1
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Johnson SM, Bao H, McMahon CE, Chen Y, Burr SD, Anderson AM, Madeyski-Bengtson K, Lindén D, Han X, Liu J. PNPLA3 is a triglyceride lipase that mobilizes polyunsaturated fatty acids to facilitate hepatic secretion of large-sized very low-density lipoprotein. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4847. [PMID: 38844467 PMCID: PMC11156938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is closely associated with hepatic steatosis. Recent evidence indicates that the I148M mutant functions as an inhibitor of PNPLA2/ATGL-mediated lipolysis, leaving the role of wild-type PNPLA3 undefined. Despite showing a triglyceride hydrolase activity in vitro, PNPLA3 has yet to be established as a lipase in vivo. Here, we show that PNPLA3 preferentially hydrolyzes polyunsaturated triglycerides, mobilizing polyunsaturated fatty acids for phospholipid desaturation and enhancing hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Under lipogenic conditions, mice with liver-specific knockout or acute knockdown of PNPLA3 exhibit aggravated liver steatosis and reduced plasma VLDL-triglyceride levels. Similarly, I148M-knockin mice show decreased hepatic triglyceride secretion during lipogenic stimulation. Our results highlight a specific context whereby the wild-type PNPLA3 facilitates the balance between hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion, and suggest the potential contribution of a loss-of-function by the I148M variant to the development of fatty liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hanmei Bao
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Cailin E McMahon
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department; Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stephanie D Burr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron M Anderson
- Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katja Madeyski-Bengtson
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences; BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM); BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition; Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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2
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Martens N, Zhan N, Yam SC, Leijten FPJ, Palumbo M, Caspers M, Tiane A, Friedrichs S, Li Y, van Vark-van der Zee L, Voortman G, Zimetti F, Jaarsma D, Verschuren L, Jonker JW, Kuipers F, Lütjohann D, Vanmierlo T, Mulder MT. Supplementation of Seaweed Extracts to the Diet Reduces Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in the APPswePS1ΔE9 Mouse Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:1614. [PMID: 38892548 PMCID: PMC11174572 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that diet supplementation with seaweed Sargassum fusiforme (S. fusiforme) prevented AD-related pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Here, we tested a lipid extract of seaweed Himanthalia elongata (H. elongata) and a supercritical fluid (SCF) extract of S. fusiforme that is free of excess inorganic arsenic. Diet supplementation with H. elongata extract prevented cognitive deterioration in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Similar trends were observed for the S. fusiforme SCF extract. The cerebral amyloid-β plaque load remained unaffected. However, IHC analysis revealed that both extracts lowered glial markers in the brains of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. While cerebellar cholesterol concentrations remained unaffected, both extracts increased desmosterol, an endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. Both extracts increased cholesterol efflux, and particularly, H. elongata extract decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, our findings suggest a reduction of AD-associated phosphorylated tau and promotion of early oligodendrocyte differentiation by H. elongata. RNA sequencing on the hippocampus of one-week-treated APPswePS1ΔE9 mice revealed effects of H. elongata on, amongst others, acetylcholine and synaptogenesis signaling pathways. In conclusion, extracts of H. elongata and S. fusiforme show potential to reduce AD-related pathology in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Increasing desmosterol concentrations may contribute to these effects by dampening neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Martens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sammie C. Yam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Frank P. J. Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Marcella Palumbo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.)
| | - Martien Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division Translational Neuroscience, Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany (D.L.)
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Vark-van der Zee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Gardi Voortman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.)
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.J.)
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.J.)
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany (D.L.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division Translational Neuroscience, Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
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3
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Sherwood M, Zhou Y, Sui Y, Wang Y, Skipp P, Kaid C, Gray J, Okamoto K, Ewing RM. Integrated re-analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets reveals potential mechanisms for Zika viral-based oncolytic therapy in neuroblastoma. F1000Res 2024; 12:719. [PMID: 38903860 PMCID: PMC11187533 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132627.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Paediatric neuroblastoma and brain tumours account for a third of all childhood cancer-related mortality. High-risk neuroblastoma is highly aggressive and survival is poor despite intensive multi-modal therapies with significant toxicity. Novel therapies are desperately needed. The Zika virus (ZIKV) can access the nervous system and there is growing interest in employing ZIKV as a potential therapy against paediatric nervous system tumours, including neuroblastoma. Methods Here, we perform extensive data mining, integration and re-analysis of ZIKV infection datasets to highlight molecular mechanisms that may govern the oncolytic response in neuroblastoma cells. We collate infection data of multiple neuroblastoma cell lines by different ZIKV strains from a body of published literature to inform the susceptibility of neuroblastoma to the ZIKV oncolytic response. Integrating published transcriptomics, interaction proteomics, dependency factor and compound datasets we propose the involvement of multiple host systems during ZIKV infection. Results Through data mining of published literature, we observed most paediatric neuroblastoma cell lines to be highly susceptible to ZIKV infection and propose the PRVABC59 ZIKV strain to be the most promising candidate for neuroblastoma oncolytic virotherapy. ZIKV induces TNF signalling, lipid metabolism, the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), and downregulates cell cycle and DNA replication processes. ZIKV infection is dependent on sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-regulated lipid metabolism and three protein complexes; V-ATPase, ER Membrane Protein Complex (EMC) and mammalian translocon. We propose ZIKV non-structural protein 4B (NS4B) as a likely mediator of ZIKVs interaction with IRE1-mediated UPR, lipid metabolism and mammalian translocon. Conclusions Our work provides a significant understanding of ZIKV infection in neuroblastoma cells, which will facilitate the progression of ZIKV-based oncolytic virotherapy through pre-clinical research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Sherwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yilu Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yi Sui
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yihua Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Carolini Kaid
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Center (HUG-CELL), Biosciences Institute, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliet Gray
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, UK
| | - Keith Okamoto
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Center (HUG-CELL), Biosciences Institute, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rob M. Ewing
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Clark AT, Russo-Savage L, Ashton LA, Haghshenas N, Schulman IG. A Novel Mutation in LXRα Uncovers a Role for Cholesterol Sensing in Limiting Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593869. [PMID: 38798597 PMCID: PMC11118525 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Liver x receptor alpha (LXRα, Nr1h3) functions as an important intracellular cholesterol sensor that regulates fat and cholesterol metabolism at the transcriptional level in response to the direct binding of cholesterol derivatives. We have generated mice with a mutation in LXRα that reduces activity in response to endogenous cholesterol derived LXR ligands while still allowing transcriptional activation by synthetic agonists. The mutant LXRα functions as a dominant negative that shuts down cholesterol sensing. When fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet LXRα mutant mice rapidly develop pathologies associated with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) including ballooning hepatocytes, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. Strikingly LXRα mutant mice have decreased liver triglycerides but increased liver cholesterol. Therefore, MASH-like phenotypes can arise in the absence of large increases in triglycerides. Reengaging LXR signaling by treatment with synthetic agonist reverses MASH suggesting that LXRα normally functions to impede the development of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis T. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Lillian Russo-Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- These authors contributed equally to the work
- Current address: Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Luke A. Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Niki Haghshenas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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5
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Ahmed H, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Levey AI, Pikuleva I, Liang SH, Haider A. Brain cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease: challenges and opportunities in probe and drug development. Brain 2024; 147:1622-1635. [PMID: 38301270 PMCID: PMC11068113 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is impaired in Alzheimer's disease; however, attempts to modulate brain cholesterol biology have not translated into tangible clinical benefits for patients to date. Several recent milestone developments have substantially improved our understanding of how excess neuronal cholesterol contributes to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Indeed, neuronal cholesterol was linked to the formation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles through molecular pathways that were recently delineated in mechanistic studies. Furthermore, remarkable advances in translational molecular imaging have now made it possible to probe cholesterol metabolism in the living human brain with PET, which is an important prerequisite for future clinical trials that target the brain cholesterol machinery in Alzheimer's disease patients-with the ultimate aim being to develop disease-modifying treatments. This work summarizes current concepts of how the biosynthesis, transport and clearance of brain cholesterol are affected in Alzheimer's disease. Further, current strategies to reverse these alterations by pharmacotherapy are critically discussed in the wake of emerging translational research tools that support the assessment of brain cholesterol biology not only in animal models but also in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ahmed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Irina Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Hoekstra M, de Jong LM, van der Geest R, de Leeuw LR, Krisnamurthi R, Geerling JJ, Van Eck M. LXR Agonist T0901317's Hepatic Impact Overrules Its Atheroprotective Action in Macrophages, Driving Early Atherogenesis in Chow-Diet-Fed Male Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Biomolecules 2024; 14:429. [PMID: 38672446 PMCID: PMC11047872 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies regarding the potential of liver X receptor (LXR) agonists to inhibit macrophage foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions are generally executed in mice fed with Western-type diets enriched in cholesterol and fat. Here, we investigated whether LXR agonism remains anti-atherogenic under dietary conditions with a low basal hepatic lipogenesis rate. Hereto, atherosclerosis-susceptible male apolipoprotein E knockout mice were fed a low-fat diet with or without 10 mg/kg/day LXR agonist T0901317 supplementation for 8 weeks. Importantly, T0901317 significantly stimulated atherosclerosis susceptibility, despite an associated increase in the macrophage gene expression levels of cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. The pro-atherogenic effect of T0901317 coincided with exacerbated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and a significant rise in hepatic triglyceride stores and macrophage numbers. Furthermore, T0901317-treated mice exhibited elevated plasma MCP-1 levels and monocytosis. In conclusion, these findings highlight that the pro-atherogenic hepatic effects of LXR agonism are dominant over the anti-atherogenic effects in macrophages in determining the overall atherosclerosis outcome under low-fat diet feeding conditions. A low-fat diet experimental setting, as compared to the commonly used high-fat-diet-based preclinical setup, thus appears more sensitive in uncovering the potential relevance of the off-target liver effects of novel anti-atherogenic therapeutic approaches that target macrophage LXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M. de Jong
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Rick van der Geest
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Lidewij R. de Leeuw
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Rani Krisnamurthi
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Janine J. Geerling
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (M.V.E.)
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chen Z, Zhu Q, Li D, Lv Q, Fu G, Ma B, Zhang W. Targeting Nanoplatform for Atherosclerosis Inhibition and Degradation via a Dual-Track Reverse Cholesterol Transport Strategy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306457. [PMID: 37803917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
As a main cause of serious cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis is characterized by deposited lipid and cholesterol crystals (CCs), which is considered as a great challenge to the current treatments. In this study, a dual-track reverse cholesterol transport strategy is used to overcome the cumulative CCs in the atherosclerotic lesions via a targeting nanoplatform named as LPLCH. Endowed with the active targeting ability to the plaques, the nanoparticles can be efficiently internalized and achieve a pH-triggered charge conversion for the escape from lysosomes. During this procedure, the liver X receptor (LXR) agonists loaded in nanoparticles are replaced by the deposited lysosomal CCs, leading to a LXR mediated up-regulation of ATP-binding cassette transporte ABCA1/G1 with the local CCs carrying at the same time. Thus, the cumulative CCs are removed in a dual-track way of ABCA1/G1 mediated efflux and nanoparticle-based carrying. The in vivo investigations indicate that LPLCH exhibits a favorable inhibition on the plaque progression and a further reversal of formed lesions when under a healthy diet. And the RNA-sequencing suggests that the cholesterol transport also synergistically activates the anti-inflammation effect. The dual-track reverse cholesterol transport strategy performed by LPLCH delivers an exciting candidate for the effective inhibition and degradation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezhe Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qiongjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Duanbin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Boxuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
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8
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Shi LX, Liu XR, Zhou LY, Zhu ZQ, Yuan Q, Zou T. Nanocarriers for gene delivery to the cardiovascular system. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7709-7729. [PMID: 37877418 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01275a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have posed a great threat to human health. Fortunately, gene therapy holds great promise in the fight against cardiovascular disease (CVD). In gene therapy, it is necessary to select the appropriate carriers to deliver the genes to the target cells of the target organs. There are usually two types of carriers, viral carriers and non-viral carriers. However, problems such as high immunogenicity, inflammatory response, and limited loading capacity have arisen with the use of viral carriers. Therefore, scholars turned their attention to non-viral carriers. Among them, nanocarriers are highly valued because of their easy modification, targeting, and low toxicity. Despite the many successes of gene therapy in the treatment of human diseases, it is worth noting that there are still many problems to be solved in the field of gene therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we give a brief introduction to the common nanocarriers and several common cardiovascular diseases (arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypertrophy). On this basis, the application of gene delivery nanocarriers in the treatment of these diseases is introduced in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University and Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion & New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China.
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9
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Piccinin E, Arconzo M, Matrella ML, Cariello M, Polizzi A, Lippi Y, Bertrand-Michel J, Guillou H, Loiseau N, Villani G, Moschetta A. Intestinal Pgc1α ablation protects from liver steatosis and fibrosis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100853. [PMID: 37886435 PMCID: PMC10597770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The gut-liver axis modulates the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a spectrum of conditions characterised by hepatic steatosis and a progressive increase of inflammation and fibrosis, culminating in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (Pgc1α) is a transcriptional co-regulator of mitochondrial activity and lipid metabolism. Here, the intestinal-specific role of Pgc1α was analysed in liver steatosis and fibrosis. Methods We used a mouse model in which Pgc1α was selectively deleted from the intestinal epithelium. We fed these mice and their wild-type littermates a Western diet to recapitulate the major features of liver steatosis (after 2 months of diet) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (after 4 months of diet). The chow diet was administered as a control diet. Results In humans and mice, low expression of intestinal Pgc1α is inversely associated with liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Intestinal disruption of Pgc1α impairs the transcription of a wide number of genes, including the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (Npc1l1), thus limiting the uptake of cholesterol from the gut. This results in a lower cholesterol accretion in the liver and a decreased production of new fatty acids, which protect the liver from lipotoxic lipid species accumulation, inflammation, and related fibrotic processes. Conclusions In humans and mice, intestinal Pgc1α induction during Western diet may be another culprit driving hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Here, we show that enterocyte-specific Pgc1α ablation protects the liver from steatosis and fibrosis by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, with subsequent decrease of cholesterol and de novo fatty acid accumulation in the liver. Impact and implications Liver diseases result from several insults, including signals from the gut. Although the incidence of liver diseases is continuously increasing worldwide, effective drug therapy is still lacking. Here, we showed that the modulation of an intestinal coactivator regulates the liver response to a Western diet, by limiting the uptake of dietary cholesterol. This results in a lower accumulation of hepatic lipids together with decreased inflammation and fibrosis, thus limiting the progression of liver steatosis and fibrosis towards severe end-stage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Arconzo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Matrella
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaetano Villani
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
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10
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Xu H, Xin Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Cao Y, Li W, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu P. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:653-662. [PMID: 37736845 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a non-biliary pathway that excretes excess cholesterol from the body through feces. This article focuses on the research progress of the TICE pathway in the last few years, including the discovery process of the TICE pathway, its molecular mechanism, and potential clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond the cholesterol excretion via hepatobiliary pathway, TICE contributes significantly to reverse cholesterol transport ex vivo and in vivo. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR) activated, respectively, by oxysterols and bile acids promote intestinal cholesterol secretion through ABCG5/G8. Nutrient regulators and intestinal flora also modulate cholesterol secretion through the TICE pathway. TICE allows direct elimination of plasma cholesterol, which may provide an attractive therapeutic targets. TICE pathway may provide a potential target to stimulate cholesterol elimination and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yutong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China.
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China.
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11
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Johnson S, Bao H, McMahon C, Chen Y, Burr S, Anderson A, Madeyski-Bengtson K, Lindén D, Han X, Liu J. Substrate-Specific Function of PNPLA3 Facilitates Hepatic VLDL-Triglyceride Secretion During Stimulated Lipogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.553213. [PMID: 37693552 PMCID: PMC10491159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.553213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is strongly linked to hepatic steatosis. Evidence suggests a gain-of-function role for the I148M mutant as an ATGL inhibitor, leaving the physiological relevance of wild-type PNPLA3 undefined. Here we show that PNPLA3 selectively degrades triglycerides (TGs) enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) independently of ATGL in cultured cells and mice. Lipidomics and metabolite tracing analyses demonstrated that PNPLA3 mobilizes PUFAs from intracellular TGs for phospholipid desaturation, supporting hepatic secretion of TG-rich lipoproteins. Consequently, mice with liver-specific knockout or acute knockdown of PNPLA3 both exhibited aggravated liver steatosis and concomitant decreases in plasma VLDL-TG, phenotypes that manifest only under lipogenic conditions. I148M-knockin mice similarly displayed impaired hepatic TG secretion during lipogenic stimulation. Our results highlight a specific context whereby PNPLA3 facilitates the balance between hepatic TG storage and secretion and suggest the potential contributions of I148M variant loss-of-function to the development of hepatic steatosis in humans. Summary Statement We define the physiological role of wild type PNPLA3 in maintaining hepatic VLDL-TG secretion.
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12
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Resetar M, Tietcheu Galani BR, Tsamo AT, Chen Y, Schachner D, Stolzlechner S, Mawouma Pagna JI, Beniddir MA, Kirchmair J, Dirsch VM. Flindissone, a Limonoid Isolated from Trichilia prieuriana, Is an LXR Agonist. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1901-1909. [PMID: 37526502 PMCID: PMC10463221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of six limonoids from Trichilia prieuriana (Meliaceae) to activate the liver X receptor (LXR) was assessed. One of these limonoids, flindissone, was shown to activate LXR by reporter-gene assays. Flindissone is a ring-intact limonoid, structurally similar to sterol-like LXR ligands. In endogenous cellular settings, flindissone showed an activity profile that is characteristic of LXR agonists. It induced cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages by increasing the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expression. In HepG2 cells, flindissone induced the expression of IDOL, an LXR-target gene that is associated with the downregulation of the LDL receptor. However, unlike synthetic and similarly to sterol-based LXR agonists, flindissone did not induce the expression of the SREBP1c gene, a major transcription factor regulating de novo lipogenesis. Additionally, flindissone also appeared to be able to inhibit post-translational activation of SREBP1c. The results presented here reveal a natural product as a new LXR agonist and point to an additional property of T. prieuriana and other plant extracts containing flindissone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Resetar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Borris R. Tietcheu Galani
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Adamawa, Cameroon
| | - Armelle T. Tsamo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ya Chen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Schachner
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Stolzlechner
- Center
for Cancer Research, Medical University
of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julio I. Mawouma Pagna
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mehdi A. Beniddir
- Équipe
“Chimie des Substances Naturelles” BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Zhou E, Ge X, Nakashima H, Li R, van der Zande HJP, Liu C, Li Z, Müller C, Bracher F, Mohammed Y, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Guigas B, Glass CK, Rensen PCN, Giera M, Wang Y. Inhibition of DHCR24 activates LXRα to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and inflammation. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16845. [PMID: 37357756 PMCID: PMC10405065 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonism has theoretical potential for treating NAFLD/NASH, but synthetic agonists induce hyperlipidemia in preclinical models. Desmosterol, which is converted by Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) into cholesterol, is a potent endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of DHCR24 inhibition on NAFLD/NASH development. Here, by using APOE*3-Leiden. CETP mice, a well-established translational model that develops diet-induced human-like NAFLD/NASH characteristics, we report that SH42, a published DHCR24 inhibitor, markedly increases desmosterol levels in liver and plasma, reduces hepatic lipid content and the steatosis score, and decreases plasma fatty acid and cholesteryl ester concentrations. Flow cytometry showed that SH42 decreases liver inflammation by preventing Kupffer cell activation and monocyte infiltration. LXRα deficiency completely abolishes these beneficial effects of SH42. Together, the inhibition of DHCR24 by SH42 prevents diet-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a strictly LXRα-dependent manner without causing hyperlipidemia. Finally, we also showed that SH42 treatment decreased liver collagen content and plasma alanine transaminase levels in an established NAFLD model. In conclusion, we anticipate that pharmacological DHCR24 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Xiaoke Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rumei Li
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug ResearchLudwig Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- The Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Med‐X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Med‐X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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14
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Martens N, Zhan N, Voortman G, Leijten FPJ, van Rheenen C, van Leerdam S, Geng X, Huybrechts M, Liu H, Jonker JW, Kuipers F, Lütjohann D, Vanmierlo T, Mulder MT. Activation of Liver X Receptors and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors by Lipid Extracts of Brown Seaweeds: A Potential Application in Alzheimer's Disease? Nutrients 2023; 15:3004. [PMID: 37447330 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRα/β) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα/γ) are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including lipid metabolism and inflammation. The activation of these receptors has been found to have neuroprotective effects, making them interesting therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The Asian brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme contains both LXR-activating (oxy)phytosterols and PPAR-activating fatty acids. We have previously shown that dietary supplementation with lipid extracts of Sargassum fusiforme prevents disease progression in a mouse model of AD, without inducing adverse effects associated with synthetic pan-LXR agonists. We now determined the LXRα/β- and PPARα/γ-activating capacity of lipid extracts of six European brown seaweed species (Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Himanthalia elongata, Saccharina latissima, and Sargassum muticum) and the Asian seaweed Sargassum fusiforme using a dual luciferase reporter assay. We analyzed the sterol and fatty acid profiles of the extracts by GC-MS and UPLC MS/MS, respectively, and determined their effects on the expression of LXR and PPAR target genes in several cell lines using quantitative PCR. All extracts were found to activate LXRs, with the Himanthalia elongata extract showing the most pronounced efficacy, comparable to Sargassum fusiforme, for LXR activation and transcriptional regulation of LXR-target genes. Extracts of Alaria esculenta, Fucus vesiculosus, and Saccharina latissima showed the highest capacity to activate PPARα, while extracts of Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, and Sargassum muticum showed the highest capacity to activate PPARγ, comparable to Sargassum fusiforme extract. In CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, all extracts induced expression of cholesterol efflux genes (ABCG1, ABCA1, and APOE) and suppressed expression of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis genes (DHCR7, DHCR24, HMGCR and SREBF2, and SREBF1, ACACA, SCD1 and FASN, respectively). Our data show that lipophilic fractions of European brown seaweeds activate LXRs and PPARs and thereby modulate lipid metabolism. These results support the potential of brown seaweeds in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and possibly cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases via concurrent activation of LXRs and PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Martens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Gardi Voortman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P J Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connor van Rheenen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Leerdam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xicheng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Michiel Huybrechts
- Department of Environmental Biology, Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Division Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Munteanu C, Schwartz B. The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040903. [PMID: 37107278 PMCID: PMC10136128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we focused on identifying aliment compounds and micronutrients, as well as addressed promising bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD advance and ultimately affect this disease progress. In this regard, we targeted: 1. Potential bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD, specifically dark chocolate, cocoa butter, and peanut butter which may be involved in decreasing cholesterol concentrations. 2. The role of sweeteners used in coffee and other frequent beverages; in this sense, stevia has proven to be adequate for improving carbohydrate metabolism, liver steatosis, and liver fibrosis. 3. Additional compounds were shown to exert a beneficial action on NAFLD, namely glutathione, soy lecithin, silymarin, Aquamin, and cannabinoids which were shown to lower the serum concentration of triglycerides. 4. The effects of micronutrients, especially vitamins, on NAFLD. Even if most studies demonstrate the beneficial role of vitamins in this pathology, there are exceptions. 5. We provide information regarding the modulation of the activity of some enzymes related to NAFLD and their effect on this disease. We conclude that NAFLD can be prevented or improved by different factors through their involvement in the signaling, genetic, and biochemical pathways that underlie NAFLD. Therefore, exposing this vast knowledge to the public is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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16
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Griffett K, Burris TP. Development of LXR inverse agonists to treat MAFLD, NASH, and other metabolic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1102469. [PMID: 36817797 PMCID: PMC9932051 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of LXR activity by synthetic agonists has been the focus of many drug discovery efforts with a focus on treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Many agonists have been developed, but all have been hindered due to their ability to efficaciously stimulate de novo lipogenesis. Here, we review the development of LXR inverse agonists that were originally optimized for their ability to enable recruitment of corepressors leading to silencing of genes that drive de novo lipogenesis. Such compounds have efficacy in animal models of MAFLD, dyslipidemia, and cancer. Several classes of LXR inverse agonists have been identified and one is now in clinical trials for treatment of severe dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- The University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Thomas P. Burris,
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17
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Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus FM9 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum Y57 Are as Effective as Statins at Improving Blood Lipid Profile in High Cholesterol, High-Fat Diet Model in Male Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081654. [PMID: 35458216 PMCID: PMC9027066 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart diseases. Some Lactobacillus strains with cholesterol-lowering potential have been isolated from artisanal food products. The purpose of this study was to isolate probiotic Lactobacillus strains from traditional yoghurt (dahi) and yogurt milk (lassi) and investigate the impact of these strains on the blood lipid profile and anti-obesity effect in a high cholesterol high fat diet model in Wistar rats. Eight candidate probiotic strains were chosen based on in vitro probiotic features and cholesterol reduction ability. By 16S rDNA sequencing, these strains were identified as Limosilactibacillus fermentum FM6, L. fermentum FM16, L. fermentum FM12, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus FM9, L. fermentum Y55, L. fermentum Y57, L. rhamnosus Y59, and L. fermentum Y63. The safety of these strains was investigated by feeding 2 × 108 CFU/mL in saline water for 28 days in a Wistar rat model. No bacterial translocation or any other adverse effects were observed in animals after administration of strains in water, which indicates the safety of strains. The cholesterol-lowering profile of these probiotics was evaluated in male Wistar rats using a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) model. For 30 days, animals were fed probiotic strains in water with 2 × 108 CFU/mL/rat/day, in addition to a high fat, high cholesterol diet. The cholesterol-lowering effects of various probiotic strains were compared to those of statin. All strains showed improvement in total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and weight gain. Serum cholesterol levels were reduced by 9% and 8% for L. rhamnosus FM9 and L. fermentum Y57, respectively, compared to 5% for the statin-treated group. HDL levels significantly improved by 46 and 44% for L. rhamnosus FM9 and L. fermentum Y57, respectively, compared to 46% for the statin-treated group. Compared to the statin-treated group, FM9 and Y57 significantly reduced LDL levels by almost twofold. These findings show that these strains can improve blood lipid profiles as effectively as statins in male Wistar rats. Furthermore, probiotic-fed groups helped weight control in animals on HFCD, indicating the possible anti-obesity potential of these strains. These strains can be used to develop food products and supplements to treat ischemic heart diseases and weight management. Clinical trials, however, are required to validate these findings.
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18
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Murru E, Manca C, Carta G, Banni S. Impact of Dietary Palmitic Acid on Lipid Metabolism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861664. [PMID: 35399673 PMCID: PMC8983927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is ubiquitously present in dietary fat guaranteeing an average intake of about 20 g/d. The relative high requirement and relative content in the human body, which accounts for 20–30% of total fatty acids (FAs), is justified by its relevant nutritional role. In particular physiological conditions, such as in the fetal stage or in the developing brain, the respectively inefficient placental and brain blood–barrier transfer of PA strongly induces its endogenous biosynthesis from glucose via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) to secure a tight homeostatic control of PA tissue concentration required to exert its multiple physiological activities. However, pathophysiological conditions (insulin resistance) are characterized by a sustained DNL in the liver and aimed at preventing the excess accumulation of glucose, which result in increased tissue content of PA and disrupted homeostatic control of its tissue concentration. This leads to an overaccumulation of tissue PA, which results in dyslipidemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation, and inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4. Any change in dietary saturated FAs (SFAs) usually reflects a complementary change in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake. Since PUFA particularly n-3 highly PUFA, suppress lipogenic gene expression, their reduction in intake rather than excess of dietary SFA may promote endogenous PA production via DNL. Thereby, the increase in tissue PA and its deleterious consequences from dysregulated DNL can be mistakenly attributed to dietary intake of PA.
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19
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de Jong LM, Zhang Z, den Hartog Y, Sijsenaar TJP, Martins Cardoso R, Manson ML, Hankemeier T, Lindenburg PW, Salvatori DCF, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. PRMT3 inhibitor SGC707 reduces triglyceride levels and induces pruritus in Western-type diet-fed LDL receptor knockout mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:483. [PMID: 35013582 PMCID: PMC8748717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) is a co-activator of liver X receptor capable of selectively modulating hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Here we investigated whether pharmacological PRMT3 inhibition can diminish the hepatic steatosis extent and lower plasma lipid levels and atherosclerosis susceptibility. Hereto, male hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed an atherogenic Western-type diet and injected 3 times per week intraperitoneally with PRMT3 inhibitor SGC707 or solvent control. Three weeks into the study, SGC707-treated mice developed severe pruritus and scratching-associated skin lesions, leading to early study termination. SGC707-treated mice exhibited 50% lower liver triglyceride stores as well as 32% lower plasma triglyceride levels. Atherosclerotic lesions were virtually absent in all experimental mice. Plasma metabolite analysis revealed that levels of taurine-conjugated bile acids were ~ threefold increased (P < 0.001) in response to SGC707 treatment, which was paralleled by systemically higher bile acid receptor TGR5 signalling. In conclusion, we have shown that SGC707 treatment reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma triglyceride levels and induces pruritus in Western-type diet-fed LDL receptor knockout mice. These findings suggest that pharmacological PRMT3 inhibition can serve as therapeutic approach to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis, when unwanted effects on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism can be effectively tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M de Jong
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette den Hartog
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy J P Sijsenaar
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Martins Cardoso
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W Lindenburg
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Research Group Metabolomics, Leiden Center for Applied Bioscience, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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20
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Yang JW, Ji HF. Phytosterols as bioactive food components against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34871105 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2006137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive food components widely present in cell membranes of plants, especially in nuts and oilseeds. In recent years, many studies have shown that phytosterols possess therapeutic potentials for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review summarizes the effects of phytosterols from in vitro and in vivo studies to lower the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), and the evidence supporting the potential of phytosterols against NAFLD. The potential mechanisms by which phytosterols improve NAFLD may include (i) competition with cholesterol; (ii) regulation of key factors involved in cholesterol and TG metabolism; and (iii) inhibition of liver inflammation and (iv) regulation of liver fatty acid composition. In summary, phytosterols are potential natural ingredients with good safety profile against NAFLD, which deserve more future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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21
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Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101238. [PMID: 33892169 PMCID: PMC8324684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or as recently proposed 'metabolic-associated fatty liver disease' (MAFLD), is characterized by pathological accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids in hepatocytes. This common disease can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually end-stage liver diseases. MAFLD is closely related to disturbances in systemic energy metabolism, including insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. SCOPE OF REVIEW The liver is the central organ in lipid metabolism by secreting very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and, on the other hand, by internalizing fatty acids and lipoproteins. This review article discusses recent research addressing hepatic lipid synthesis, VLDL production, and lipoprotein internalization as well as the lipid exchange between adipose tissue and the liver in the context of MAFLD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Liver steatosis in MAFLD is triggered by excessive hepatic triglyceride synthesis utilizing fatty acids derived from white adipose tissue (WAT), de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endocytosed remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In consequence of high hepatic lipid content, VLDL secretion is enhanced, which is the primary cause of complex dyslipidemia typical for subjects with MAFLD. Interventions reducing VLDL secretory capacity attenuate dyslipidemia while they exacerbate MAFLD, indicating that the balance of lipid storage versus secretion in hepatocytes is a critical parameter determining disease outcome. Proof of concept studies have shown that promoting lipid storage and energy combustion in adipose tissues reduces hepatic lipid load and thus ameliorates MAFLD. Moreover, hepatocellular triglyceride synthesis from DNL and WAT-derived fatty acids can be targeted to treat MAFLD. However, more research is needed to understand how individual transporters, enzymes, and their isoforms affect steatosis and dyslipidemia in vivo, and whether these two aspects of MAFLD can be selectively treated. Processing of cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins appears less important for steatosis. It may, however, modulate inflammation and consequently MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Liang Z, Chen Y, Gu T, She J, Dai F, Jiang H, Zhan Z, Li K, Liu Y, Zhou X, Tang L. LXR-Mediated Regulation of Marine-Derived Piericidins Aggravates High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Cholesterol Metabolism Disorder in Mice. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9943-9959. [PMID: 34251816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reported as two antirenal cell carcinoma (RCC) drug candidates, marine-derived compounds piericidin A (PA) and glucopiericidin A (GPA) exhibit hepatotoxicity in renal carcinoma xenograft mice. Proteomics and transcriptomics reveal the hepatotoxicity related with cholesterol disposition since RCC is characterized by cholesterol accumulation. PA/GPA aggravate hepatotoxicity in high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed mice while exhibiting no toxicity in chow diet-fed mice. High cholesterol accumulation in liver is liver X receptor (LXR)-mediated cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily a member 1 (CYP7A1) depression and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) activation. The farnesoid X nuclear receptor (FXR) is also depressed with a downregulated target gene OSTα. Different from PA directly combined with LXRα as an inhibitor, GPA exists as a prodrug in the liver and exerts toxic effects due to transformation into PA. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and docking results of 17 piericidins illustrate that glycosides exert no LXRα binding activity. A longer survival time of GPA-treated mice indicates that further exploration in anti-RCC drug research should focus on reducing glycosides transformed into PA and concentrating in the kidney tumor rather than the liver for lowering the risk of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Fahong Dai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huanguo Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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23
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Xu H, Ohoka N, Yokoo H, Nemoto K, Ohtsuki T, Matsufuji H, Naito M, Inoue T, Tsuji G, Demizu Y. Development of Agonist-Based PROTACs Targeting Liver X Receptor. Front Chem 2021; 9:674967. [PMID: 34124002 PMCID: PMC8187946 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.674967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and function as ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate cholesterol homeostasis, lipid homeostasis, and immune responses. LXR antagonists are promising treatments for hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. However, effective LXR antagonists and inhibitors are yet to be developed. Thus, we aimed to develop LXR degraders (proteolysis targeting chimeras PROTACs against LXR) as a complementary strategy to provide a similar effect to LXR inhibition. In this study, we report the development of GW3965-PEG5-VH032 (3), a PROTAC capable of effectively degrading LXRβ protein. Compound 3 induced the ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent degradation of the LXRβ protein, which requires VHL E3 ligase. We hope that PROTACs targeting LXR proteins will become novel therapeutic agents for LXR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiao Xu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Yokoo
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanako Nemoto
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsufuji
- Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Laboratory of Targeted Protein Degradation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Tsuji
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
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24
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Vinuesa A, Pomilio C, Gregosa A, Bentivegna M, Presa J, Bellotto M, Saravia F, Beauquis J. Inflammation and Insulin Resistance as Risk Factors and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653651. [PMID: 33967682 PMCID: PMC8102834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition and modern diets containing high proportions of saturated fat are among the major factors contributing to a low-grade state of inflammation, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. In the last decades, the global rise of type 2 diabetes and obesity prevalence has elicited a great interest in understanding how changes in metabolic function lead to an increased risk for premature brain aging and the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment and decreased neurogenic capacity could be a consequence of metabolic disturbances. In these scenarios, the interplay between inflammation and insulin resistance could represent a potential therapeutic target to prevent or ameliorate neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. The present review aims to provide an update on the impact of metabolic stress pathways on AD with a focus on inflammation and insulin resistance as risk factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Vinuesa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Pomilio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amal Gregosa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Bentivegna
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica Presa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Bellotto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Groenen AG, Westerterp M. A New Small Molecule Increases Cholesterol Efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1851-1853. [PMID: 33853353 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk G Groenen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Martens N, Schepers M, Zhan N, Leijten F, Voortman G, Tiane A, Rombaut B, Poisquet J, Sande NVD, Kerksiek A, Kuipers F, Jonker JW, Liu H, Lütjohann D, Vanmierlo T, Mulder MT. 24(S)-Saringosterol Prevents Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:190. [PMID: 33801706 PMCID: PMC8065937 DOI: 10.3390/md19040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that dietary supplementation with the seaweed Sargassum fusiforme, containing the preferential LXRβ-agonist 24(S)-saringosterol, prevented memory decline and reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model without inducing hepatic steatosis. Here, we examined the effects of 24(S)-saringosterol as a food additive on cognition and neuropathology in AD mice. Six-month-old male APPswePS1ΔE9 mice and wildtype C57BL/6J littermates received 24(S)-saringosterol (0.5 mg/25 g body weight/day) (APPswePS1ΔE9 n = 20; C57BL/6J n = 19) or vehicle (APPswePS1ΔE9 n = 17; C57BL/6J n = 19) for 10 weeks. Cognition was assessed using object recognition and object location tasks. Sterols were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Aβ and inflammatory markers by immunohistochemistry, and gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Hepatic lipids were quantified after Oil-Red-O staining. Administration of 24(S)-saringosterol prevented cognitive decline in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice without affecting the Aβ plaque load. Moreover, 24(S)-saringosterol prevented the increase in the inflammatory marker Iba1 in the cortex of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 24(S)-saringosterol did not affect the expression of lipid metabolism-related LXR-response genes in the hippocampus nor the hepatic neutral lipid content. Thus, administration of 24(S)-saringosterol prevented cognitive decline in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice independent of effects on Aβ load and without adverse effects on liver fat content. The anti-inflammatory effects of 24(S)-saringosterol may contribute to the prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Martens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Division Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Frank Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gardi Voortman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Division Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Division Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janne Poisquet
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nienke van de Sande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Division Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Hasselt University, BE 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Division Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Zhen EY, Siegel RW, Ehsani M, Qian YW, Konrad RJ. ApoA5 lowers triglyceride levels via suppression of ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100068. [PMID: 33762177 PMCID: PMC8079461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) molecules represent the major storage form of fatty acids, and TG metabolism is essential to human health. However, the mechanistic details surrounding TG metabolism are complex and incompletely elucidated. Although it is known that angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) increases TGs through an ANGPTL3/8 complex that inhibits LPL, the mechanism governing ApoA5, which lowers TGs, has remained elusive. Current hypotheses for how ApoA5 acts include direct stimulation of LPL, facilitation of TG-containing particle uptake, and regulation of hepatic TG secretion. Using immunoprecipitation-MS and Western blotting, biolayer interferometry, functional LPL enzymatic assays, and kinetic analyses of LPL activity, we show that ApoA5 associates with ANGPTL3/8 in human serum and most likely decreases TG by suppressing ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition. We also demonstrate that ApoA5 has no direct effect on LPL, nor does it suppress the LPL-inhibitory activities of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, or ANGPTL4/8. Importantly, ApoA5 suppression of ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition occurred at a molar ratio consistent with the circulating concentrations of ApoA5 and ANGPTL3/8. Because liver X receptor (LXR) agonists decrease ApoA5 expression and cause hypertriglyceridemia, we investigated the effect of the prototypical LXR agonist T0901317 on human primary hepatocytes. We observed that T0901317 modestly stimulated hepatocyte ApoA5 release, but markedly stimulated ANGPTL3/8 secretion. Interestingly, the addition of insulin to T0901317 attenuated ApoA5 secretion, but further increased ANGPTL3/8 secretion. Together, these results reveal a novel intersection of ApoA5 and ANGPTL3/8 in the regulation of TG metabolism and provide a possible explanation for LXR agonist-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas G Pottanat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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28
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Russo-Savage L, Schulman IG. Liver X receptors and liver physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166121. [PMID: 33713792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver x receptors LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcription factors that regulate transcription in response to the direct binding of cholesterol derivatives. Studies using genetic knockouts and synthetic ligands have defined the LXRs as important modulators of lipid homeostasis throughout the body. This review focuses on the control of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism by LXRs in the liver and how modifying LXR activity can influence the pathology of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Russo-Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ira G Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America.
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29
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van Riel NAW, Tiemann CA, Hilbers PAJ, Groen AK. Metabolic Modeling Combined With Machine Learning Integrates Longitudinal Data and Identifies the Origin of LXR-Induced Hepatic Steatosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:536957. [PMID: 33665185 PMCID: PMC7921164 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.536957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal multi-omics data can provide information about the dynamics of disease development and therapeutic response. However, statistical analysis of high-dimensional time-series data is challenging. Here we develop a novel approach to model temporal metabolomic and transcriptomic data by combining machine learning with metabolic models. ADAPT (Analysis of Dynamic Adaptations in Parameter Trajectories) performs metabolic trajectory modeling by introducing time-dependent parameters in differential equation models of metabolic systems. ADAPT translates structural uncertainty in the model, such as missing information about regulation, into a parameter estimation problem that is solved by iterative learning. We have now extended ADAPT to include both metabolic and transcriptomic time-series data by introducing a regularization function in the learning algorithm. The ADAPT learning algorithm was (re)formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem in which the estimation of trajectories of metabolic parameters is constrained by the metabolite data and refined by gene expression data. ADAPT was applied to a model of hepatic lipid and plasma lipoprotein metabolism to predict metabolic adaptations that are induced upon pharmacological treatment of mice by a Liver X receptor (LXR) agonist. We investigated the excessive accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in the liver resulting in the development of hepatic steatosis. ADAPT predicted that hepatic TG accumulation after LXR activation originates for 80% from an increased influx of free fatty acids. The model also correctly estimated that TG was stored in the cytosol rather than transferred to nascent very-low density lipoproteins. Through model-based integration of temporal metabolic and gene expression data we discovered that increased free fatty acid influx instead of de novo lipogenesis is the main driver of LXR-induced hepatic steatosis. This study illustrates how ADAPT provides estimates for biomedically important parameters that cannot be measured directly, explaining (side-)effects of pharmacological treatment with LXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natal A W van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christian A Tiemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Peter A J Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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30
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Fan S, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Luo L, Wang H, Chen G, Xing L, Zheng P, Huang C. LXRα/β Antagonism Protects against Lipid Accumulation in the Liver but Increases Plasma Cholesterol in Rhesus Macaques. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:833-838. [PMID: 33647205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver and associates with obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. NAFLD could lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even cancers. The development of therapy for NAFLD has been proven difficult. Emerging evidence suggests that liver X receptor (LXR) antagonist is a potential treatment for fatty liver disease. However, concerns about the cholesterol-increasing effects make it questionable for the development of LXR antagonists. Here, the overweight monkeys were fed with LXRβ-selective antagonist sophoricoside or LXRα/β dual-antagonist morin for 3 months. The morphology of punctured liver tissues was examined by H&E staining. The liver, heart, and kidney damage indices were analyzed using plasma. The blood index was assayed using complete blood samples. We show that LXRβ-selective antagonist sophoricoside and LXRα/β dual-antagonist morin alleviated lipid accumulation in the liver in overweight monkeys. The compounds resulted in higher plasma TC or LDL-c contents, increased white blood cell and lymphocyte count, and decreased neutrophile granulocyte count in the monkeys. The compounds did not alter plasma glucose, apolipoprotein A (ApoA), ApoB, ApoE, lipoprotein (a) (LPA), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), aspartate transaminases (AST), creatinine (CREA), urea nitrogen (UN), and creatine kinase (CK) levels. Our data suggest that LXRβ-selective and LXRα/β dual antagonism may lead to hypercholesterolemia in nonhuman primates, which calls into question the development of LXR antagonist as a therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lingling Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongrun Wang
- Hengshu Bio-Technology Company, Yibin HighTech Park, Yibin, Sichuan 644601, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Hengshu Bio-Technology Company, Yibin HighTech Park, Yibin, Sichuan 644601, China
| | - Lianjun Xing
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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31
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Moldavski O, Zushin PJH, Berdan CA, Van Eijkeren RJ, Jiang X, Qian M, Ory DS, Covey DF, Nomura DK, Stahl A, Weiss EJ, Zoncu R. 4β-Hydroxycholesterol is a prolipogenic factor that promotes SREBP1c expression and activity through the liver X receptor. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100051. [PMID: 33631213 PMCID: PMC8042401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that play regulatory roles in lipid biosynthesis and homeostasis. How oxysterol signaling coordinates different lipid classes such as sterols and triglycerides remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that 4β-hydroxycholesterol (HC) (4β-HC), a liver and serum abundant oxysterol of poorly defined functions, is a potent and selective inducer of the master lipogenic transcription factor, SREBP1c, but not the related steroidogenic transcription factor SREBP2. By correlating tracing of lipid synthesis with lipogenic gene expression profiling, we found that 4β-HC acts as a putative agonist for the liver X receptor (LXR), a sterol sensor and transcriptional regulator previously linked to SREBP1c activation. Unique among the oxysterol agonists of the LXR, 4β-HC induced expression of the lipogenic program downstream of SREBP1c and triggered de novo lipogenesis both in primary hepatocytes and in the mouse liver. In addition, 4β-HC acted in parallel to insulin-PI3K-dependent signaling to stimulate triglyceride synthesis and lipid-droplet accumulation. Thus, 4β-HC is an endogenous regulator of de novo lipogenesis through the LXR-SREBP1c axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Moldavski
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles A Berdan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Van Eijkeren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mingxing Qian
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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32
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Identifying selective agonists targeting LXRβ from terpene compounds of alismatis rhizoma. J Mol Model 2021; 27:91. [PMID: 33616795 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is thought of as an important contributor to coronary disease, diabetes, and fatty liver. Liver X receptor β (LXRβ) was considered as a validated target for hyperlipidemia therapy due to its role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. However, many current drugs applied in clinics are not selectively targeting LXRβ, and they can also activate LXRα which activates SREBP-1c that worked as an activator of lipogenic genes. Therefore, exploiting agonists selectively targeting LXRβ is urgent. Here, computational tools were used to screen potential agonists selectively targeting LXRβ from 112 terpenes of alismatis rhizoma. Firstly, a structural analysis between selective and nonselective agonists was used to explore key residues of selective binding with LXRβ. Our data indicated that Phe271, Ser278, Met312, His435, and Trp457 were important to compounds binding with LXRβ, suggesting that engaging ligand interaction with these residues may provide directions for the development of ligands with improved selective profiles. Then, ADMET analysis, molecular docking, MD simulations, and calculation of binding free energy and its decomposition were executed to screen the agonists whose bioactivity was favorable from 112 terpenes of alismatis rhizoma. We found that two triterpenes 16-hydroxy-alisol B 23-acetate and alisol M 23-acetate showed favorable ADMET properties and high binding affinity against LXRβ. These compounds could be considered as promising selective agonists targeting LXRβ. Our work provides an alternative strategy for screening agonists selectively targeting LXRβ from alismatis rhizoma for hyperlipidemia disease treatment.
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33
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Yuan W, Yu B, Yu M, Kuai R, Morin EE, Wang H, Hu D, Zhang J, Moon JJ, Chen YE, Guo Y, Schwendeman A. Synthetic high-density lipoproteins delivering liver X receptor agonist prevent atherogenesis by enhancing reverse cholesterol transport. J Control Release 2021; 329:361-371. [PMID: 33188828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver X nuclear receptor (LXR) agonists are promising anti-atherosclerotic agents that increase the expression of cholesterol transporters on atheroma macrophages leading to increased efflux of cholesterol to endogenous high-density lipoprotein (HDL) acceptors. HDL subsequently delivers effluxed cholesterol to the liver by the process of reverse cholesterol transport, resulting in reduction of atherosclerotic plaques. However, LXR agonists administration triggers undesirable liver steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia due to increased fatty acid and sterol synthesis. LXR-induced liver toxicity, poor drug aqueous solubility and low levels of endogenous HDL acceptors in target patient populations limit the clinical translation of LXR agonists. Here, we propose a dual-antiatherogenic strategy for administration of the LXR agonist, T0901317 (T1317), by encapsulating in synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanoparticles. sHDL had been clinically proven to serve as cholesterol acceptors, resulting in plaque reduction in atherosclerosis patients. In addition, the hydrophobic core and endogenous atheroma-targeting ability of sHDL allow for encapsulation of water-insoluble drugs and their subsequent delivery to atheroma. Several compositions of sHDL were tested to optimize both T1317 encapsulation efficiency and ability of T1317-sHDL to efflux cholesterol. Optimized T1317-sHDL exhibited more efficient cholesterol efflux from macrophages and enhanced atheroma-targeting relative to free drug. Most importantly, in an apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) atherosclerosis progression murine model, T1317-sHDL showed superior inhibition of atherogenesis and reduced hypertriglyceridemia side effects in comparison to the free drug and blank sHDL. The T1317-sHDL pharmacological efficacy was observed at doses lower than those previously described for LXR agents, which may have additional safety benefits. In addition, the established clinical manufacturing, safety and efficacy of blank sHDL nanoparticles used in this study could facilitate future clinical translation of LXR-loaded sHDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Cardiovascular medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minzhi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Emily E Morin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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34
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Vos DY, van de Sluis B. Function of the endolysosomal network in cholesterol homeostasis and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Mol Metab 2021; 50:101146. [PMID: 33348067 PMCID: PMC8324686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), also known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. In addition to hepatic accumulation of triglycerides, dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of MAFLD. Maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis is highly dependent on cellular cholesterol uptake and, subsequently, cholesterol transport to other membrane compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Scope of review The endolysosomal network is key for regulating cellular homeostasis and adaptation, and emerging evidence has shown that the endolysosomal network is crucial to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the role of the endolysosomal network in cholesterol homeostasis and its implications in MAFLD pathogenesis. Major conclusions Although multiple endolysosomal proteins have been identified in the regulation of cholesterol uptake, intracellular transport, and degradation, their physiological role is incompletely understood. Further research should elucidate their role in controlling metabolic homeostasis and development of fatty liver disease. The intracellular cholesterol transport is tightly regulated by the endocytic and lysosomal network. Dysfunction of the endolysosomal network affects hepatic lipid homeostasis. The endosomal sorting of lipoprotein receptors is precisely regulated and is not a bulk process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyonne Y Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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35
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Rasheed A, Shawky SA, Tsai R, Jung RG, Simard T, Saikali MF, Hibbert B, Rayner KJ, Cummins CL. The secretome of liver X receptor agonist-treated early outgrowth cells decreases atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:479-491. [PMID: 33231376 PMCID: PMC7900590 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) promote the maintenance of the endothelium by secreting vasoreparative factors. A population of EPCs known as early outgrowth cells (EOCs) is being investigated as novel cell‐based therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. We previously demonstrated that the absence of liver X receptors (LXRs) is detrimental to the formation and function of EOCs under hypercholesterolemic conditions. Here, we investigate whether LXR activation in EOCs is beneficial for the treatment of atherosclerosis. EOCs were differentiated from the bone marrow of wild‐type (WT) and LXR‐knockout (Lxrαβ−/−) mice in the presence of vehicle or LXR agonist (GW3965). WT EOCs treated with GW3965 throughout differentiation showed reduced mRNA expression of endothelial lineage markers (Cd144, Vegfr2) compared with WT vehicle and Lxrαβ−/− EOCs. GW3965‐treated EOCs produced secreted factors that reduced monocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells in culture. When injected into atherosclerosis‐prone Ldlr−/− mice, GW3965‐treated EOCs, or their corresponding conditioned media (CM) were both able to reduce aortic sinus plaque burden compared with controls. Furthermore, when human EOCs (obtained from patients with established CAD) were treated with GW3965 and the CM applied to endothelial cells, monocyte adhesion was decreased, indicating that our results in mice could be translated to patients. Ex vivo LXR agonist treatment of EOCs therefore produces a secretome that decreases early atherosclerosis in Ldlr−/− mice, and additionally, CM from human EOCs significantly inhibits monocyte to endothelial adhesion. Thus, active factor(s) within the GW3965‐treated EOC secretome may have the potential to be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah A Shawky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard G Jung
- Capital Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor Simard
- Capital Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- Capital Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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He H, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Korzun WJ, Yang H, Ghosh S. Nanoparticle-based "Two-pronged" approach to regress atherosclerosis by simultaneous modulation of cholesterol influx and efflux. Biomaterials 2020; 260:120333. [PMID: 32853832 PMCID: PMC7530139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of lipoprotein uptake by macrophages and stimulation of cholesterol efflux are two essential steps required for atherosclerotic plaque regression. We used the optimized mannose-functionalized dendrimeric nanoparticle (mDNP)-based platform for macrophage-specific delivery of therapeutics to simultaneously deliver SR-A siRNA (to reduce LDL uptake) and LXR ligand (LXR-L, to stimulate cholesterol efflux) - a novel "Two-pronged" approach to facilitate plaque regression. mDNP-mediated delivery of SR-A siRNA led to a significant reduction in SR-A expression with a corresponding decrease in uptake of oxLDL. Delivery of LXR-L increased expression of ABCA1/G1 and cholesterol efflux. Combined delivery of siRNA and LXR-L led to a significantly greater decrease in macrophage cholesterol content compared to either treatment alone. Administration of this in vitro optimized formulation of mDNP complexed with SR-A-siRNA and LXR-L (Two-pronged complex) to atherosclerotic LDLR-/- mice fed western diet (TD88137) led to significant regression of atherosclerotic plaques with a corresponding decrease in aortic cholesterol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang He
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - William J Korzun
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA.
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37
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Goodson ML, Knotts TA, Campbell EL, Snyder CA, Young BM, Privalsky ML. Specific ablation of the NCoR corepressor δ splice variant reveals alternative RNA splicing as a key regulator of hepatic metabolism. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241238. [PMID: 33104749 PMCID: PMC7588069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCoR corepressor plays critical roles in mediating transcriptional repression by both nuclear receptors and non-receptor transcription factors. Alternative mRNA splicing of NCoR produces a series of variants with differing molecular and biological properties. The NCoRω splice-variant inhibits adipogenesis whereas the NCoRδ splice-variant promotes it, and mice bearing a splice-specific knockout of NCoRω display enhanced hepatic steatosis and overall weight gain on a high fat diet as well as a greatly increased resistance to diet-induced glucose intolerance. We report here that the reciprocal NCoRδ splice-specific knock-out mice display the contrary phenotypes of reduced hepatic steatosis and reduced weight gain relative to the NCoRω-/- mice. The NCoRδ-/- mice also fail to demonstrate the strong resistance to diet-induced glucose intolerance exhibited by the NCoRω-/- animals. The NCoR δ and ω variants possess both unique and shared transcriptional targets, with expression of certain hepatic genes affected in opposite directions in the two mutants, others altered in one but not the other genotype, and yet others changed in parallel in both NCoRδ-/- and NCoRω-/- animals versus WT. Gene set expression analysis (GSEA) identified a series of lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolic pathways that are likely to contribute to their distinct steatosis and glucose tolerance phenotypes. We conclude that alternative-splicing of the NCoR corepressor plays a key role in the regulation of hepatic energy storage and utilization, with the NCoRδ and NCoRω variants exerting both opposing and shared functions in many aspects of this phenomenon and in the organism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Goodson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trina A. Knotts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Microbiome & Host Response Core, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elsie L. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chelsea A. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Briana M. Young
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Privalsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Shi Y, Lam SM, Liu H, Luo G, Zhang J, Yao S, Li J, Zheng L, Xu N, Zhang X, Shui G. Comprehensive lipidomics in apoM -/- mice reveals an overall state of metabolic distress and attenuated hepatic lipid secretion into the circulation. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:523-534. [PMID: 33309167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) participates in both high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism. Little is known about how apoM affects lipid composition of the liver and serum. In this study, we systemically investigated the effects of apoM on liver and plasma lipidomes and how apoM participates in lipid cycling, via apoM knockout in mice and the human SMMC-7721 cell line. We used integrated mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches to semiquantify more than 600 lipid species from various lipid classes, which include free fatty acids, glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters (CEs), in apoM-/- mouse. Hepatic accumulation of neutral lipids, including CEs, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols, was observed in apoM-/- mice; while serum lipidomic analyses showed that, in contrast to the liver, the overall levels of CEs and saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids were markedly diminished. Furthermore, the level of ApoB-100 was dramatically increased in the liver, whereas significant reductions in both ApoB-100 and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were observed in the serum of apoM-/- mice, which indicated attenuated hepatic LDL secretion into the circulation. Lipid profiles and proinflammatory cytokine levels indicated that apoM-/- leads to hepatic steatosis and an overall state of metabolic distress. Taken together, these results revealed that apoM knockout leads to hepatic steatosis, impaired lipid secretion, and an overall state of metabolic distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Shi
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Shuang Yao
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, Klinikgatan 19, S-22185, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Yin Y, Zeng S, Li Y, Wu Z, Huang D, Gao P. Macrophage Lxrα reduces atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- mice independent of Arl7 transactivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:540-547. [PMID: 32736671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptor alpha (Lxrα) is a sterol-regulated transcription factor that limits atherogenesis by regulating cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in macrophages. Transcriptional profiling identified the reverse cholesterol transport protein Arf-like 7 (Arl7, Arl4c) as a Lxrα target gene. We hypothesized that the LXR response element (LXRE) sequence on the murine macrophage Arl7 promoter may play a critical role in Lxrα's atherosuppressive effects. METHODS Employing low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice with macrophage-specific Lxrα overexpression (Ldlr-/- MΦ-Lxrα), we constructed a novel in vivo Ldlr-/- MΦ-Lxrα Arl7MutLXRE model possessing macrophage-specific mutations within the Arl7 promoter LXRE sequences (Arl7MutLXRE) using the CRISPR/spCas9 genome editing technique. In vitro and in vivo transplantation studies were conducted using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal macrophages (PMs). RESULTS Ldlr-/-, Ldlr-/- MΦ-Lxrα, and Ldlr-/- MΦ-Lxrα Arl7MutLXRE mice on a 60% high-fat diet displayed no significant differences in body weight, fat mass, glucose homeostasis, or lipid metabolism. Macrophage Lxrα promoted Arl7 expression, enhanced cholesterol efflux, and reduced foam cell formation in an Arl7 LXRE-dependent manner. In contrast, Lxrα reduced macrophage activation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and efferocytosis independent of Arl7 LXRE. Western diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice reconstituted with transgenic BMDMs revealed that macrophage Lxrα reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation independent of Arl7 LXRE. CONCLUSION Lxrα's anti-atherosclerotic effects in Ldlr-/- mice are not primarily attributable to Lxrα's influence on Arl7 expression. This evidence suggests that Lxrα's effects on plaque inflammation may be more critical to in vivo atherogenesis than its effects on macrophage cholesterol efflux and foam cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Silu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dajun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiyang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Zhang Y, Li F, Jiang X, Jiang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Fan S, Xin L, Yang B, Ji G, Huang C. Sophoricoside is a selective LXRβ antagonist with potent therapeutic effects on hepatic steatosis of mice. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3168-3179. [PMID: 32592532 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and associated with obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Currently, there is no therapy for NAFLD. Emerging evidences suggest that the inhibition of liver X receptor (LXR) activity may be a potential therapy for hepatic steatosis. Here, we identified that sophoricoside is a selective antagonist of LXRβ. Sophoricoside protected against obesity and glucose tolerance, and inhibited lipid accumulation in the liver of high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice and methionine and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mice. Furthermore, sophoricoside inhibited malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione in the liver of the mice. In HepG2 cells, pretreatment with sophoricoside rescued GSH concentration decrease induced by H2 O2 treatment. Our data suggest that sophoricoside is a novel LXRβ selective antagonist and may improve glucose and lipid dysfunction, and attenuate lipid accumulation in the liver of DIO mice via anti-oxidant properties, which may be developed as a therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjun Xin
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baican Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huang F, Liu H, Lei Z, Li Z, Zhang T, Yang M, Zhou K, Sun C. Long noncoding RNA CCAT1 inhibits miR-613 to promote nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via increasing LXRα transcription. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9819-9833. [PMID: 32413192 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is regarded as a threat to public health; however, the pathologic mechanism of NAFLD is not fully understood. We attempted to identify abnormally expressed long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) and messenger RNA that may affect the occurrence and development of NAFLD in this study. The expression of differentially expressed lncRNAs in NAFLD was determined in oleic acid (OA)-treated L02 cells, and the functions of CCAT1 in lipid droplet formation were evaluated in vitro. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by microarray analysis, and DEGs related to CCTA1 were selected and verified by weighted correlation network analysis. The dynamic effects of LXRα and CCTA1 on lipid droplet formation and predicted binding was examined. The binding between miR-631 and CCAT1 and LXRα was verified. The dynamic effects of miR-613 inhibition and CCTA1 silencing on lipid droplet formation were examined. The expression and correlations of miR-631, CCAT1, and LXRα were determined in tissue samples. As the results show, CCAT1 was induced by OA and upregulated in NAFLD clinical samples. CCAT1 silencing significantly suppressed lipid droplet accumulation in vitro. LXRα was positively correlated with CCAT1. By inhibiting miR-613, CCAT1 increased the transcription of LXRα and promoted LXRα expression. The expression of LXRα was significantly increased in NAFLD tissues and was positively correlated with CCAT1. In conclusion, CCAT1 increases LXRα transcription by serving as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-613 in an LXRE-dependent manner, thereby promoting lipid droplet formation and NAFLD. CCAT1 and LXRα might be potent targets for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feizhou Huang
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huaizheng Liu
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Lei
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhou Li
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kefu Zhou
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuanzheng Sun
- Emergency Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Li W, Wu Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu T, Ye T, Xie Y, Cheng Z, He J, Bai P, Zhang Y, Ouyang L. Emerging targets and potential therapeutic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112311. [PMID: 32339855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, which is characterized by liver fat accumulation unrelated to excessive drinking. Indeed, it attracts growing attention and becomes a global health problem. Due to the complexity of the NAFLD pathogenic mechanism, no related drugs were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) till now. However, it is encouraging that a series of candidate drugs have entered the clinical trial stage with expectation to treat NAFLD. In this review, we summarized the main pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD, as well as introduced the main potential therapeutic targets and the corresponding compounds involved in metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, we also discuss the progress of these compounds, such as drug design and optimization, the choice of pharmacological properties and druglikeness, and the analysis of structure-activity relationship. This review offers a medium on future drug design and development, to be beneficial to relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Wu
- West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Santinha D, Klopot A, Marques I, Ellis E, Jorns C, Johansson H, Melo T, Antonson P, Jakobsson T, Félix V, Gustafsson JÅ, Domingues MR, Mode A, Helguero LA. Lipidomic analysis of human primary hepatocytes following LXR activation with GW3965 identifies AGXT2L1 as a main target associated to changes in phosphatidylethanolamine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105558. [PMID: 31783151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists have the potential to alleviate obesity related diseases, particularly atherosclerosis. However, LXRs are transcriptional regulators that induce de novo lipogenesis and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes which represents a serious adverse effect. In this work, we sought to characterize the LXR agonist GW3965 effects on fatty acid (FA) and phospholipid (PL) remodelling and the correlation with gene expression in order to better understand the underlying effects leading to hepatic pathology upon LXR activation. Human primary hepatocytes treated for 48 h with GW3965 were analysed for changes in lipid metabolism gene expression by qPCR, variations in the FA profile was evaluated by GC-FID and in PL profiles using thin layer chromatography, ESI-MS and MS/MS analysis. Changes in cell membrane biochemical properties were studied using bilayer models generated with CHARMM-GUI. ELOLV6 and SCD1 mRNA increase was consistent with higher C16:1 and C18:1n9 at the expense of C16:0 and C18:0. The reduction of C18:2n6 and increase in C20:2n6 was in agreement with ELOVL5 upregulation. Phosphatydilethanolamine (PE) levels tended to decrease and phosphatidylinositol to increase; although differences did not reach significance, they correlated with changes in AGXT2L1, CDS1 and LPIN1 mRNA levels that were increased. The overall effect of GW3965 on PEs molecular profiles was an increase of long-chain polyunsaturated FA chains and a decrease of C16/C18 saturated and monounsaturated FAs chains. Additionally, PC (32:1) and PC (34:2) were decreased, and PC (36:1) and PC (34:1) were increased. AGXT2L1 is an enzyme with strict substrate specificity for phosphoethanolamine, which is converted into ammonia in GW3965-treated hepatocytes and could explain the PE reduction. In summary, LXR activation by GW3965 targets PE biosynthesis and FA elongation/desaturation, which tends to decrease PE in relation to total PL levels, and remodelling of PC and PE molecular species. We identified the human AGXT2L1 gene as induced by LXR activation by both synthetic and endogenous agonist treatment. The increase in acetaldehyde-induced oxidative stress, and in the lipid species identified have the potential to enhance the inflammatory process and impair membrane function. Future studies should focus on inhibition of AGXT2L1 activity with the aim of reverting the steatosis induced by LXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deolinda Santinha
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anna Klopot
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation Surgery, Unit for Liver Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation Surgery, Unit for Liver Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation Surgery, Unit for Liver Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tânia Melo
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, CESAM&ECOMARE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Per Antonson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jakobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, CESAM&ECOMARE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Agneta Mode
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luisa A Helguero
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Nicoll J, Buehrer BM. Biguanides Induce Acute de novo Lipogenesis in Human Primary Sebocytes. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:197-207. [PMID: 32158247 PMCID: PMC7048953 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s243154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Acne arises during puberty, in part, due to elevated hormones and growth factors which stimulate de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in primary sebocytes to significantly increase sebum production. Oral isotretinoin is an effective acne therapy, reducing sebum production through inducing apoptosis in sebocytes. However, isotretinoin is teratogenic and has additional unwanted side effects, including an initial acne flare-up, which limits its utility. The biguanide, metformin has been found to alleviate severe acne in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through normalization of their insulin and androgen hormone levels. Metformin’s broader effectiveness to improve acne in non-PCOS populations lacks significant clinical support. In an effort to determine whether biguanides directly affect sebogenesis, we investigated their ability to alter DNL in cell-based assays in vitro. Methods De novo lipogenesis was measured in human primary sebocytes using [14C]-acetate labeling. Lipid species analysis was performed by extracting newly synthesized lipids and subjecting them to thin layer chromatography. Gene expression changes in sebocytes were identified through qPCR analysis of isolated RNA. Metabolic parameters including oxygen consumption rate, lactate production and activation of adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) were assessed in human primary sebocytes. Results Using human primary sebocytes, we found that biguanides, isotretinoin and azithromycin induced an acute dose and time-dependent increase in [14C]-acetate labeling of neutral lipids, while AICAR, an AMPK activator, inhibited this DNL response. Biguanides did not activate AMPK in sebocytes, however, they significantly reduced oxygen consumption rate and increased lactate production. Treatment with biguanides, but not isotretinoin, significantly upregulated ACSS2 gene expression in primary sebocytes and showed synergism with lipogenic activators to induce DNL genes. Discussion These changes are consistent with an acute increase in sebocyte lipogenesis and support the potential of biguanides to cause an initial flare-up in patients suffering from severe acne.
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Lasch A, Alarcan J, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Lichtenstein D. Combinations of LXR and RXR agonists induce triglyceride accumulation in human HepaRG cells in a synergistic manner. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1303-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dierckx T, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA. The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6750-6765. [PMID: 29984647 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Dierckx
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Hassett, Belgium
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Takanashi M, Kimura T, Li C, Tanaka M, Matsuhashi A, Yoshida H, Noda A, Xu P, Takase S, Okazaki S, Iizuka Y, Kumagai H, Ikeda Y, Gotoda T, Takahashi M, Yagyu H, Ishibashi S, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T, Liang G, Okazaki H. Critical Role of SREBP-1c Large-VLDL Pathway in Environment-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia of Apo AV Deficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:373-386. [PMID: 30700132 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective- APOA5 variants are strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, as well as increased risks of cardiovascular disease and acute pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia in apo AV dysfunction often aggravates by environmental factors such as high-carbohydrate diets or aging. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which these environmental factors induce hypertriglyceridemia are poorly defined, leaving the high-risk hypertriglyceridemia condition undertreated. Previously, we reported that LXR (liver X receptor)-SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein)-1c pathway regulates large-VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) production induced by LXR agonist. However, the pathophysiological relevance of the finding remains unknown. Approach and Results- Here, we reconstitute the environment-induced hypertriglyceridemia phenotype of human APOA5 deficiency in Apoa5-/- mice and delineate the role of SREBP-1c in vivo by generating Apoa5-/- ;Srebp-1c-/- mice. The Apoa5-/- mice, which showed moderate hypertriglyceridemia on a chow diet, developed severe hypertriglyceridemia on high-carbohydrate feeding or aging as seen in patients with human apo AV deficiency. These responses were nearly completely abolished in the Apoa5-/- ;Srebp-1c-/- mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that in response to these environmental factors, SREBP-1c was activated to increase triglyceride synthesis and to permit the incorporation of triglyceride into abnormally large-VLDL particles, which require apo AV for efficient clearance. Conclusions- Severe hypertriglyceridemia develops only when genetic factors (apo AV deficiency) and environmental effects (SREBP-1c activation) coexist. We demonstrate that the regulated production of large-sized VLDL particles via SREBP-1c determines plasma triglyceride levels in apo AV deficiency. Our findings explain the long-standing enigma of the late-onset hypertriglyceridemia phenotype of apo AV deficiency and suggest a new approach to treat hypertriglyceridemia by targeting genes that mediate environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Takanashi
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Chengcheng Li
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Ako Matsuhashi
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Akari Noda
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Pengfei Xu
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Satoru Takase
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Sachiko Okazaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Yoko Iizuka
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Hidetoshi Kumagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.K., Y. Ikeda), Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.K., Y. Ikeda), Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takanari Gotoda
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Manabu Takahashi, S.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mito Medical Center, Tsukuba University Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan (H. Yagyu)
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Manabu Takahashi, S.I.)
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.L., H.O.)
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (Mikio Takanashi, T. Kimura, C.L., M. Tanaka, A.M., H. Yoshida, A.N., P.X., S.T., S.O., Y. Iizuka, T.G., T.Y., T. Kadowaki, H.O.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.L., H.O.)
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Comorbidities of HIV infection: role of Nef-induced impairment of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft functionality. AIDS 2020; 34:1-13. [PMID: 31789888 PMCID: PMC6903377 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has dramatically changed the outcome of HIV infection, turning it from a death sentence to a manageable chronic disease. However, comorbidities accompanying HIV infection, such as metabolic and cardio-vascular diseases, as well as cognitive impairment, persist despite successful virus control by combination antiretroviral therapy and pose considerable challenges to clinical management of people living with HIV. These comorbidities involve a number of pathological processes affecting a variety of different tissues and cells, making it challenging to identify a common cause(s) that would link these different diseases to HIV infection. In this article, we will present evidence that impairment of cellular cholesterol metabolism may be a common factor driving pathogenesis of HIV-associated comorbidities. Potential implications for therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Ma C, Xia R, Yang S, Liu L, Zhang J, Feng K, Shang Y, Qu J, Li L, Chen N, Xu S, Zhang W, Mao J, Han J, Chen Y, Yang X, Duan Y, Fan G. Formononetin attenuates atherosclerosis via regulating interaction between KLF4 and SRA in apoE -/- mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1090-1106. [PMID: 31938053 PMCID: PMC6956811 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of coronary heart disease. Foam cell, a hallmark of atherosclerosis, is prominently derived from monocyte-differentiated macrophage, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through unlimitedly phagocytizing oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Therefore, the inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelium and uptake of oxLDL might be a breakthrough point for retarding atherosclerosis. Formononetin, an isoflavone extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, has exhibited multiple inhibitory effects on proatherogenic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in different animal models. However, its effect on atherosclerosis remains unknown. In this study, we determined if formononetin can inhibit atherosclerosis and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: ApoE deficient mice were treated with formononetin contained in high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After treatment, mouse aorta, macrophage and serum samples were collected to determine lesions, immune cell profile, lipid profile and expression of related molecules. Concurrently, we investigated the effect of formononetin on monocyte adhesion, foam cell formation, endothelial activation, and macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. Results: Formononetin reduced en face and aortic root sinus lesions size. Formononetin enhanced lesion stability by changing the composition of plaque. VSMC- and macrophage-derived foam cell formation and its accumulation in arterial wall were attenuated by formononetin, which might be attributed to decreased SRA expression and reduced monocyte adhesion. Formononetin inhibited atherogenic monocyte adhesion and inflammation. KLF4 negatively regulated the expression of SRA at transcriptional and translational level. Conclusions: Our study demonstrate that formononetin can substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis via regulation of interplay between KLF4 and SRA, which suggests the formononetin might be a novel therapeutic approach for inhibition of atherosclerosis.
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Effects of cold stress on juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus and the mitigation by β-carotene. J Therm Biol 2019; 88:102497. [PMID: 32125985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cold stress on morphometrical and hematological biomarkers, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in different tissues of P. mesopotamicus, and the protective role of β-carotene. Fish were fed with a control diet (CD) and the same diet supplemented with 105 mg/kg β-carotene (BD) for 60 days. After the feeding trial, fish fed CD or BD diets were exposed to control (24 °C) and low temperature (14 °C) for 24 h. Fish (CD and BD) exposed to thermal stress showed lower hepatosomatic index. The hemoglobin increased only in CD-fed fish exposed to 14 °C. Increased glycemia, plasmatic protein depletion, and decreased hepatic glycogen were observed in fish fed the CD, while only the lipid levels in liver were augmented in BD-fed fish exposed at 14 °C. Regarding the oxidative stress, increased antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation were observed in CD-fed fish exposed to cold. The two-way ANOVA showed an interaction between dietary treatment and temperature for glucose and oxidative stress biomarkers, with the highest values recorded in 14 °C-exposed fish fed with the CD. Our study demonstrated that cold stress had the greatest impact on fish oxidative status, and β-carotene reduces harmful effects induced by cold in P. mesopotamicus.
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