression of mtTXNRD3 is detected in drug-resistant leukemia and hepatocellular carcinoma cells associated with significant metabolic alterations manifested by low mitochondrial respiration and high glycolysis. Mechanistically, high mtTXNRD3 activity keeps the mitochondrial thioredoxin2 (Trx2) in a reduced stage that in turn stabilizes several key survival molecules including HK2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and MCL-1, leading to increased cell survival and drug resistance. Pharmacological inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by auranofin effectively overcomes such drug resistance in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that targeting this redox mechanism may be a feasible strategy to treat drug-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported By National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yi Han
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Weiye Jiang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xin You
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yao Luo
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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9
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Nadarajapillai K, Sellaththurai S, Liyanage DS, Yang H, Lee J. Molecular and functional explication of thioredoxin mitochondrial-like protein (Trx-2) from big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) and expression upon immune provocation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:495-504. [PMID: 32081809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small ubiquitous multifunctional protein with a characteristic WCGPC thiol-disulfide active site that is conserved through evolution. Trx plays a crucial role in the antioxidant defense system. Further, it is involved in a variety of biological functions including gene expression, apoptosis, and growth regulation. Trx exists in several forms, with the cytosolic (Trx-1) and mitochondrial (Trx-2) forms being the most predominant. In this study, the mitochondrial Trx protein (HaTrx-2), from the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) was characterized, and its molecular features and functional properties were investigated. The cDNA sequence of HaTrx-2 consists of a 519 bp ORF, and it encodes a polypeptide of 172 amino acids. This protein has a calculated molecular mass of 18.8 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point (pI) of 7.80. The highest values of identity (78.7%) and similarity (86.2%) were observed with Fundulus heteroclitus Trx-2 from the pairwise alignment results. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that HaTrx-2 is closely clustered with teleost fishes. The qPCR results showed that HaTrx-2 was prevalently expressed at various levels in all the tissues examined. The ovary showed the highest expression, followed by the brain and kidney. HaTrx-2 showed varying mRNA expression levels during the immune challenge experiment, depending on the type of tissue and the time interval. Our results confirmed the antioxidant property of HaTrx-2 by performing the MCO assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and cell viability assays. Further, an insulin disulfide reduction assay revealed the dithiol remove the enzymatic activity of HaTrx-2. Altogether these results indicate that HaTrx-2 plays indispensable roles in the regulation of oxidative stress and immune response in the seahorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishanthini Nadarajapillai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarithaa Sellaththurai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Luo Z, Chen Y, Xu A, Liang Y, Wu B, Tong X, Liu X, Shen H, Liu L, Wei Y, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhou F. The novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor A-Z2 triggers intrinsic apoptosis and shows efficacy in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:275-286. [PMID: 31730934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance and high incidence of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients are associated with thioredoxin (Trx) overexpression. Thus, targeting the Trx system has emerged as a promising approach to treating AML. Both arsenicals and azelaic acid (AZA) are thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitors and possess antileukemic effects. In this study, to exploit agents with higher potency and lower toxicity, we got some organic arsenicals and further synthesized a series of targeted compounds by binding AZA to organic arsenicals, and then screened the most effective one, N-(4-(1, 3, 2-dithiarsinan-2-yl) phenyl)-azelamide (A-Z2). A-Z2 showed a stronger inhibitory effect against TrxR activity and in AML cell lines than did AZA or arsenicals. Additionally, A-Z2 was less toxic to healthy cells compared with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. A-Z2 induces apoptosis by collapsing of mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing ATP level, releasing of cytochrome c and TNF-α, activating of caspase 9, 8 and 3. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that A-Z2 activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by directly selectively targeting TrxR/Trx and indirectly inhibiting NF-κB. A-Z2's better efficacy and safety profile against arsenicals and azelaic acid were also evident in vivo. A-Z2 had better plasma stability and biological activity in rats. A-Z2-treated mice displayed significant symptom relief and prolonged survival in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) AML model. Herein, our study provides a novel antitumor candidate and approach for treating AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ziyi Luo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Anjie Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuxing Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Balu Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiqin Tong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haibing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China.
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11
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Overview of thioredoxin system and targeted therapies for acute leukemia. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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EsTrx-2, the mitochondrial thioredoxin from Antarctic microcrustacean (Euphausia superba): Cloning and functional characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 231:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Shen ZJ, Liu YJ, Gao XH, Liu XM, Zhang SD, Li Z, Zhang QW, Liu XX. Molecular Identification of Two Thioredoxin Genes From Grapholita molesta and Their Function in Resistance to Emamectin Benzoate. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 30410444 PMCID: PMC6210739 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), a member of the thioredoxin system, play crucial roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and protecting organisms against oxidative stress. In this study, we cloned and characterized two genes, GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1, from Grapholita molesta. Sequence analysis showed that GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 had highly conserved active sites CGPC and CXXC motif, respectively, and shared high sequence identity with selected insect species. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that GmTrx2 was mainly detected at first instar, whereas GmTrx-like1 was highly concentrated at prepupa day. The transcripts of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 were both highly expressed in the head and salivary glands. The expression levels of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 were induced by low or high temperature, E. coli, M. anisopliae, H2O2, and pesticides (emamectin benzoate). We further detected interference efficiency of GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 in G. molesta larvae and found that peroxidase capacity, hydrogen peroxide content, and ascorbate content all increased after knockdown of GmTrx2 or GmTrx-like1. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased by emamectin benzoate and the sensitivity for larvae to emamectin benzoate was improved after GmTrx2 or GmTrx-like1 was silenced. Our results indicated that GmTrx2 and GmTrx-like1 played vital roles in protecting G. molesta against oxidative damage and also provided the theoretical basis for understanding the antioxidant defense mechanisms of the Trx system in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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14
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Flores LC, Roman MG, Cunningham GM, Cheng C, Dube S, Allen C, Van Remmen H, Hubbard GB, Saunders TL, Ikeno Y. Continuous overexpression of thioredoxin 1 enhances cancer development and does not extend maximum lifespan in male C57BL/6 mice. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2018; 8:1533754. [PMID: 30370017 PMCID: PMC6201794 DOI: 10.1080/20010001.2018.1533754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of continuous overexpression of thioredoxin (Trx) 1 on aging in Trx1 transgenic mice [Tg(TXN)+/0]. This study was conducted to test whether increased thioredoxin expression over the lifespan in mice would alter aging and age-related pathology because our previous study demonstrated that Tg(act-TXN)+/0 mice had no significant maximum life extension, possibly due to the use of actin as a promoter, which may have resulted in loss of Trx1 overexpression during aging. To test this hypothesis, we generated new Trx1 transgenic mice using a fragment of the human genome containing the TXN gene with an endogenous promoter to ensure continuous overexpression of Trx1 throughout the lifespan. Universal overexpression of Trx1 was observed, and Trx1 overexpression was maintained during aging (up to 22–24 months old) in the Tg(TXN)+/0 mice. The levels of Trx1 are significantly higher (approximately 4 to 31 fold) in all of the tissues examined in the Tg(TXN)+/0 mice compared to the wild-type (WT) littermates. The overexpression of Trx1 did not cause any changes in the levels of Trx2, glutaredoxin, glutathione, or other major antioxidant enzymes. The survival study demonstrated that male Tg(TXN)+/0 mice slightly extended the earlier part of the lifespan compared to WT littermates, but no significant life extension was observed over the lifespan. The cross-sectional pathological analysis (22–25 months old) showed that Tg(TXN)+/0 mice had a significantly higher severity of lymphoma and more tumor burden than WT mice, which was associated with the suppression of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) pathway. Our findings suggest that the increased levels of Trx1 over the lifespan in Tg(TXN)+/0 mice showed some beneficial effects (slight extension of lifespan) in the earlier part of life but had no significant effects on median or maximum lifespans, and increased Trx1 levels enhanced tumor development in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Flores
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Madeline G Roman
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Geneva M Cunningham
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christie Cheng
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sara Dube
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Colton Allen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gene B Hubbard
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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15
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Giorgi C, Marchi S, Simoes IC, Ren Z, Morciano G, Perrone M, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Borchard S, Jȩdrak P, Pierzynowska K, Szymański J, Wang DQ, Portincasa P, Wȩgrzyn G, Zischka H, Dobrzyn P, Bonora M, Duszynski J, Rimessi A, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Dobrzyn A, Szabadkai G, Zavan B, Oliveira PJ, Sardao VA, Pinton P, Wieckowski MR. Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:209-344. [PMID: 30072092 PMCID: PMC8127332 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been linked to several degenerative processes that, through the accumulation of molecular and cellular damage, can progressively lead to cell dysfunction and organ failure. Human aging is linked with a higher risk for individuals to develop cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. The understanding of the molecular basis of aging and associated diseases has been one major challenge of scientific research over the last decades. Mitochondria, the center of oxidative metabolism and principal site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are crucial both in health and in pathogenesis of many diseases. Redox signaling is important for the modulation of cell functions and several studies indicate a dual role for ROS in cell physiology. In fact, high concentrations of ROS are pathogenic and can cause severe damage to cell and organelle membranes, DNA, and proteins. On the other hand, moderate amounts of ROS are essential for the maintenance of several biological processes, including gene expression. In this review, we provide an update regarding the key roles of ROS-mitochondria cross talk in different fundamental physiological or pathological situations accompanying aging and highlighting that mitochondrial ROS may be a decisive target in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ines C.M. Simoes
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ziyu Ren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariasole Perrone
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paulina Patalas-Krawczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabine Borchard
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paulina Jȩdrak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Jȩdrzej Szymański
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Q. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Wȩgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Departments of Cell Biology and Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jerzy Duszynski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Vilma A. Sardao
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology Oncology and Experimental Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Yu B, Egbejimi A, Dharmat R, Xu P, Zhao Z, Long B, Miao H, Chen R, Wensel TG, Cai J, Chen Y. Phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments activate mTORC1 in the retinal pigment epithelium. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/532/eaag3315. [PMID: 29844054 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aag3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transports nutrients and metabolites between the microvascular bed that maintains the outer retina and photoreceptor neurons. The RPE removes photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by receptor-mediated phagocytosis, a process that peaks in the morning. Uptake and degradation of POS initiates signaling cascades in the RPE. Upstream stimuli from various metabolic activities converge on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and aberrant mTORC1 signaling is implicated in aging and age-related degeneration of the RPE. We measured mTORC1-mediated responses to RPE phagocytosis in vivo and in vitro. During the morning burst of POS shedding, there was transient activation of mTORC1-mediated signaling in the RPE. POS activated mTORC1 through lysosome-independent mechanisms, and engulfed POS served as a docking platform for mTORC1 assembly. The identification of POS as endogenous stimuli of mTORC1 in the RPE provides a mechanistic link underlying the photoreceptor-RPE interaction in the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Anuoluwapo Egbejimi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rachayata Dharmat
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zhenyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Theodore G Wensel
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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17
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Kang JW, Choi HS, Lee SM. Resolvin D1 attenuates liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury through modulating thioredoxin 2-mediated mitochondrial quality control. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2441-2453. [PMID: 29569721 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) injury is a sterile inflammatory response involving production of ROS. Mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained by mitochondrial quality control (QC). Thioredoxin (TRX) 2 is a key mitochondrial redox-sensitive protein. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator, exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. We investigated mechanisms of RvD1 protection against IR-induced oxidative damage to the liver, focusing on TRX2-mediated mitochondrial QC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice underwent partial warm IR. RvD1 was administered 1 h before ischaemia and immediately prior to reperfusion. Human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and transfected with TRX2 siRNA. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and enzyme assays were used to follow changes in mitochondrial structure and function. KEY RESULTS RvD1 attenuated hepatocellular damage following IR, assessed by serum aminotransferase activities and histology. RvD1 reduced mitochondrial swelling, lipid peroxidation and glutamate dehydrogenase release. Impaired activities of mitochondrial complexes I and III were restored by RvD1. RvD1 enhanced expression of the mitophagy-related protein, Parkin and inhibited accumulation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1. RvD1 restored levels of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins including PPARγ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A and mtDNA level. RvD1 attenuated the increase in levels of the mitochondrial fission-related protein, dynamin-related protein 1. IR reduced TRX2 levels while increasing TRX2 association with TRX-interacting protein. RvD1 attenuated these changes. The regulatory effects of RvD1 on mitochondrial QC were abolished by TRX2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We suggest that RvD1 ameliorated IR-induced hepatocellular damage by regulating TRX2-mediated mitochondrial QC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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18
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Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) in Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Regulation and Implication. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7900-7920. [PMID: 29488135 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including acute attacks (e.g., ischemic stroke) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), have always been one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These debilitating diseases represent an enormous disease burden, not only in terms of health suffering but also in economic costs. Although the clinical presentations differ for these diseases, a growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in brain tissue significantly contribute to their pathology. However, therapies attempting to prevent oxidative damage or inhibiting inflammation have shown little success. Identification and targeting endogenous "upstream" mediators that normalize such processes will lead to improve therapeutic strategy of these diseases. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is an endogenous inhibitor of the thioredoxin (TRX) system, a major cellular thiol-reducing and antioxidant system. TXNIP regulating redox/glucose-induced stress and inflammation, now is known to get upregulated in stroke and other brain diseases, and represents a promising therapeutic target. In particular, there is growing evidence that glucose strongly induces TXNIP in multiple cell types, suggesting possible physiological roles of TXNIP in glucose metabolism. Recently, a significant body of literature has supported an essential role of TXNIP in the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP3)-inflammasome, a well-established multi-molecular protein complex and a pivotal mediator of sterile inflammation. Accordingly, TXNIP has been postulated to reside centrally in detecting cellular damage and mediating inflammatory responses to tissue injury. The majority of recent studies have shown that pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of TXNIP is neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Conspicuously, the mainstream of the emerging evidences is highlighting TXNIP link to damaging signals in endothelial cells. Thereby, here, we keep the trend to present the accumulative data on CNS diseases dealing with vascular integrity. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the significant contribution of regulatory mechanisms of TXNIP with the development of brain diseases, explore pharmacological strategies of targeting TXNIP, and outline obstacles to be considered for efficient clinical translation.
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19
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Zhao Z, Liang Y, Liu Y, Xu P, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Sun D, Sun J, Mullins RF, Chen Y, Cai J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:4903-4916. [PMID: 28729290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700533r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells located near the epithelial barrier are integral components of local inflammatory and innate immune responses. We have previously reported the presence of choroidal γδ T cells in a model of chronic degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The goals of the current study were to further define the functions of choroidal γδ T cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms of their action. Our data demonstrate that choroidal γδ T cells are activated by RPE injury in response to NaIO3 treatment, and that they express genes that encode immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. γδ-T-cell-deficient mice developed profound RPE and retinal damage at doses that caused minimal effects in wild-type mice, and adoptive transfer of γδ T cells prevented sensitization. Intravitreal injection of IL-4 and IL-10 ameliorated RPE toxicity that was induced by NaIO3Ex vivo coculture of γδ T cells with RPE explants activated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines via an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent mechanism. AhR deficiency abolished the protective effects of γδ T cells after adoptive transfer. Collectively, these findings define important roles for choroid γδ T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the outer retina.-Zhao, Z., Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, P., Flamme-Wiese, M. J., Sun, D., Sun, J., Mullins, R. F., Chen, Y., Cai, J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Miles J Flamme-Wiese
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
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20
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Forred BJ, Daugaard DR, Titus BK, Wood RR, Floen MJ, Booze ML, Vitiello PF. Detoxification of Mitochondrial Oxidants and Apoptotic Signaling Are Facilitated by Thioredoxin-2 and Peroxiredoxin-3 during Hyperoxic Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168777. [PMID: 28045936 PMCID: PMC5207683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the regulation of cell death during accumulation of oxidants. High concentrations of atmospheric oxygen (hyperoxia), used clinically to treat tissue hypoxia in premature newborns, is known to elicit oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury to pulmonary epithelial cells. A consequence of oxidative stress in mitochondria is the accumulation of peroxides which are detoxified by the dedicated mitochondrial thioredoxin system. This system is comprised of the oxidoreductase activities of peroxiredoxin-3 (Prx3), thioredoxin-2 (Trx2), and thioredoxin reductase-2 (TrxR2). The goal of this study was to understand the role of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system and mitochondrial injuries during hyperoxic exposure. Flow analysis of the redox-sensitive, mitochondrial-specific fluorophore, MitoSOX, indicated increased levels of mitochondrial oxidant formation in human adenocarcinoma cells cultured in 95% oxygen. Increased expression of Trx2 and TrxR2 in response to hyperoxia were not attributable to changes in mitochondrial mass, suggesting that hyperoxic upregulation of mitochondrial thioredoxins prevents accumulation of oxidized Prx3. Mitochondrial oxidoreductase activities were modulated through pharmacological inhibition of TrxR2 with auranofin and genetically through shRNA knockdown of Trx2 and Prx3. Diminished Trx2 and Prx3 expression was associated with accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide; however, only shRNA knockdown of Trx2 increased susceptibility to hyperoxic cell death and increased phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1). In conclusion, the mitochondrial thioredoxin system regulates hyperoxic-mediated death of pulmonary epithelial cells through detoxification of oxidants and regulation of redox-dependent apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Forred
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Darwin R. Daugaard
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brianna K. Titus
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ryan R. Wood
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Miranda J. Floen
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Booze
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Vitiello
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
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Mechanistic Role of Thioredoxin 2 in Heart Failure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:265-276. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Zhang J, Yao J, Peng S, Li X, Fang J. Securinine disturbs redox homeostasis and elicits oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis via targeting thioredoxin reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Dominiak A, Wilkaniec A, Wroczyński P, Adamczyk A. Selenium in the Therapy of Neurological Diseases. Where is it Going? Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:282-99. [PMID: 26549649 PMCID: PMC4857624 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151223100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (34Se), an antioxidant trace element, is an important regulator of brain function. These beneficial properties that Se possesses are attributed to its ability to be incorporated into selenoproteins as an amino acid. Several selenoproteins are expressed in the brain, in which some of them, e.g. glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) or selenoprotein P (SelP), are strongly involved in antioxidant defence and in maintaining intercellular reducing conditions. Since increased oxidative stress has been implicated in neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, epilepsy and others, a growing body of evidence suggests that Se depletion followed by decreased activity of Se-dependent enzymes may be important factors connected with those pathologies. Undoubtedly, the remarkable progress that has been made in understanding the biological function of Se in the brain has opened up new potential possibilities for the treatment of neurological diseases by using Se as a potential drug. However, further research in the search for optimal Se donors is necessary in order to achieve an effective and safe therapeutic income.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Wang BF, Yoshioka J. The Emerging Role of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 22:219-229. [PMID: 27807222 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416675731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury represents a major threat to human health and contributes to adverse cardiovascular outcomes worldwide. Despite the identification of numerous molecular mechanisms, understanding of the complex pathophysiology of this clinical syndrome remains incomplete. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) has been of great interest in the past decade since it has been reported to be a critical regulator in human diseases with several important cellular functions. Thioredoxin-interacting protein binds to and inhibits thioredoxin, a redox protein that neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), and through its interaction with thioredoxin, Txnip sensitizes cardiomyocytes to ROS-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, evidence from recent studies also suggests that some of the effects of Txnip may be unrelated to changes in thioredoxin activity. These pleiotropic effects of Txnip are mediated by interactions with other signaling molecules, such as nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome and glucose transporter 1. Indeed, Txnip has been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory response and glucose homeostasis during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. This review attempts to make the case that in addition to interacting with thioredoxin, Txnip contributes to some of the pathological consequences of myocardial ischemia and infarction through endogenous signals in multiple molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing F Wang
- 1 Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Yoshioka
- 1 Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Lee JC, Park JH, Kim IH, Cho GS, Ahn JH, Tae HJ, Choi SY, Cho JH, Kim DW, Kwon YG, Kang IJ, Won MH, Kim YM. Neuroprotection of ischemic preconditioning is mediated by thioredoxin 2 in the hippocampal CA1 region following a subsequent transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:276-291. [PMID: 27117068 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning by brief ischemic episode induces tolerance to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult, and it has been suggested that reactive oxygen species are involved in this phenomenon. Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), a small protein with redox-regulating function, shows cytoprotective roles against oxidative stress. Here, we had focused on the role of Trx2 in ischemic preconditioning (IPC)-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress followed by a subsequent lethal transient cerebral ischemia. Animals used in this study were randomly assigned to six groups; sham-operated group, ischemia-operated group, IPC plus (+) sham-operated group, IPC + ischemia-operated group, IPC + auranofin (a TrxR2 inhibitor) + sham-operated group and IPC + auranofin + ischemia-operated group. IPC was subjected to a 2 minutes of sublethal transient ischemia 1 day prior to a 5 minutes of lethal transient ischemia. A significant loss of neurons was found in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) in the ischemia-operated-group 5 days after ischemia-reperfusion; in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, pyramidal neurons in the SP were well protected. In the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the SP and its protein level in the CA1 were not significantly changed compared with those in the sham-operated-group after ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression, superoxide anion radical ( O2-) production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group were similar to those in the sham-operated-group. Conversely, the treatment of auranofin to the IPC + ischemia-operated-group significantly increased cell damage/death and abolished the IPC-induced effect on Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions. Furthermore, the inhibition of Trx2R nearly cancelled the beneficial effects of IPC on SOD2 expression, O2- production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells. In brief, this study shows that IPC conferred neuroprotection against ischemic injury by maintaining Trx2 and suggests that the maintenance or enhancement of Trx2 expression by IPC may be a legitimate strategy for therapeutic intervention of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ansan, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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26
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Zhang J, Li Y, Duan D, Yao J, Gao K, Fang J. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by alantolactone prompts oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of HeLa cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 102:34-44. [PMID: 26686580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isoenzymes, TrxR1 in cytosol or nucleus, TrxR2 in mitochondria, and TrxR3 in testis, are essential seleno-flavoenzymes with a conserved penultimate selenocysteine (Sec) residue at the C-terminus, and have attracted increasing interests as potential targets for development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The sesquiterpene lactone alantolactone (ATL), an active component from the traditional folk medicine Inula helenium, has been documented possessing multiple pharmacological functions, especially the anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanism has not been well defined. We reported that ATL inhibits both the recombinant TrxR and the enzyme in the cellular environment. The alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety in ATL and the Sec residue in TrxR are critical for targeting TrxR by ATL. By employing our newly developed pull down assay, we demonstrated the remarkable elevation of the oxidized thioredoxin in HeLa cells after ATL treatment. In addition, ATL elicits accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and eventually induces apoptosis of HeLa cells. Importantly, overexpression of the functional TrxR attenuates the cytotoxicity of ATL, while knockdown of the enzyme sensitizes the cells to ATL treatment. Targeting TrxR thus discloses a novel molecular mechanism underlying the cellular action of ATL, and sheds light in considering the usage of ATL as a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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27
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Yoshioka J. Thioredoxin superfamily and its effects on cardiac physiology and pathology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:513-30. [PMID: 25880503 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A precise control of oxidation/reduction of protein thiols is essential for intact cardiac physiology. Irreversible oxidative modifications have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance of redox homeostasis with diminution of antioxidant capacities predisposes the heart to oxidant injury. There is growing interest in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cardiovascular field, since perturbation of redox homeostasis in the ER is sufficient to cause ER stress. Because a number of human diseases are related to altered redox homeostasis and defects in protein folding, many research efforts have been devoted in recent years to understanding the structure and enzymatic properties of the thioredoxin superfamily. The thioredoxin superfamily has been well documented as thiol oxidoreductases to exert a role in various cell signaling pathways. The redox properties of the thioredoxin motif account for the different functions of several members of the thioredoxin superfamily. While thioredoxin and glutaredoxin primarily act as antioxidants by reducing protein disulfides and mixed disulfide, another member of the superfamily, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), can act as an oxidant by forming intrachain disulfide bonds that contribute to proper protein folding. Increasing evidence suggests a pivotal role of PDI in the survival pathway that promotes cardiomyocyte survival and leads to more favorable cardiac remodeling. Thus, the thiol redox state is important for cellular redox signaling and survival pathway in the heart. This review summarizes the key features of major members of the thioredoxin superfamily directly involved in cardiac physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshioka
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Li Q, Wen Y, Wen J, Zhang YP, Xu XD, Victorious A, Zavitz R, Xu X. A new biosafe reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoplatform for drug delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25913d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
.A new ROS-responsive nanoplatform was deleveloped to load anticancer drug for oral cancer therapy. The ROS in cytoplasm can efficiently destroy the nanoplatform, leading to a rapid release of loaded drug and apoptosis of oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Stomatology
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Wen
- School of Stomatology
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Wen
- School of Stomatology
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhang
- School of Stomatology
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ding Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Amanda Victorious
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Waterloo
- Ontario
- Canada
| | - Ryan Zavitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Waterloo
- Ontario
- Canada
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Stomatology
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
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29
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Comparative transcriptomics reveals similarities and differences between astrocytoma grades. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:952. [PMID: 26673168 PMCID: PMC4682229 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors distinguished into four histological grades. Molecular analyses of individual astrocytoma grades have revealed detailed insights into genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations. This provides an excellent basis to identify similarities and differences between astrocytoma grades. Methods We utilized public omics data of all four astrocytoma grades focusing on pilocytic astrocytomas (PA I), diffuse astrocytomas (AS II), anaplastic astrocytomas (AS III) and glioblastomas (GBM IV) to identify similarities and differences using well-established bioinformatics and systems biology approaches. We further validated the expression and localization of Ang2 involved in angiogenesis using immunohistochemistry. Results Our analyses show similarities and differences between astrocytoma grades at the level of individual genes, signaling pathways and regulatory networks. We identified many differentially expressed genes that were either exclusively observed in a specific astrocytoma grade or commonly affected in specific subsets of astrocytoma grades in comparison to normal brain. Further, the number of differentially expressed genes generally increased with the astrocytoma grade with one major exception. The cytokine receptor pathway showed nearly the same number of differentially expressed genes in PA I and GBM IV and was further characterized by a significant overlap of commonly altered genes and an exclusive enrichment of overexpressed cancer genes in GBM IV. Additional analyses revealed a strong exclusive overexpression of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1 in PA I possibly contributing to the absence of invasive growth. We further found that PA I was significantly associated with the mesenchymal subtype typically observed for very aggressive GBM IV. Expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers (ANGPT2, CHI3L1) indicated a stronger contribution of the micro-environment to the manifestation of the mesenchymal subtype than the tumor biology itself. We further inferred a transcriptional regulatory network associated with specific expression differences distinguishing PA I from AS II, AS III and GBM IV. Major central transcriptional regulators were involved in brain development, cell cycle control, proliferation, apoptosis, chromatin remodeling or DNA methylation. Many of these regulators showed directly underlying DNA methylation changes in PA I or gene copy number mutations in AS II, AS III and GBM IV. Conclusions This computational study characterizes similarities and differences between all four astrocytoma grades confirming known and revealing novel insights into astrocytoma biology. Our findings represent a valuable resource for future computational and experimental studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1939-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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30
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Lopert P, Patel M. Mitochondrial mechanisms of redox cycling agents implicated in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:113-23. [PMID: 25749885 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental agents have been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on epidemiological studies and the ability of toxicants to replicate features of PD. However, the precise mechanisms by which toxicants induce dopaminergic toxicity observed in the idiopathic form of PD remain to be fully understood. The roles of ROS and mitochondria are strongly suggested in the mechanisms by which these toxicants exert dopaminergic toxicity. There are marked differences and similarities shared by the toxicants in increasing steady-state levels of mitochondrial ROS. Furthermore, toxicants increase steady-state mitochondrial ROS levels by stimulating the production, inhibiting the antioxidant pathways of both. This review will focus on the role of mitochondria and ROS in PD associated with environmental exposures to redox-based toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopert
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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31
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Kang T, Wan H, Zhang Y, Shakeel M, Lu Y, You H, Lee KS, Jin BR, Li J. Comparative study of two thioredoxins from common cutworm (Spodoptera litura): cloning, expression, and functional characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 182:47-54. [PMID: 25542738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that are involved in protecting organisms against various oxidative stresses. Here, we cloned and characterized two thioredoxins, named SlTrx1 and SlTrx2, from the common cutworm Spodoptera litura. SlTrx1 and SlTrx2, respectively, consist of 988 and 606 bp full-length cDNA with 318 and 447 bp open reading frames encoding 106 and 149 amino acid residues. Furthermore, the N-terminal region of SlTrx2 contains a predicted mitochondrial localization signal (33 amino acids). A phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that SlTrx1 is in the cytosolic thioredoxin Trx1 cluster, whereas SlTrx2 is in the mitochondrial thioredoxin Trx2 cluster. Recombinant SlTrx1 (14 kDa) and SlTrx2 (16 kDa), expressed in baculovirus-infected insect Sf9 cells, demonstrated insulin disulfide reductase activity at the same optimum temperature and pH value of 35 °C and 7.0, respectively, in vitro. During S. litura development, we found that SlTrx1 and SlTrx2 had similar transcript expression patterns and were constitutively expressed in the epidermis, fat body, and midgut, with the highest expression occurring in the sixth-instar larval stage in the epidermis and midgut. In addition, both SlTrx1 and SlTrx2 mRNA were up-regulated in S. litura after injection with H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, indoxacarb, and metaflumizone. These results suggest that SlTrx1 and SlTrx2 function as potent antioxidant enzymes, and provide a molecular basis for the roles SlTrx1 and SlTrx2 during development and the oxidative stress response of S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghao Kang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hu Wan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yashu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hong You
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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32
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Wu X, Li L, Zhang L, Wu J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Inhibition of thioredoxin-1 with siRNA exacerbates apoptosis by activating the ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway in brain of a stroke model rats. Brain Res 2014; 1599:20-31. [PMID: 25541364 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is critical for the development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thioredoxin-1(Trx-1) protein has been reported to have anti-apoptotic effects in a variety of cell types, and it has been implicated in brain injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Thus, we studied the effects of Trx1 silencing after MCAO in rats and examined whether inhibition of endogenous Trx1 could increase tissue levels of apoptosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=170) were subjected to 1h of middle cerebral arterial occlusion followed by 24h of reperfusion. Trx1 siRNAs were injected into rat brains 24h prior to MCAO. Then, 24h after MCAO, brains were collected from euthanized rats for investigation. Treatment with Trx1 siRNA significantly increased mortality, behavioral deficits, and cerebral infarction volume and exacerbated neuronal cell apoptotic death after MCAO injury. Western blot revealed increased expression of apoptotic proteins such as P-ASK1, P-JNK, P-p38, cleaved caspase-3 and increased the level of cytochrome c in the cytosolic fraction in the Trx1 siRNA-treated group. Co-immunoprecipitation assay suggested an interaction between Trx1 and ASK1 in normal rat brains and Trx1 siRNA dissociated ASK1-Trx1 binding complex. Our data suggest that Trx1 siRNA increases apoptotic stress-induced ASK1 activation and this represents further evidence that Trx1 is an endogenous anti-apoptotic molecule that diminishes focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Its mechanism of action is likely related to attenuation of the ASK1-JNK/p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yunchuan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China.
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Rojanathammanee L, Rakoczy S, Brown-Borg HM. Growth hormone alters the glutathione S-transferase and mitochondrial thioredoxin systems in long-living Ames dwarf mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:1199-211. [PMID: 24285747 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ames dwarf mice are deficient in growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone and live significantly longer than their wild-type (WT) siblings. The lack of GH is associated with stress resistance and increased longevity. However, the mechanism underlying GH's actions on cellular stress defense have yet to be elucidated. In this study, WT or Ames dwarf mice were treated with saline or GH (WT saline, Dwarf saline, and Dwarf GH) two times daily for 7 days. The body and liver weights of Ames dwarf mice were significantly increased after 7 days of GH administration. Mitochondrial protein levels of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes, K1 and M4 (GSTK1 and GSTM4), were significantly higher in dwarf mice (Dwarf saline) when compared with WT mice (WT saline). GH administration downregulated the expression of GSTK1 proteins in dwarf mice. We further investigated GST activity from liver lysates using different substrates. Substrate-specific GST activity (bromosulfophthalein, dichloronitrobenzene, and 4-hydrox-ynonenal) was significantly reduced in GH-treated dwarf mice. In addition, GH treatment attenuated the activity of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin in liver mitochondria of Ames mice. Importantly, GH treatment suppressed Trx2 and TrxR2 mRNA expression. These data indicate that GH has a role in stress resistance by altering the functional capacity of the GST system through the regulation of specific GST family members in long-living Ames dwarf mice. It also affects the regulation of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, factors that regulate posttranslational modification of proteins and redox balance, thereby further influencing stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalida Rojanathammanee
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. School of Sports Science, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sharlene Rakoczy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.
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Wei J, Ji H, Guo M, Yan Y, Qin Q. Identification and characterization of TRP14, a thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1670-1676. [PMID: 23994424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (abbreviated as Trx) is an important ubiquitous disulfide reductase, which can protect organisms against various oxidative stresses. In the present study, a thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa (named as Ec-TRP14) was identified from the marine fish grouper, Epinephelus coioides by RACE PCR. The full-length cDNA of Ec-TRP14 was comprised of 1066 bp with a 372 bp open reading frame that encodes a putative protein of 123 amino acids. Similar to most TRP14s, Ec-TRP14 contained the conserved motif C-P-D-C. Ec-TRP14 mRNA is predominately expressed in liver, brain and muscle. The expression of Ec-TRP14 was up-regulated in the liver of grouper challenged with SGIV. Ec-TRP14 was recombined and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the rEc-Ec-TRP14 fusion protein was demonstrated to possess the antioxidant activity. The grouper spleen (GS) cells were treated with a high concentration of rEc-TRP14 (8.3 μg/ml), which significantly enhanced cells viability under damage caused by viral infection. These results together indicated that Ec-TRP14 could function as an important antioxidant in a physiological context, and might be involved in the responses to viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
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Mahmood DFD, Abderrazak A, El Hadri K, Simmet T, Rouis M. The thioredoxin system as a therapeutic target in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1266-303. [PMID: 23244617 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system comprises Trx, truncated Trx (Trx-80), Trx reductase, and NADPH, besides a natural Trx inhibitor, the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). This system is essential for maintaining the balance of the cellular redox status, and it is involved in the regulation of redox signaling. It is also pivotal for growth promotion, neuroprotection, inflammatory modulation, antiapoptosis, immune function, and atherosclerosis. As an ubiquitous and multifunctional protein, Trx is expressed in all forms of life, executing its function through its antioxidative, protein-reducing, and signal-transducing activities. In this review, the biological properties of the Trx system are highlighted, and its implications in several human diseases are discussed, including cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, stroke, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, and cancer. The last chapter addresses the emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the Trx system in human diseases.
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Yoshioka J, Lee RT. Thioredoxin-interacting protein and myocardial mitochondrial function in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 24:75-80. [PMID: 23891554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation are interrelated processes in mitochondria and are implicated in a variety of human diseases including ischemic heart disease. During ischemia, mitochondrial respiration rates fall. Though seemingly paradoxical, reduced respiration has been observed to be cardioprotective due in part to reduced generation of ROS. Enhanced myocardial glucose uptake is considered beneficial for the myocardium under stress, as glucose is the primary substrate to support anaerobic metabolism. Thus, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation can protect the myocardium from irreversible ischemic damage. Growing evidence now positions the TXNIP/thioredoxin system at a nodal point linking pathways of antioxidant defense, cell survival, and energy metabolism. This emerging picture reveals TXNIP's function as a regulator of glucose homeostasis and may prove central to regulation of mitochondrial function during ischemia. In this review, we summarize how TXNIP and its binding partner thioredoxin act as regulators of mitochondrial metabolism. While the precise mechanism remains incompletely defined, the TXNIP-thioredoxin interaction has the potential to affect signaling that regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and respiratory function with potential cardioprotection against ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshioka
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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Yin F, Sancheti H, Cadenas E. Mitochondrial thiols in the regulation of cell death pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1714-27. [PMID: 22530585 PMCID: PMC3474184 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Regulation of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) homeostasis and its involvement in the regulation of redox-sensitive signaling and transcriptional pathways is the consequence of the concerted activities of the mitochondrial energy- and redox systems. RECENT ADVANCES The energy component of this mitochondrial energy-redox axis entails the formation of reducing equivalents and their flow through the respiratory chain with the consequent electron leak to generate [Formula: see text] and H(2)O(2). The mitochondrial redox component entails the thiol-based antioxidant system, largely accounted for by glutathione- and thioredoxin-based systems that support the activities of glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductase. The ultimate reductant for these systems is NADPH: mitochondrial sources of NADPH are the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase-2, and malic enzyme. NADPH also supports the glutaredoxin activity that regulates the extent of S-glutathionylation of mitochondrial proteins in response to altered redox status. CRITICAL ISSUES The integrated network of these mitochondrial thiols constitute a regulatory device involved in the maintenance of steady-state levels of H(2)O(2), mitochondrial and cellular redox and metabolic homeostasis, as well as the modulation of cytosolic redox-sensitive signaling; disturbances of this regulatory device affects transcription, growth, and ultimately influences cell survival/death. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The modulation of key mitochondrial thiol proteins, which participate in redox signaling, maintenance of the bioenergetic machinery, oxidative stress responses, and cell death programming, provides a pivotal direction in developing new therapies towards the prevention and treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Lopert P, Day BJ, Patel M. Thioredoxin reductase deficiency potentiates oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in dopaminergic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50683. [PMID: 23226354 PMCID: PMC3511321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered major generators of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We have recently shown that isolated mitochondria consume hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in a substrate- and respiration-dependent manner predominantly via the thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin (Trx/Prx) system. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Trx/Prx system in dopaminergic cell death. We asked if pharmacological and lentiviral inhibition of the Trx/Prx system sensitized dopaminergic cells to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased steady-state H₂O₂ levels and death in response to toxicants implicated in PD. Incubation of N27 dopaminergic cells or primary rat mesencephalic cultures with the Trx reductase (TrxR) inhibitor auranofin in the presence of sub-toxic concentrations of parkinsonian toxicants paraquat; PQ or 6-hydroxydopamine; 6OHDA (for N27 cells) resulted in a synergistic increase in H₂O₂ levels and subsequent cell death. shRNA targeting the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2) in N27 cells confirmed the effects of pharmacological inhibition. A synergistic decrease in maximal and reserve respiratory capacity was observed in auranofin treated cells and TrxR2 deficient cells following incubation with PQ or 6OHDA. Additionally, TrxR2 deficient cells showed decreased basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates. These data demonstrate that inhibition of the mitochondrial Trx/Prx system sensitizes dopaminergic cells to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased steady-state H₂O₂, and cell death. Therefore, in addition to their role in the production of cellular H₂O₂ the mitochondrial Trx/Prx system serve as a major sink for cellular H₂O₂ and its disruption may contribute to dopaminergic pathology associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopert
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Manisha Patel
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:936486. [PMID: 22927725 PMCID: PMC3424049 DOI: 10.1155/2012/936486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, it became obvious that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a multitude of biological effects covering a wide spectrum that ranges from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations participating in the pathogenesis of increasing number of diseases. This review summarizes the key roles played by the ROS in both health and disease. ROS are metabolic products arising from various cells; two cellular organelles are intimately involved in their production and metabolism, namely, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Updates on research that tremendously aided in confirming the fundamental roles of both organelles in redox regulation will be discussed as well. Although not comprehensive, this review will provide brief perspective on some of the current research conducted in this area for better understanding of the ROS actions in various conditions of health and disease.
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40
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Bulvik BE, Berenshtein E, Konijn AM, Grinberg L, Vinokur V, Eliashar R, Chevion M(M. Aging is an organ-specific process: changes in homeostasis of iron and redox proteins in the rat. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:693-704. [PMID: 21643761 PMCID: PMC3337928 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organ-specific changes of iron- and redox-related proteins occur with age in the rat. Ferritin, the major iron storage and detoxifying protein, as well as the proteins of the methionine-centered redox cycle (MCRC) were examined in old and young animals, and showed organ-dependent changes. In spleens and livers of aged rats, ferritin (protein) levels were greater than in young ones, and their iron saturation increased, rendering higher ferritin-bound iron (FtBI). Iron saturation of the ferritin molecule in the tongues and sternohyoids of old rats was lower but ferritin level was higher than in young rats, resulting in increased FtBI with age. Ferritin level in the esophagus of older rats was lower than in young rats but its molecular iron content higher thus the total FtBI remained the same. In the larynx, both ferritin and its iron content were the same in young and old animals. MCRC proteins were measured in livers and spleens only. With aging, methionine sulfoxide reductase A and B (MsrA and MsrB) levels in livers and spleens decreased. Thioredoxin1 (Trx) and Trx-reductase1 were elevated in old spleens, but reduced in livers. Aged spleens showed reduced Msr isozyme activity; but in the liver, its activity increased. mRNA changes with age were monitored and found to be organ specific. These organ-specific changes could reflect the different challenges and the selective pathways of each organ and its resultant capacity to cope with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch E. Bulvik
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Eduard Berenshtein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Abraham Marim Konijn
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Leonid Grinberg
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Vladimir Vinokur
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Eliashar
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mordechai (Mottie) Chevion
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Dental and Medical Schools, P. O. B. 12272, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel
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41
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Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Redox regulation of mitochondrial function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1323-67. [PMID: 22146081 PMCID: PMC3324814 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox-dependent processes influence most cellular functions, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Mitochondria are at the center of these processes, as mitochondria both generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that drive redox-sensitive events and respond to ROS-mediated changes in the cellular redox state. In this review, we examine the regulation of cellular ROS, their modes of production and removal, and the redox-sensitive targets that are modified by their flux. In particular, we focus on the actions of redox-sensitive targets that alter mitochondrial function and the role of these redox modifications on metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, receptor-mediated signaling, and apoptotic pathways. We also consider the role of mitochondria in modulating these pathways, and discuss how redox-dependent events may contribute to pathobiology by altering mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Handy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Fretham SJ, Caito S, Martinez-Finley EJ, Aschner M. Mechanisms and Modifiers of Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012; 1:32-38. [PMID: 27795823 DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20010d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxic consequences of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure have long been known, however a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying this toxicity is elusive. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies have provided many mechanistic insights, particularly into the contribution of genetic and environmental factors that interact with MeHg to modify toxicity. This review will outline cellular processes directly and indirectly affected by MeHg, including oxidative stress, cellular signaling and gene expression, and discuss genetic, environmental and nutritional factors capable of modifying MeHg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jb Fretham
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pharmacology, and the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Caito
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pharmacology, and the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ebany J Martinez-Finley
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pharmacology, and the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pharmacology, and the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Harris C, Hansen JM. Nrf2-mediated resistance to oxidant-induced redox disruption in embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:213-8. [PMID: 22495766 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Events that control developmental changes occur during specific windows of gestation and if disrupted, can lead to dysmorphogenesis or embryolethality. One largely understudied aspect of developmental control is redox regulation, where the untimely disruption of intracellular redox potentials (E(h) ) may alter development, suggesting that tight control of developmental-stage-specific redox states is necessary to support normal development. In this study, mouse gestational day 8.5 embryos in whole embryo culture were treated with 10 μM dithiole-3-thione (D3T), an inducer of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). After 14 hr, D3T-treated and -untreated conceptuses were challenged with 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to induce oxidant-induced change to intracellular E(h) s. Redox potentials of glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), and mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) were then measured over a 2-hr rebounding period following H₂O₂ treatment. D3T treatment increased embryonic expression of known Nrf2-regulated genes, including those responsible for redox regulation of major intracellular redox couples. Exposure to H₂O₂ without prior D3T treatment produced significant oxidation of GSH, Trx1, and Trx2, based on E(h) values, where GSH and Trx2 E(h) recovered, reaching to pre-H₂O₂ E(h) ranges, but Trx1 E(h) remained oxidized. Following H₂O₂ addition in culture to embryos that received D3T pretreatments, GSH, Trx1, and Trx2 were insulated from significant oxidation. These data show that Nrf2 activation may serve as a means to protect the embryo from chemically induced oxidative stress through the preservation of intracellular redox states during development, allowing normal morphogenesis to ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Harris
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Umasuthan N, Revathy KS, Lee Y, Whang I, Lee J. Mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 from Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a potent antioxidant enzyme involved in antibacterial response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:513-523. [PMID: 22248533 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRx) is a ubiquitous protein involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes. The TRx-2 isoform is exclusively expressed in mitochondria, where it contributes to mitochondrial redox state maintenance. In the present study, a novel thioredoxin-2 gene was identified in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length sequence of RpTRx-2 (1561 bp) consists of a 498 bp coding region encoding a 166 amino acid protein. The N-terminal region of RpTRx-2 harbors a mitochondrial localization signal (56 amino acids), while the C-terminal portion contains the characteristic (89)WCGPC(93) catalytic active site. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RpTRx-2 is closest to its ortholog from abalone. The broad distribution pattern of RpTRx-2 mRNA in healthy animal tissues implicates a generally significant function in normal clam physiology. The transcription level of RpTRx-2, however, is highest in hemocytes. Lipopolysaccharide and Vibrio tapetis bacterium caused up-regulation of the RpTrx-2 transcript levels in gill and hemocytes. Interestingly, clam manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA levels in hemocytes elicited a corresponding response to these immune challenges. RpTRx-2 was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and used in insulin disulfide reduction assay as well as metal-catalyzed oxidation assay to elucidate its antioxidant property by reducing substrate and protecting super-coiled DNA from oxidative damage through free radical scavenging, respectively. Collectively, our data indicated that RpTRx-2, a mitochondrial TRx-2 family member, is an antioxidant enzyme that may be involved in antibacterial defense of clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Revathy KS, Umasuthan N, Lee Y, Whang I, Kim HC, Lee J. Cytosolic thioredoxin from Ruditapes philippinarum: molecular cloning, characterization, expression and DNA protection activity of the recombinant protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:85-92. [PMID: 21740925 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRx) is a small redox protein that plays significant roles in protection against oxidative stress and in cell homeostasis by maintaining oxidized proteins in a reduced state. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a full-length TRx cDNA sequence from manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum and named it as RpTRx. The full length sequence consists of 1416 bp with an open reading frame of 318 bp encoding for 106 amino acids. RpTRx protein harbors evolutionarily-conserved TRx active site (32)WCGPC(36). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close proximity of RpTRx with the orthologue in Japanese scallop, Chlamys farreri. RpTRx was found to be constitutively expressed in hemocyte, gill, mantle, foot and siphon indicating a general role in physiological processes in various tissues. With regard to a potential role in immune responses, the RpTRx mRNA was found to be up-regulated in hemocytes after bacterial (Vibrio tapetis) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge at 3h post-infection (p.i.); a wavering increase was observed up to 96 h p.i. for LPS challenge and 48 h p.i. for bacterial challenge. Thus, RpTRx may function as an intracellular antioxidant to protect the cells against ROS induced by LPS and bacterial challenges. Indeed, when recombinant RpTRx protein (rRpTRx) was over-expressed in Escherichiacoli Rosetta gami(TM) (DE3) cells, it was able to scavenge free radicals and protect super-coiled DNA from oxidative damage induced by a metal-ion catalyzed oxidation reaction. In summary, RpTRx plays an essential role in cellular defense and maintenance of homeostasis in the manila clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasthuri Saranya Revathy
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Zhang H, Limphong P, Pieper J, Liu Q, Rodesch CK, Christians E, Benjamin IJ. Glutathione-dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity. FASEB J 2011; 26:1442-51. [PMID: 22202674 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-199869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of the predominant nonprotein thiol, glutathione (GSH), on redox homeostasis, we employed complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies to determine the consequences of both loss- and gain-of-function GSH content in vitro. We monitored the redox events in the cytosol and mitochondria using reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) probes and the level of reduced/oxidized thioredoxins (Trxs). Either H(2)O(2) or the Trx reductase inhibitor 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), in embryonic rat heart (H9c2) cells, evoked 8 or 50 mV more oxidizing glutathione redox potential, E(hc) (GSSG/2GSH), respectively. In contrast, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment in H9c2 cells, or overexpression of either the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic subunit (GCLC) or GCL modifier subunit (GCLM) in human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells, led to 3- to 4-fold increase of GSH and caused 7 or 12 mV more reducing E(hc), respectively. This condition paradoxically increased the level of mitochondrial oxidation, as demonstrated by redox shifts in mitochondrial roGFP and Trx2. Lastly, either NAC treatment (EC(50) 4 mM) or either GCLC or GCLM overexpression exhibited increased cytotoxicity and the susceptibility to the more reducing milieu was achieved at decreased levels of ROS. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which GSH-dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling, and Cell Regeneration, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Wang Q, Ning X, Chen L, Pei D, Zhao J, Zhang L, Liu X, Wu H. Responses of thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin-related protein 14 mRNAs to cadmium and copper stresses in Venerupis philippinarum. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:154-60. [PMID: 21616164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (abbreviated as Trx) is an important ubiquitous disulfide reductase, which can protect organisms against various oxidative stresses. In the present study, thioredoxin 1 (named as VpTrx1) and thioredoxin-related protein (named as VpTrp14) were identified from Venerupis philippinarum, respectively. Similar to most Trx1s, VpTrx1 possessed all conserved features critical for the fundamental structure and function of Trx1s, such as the conserved catalytic residues (C-G-P-C), but lacked the other cysteine residues, while VpTrp14 contained the conserved motif (C-P-D-C). Quantitative Real-time PCR assay showed that VpTrx1 and VpTrp14 transcripts were distributed in a wide array of tissues most abundantly expressed in the hepatopancreas. The expression of VpTrp14 mRNA in the hepatopancreas was significantly up-regulated after exposure to 10 and 40μg/L Cd, while the VpTrx1 expression level was kept relatively constant. Both the expression levels of VpTrx1 and VpTrp14 in the hepatopancreas were induced after exposure to Cu, and increased to the peak value at 96h under the 40μg/L Cu exposure. These results showed that VpTrp14 transcripts responded to metal stress more acutely than VpTrx1, and both Trxs responded to Cu stress more sensitively than Cd. Together, it was suggested that VpTrx1 and VpTrp14 perhaps played important roles in the antioxidant responses against metal stress in V. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
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Stanley BA, Sivakumaran V, Shi S, McDonald I, Lloyd D, Watson WH, Aon MA, Paolocci N. Thioredoxin reductase-2 is essential for keeping low levels of H(2)O(2) emission from isolated heart mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33669-77. [PMID: 21832082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiring mitochondria produce H(2)O(2) continuously. When production exceeds scavenging, H(2)O(2) emission occurs, endangering cell functions. The mitochondrial peroxidase peroxiredoxin-3 reduces H(2)O(2) to water using reducing equivalents from NADPH supplied by thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) and, ultimately, thioredoxin reductase-2 (TrxR2). Here, the contribution of this mitochondrial thioredoxin system to the control of H(2)O(2) emission was studied in isolated mitochondria and cardiomyocytes from mouse or guinea pig heart. Energization of mitochondria by the addition of glutamate/malate resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the ratio of oxidized to reduced Trx2. This shift in redox state was accompanied by an increase in NAD(P)H and was dependent on TrxR2 activity. Inhibition of TrxR2 in isolated mitochondria by auranofin resulted in increased H(2)O(2) emission, an effect that was seen under both forward and reverse electron transport. This effect was independent of changes in NAD(P)H or membrane potential. The effects of auranofin were reproduced in cardiomyocytes; superoxide and H(2)O(2) levels increased, but similarly, there was no effect on NAD(P)H or membrane potential. These data show that energization of mitochondria increases the antioxidant potential of the TrxR2/Trx2 system and that inhibition of TrxR2 results in increased H(2)O(2) emission through a mechanism that is independent of changes in other redox couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Stanley
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Yang L, Wu D, Wang X, Cederbaum AI. Depletion of cytosolic or mitochondrial thioredoxin increases CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress via an ASK-1-JNK1 pathway in HepG2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:185-96. [PMID: 21557999 PMCID: PMC3109094 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin is an important reducing molecule in biological systems. Increasing CYP2E1 activity induces oxidative stress and cell toxicity. However, whether thioredoxin protects cells against CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress and toxicity is unknown. SiRNA were used to knockdown either cytosolic (TRX-1) or mitochondrial thioredoxin (TRX-2) in HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells) or without expressing CYP2E1 (C34 cells). Cell viability decreased 40-60% in E47 but not C34 cells with 80-90% knockdown of either TRX-1 or TRX-2. Depletion of either thioredoxin also potentiated the toxicity produced either by a glutathione synthesis inhibitor or by TNFα in E47 cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species and 4-HNE protein adducts increased in E47 but not C34 cells with either thioredoxin knockdown. GSH was decreased and adding GSH completely blocked E47 cell death induced by either thioredoxin knockdown. Lowering TRX-1 or TRX-2 in E47 cells caused an early activation of ASK-1, followed by phosphorylation of JNK1 after 48 h of siRNA treatment. A JNK inhibitor caused a partial recovery of E47 cell viability after thioredoxin knockdown. In conclusion, knockdown of TRX-1 or TRX-2 sensitizes cells to CYP2E1-induced oxidant stress partially via ASK-1 and JNK1 signaling pathways. Both TRX-1 and TRX-2 are important for defense against CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Li J, Chen X, Xiao W, Ma W, Li T, Huang J, Liu X, Liang X, Tang S, Luo Y. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant peptide SS31 attenuates high glucose-induced injury on human retinal endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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