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Niimi M, Chen Y, Zhao H, Tang X, Matsuhisa F, Zhou H, Yan H, Chen L, Kitajima S, Sato A, Fan J. Enhanced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout rabbits: role of apoB48-rich remnant lipoproteins. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1424064. [PMID: 39087075 PMCID: PMC11288958 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1424064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Apolipoprotein E (apoE) acts as a binding molecule for both the low-density lipoprotein receptor and the lipoprotein receptor-related protein and this function is essential for facilitating the hepatocyte uptake of lipoproteins containing apoB. The absence of apoE leads to increased atherogenicity in both humans and mice, although the precise molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the susceptibility of apoE knockout (KO) rabbits, in comparison with wild-type (WT) rabbits, to diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methods ApoE KO rabbits and WT rabbits were fed a diet containing 0.3% cholesterol for 16 weeks. Plasma lipid levels, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins were analyzed. Atherosclerosis was evaluated at the endpoint of experiments. In addition, we evaluated the oxidizability of those lipoproteins containing apoB to investigate the possible mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Results Male apoE KO rabbits showed significantly elevated levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to WT rabbits, while female apoE KO rabbits displayed similar high total cholesterol levels, albeit with significantly higher triglycerides levels than WT controls. Notably, both male (2.1-fold increase) and female (1.6-fold increase) apoE KO rabbits exhibited a significantly augmented aortic lesion area compared to WT controls. Pathological examination showed that the increased intimal lesions in apoE KO rabbits were featured by heightened infiltration of macrophages (2.7-fold increase) and smooth muscle cells (2.5-fold increase). Furthermore, coronary atherosclerotic lesions were also increased by 1.3-fold in apoE KO rabbits. Lipoprotein analysis revealed that apoB48-rich beta-very-low-density lipoproteins were notably abundant in apoE KO rabbits, suggesting that these remnant lipoproteins of intestinal origin serve as the primary atherogenic lipoproteins. Moreover, apoB48-rich remnant lipoproteins isolated from apoE KO rabbits exhibited heightened susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation. Conclusions The findings indicate that apoB48-rich remnant lipoproteins, resulting from apoE deficiency, possess greater atherogenic potential than apoB100-rich remnant lipoproteins, regardless of plasma TC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Niimi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory, Southern China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yajie Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory, Southern China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangming Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Matsuhisa
- Division of Biological Resources and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Huanjin Zhou
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell, Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haizhao Yan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell, Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Shuji Kitajima
- Division of Biological Resources and Development, Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory, Southern China Institute of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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Soto Y, Hernández A, Sarduy R, Brito V, Marleau S, Vine DF, Vázquez AM, Proctor SD. Monoclonal Antibody chP3R99 Reduces Subendothelial Retention of Atherogenic Lipoproteins in Insulin-Resistant Rats: Acute Treatment Versus Long-Term Protection as an Idiotypic Vaccine for Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032419. [PMID: 38934863 PMCID: PMC11255714 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is triggered by the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by proteoglycans. In addition to low-density lipoprotein, remnant lipoproteins have emerged as pivotal contributors to this pathology, particularly in the context of insulin resistance and diabetes. We have previously reported antiatherogenic properties of a monoclonal antibody (chP3R99) that recognizes sulfated glycosaminoglycans on arterial proteoglycans. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid-phase assays demonstrated that chP3R99 effectively blocked >50% lipoprotein binding to chondroitin sulfate and vascular extracellular matrix in vitro. The preperfusion of chP3R99 (competitive effect) resulted in specific antibody-arterial accumulation and reduced fluorescent lipoprotein retention by ~60% in insulin resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. This competitive reduction was dose dependent (25-250 μg/mL), effectively decreasing deposition of cholesterol associated with lipoproteins. In a 5-week vaccination study in insulin resistant rats with (200 μg subcutaneously, once a week), chP3R99 reduced arterial lipoprotein retention, and was associated with the production of antichondroitin sulfate antibodies (Ab3) able to accumulate in the arteries (dot-blot). Neither the intravenous inoculation of chP3R99 (4.5 mg/kg), nor the immunization with this antibody displayed adverse effects on lipid or glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, liver function, blood cell indices, or inflammation pathways in JCR:LA-cp rats. CONCLUSIONS Both acute (passive) and long-term administration (idiotypic cascade) of chP3R99 antibody reduced low-density lipoprotein and remnant lipoprotein interaction with proteoglycans in an insulin-resistant setting. These findings support the innovative approach of targeting proatherogenic lipoprotein retention by chP3R99 as a passive therapy or as an idiotypic vaccine for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosdel Soto
- Department of ImmunobiologyDirection of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Molecular ImmunologyHavanaCuba
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease LaboratoryGroup on Molecular and Cell Biology of LipidsAlberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart InstitutesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Arletty Hernández
- Department of ImmunobiologyDirection of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Molecular ImmunologyHavanaCuba
| | - Roger Sarduy
- Department of ImmunobiologyDirection of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Molecular ImmunologyHavanaCuba
| | - Victor Brito
- Department of ImmunobiologyDirection of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Molecular ImmunologyHavanaCuba
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Donna F. Vine
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease LaboratoryGroup on Molecular and Cell Biology of LipidsAlberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart InstitutesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Ana M. Vázquez
- Innovation and Managing DirectionCenter for Molecular ImmunologyHavanaCuba
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease LaboratoryGroup on Molecular and Cell Biology of LipidsAlberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart InstitutesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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3
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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Insights from Murine Studies on the Site Specificity of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6375. [PMID: 38928086 PMCID: PMC11204064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory reaction that develops at specific regions within the artery wall and at specific sites of the arterial tree over a varying time frame in response to a variety of risk factors. The mechanisms that account for the interaction of systemic factors and atherosclerosis-susceptible regions of the arterial tree to mediate this site-specific development of atherosclerosis are not clear. The dynamics of blood flow has a major influence on where in the arterial tree atherosclerosis develops, priming the site for interactions with atherosclerotic risk factors and inducing cellular and molecular participants in atherogenesis. But how this accounts for lesion development at various locations along the vascular tree across differing time frames still requires additional study. Currently, murine models are favored for the experimental study of atherogenesis and provide the most insight into the mechanisms that may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Based largely on these studies, in this review, we discuss the role of hemodynamic shear stress, SR-B1, and other factors that may contribute to the site-specific development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S. Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
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5
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Goldberg IJ, Cabodevilla AG, Younis W. In the Beginning, Lipoproteins Cross the Endothelial Barrier. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:854-860. [PMID: 38616110 PMCID: PMC11150724 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis begins with the infiltration of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins into the arterial wall. White blood cell (WBC)-associated inflammation follows. Despite decades of research using genetic and pharmacologic methods to alter WBC function, in humans, the most effective method to prevent the initiation and progression of disease remains low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction. However, additional approaches to reducing cardiovascular disease would be useful as residual risk of events continues even with currently effective LDL-reducing treatments. Some of this residual risk may be due to vascular toxicity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Another option is that LDL transcytosis continues, albeit at reduced rates due to lower circulating levels of this lipoprotein. This review will address these two topics. The evidence that TRLs promote atherosclerosis and the processes that allow LDL and TRLs to be taken up by endothelial cells leading to their accumulation with the subendothelial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | - Waqas Younis
- Division of Endocrinology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
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6
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Calhoon D, Sang L, Bezwada D, Kim N, Basu A, Hsu SC, Pimentel A, Brooks B, La K, Serrano AP, Cassidy DL, Cai L, Toffessi-Tcheuyap V, Margulis V, Cai F, Brugarolas J, Weiss RJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Birsoy K, Garcia-Bermudez J. Glycosaminoglycan-mediated lipoprotein uptake protects cancer cells from ferroptosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593939. [PMID: 38765991 PMCID: PMC11101130 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are essential for tumours because of their structural, energetic, and signaling roles. While many cancer cells upregulate lipid synthesis, growing evidence suggests that tumours simultaneously intensify the uptake of circulating lipids carried by lipoproteins. Which mechanisms promote the uptake of extracellular lipids, and how this pool of lipids contributes to cancer progression, are poorly understood. Here, using functional genetic screens, we find that lipoprotein uptake confers resistance to lipid peroxidation and ferroptotic cell death. Lipoprotein supplementation robustly inhibits ferroptosis across numerous cancer types. Mechanistically, cancer cells take up lipoproteins through a pathway dependent on sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to cell-surface proteoglycans. Tumour GAGs are a major determinant of the uptake of both low and high density lipoproteins. Impairment of glycosaminoglycan synthesis or acute degradation of surface GAGs decreases the uptake of lipoproteins, sensitizes cells to ferroptosis and reduces tumour growth in mice. We also find that human clear cell renal cell carcinomas, a distinctively lipid-rich tumour type, display elevated levels of lipoprotein-derived antioxidants and the GAG chondroitin sulfate than non-malignant human kidney. Altogether, our work identifies lipoprotein uptake as an essential anti-ferroptotic mechanism for cancer cells to overcome lipid oxidative stress in vivo, and reveals GAG biosynthesis as an unexpected mediator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Calhoon
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lingjie Sang
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Divya Bezwada
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel Kim
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amrita Basu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sheng-Chieh Hsu
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anastasia Pimentel
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bailey Brooks
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Konnor La
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Paulina Serrano
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel L Cassidy
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vanina Toffessi-Tcheuyap
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Kidney Cancer Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Feng Cai
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Kidney Cancer Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J Weiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kivanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Javier Garcia-Bermudez
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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7
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Weaver OR, Ye M, Vena JE, Eurich DT, Proctor SD. Non-fasting lipids and cardiovascular disease in those with and without diabetes in Alberta's Tomorrow Project: A prospective cohort study. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e15133. [PMID: 37171453 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Non-fasting remnant cholesterol (RC) is a novel marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, however, data on this relationship in Canadians with diabetes (at high risk of CVD) is lacking. The objective of this analysis was to determine the relationship of RC with CVD in individuals with and without diabetes in the Alberta's Tomorrow Project (ATP) cohort. METHODS Non-fasting lipid data collected as part of the ATP was linked to administrative health records (October 2000-March 2015) to ascertain incident CVD and prevalent diabetes. Participants without prevalent CVD or incident diabetes and who had complete, non-negative non-fasting lipid data collected with triglycerides <4.5 mmol/L were included (n = 13,631). The relationship between non-fasting RC and incident CVD diagnoses was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression, after stratification by diabetes status. RESULTS Participants were 69.8% women with a mean age of 61.6 ± 9.7 years, and 6.5% had prevalent diabetes. Non-fasting RC was higher in participants with diabetes compared to those without (mean 0.94 ± 0.41 mmol/L vs. 0.77 ± 0.38 mmol/L, p < 0.0001) and was associated with increased risk of incident CVD among those without diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.43, p = 0.02). Although a similar trend was observed in participants with diabetes it did not reach statistical significance (aHR 1.31, 95% CI 0.84-2.05, p = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS Elevated non-fasting RC predicted increased CVD risk in middle and older-aged adults without diabetes; similar trends were observed in participants with diabetes and require further testing in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Weaver
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ming Ye
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Vena
- Alberta's Tomorrow Project, Cancer Research & Analytics, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dean T Eurich
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Muthuramu I, Mishra M, De Geest B. Increased Remnant Lipoproteins in Apo E Deficient Mice Induce Coronary Atherosclerosis following Transverse Aortic Constriction and Aggravate the Development of Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071592. [PMID: 35884897 PMCID: PMC9312863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine coronary arteries are very resistant to the development of atherosclerosis, which may be related to their intramyocardial course. Blood pressure promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation by acting as a physical force that potentiates the migration of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins across the endothelium. C57BL/6N apolipoprotein (apo) E deficient mice have increased remnant lipoproteins that are a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, our aim was to quantify coronary atherosclerosis and artery remodeling following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6N apo E−/− mice and to evaluate the impact of increased remnant lipoproteins on the development of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the left coronary artery of C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice but not in C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pressure overload resulted in markedly increased cardiac hypertrophy and more pronounced heart failure in C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice in comparison to C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pathological hypertrophy, as evidenced by increased myocardial fibrosis and capillary rarefaction, was more prominent in C57BL/6N TAC apo E−/− than in C57BL/6N TAC mice and led to more marked cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, TAC in apo E deficient mice induces coronary atherosclerosis and aggravates the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayaraja Muthuramu
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mudit Mishra
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-372059; Fax: +32-16-345990
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9
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Biophysical changes in methylglyoxal modified fibrinogen and its role in the immunopathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:199-214. [PMID: 34999047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite gets generated during glucose oxidation and lipid peroxidation, which contributes to glycation. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins mediated by hyperglycemia results in the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated secondary complications via the generation of AGEs. Under in vitro conditions, MG altered the tertiary structure of fibrinogen. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) studies confirmed the generation of N-(carboxymethyl) lysine, N-(carboxyethyl) lysine, hydroimidazolone, pentosidine and argpyrimidine in the modified protein. The altered fibrinogen structure upon glycation was further confirmed by confocal microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR). MG-Fib was found to be more immunogenic, as compared to its native analogue, in the immunological studies conducted on experimental rabbits. Our results reflect the presence of neo-antigenic determinants on modified fibrinogen. Competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suggested the presence of neo-epitopes with marked immunogenicity eliciting specific immune response. Binding studies on purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) confirmed the enhanced and specific immunogenicity of MG-Fib. Studies on interaction of MG-Fib with the circulating auto-antibodies from T2DM patients showed high affinity of serum antibodies toward MG-Fib. This study suggests a potent role of glycoxidatively modified fibrinogen in the generation of auto-immune response in T2DM patients.
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10
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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Björnson E, Packard CJ. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:577-592. [PMID: 35318466 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the causal role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their cholesterol-enriched remnants in atherogenesis. Genetic studies in particular have not only revealed a relationship between plasma triglyceride levels and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but have also identified key proteins responsible for the regulation of triglyceride transport. Kinetic studies in humans using stable isotope tracers have been especially useful in delineating the function of these proteins and revealing the hitherto unappreciated complexity of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Given that triglyceride is an essential energy source for mammals, triglyceride transport is regulated by numerous mechanisms that balance availability with the energy demands of the body. Ongoing investigations are focused on determining the consequences of dysregulation as a result of either dietary imprudence or genetic variation that increases the risk of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. The identification of molecular control mechanisms involved in triglyceride metabolism has laid the groundwork for a 'precision-medicine' approach to therapy. Novel pharmacological agents under development have specific molecular targets within a regulatory framework, and their deployment heralds a new era in lipid-lowering-mediated prevention of disease. In this Review, we outline what is known about the dysregulation of triglyceride transport in human hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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11
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Pig and Mouse Models of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:379-411. [PMID: 35237978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Resident cells of the artery wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and mechanisms that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion formation. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis and lipoprotein profile. In this chapter we will discuss pig and mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. The similarity of pig lipoprotein metabolism and the pathophysiology of the lesions in these animals with that of humans is a major advantage. While a few genetically engineered pig models have been generated, the ease of genetic manipulation in mice and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis has made them the most extensively used model. Newer approaches to induce hypercholesterolemia in mice have been developed that do not require germline modifications. These approaches will facilitate studies on atherogenic mechanisms.
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12
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Clinical characteristics of early and late drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis and mid-term prognosis after repeated percutaneous coronary intervention. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2674-2681. [PMID: 33009028 PMCID: PMC7647500 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism and characteristics of early and late drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis (DES-ISR) have not been fully clarified. Whether there are different outcomes among those patients being irrespective of their repeated treatments remain a knowledge gap. Methods: A total of 250 patients who underwent initial stent implantation in our hospital, and then were readmitted to receive treatment for the reason of recurrent significant DES-ISR in 2016 were involved. The patients were categorized as early ISR (<12 months; E-ISR; n = 32) and late ISR (≥12 months; L-ISR; n = 218). Associations between patient characteristics and clinical performance, as well as clinical outcomes after a repeated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were evaluated. Primary composite endpoint of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) included cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), or target lesion revascularization (TLR). Results: Most baseline characteristics are similar in both groups, except for the period of ISR, initial pre-procedure thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, and some serum biochemical indicators. The incidence of MACE (37.5% vs. 5.5%; P < 0.001) and TLR (37.5% vs. 5.0%; P < 0.001) is higher in the E-ISR group. After multivariate analysis, E-ISR (odds ratio [OR], 13.267; [95% CI 4.984–35.311]; P < 0.001) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (odds ratio [OR], 6.317; [95% CI 1.145–34.843]; P = 0.034) are the independent predictors for MACE among DES-ISR patients in the mid-term follow-up of 12 months. Conclusions: Early ISR and left ventricular systolic dysfunction are associated with MACE during the mid-term follow-up period for DES-ISR patients. The results may benefit the risk stratification and secondary prevention for DES-ISR patients in clinical practice.
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Onoue T, Goto M, Wada E, Furukawa M, Okuji T, Okada N, Kobayashi T, Iwama S, Sugiyama M, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Morishita Y, Seino Y, Suga H, Banno R, Hamada Y, Ando M, Yamamori E, Arima H. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor anagliptin reduces fasting apolipoprotein B-48 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228004. [PMID: 31990936 PMCID: PMC6986701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia are diseases that collectively increase the risk of patients developing cardiovascular complications. Several incretin-based drugs are reported to improve lipid metabolism, and one of these medications, anagliptin, is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that has been shown to decrease serum triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol. This study aimed to conduct an investigation into the effects of anagliptin on serum lipid profiles. This multicenter, open-label, randomized (1:1), parallel group study was designed to evaluate the effects of anagliptin on serum lipid profiles (triglycerides, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cholesterol fractions). The study involved 24 patients with type 2 diabetes at two participating hospitals for a period of 24 weeks. Patients were randomly assigned to the anagliptin (n = 12) or control (n = 12) groups. Patients in the anagliptin group were treated with 200 mg of the drug twice daily. Patients in the control group did not receive anagliptin, but continued with their previous treatment schedules. Lipid metabolism was examined under fasting conditions at baseline and 24 weeks. Patients treated with anagliptin for 24 weeks exhibited significantly reduced levels of serum apolipoprotein B-48, a marker for lipid transport from the intestine, compared with the control group patients (P < 0.05). After 24 weeks of treatment, serum adiponectin levels were significantly raised, whereas glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were significantly lower compared with the baseline in the anagliptin group (P < 0.05), but not in the control group. This study showed that the DPP-4 inhibitor anagliptin reduces fasting apolipoprotein B-48 levels, suggesting that this drug may have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism possibly mediated by the inhibition of intestinal lipid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (TOn); (HA)
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eri Wada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Furukawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okuji
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ando
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuko Yamamori
- Kainan Hospital, Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (TOn); (HA)
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Singh RK, Haka AS, Bhardwaj P, Zha X, Maxfield FR. Dynamic Actin Reorganization and Vav/Cdc42-Dependent Actin Polymerization Promote Macrophage Aggregated LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Uptake and Catabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:137-149. [PMID: 30580573 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective- During atherosclerosis, LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) accumulate in the arteries, where they become modified, aggregated, and retained. Such deposits of aggregated LDL (agLDL) can be recognized by macrophages, which attempt to digest and clear them. AgLDL catabolism promotes internalization of cholesterol and foam cell formation, which leads to the progression of atherosclerosis. Therapeutic blockade of this process may delay disease progression. When macrophages interact with agLDL in vitro, they form a novel extracellular, hydrolytic compartment-the lysosomal synapse (LS)-aided by local actin polymerization to digest agLDL. Here, we investigated the specific regulators involved in actin polymerization during the formation of the LS. Approach and Results- We demonstrate in vivo that atherosclerotic plaque macrophages contacting agLDL deposits polymerize actin and form a compartment strikingly similar to those made in vitro. Live cell imaging revealed that macrophage cortical F-actin depolymerization is required for actin polymerization to support the formation of the LS. This depolymerization is cofilin-1 dependent. Using siRNA-mediated silencing, pharmacological inhibition, genetic knockout, and stable overexpression, we elucidate key roles for Cdc42 Rho GTPase and GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) Vav in promoting actin polymerization during the formation of the LS and exclude a role for Rac1. Conclusions- These results highlight critical roles for dynamic macrophage F-actin rearrangement and polymerization via cofilin-1, Vav, and Cdc42 in LS formation, catabolism of agLDL, and foam cell formation. These proteins might represent therapeutic targets to treat atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
| | - Abigail S Haka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
| | - Xiaohui Zha
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology (X.Z.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (X.Z.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada (X.Z.)
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
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15
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Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Montoliu-Gaya L, Pérez-Cuellar M, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Villegas S, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Low-density lipoprotein aggregation is inhibited by apolipoprotein J-derived mimetic peptide D-[113-122]apoJ. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158541. [PMID: 31672573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mimetic peptides are promising therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis prevention. A 10-residue class G* peptide from apolipoprotein J (apoJ), namely, D-[113-122]apoJ, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. This prompted us to determine its effect on the aggregation process of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, an early event in the development of atherosclerosis. LDL particles with and without [113-122]apoJ peptide were incubated at 37 °C with sphingomyelinase (SMase) or were left to aggregate spontaneously at room temperature. The aggregation process was analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), native gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), absorbance at 405 nm, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). In addition, circular dichroism was used to determine changes in the secondary structure of apoB, and SDS-PAGE was performed to assess apoB degradation. At an equimolar ratio of [113-122]apoJ peptide to apoB-100, [113-122]apoJ inhibited both SMase-induced or spontaneous LDL aggregation. All methods showed that [113-122]apoJ retarded the progression of SMase-induced LDL aggregation at long incubation times. No effect of [113-122]apoJ on apoB secondary structure was observed. Binding experiments showed that [113-122]apoJ presents low affinity for native LDL but binds readily to LDL during the first stages of aggregation. Laurdan fluorescence experiments showed that mild aggregation of LDL resulted in looser lipid packaging, which was partially prevented by D-[113-122]apoJ. These results demonstrate that [113-122]apoJ peptide prevents SMase-induced LDL aggregation at an equimolar ratio and opens the possibility for the use of this peptide as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pérez-Cuellar
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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16
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Singh RK, Haka AS, Asmal A, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Grosheva I, Chin HF, Xiong Y, Hla T, Maxfield FR. TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4)-Dependent Signaling Drives Extracellular Catabolism of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Aggregates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:86-102. [PMID: 31597445 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregation and modification of LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) promote their retention and accumulation in the arteries. This is a critical initiating factor during atherosclerosis. Macrophage catabolism of agLDL (aggregated LDL) occurs using a specialized extracellular, hydrolytic compartment, the lysosomal synapse. Compartment formation by local actin polymerization and delivery of lysosomal contents by exocytosis promotes acidification of the compartment and degradation of agLDL. Internalization of metabolites, such as cholesterol, promotes foam cell formation, a process that drives atherogenesis. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence for the involvement of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and its adaptor protein MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88) in atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the role of TLR4 in catabolism of agLDL using the lysosomal synapse and foam cell formation. Approach and Results: Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from knockout mice, we find that TLR4 and MyD88 regulate compartment formation, lysosome exocytosis, acidification of the compartment, and foam cell formation. Using siRNA (small interfering RNA), pharmacological inhibition and knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages, we implicate SYK (spleen tyrosine kinase), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and Akt in agLDL catabolism using the lysosomal synapse. Using bone marrow transplantation of LDL receptor knockout mice with TLR4 knockout bone marrow, we show that deficiency of TLR4 protects macrophages from lipid accumulation during atherosclerosis. Finally, we demonstrate that macrophages in vivo form an extracellular compartment and exocytose lysosome contents similar to that observed in vitro for degradation of agLDL. CONCLUSIONS We present a mechanism in which interaction of macrophages with agLDL initiates a TLR4 signaling pathway, resulting in formation of the lysosomal synapse, catabolism of agLDL, and lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Abigail S Haka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Arky Asmal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Valéria C Barbosa-Lorenzi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Inna Grosheva
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Harvey F Chin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.X., T.H.).,Current address: Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (Y.X.)
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.X., T.H.)
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
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Öörni K, Lehti S, Sjövall P, Kovanen PT. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins as a Source of Proinflammatory Lipids in the Arterial Wall. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1701-1710. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530094819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B –containing lipoproteins include triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
(chylomicrons and their remnants, and very low-density lipoproteins and their remnants) and
cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein particles. Of these, lipoproteins having sizes below
70-80 nm may enter the arterial wall, where they accumulate and induce the formation of
atherosclerotic lesions. The processes that lead to accumulation of lipoprotein-derived lipids
in the arterial wall have been largely studied with a focus on the low-density lipoprotein particles.
However, recent observational and genetic studies have discovered that the triglyceriderich
lipoproteins and their remnants are linked with cardiovascular disease risk. In this review,
we describe the potential mechanisms by which the triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins can
contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and highlight the differences in the
atherogenicity between low-density lipoproteins and the remnant lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satu Lehti
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Fasting apolipoprotein B48 is associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3729. [PMID: 30842592 PMCID: PMC6403240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting Apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) is reported to be a well surrogate marker for postprandial lipidemia and have been repeatedly associated with cardiovascular disease. However, whether ApoB48 is also a risk factor for ischemic stroke have not been reported. In this study, our object is to explore the relationship between fasting plasma ApoB48 levels and the large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke.A 1:1 age-(±2), gender-matched case-control study was conducted. LAA patients and healthy controls admitted to our center were prospectively recruited. Clinical data were collected and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the fasting plasma ApoB48 levels.A cohort of 234 LAA stroke patients and 234 controls were enrolled. Fasting plasma ApoB48 levels were significantly higher in LAA stroke patients than in controls (4.76(3.46) vs 4.00(2.4), P < 0.001). Conditional multivariable analyses indicated that fasting ApoB48 levels were associated with LAA stroke (odds ratio: 1.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.35; P = 0.014).Our study indicates that increased fasting plasma ApoB48 may be a risk factor for LAA stroke.
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Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive dicarbonyl metabolite is a potent arginine directed glycating agent which has implications for diabetes-related complications. Dicarbonyl metabolites are produced endogenously and in a state of misbalance, they contribute to cell and tissue dysfunction through protein and DNA modifications causing dicarbonyl stress. MGO is detoxified by glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) system in the cytoplasm. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to aggravate the glycation process. Both the processes are closely linked, and their combined activity is often referred to as "glycoxidation" process. Glycoxidation of proteins has several consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), aging etc. In this study, we have investigated the glycation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) using different concentrations of MGO for varied incubation time periods. The structural perturbations induced in LDL were analyzed by UV-Vis, fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy, molecular docking studies, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, FTIR, thermal denaturation studies, Thioflavin T assay and isothermal titration calorimetry. The ketoamine moieties, carbonyl content and HMF content were quantitated in native and glycated LDL. Simulation studies were also done to see the effect of MGO on the secondary structure of the protein. We report structural perturbations, increased carbonyl content, ketoamine moieties and HMF content in glycated LDL as compared to native analog (native LDL). We report the structural perturbations in LDL upon modification with MGO which could obstruct its normal physiological functions and hence contribute to disease pathogenesis and associated complications.
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Hoffman S, Adeli K. LDL Receptor Gene-Ablated Hamsters: A Rodent Model of Familial Hypercholesterolemia with Dominant Inheritance and Diet-Induced Coronary Atherosclerosis. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:17-18. [PMID: 29396304 PMCID: PMC5835578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hoffman
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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21
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Chen K, Wu Q, Hu K, Yang C, Wu X, Cheung P, Williams KJ. Suppression of Hepatic FLOT1 (Flotillin-1) by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Impairs the Disposal of Remnant Lipoproteins via Syndecan-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:102-113. [PMID: 29162604 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the atherometabolic syndrome exhibit a deadly dyslipoproteinemia that arises in part from impaired hepatic disposal of C-TRLs (cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich remnant apoB [apolipoprotein B] lipoproteins). We previously identified syndecan-1 as a receptor for C-TRLs that directly mediates endocytosis via rafts, independent from coated pits. Caveolins and flotillins form rafts but facilitate distinct endocytotic pathways. We now investigated their participation in syndecan-1-mediated disposal of C-TRLs and their expression in T2DM liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS In cultured liver cells and nondiabetic murine livers, we found that syndecan-1 coimmunoprecipitates with FLOT1 (flotillin-1) but not with CAV1 (caveolin-1). Binding of C-TRLs to syndecan-1 on the surface of liver cells enhanced syndecan-1/FLOT1 association. The 2 molecules then trafficked together into the lysosomes, implying limited if any recycling back to the cell surface. The interaction requires the transmembrane/cytoplasmic region of syndecan-1 and the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of FLOT1. Knockdown of FLOT1 in cultured liver cells substantially inhibited syndecan-1 endocytosis. Livers from obese, T2DM KKAy mice exhibited 60% to 70% less FLOT1 protein and mRNA than in nondiabetic KK livers. An adenoviral construct to enhance hepatic expression of wild-type FLOT1 in T2DM mice normalized plasma triglycerides, whereas a mutant FLOT1 missing its N-terminal hydrophobic domain had no effect. Moreover, the adenoviral vector for wild-type FLOT1 lowered plasma triglyceride excursions and normalized retinyl excursions in T2DM KKAy mice after a corn oil gavage, without affecting postprandial production of C-TRLs. CONCLUSIONS FLOT1 is a novel participant in the disposal of harmful C-TRLs via syndecan-1. Low expression of FLOT1 in T2DM liver may contribute to metabolic dyslipoproteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Chen
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.).
| | - Qingsi Wu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Kongwang Hu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Chengwei Yang
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Peter Cheung
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.).
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22
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Abstract
It is now evident that elevated circulating levels of triglycerides in the non-fasting state, a marker for triglyceride (TG)-rich remnant particles, are associated with increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent findings from basic and clinical studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the atherogenicity of these apoB-containing particles. Here, we review current knowledge of the formation, intravascular remodelling and catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and highlight (i) the pivotal players involved in this process, including lipoprotein lipase, glycosylphosphatidylinositol HDL binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), apolipoprotein (apo) C-II, apoC-III, angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) 3, 4 and 8, apoA-V and cholesteryl ester transfer protein; (ii) key determinants of triglyceride (TG) levels and notably rates of production of very-low-density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) particles; and (iii) the mechanisms which underlie the atherogenicity of remnant particles. Finally, we emphasise the polygenic nature of moderate hypertriglyceridemia and briefly discuss modalities for its clinical management. Several new therapeutic strategies to attenuate hypertriglyceridemia have appeared recently, among which those targeted to apoC-III appear to hold considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M John Chapman
- INSERM and University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
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Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. How do macrophages sense modified low-density lipoproteins? Int J Cardiol 2017; 230:232-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:473-83. [PMID: 27472409 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Today, it is no longer a hypothesis, but an established fact, that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are causatively linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and that lowering plasma LDL concentrations reduces cardiovascular events in humans. Here, we review evidence behind this assertion, with an emphasis on recent studies supporting the 'response-to-retention' model - namely, that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention, or trapping, of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical trials have shown that ezetimibe and anti-PCSK9 antibodies - both nonstatins - lower ASCVD events, and they do so to the same extent as would be expected from comparable plasma LDL lowering by a statin. These studies demonstrate beyond any doubt the causal role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. In addition, recent laboratory experimentation and human Mendelian randomization studies have revealed novel information about the critical role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. New information has also emerged on mechanisms for the accumulation in plasma of harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoproteins in states of overnutrition. Like LDL, these harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoprotein remnants become retained and modified within the arterial wall, causing atherosclerosis. SUMMARY LDL and other cholesterol-rich, apoB-containing lipoproteins, once they become retained and modified within the arterial wall, cause atherosclerosis. This simple, robust pathophysiologic understanding may finally allow us to eradicate ASCVD, the leading killer in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg bSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden cSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Walsh MT, Hussain MM. Targeting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and lipoprotein assembly to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 54:26-48. [PMID: 27690713 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1221883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a polygenic disease arising from defects in the clearance of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which results in extremely elevated plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased risk of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and premature death. Conventional lipid-lowering therapies, such as statins and ezetimibe, are ineffective at lowering plasma cholesterol to safe levels in these patients. Other therapeutic options, such as LDL apheresis and liver transplantation, are inconvenient, costly, and not readily available. Recently, lomitapide was approved by the Federal Drug Administration as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of HoFH. Lomitapide inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), reduces lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and lowers plasma cholesterol levels by over 50%. Here, we explain the steps involved in lipoprotein assembly, summarize the role of MTP in lipoprotein assembly, explore the clinical and molecular basis of HoFH, and review pre-clinical studies and clinical trials with lomitapide and other MTP inhibitors for the treatment of HoFH. In addition, ongoing research and new approaches underway for better treatment modalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Walsh
- a School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,b Department of Cell Biology , State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- b Department of Cell Biology , State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,d VA New York Harbor Healthcare System , Brooklyn , NY , USA , and.,e Winthrop University Hospital , Mineola , NY , USA
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26
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Al Gwairi O, Osman N, Getachew R, Zheng W, Liang XL, Kamato D, Thach L, Little PJ. Multiple Growth Factors, But Not VEGF, Stimulate Glycosaminoglycan Hyperelongation in Retinal Choroidal Endothelial Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1041-51. [PMID: 27570478 PMCID: PMC4997048 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major feature of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the thickening of Bruch's membrane in the retina and an alteration in its composition with increased lipid deposition. In certain pathological conditions proteoglycans are responsible for lipid retention in tissues. Growth factors are known to increase the length of glycosaminoglycan chains and this can lead to a large increase in the interaction between proteoglycans and lipids. Using choroidal endothelial cells, we investigated the effects of a number of AMD relevant growth factors TGFβ, thrombin, PDGF, IGF and VEGF on proteoglycan synthesis. Cells were characterized as of endothelial origin using the specific cell markers endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and von Willebrand factor and imaged using confocal microscopy. Cells were treated with growth factors in the presence and absence of the appropriate inhibitors and were radiolabeled with [35S]-SO4. Proteoglycans were isolated by ion exchange chromatography and sized using SDS-PAGE. Radiosulfate incorporation was determined by the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) precipitation technique. To measure cellular glycosaminoglycan synthesizing capacity we added xyloside and assessed the xyloside-GAGs by SDS-PAGE. TGFβ, thrombin, PDGF & IGF dose-dependently stimulated radiosulfate incorporation and GAG elongation as well as xyloside-GAG synthesis, however VEGF treatment did not stimulate any changes in proteoglycan synthesis. VEGF did not increase pAKT but caused a large increase in pERK relative to the response to PDGF. Thus, AMD relevant agonists cause glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation of proteoglycans synthesised and secreted by retinal choroidal endothelial cells. The absence of a response to VEGF is intriguing and identifies proteoglycans as a novel potential target in AMD. Future studies will examine the relevance of these changes to enhanced lipid binding and the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Gwairi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia;; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004 VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China;; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - X-L Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- School of Pharmacy. The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia;; School of Pharmacy. The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Do the Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice Yield the Same Insight on Atherogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1734-41. [PMID: 27386935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful for investigating the environmental and genetic influences on lesion formation and composition. Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice are the 2 most extensively used models. The models differ in important ways with respect to the precise mechanism by which their absence enhances atherosclerosis, including differences in plasma lipoproteins. The majority of the gene function studies have utilized only 1 model, with the results being generalized to atherogenic mechanisms. In only a relatively few cases have studies been conducted in both atherogenic murine models. This review will discuss important differences between the 2 atherogenic models and will point out studies that have been performed in the 2 models where results are comparable and those where different results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL
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Julve J, Martín-Campos JM, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F. Chylomicrons: Advances in biology, pathology, laboratory testing, and therapeutics. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:134-48. [PMID: 26868089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adequate absorption of lipids is essential for all mammalian species due to their inability to synthesize some essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Chylomicrons (CMs) are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are produced in intestinal enterocytes in response to fat ingestion, which function to transport the ingested lipids to different tissues. In addition to the contribution of CMs to postprandial lipemia, their remnants, the degradation products following lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase, are linked to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will focus on the structure-function and metabolism of CMs. Second, we will analyze the impact of gene defects reported to affect CM metabolism and, also, the role of CMs in other pathologies, such as atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Third, we will provide an overview of the laboratory tests currently used to study CM disorders, and, finally, we will highlight current treatments in diseases affecting CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Martín-Campos
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut de Recerca de l'HSCSP - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servei de Bioquímica, Barcelona, Spain
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Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza'ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y, Ali F. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review of initiators and protective factors. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:1-10. [PMID: 26750181 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term comprising of a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. These diseases are the largest cause of morbidity and premature death worldwide. Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (stroke) are the most frequently occurring diseases. The two major initiators involved in the development of atherosclerotic CVD are vascular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid oxidation. In atherosclerosis development, ROS is associated with rapid loss of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activities of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO(·)) resulting in endothelial dysfunction. In part involving activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, ROS have been involved in signaling cascades leading to vascular pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic gene expression. ROS is also a potent activator of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which indicate plaque destabilization and rupture. The second initiator involved in atherosclerotic CVD is the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Oxidation of LDL in vessel wall leads to an inflammatory cascade that activates atherogenic pathway leading to foam cell formation. The accumulation of foam cells leads to fatty streak formation, which is the earliest visible atherosclerotic lesion. In contrast, the cardiac sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a) and hepatic apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression can improve cardiovascular function. SERCA2a regulates the cardiac contractile function by lowering cytoplasmic calcium levels during relaxation, and affecting NO(·) action in vascular cells, while apoE is a critical ligand in the plasma clearance of triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Ellulu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Ismail Patimah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Huzwah Khaza'ai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Yehia Abed
- Faculty of Public Health, Al Quds University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Faisal Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
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Morita SY. Metabolism and Modification of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins Involved in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1-24. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Fogelstrand
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Irawati D, Mamo JC, Soares MJ, Slivkoff-Clark KM, James AP. Hypertriglyceridemic subjects exhibit an accumulation of small dense chylomicron particles in the fasting state. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Borén J, Chakravarti S. The small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in tissue repair and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2015; 278:447-61. [PMID: 26477596 PMCID: PMC4616156 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains and have multiple roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the potential and known functions of a group of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) in atherosclerosis. We focus on five SLRPs, decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP, because these have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques or demonstrated to have a role in animal models of atherosclerosis. Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. The chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAG side chains have been implicated in lipid retention in atherosclerosis. The core proteins are discussed here in the context of (i) interactions with collagens and their implications in tissue integrity, fibrosis and wound repair and (ii) interactions with growth factors, cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell surface receptors that impact normal physiology and disease processes such as inflammation, innate immune responses and wound healing (i.e. processes that are all important in plaque development and progression). Thus, studies of these SLRPs in the context of wound healing are providing clues about their functions in early stages of atherosclerosis to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular disease at later stages. Understanding of signal transduction pathways regulated by the core protein interactions is leading to novel roles and therapeutic potential for these proteins in wound repair and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Chakravarti
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Xu YX, Ashline D, Liu L, Tassa C, Shaw SY, Ravid K, Layne MD, Reinhold V, Robbins PW. The glycosylation-dependent interaction of perlecan core protein with LDL: implications for atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:266-76. [PMID: 25528754 PMCID: PMC4306681 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a major heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan in the arterial wall. Previous studies have linked it to atherosclerosis. Perlecan contains a core protein and three HS side chains. Its core protein has five domains (DI–DV) with disparate structures and DII is highly homologous to the ligand-binding portion of LDL receptor (LDLR). The functional significance of this domain has been unknown. Here, we show that perlecan DII interacts with LDL. Importantly, the interaction largely relies on O-linked glycans that are only present in the secreted DII. Among the five repeat units of DII, most of the glycosylation sites are from the second unit, which is highly divergent and rich in serine and threonine, but has no cysteine residues. Interestingly, most of the glycans are capped by the negatively charged sialic acids, which are critical for LDL binding. We further demonstrate an additive effect of HS and DII on LDL binding. Unlike LDLR, which directs LDL uptake through endocytosis, this study uncovers a novel feature of the perlecan LDLR-like DII in receptor-mediated lipoprotein retention, which depends on its glycosylation. Thus, perlecan glycosylation may play a role in the early LDL retention during the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Xu
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research CenterMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David Ashline
- The Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Carlos Tassa
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Stanley Y Shaw
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Katya Ravid
- Departments of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Matthew D Layne
- Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Vernon Reinhold
- The Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Phillips W Robbins
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Öörni K, Rajamäki K, Nguyen SD, Lähdesmäki K, Plihtari R, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Acidification of the intimal fluid: the perfect storm for atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:203-14. [PMID: 25424004 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are often hypoxic and exhibit elevated lactate concentrations and local acidification of the extracellular fluids. The acidification may be a consequence of the abundant accumulation of lipid-scavenging macrophages in the lesions. Activated macrophages have a very high energy demand and they preferentially use glycolysis for ATP synthesis even under normoxic conditions, resulting in enhanced local generation and secretion of lactate and protons. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the effects of acidic extracellular pH on three key players in atherogenesis: macrophages, apoB-containing lipoproteins, and HDL particles. Acidic extracellular pH enhances receptor-mediated phagocytosis and antigen presentation by macrophages and, importantly, triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages through activation of the inflammasome pathway. Acidity enhances the proteolytic, lipolytic, and oxidative modifications of LDL and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, and strongly increases their affinity for proteoglycans, and may thus have major effects on their retention and the ensuing cellular responses in the arterial intima. Finally, the decrease in the expression of ABCA1 at acidic pH may compromise cholesterol clearance from atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, acidic extracellular pH amplifies the proatherogenic and proinflammatory processes involved in atherogenesis.
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Oklu R, Stone JR, Albadawi H, Watkins MT. Extracellular traps in lipid-rich lesions of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: implications for lipoprotein retention and lesion progression. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:631-4. [PMID: 24581730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.12.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence and location of extracellular traps (ETs) in atherosclerotic plaques and to determine whether they are spatially associated with inflammatory cells and the lipid core. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were collected from seven patients after surgical endarterectomy. Sequential tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or subjected to immunohistochemistry to detect ETs, neutrophils and macrophages or apolipoprotein B (ApoB). To demonstrate the specificity of the antibody used to detect ETs, the adjacent tissue section was pretreated with deoxyribonuclease-1 (DNase-1) before immunostaining for ETs. RESULTS All seven carotid plaques demonstrated advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Extensive ET and ApoB immunostaining was detected predominantly within the acellular lipid core. Along the edges of the lipid core, confocal microscopy revealed areas suggestive of active release of ETs from MPO-positive cells. Pretreatment of tissue sections with DNase-1 abolished ET signal in the extracellular matrix, but not the signal within the cells along the margins of the core. CONCLUSIONS The localization of ETs to the lipid core suggests a possible binding site for lipoproteins, which may further promote lesion progression and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Oklu
- Department of Imaging, Division of Vascular Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital, 290 Gray/Bigelow, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Pathology and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 290 Gray/Bigelow, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 290 Gray/Bigelow, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 290 Gray/Bigelow, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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39
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Postprandial lipoproteins and the molecular regulation of vascular homeostasis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:446-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Nakano M, Otsuka F, Yahagi K, Sakakura K, Kutys R, Ladich ER, Finn AV, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Human autopsy study of drug-eluting stents restenosis: histomorphological predictors and neointimal characteristics. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:3304-13. [PMID: 23824827 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Restenosis in drug-eluting stents (DESs) occurs infrequently, however, it remains a pervasive clinical problem. We interrogated our autopsy registry to determine the underlying mechanisms of DES restenosis, and further we investigated the neointimal characteristics of DESs and compared with bare metal stents (BMSs). METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary lesions from patients with DES implants (n = 82) were categorized into four groups based on cross-sectional area narrowing: patent (<50%), intermediate (50-74%), restenotic (≥ 75% with residual lumen), and total occlusion (organized thrombus within the stent). Restenosis and occlusion were significantly dependent on the total stented length: restenosis (26.7 mm) and occlusion (25.7 mm) compared with patent DESs (17.3 mm). Further, restenotic and occluded lesions were located more distally in the coronary arteries and had greater vessel injury and uneven strut distribution suggesting local drug gradient. Multivariate analysis revealed that normalized maximum inter-strut distance was associated with DES restenosis (OR: 17.4, P = 0.04) while medial tear length was a predictor of DES occlusion (OR: 5.1, P = 0.03). No differences were observed between different DESs (sirolimus-, paclitaxel-, and everolimus-eluting stents) for restenosis and occlusion. Further, neointimal compositions of restenotic DESs demonstrated greater proteoglycan deposition and less smooth muscle cellularity over time, when compared with BMS with greater cell density and collagen deposition. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates the impacts of inadequate drug concentration due to wider inter-strut distance and vessel injury as primary mechanisms of DES restenosis and occlusion, respectively. Moreover, the differences in neointimal compositions between DESs and BMSs might serve as a potential target for the suppression of late neointima growth via inhibition of proteoglycans in DESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakano
- CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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41
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Gonzales JC, Gordts PLSM, Foley EM, Esko JD. Apolipoproteins E and AV mediate lipoprotein clearance by hepatic proteoglycans. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2742-51. [PMID: 23676495 DOI: 10.1172/jci67398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-1 (SDC1) acts as a major receptor for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) clearance in the liver. We sought to identify the relevant apolipoproteins on TRLs that mediate binding to SDC1 and determine their clinical relevance. Evidence supporting ApoE as a major determinant arose from its enrichment in TRLs from mice defective in hepatic heparan sulfate (Ndst1f/fAlbCre⁺ mice), decreased binding of ApoE-deficient TRLs to HSPGs on human hepatoma cells, and decreased clearance of ApoE-deficient [³H]TRLs in vivo. Evidence for a second ligand was suggested by the faster clearance of ApoE-deficient TRLs after injection into WT Ndst1f/fAlbCre⁻ versus mutant Ndst1f/fAlbCre⁺ mice and elevated fasting and postprandial plasma triglycerides in compound Apoe⁻/⁻Ndst1f/fAlbCre⁺ mice compared with either single mutant. ApoAV emerged as a candidate based on 6-fold enrichment of ApoAV in TRLs accumulating in Ndst1f/fAlbCre⁺ mice, decreased binding of TRLs to proteoglycans after depletion of ApoAV or addition of anti-ApoAV mAb, and decreased heparan sulfate-dependent binding of ApoAV-deficient particles to hepatocytes. Importantly, disruption of hepatic heparan sulfate-mediated clearance increased atherosclerosis. We conclude that clearance of TRLs by hepatic HSPGs is atheroprotective and mediated by multivalent binding to ApoE and ApoAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Gonzales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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42
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Rol del enterocito en la dislipemia de la resistencia insulínica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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43
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Brito V, Mellal K, Portelance SG, Pérez A, Soto Y, deBlois D, Ong H, Marleau S, Vázquez AM. Induction of anti-anti-idiotype antibodies against sulfated glycosaminoglycans reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2847-54. [PMID: 23087361 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is associated with the early retention of low-density lipoproteins that are trapped in the extracellular matrix of the arterial intima by interaction with glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Mutant mouse/human chimeric antibodies of the murine monoclonal antibody P3, which react with N-glycolyl-containing gangliosides and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, were tested for their potentially antiatherogenic properties through the induction of an idiotypic antibody network that may specifically interfere with the binding of low-density lipoproteins to proteoglycan side chains, low-density lipoprotein modification, and foam cell formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet received 5 to 6 doses of chP3R99 or chP3S98 mutant antibodies, showing high and low reactivity, respectively, against their respective antigens. Both chimeric antibodies elicited an immunodominant anti-idiotypic response in the absence of adjuvant. A striking (40%-43%) reduction (P<0.01) in total lesion areas was observed in 18-week-old mice immunized with chP3R99, but not chP3S98, compared with PBS-treated mice. The antiatherosclerotic effect was associated with increased mice sera reactivity against heparin and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, including chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. In addition, purified IgG from chP3R99-immunized mice blocked the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall of apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports use of active immunization and the mounting of an idiotypic antibody network response against glycosaminoglycans as a novel approach to target atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Brito
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave, Siboney, Playa PO Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Villegas S, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein. A link between apolipoprotein B misfolding, lipoprotein aggregation and proteoglycan binding. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:479-86. [PMID: 22964994 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328357c933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Subendothelial retention of lipoproteins is considered the first step in the development of atherosclerosis, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Recent findings on the atherogenic properties of a minor electronegative fraction of LDL (LDL(-)) could contribute to a better understanding of this process. RECENT FINDINGS Circular dichroism, Trp-fluorescence and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance have shown that apolipoprotein B (apoB) in LDL(-) has an abnormal, misfolded conformation. Immunochemical analysis revealed a different conformation, mainly in the N-terminal and C-terminal extremes. These alterations contribute to the high susceptibility to aggregation of LDL(-). Moreover, LDL(-) can seed the aggregation of native LDL, suggesting an amyloidogenic character that has been attributed to the amphipathic helix cluster in the α2-domain. A phospholipase C (PLC)-like activity associated to LDL(-) seems to play a major role in the LDL(-)-induced aggregation. The aggregation of LDL(-) increases its binding to proteoglycans because of the abnormal conformation of the N-terminal extreme of apoB. SUMMARY LDL(-) could play a relevant role in atherogenesis by acting as a priming factor that stimulates lipoprotein aggregation. This process, which appears to be mediated by a PLC-like activity intrinsic to LDL(-), increases the binding of LDL to proteoglycans and could promote subendothelial retention of these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Sánchez-Quesada
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
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Lapice E, Cipriano P, Patti L, Romano G, Vaccaro O, Rivellese AA. Fasting APO B48 levels are associated with microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49:409-12. [PMID: 22430605 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In view of the high incidence of macrovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria, the study evaluates the association of microalbuminuria with fasting plasma Apo B48 levels, a marker of the residual presence of intestinally derived TRLs lipoproteins, thought to be highly atherogenic. We studied 50 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 35-75 years. Exclusion criteria were overt macrovascular disease, overt nephropathy (Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <45 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), or use of hypolipidemic agents. Anthropometry, fasting plasma lipids, plasma creatinine, and HbA1c were measured. Urinary albumin excretion was measured on a morning urine sample with the ELISA and expressed as albumin/creatinine ratio. GFR was estimated using the MDRD formula. The plasma fasting Apo B48 was measured by ELISA. Age, gender distribution, fasting plasma lipids, HbA1c, smoking status, plasma creatinine, estimate GFR, and the proportion of patients treated with insulin or antihypertensive drugs were similar for patients with or without microalbuminuria. People with microalbuminuria had longer diabetes duration (borderline significance) and significantly higher Apo B48 (1.765 ± 1.379 μg/ml vs. 1.022 ± 0.692 μg/ml, p = 0.01) than those without microalbuminuria. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that fasting Apo B48 levels were significantly associated with microalbuminuria independent of major confounders measured in the study. In patients with type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria is associated with elevated Apo B48 levels, independent of major confounders; this may partly explain the excess cardiovascular risk of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lapice
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
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46
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Fogelstrand P, Borén J. Retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in the artery wall and its role in atherogenesis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:1-7. [PMID: 22176921 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this review, we discuss the mechanisms behind the binding of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to the arterial wall and how this interaction might be targeted to prevent atherosclerosis. DATA SYNTHESIS An increasing body of evidence shows that accumulation of LDL in the vessel wall is a critical step in the development of atherosclerosis. The retained lipoproteins subsequently provoke an inflammatory response that ultimately leads to atherosclerosis. In the arterial wall, LDL binds ionically to proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. In particular, proteoglycans with elongated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains seem to play a crucial role in this process. CONCLUSIONS The LDL-proteoglycan interaction is a highly regulated process that might provide new therapeutic targets against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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47
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Rabbani N, Godfrey L, Xue M, Shaheen F, Geoffrion M, Milne R, Thornalley PJ. Glycation of LDL by methylglyoxal increases arterial atherogenicity: a possible contributor to increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:1973-80. [PMID: 21617182 PMCID: PMC3121424 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether modification of LDL by methylglyoxal (MG), a potent arginine-directed glycating agent that is increased in diabetes, is associated with increased atherogenicity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Human LDL was isolated and modified by MG in vitro to minimal extent (MG(min)-LDL) as occurs in vivo. Atherogenic characteristics of MG(min)-LDL were characterized: particle size, proteoglycan-binding, susceptibility to aggregation, LDL and non-LDL receptor-binding, and aortal deposition. The major site of modification of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) modification was investigated by mass spectrometric peptide mapping. RESULTS MG(min)-LDL contained 1.6 molar equivalents of MG modification-mostly hydroimidazolone-as found in vivo. MG(min)-LDL had decreased particle size, increased binding to proteoglycans, and increased aggregation in vitro. Cell culture studies showed that MG(min)-LDL was bound by the LDL receptor but not by the scavenger receptor and had increased binding affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycan. Radiotracer studies in rats showed that MG(min)-LDL had a similar fractional clearance rate in plasma to unmodified LDL but increased partitioning onto the aortal wall. Mass spectrometry peptide mapping identified arginine-18 as the hotspot site of apoB100 modification in MG(min)-LDL. A computed structural model predicted that MG modification of apoB100 induces distortion, increasing exposure of the N-terminal proteoglycan-binding domain on the surface of LDL. This likely mediates particle remodeling and increases proteoglycan binding. CONCLUSIONS MG modification of LDL forms small, dense LDL with increased atherogenicity that provides a new route to atherogenic LDL and may explain the escalation of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and the cardioprotective effect of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, UK.
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48
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Liu Y, Atkinson D. Immuno-electron cryo-microscopy imaging reveals a looped topology of apoB at the surface of human LDL. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1111-1116. [PMID: 21460103 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m013946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A single copy of apoB is the sole protein component of human LDL. ApoB is crucial for LDL particle stabilization and is the ligand for LDL receptor, through which cholesterol is delivered to cells. Dysregulation of the pathways of LDL metabolism is well documented in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. However, an understanding of the structure of LDL and apoB underlying these biological processes remains limited. In this study, we derived a 22 Å-resolution three-dimensional (3D) density map of LDL using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction, which showed a backbone of high-density regions that encircle the LDL particle. Additional high-density belts complemented this backbone high density to enclose the edge of the LDL particle. Image reconstructions of monoclonal antibody-labeled LDL located six epitopes in five putative domains of apoB in 3D. Epitopes in the LDL receptor binding domain were located on one side of the LDL particle, and epitopes in the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of apoB were in close proximity at the front side of the particle. Such image information revealed a looped topology of apoB on the LDL surface and demonstrated the active role of apoB in maintaining the shape of the LDL particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David Atkinson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
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Yang SNY, Burch ML, Tannock LR, Evanko S, Osman N, Little PJ. Transforming growth factor-β regulation of proteoglycan synthesis in vascular smooth muscle: contribution to lipid binding and accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. J Diabetes 2010; 2:233-42. [PMID: 20923499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is accelerated in the setting of diabetes, but the factors driving this phenomenon remain elusive. Hyperglycemia leads to elevated levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and TGF-β has been implicated as a factor in atherosclerosis. Given the established association between hyperglycemia and elevated TGF-β, it is plausible that elevated TGF-β levels in diabetes play a pathogenic role in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis. TGF-β is a potent regulator of extracellular matrix synthesis, including many actions on proteoglycan synthesis that lead to increased binding to low-density lipoprotein and therefore potentially increased lipid retention in the vessel wall and accelerated atherosclerosis. TGF-β signals through the canonical TGF-β receptor I-mediated phosphorylation of Smad transcription factors and TGF-β signaling is also known to involve, positively and negatively, interactions with the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The focus of the present review is on the effects of TGF-β on proteoglycan synthesis in vascular smooth muscle and particularly the signaling pathways through which TGF-β exerts its effects, because those pathways may be therapeutic targets for the prevention of pathological modifications in the proteoglycan component of the vessel wall in the vascular diseases of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundy N Y Yang
- Diabetes and Cell Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Monash University School of Medicine (Alfred Hospital), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Bancells C, Benítez S, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Öörni K, Kovanen PT, Milne RW, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Immunochemical analysis of the electronegative LDL subfraction shows that abnormal N-terminal apolipoprotein B conformation is involved in increased binding to proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1125-33. [PMID: 21078674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.175315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is a minor subfraction of modified LDL present in plasma. Among its atherogenic characteristics, low affinity to the LDL receptor and high binding to arterial proteoglycans (PGs) could be related to abnormalities in the conformation of its main protein, apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). In the current study, we have performed an immunochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody (mAb) probes to analyze the conformation of apoB-100 in LDL(-). The study, performed with 28 anti-apoB-100 mAbs, showed that major differences of apoB-100 immunoreactivity between native LDL and LDL(-) concentrate in both terminal extremes. The mAbs Bsol 10, Bsol 14 (which recognize the amino-terminal region), Bsol 2, and Bsol 7 (carboxyl-terminal region) showed increased immunoreactivity in LDL(-), suggesting that both terminal extremes are more accessible in LDL(-) than in native LDL. The analysis of in vitro-modified LDLs, including LDL lipolyzed with sphingomyelinase (SMase-LDL) or phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)-LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL), suggested that increased amino-terminal immunoreactivity was related to altered conformation due to aggregation. This was confirmed when the aggregated subfractions of LDL(-) (agLDL(-)) and oxLDL (ag-oxLDL) were isolated and analyzed. Thus, Bsol 10 and Bsol 14 immunoreactivity was high in SMase-LDL, ag-oxLDL, and agLDL(-). The altered amino-terminal apoB-100 conformation was involved in the increased PG binding affinity of agLDL(-) because Bsol 10 and Bsol 14 blocked its high PG-binding. These observations suggest that an abnormal conformation of the amino-terminal region of apoB-100 is responsible for the increased PG binding affinity of agLDL(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bancells
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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