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Erkanli ME, Kang TK, Kirsch T, Turley EA, Kim JR, Cowman MK. The spatial separation of basic amino acids is similar in RHAMM and hyaluronan binding peptide P15-1 despite different sequences and conformations. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2024; 2:e70001. [PMID: 39290872 PMCID: PMC11404675 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.70001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Peptides that increase pro-reparative responses to injury and disease by modulating the functional organization of hyaluronan (HA) with its cell surface binding proteins (e.g., soluble receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility [RHAMM] and integral membrane CD44) have potential therapeutic value. The binding of RHAMM to HA is an attractive target, since RHAMM is normally absent or expressed at low levels in homeostatic conditions, but its expression is significantly elevated in the extracellular matrix during tissue stress, response-to-injury, and in cancers and inflammation-based diseases. The HA-binding site in RHAMM contains two closely spaced sequences of clustered basic amino acids, in an alpha-helical conformation. In the present communication, we test whether an alpha-helical conformation is required for effective peptide binding to HA, and competitive disruption of HA-RHAMM interaction. The HA-binding RHAMM-competitive peptide P15-1, identified using the unbiased approach of phage display, was examined using circular dichroism spectroscopy and the conformation-predictive AI-based AlphaFold2 algorithm. Unlike the HA-binding site in RHAMM, peptide P15-1 was found to adopt irregular conformations in solution rather than alpha helices. Instead, our structural analysis suggests that the primary determinant of peptide-HA binding is associated with a specific clustering and spacing pattern of basic amino acids, allowing favorable electrostatic interaction with carboxylate groups on HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Erkanli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering New York University Brooklyn New York USA
| | - Ted Keunsil Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering New York University Brooklyn New York USA
| | - Thorsten Kirsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering New York University New York New York USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Grossman School of Medicine New York University New York New York USA
| | - Eva A Turley
- Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute London Ontario Canada
- Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering New York University Brooklyn New York USA
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering New York University New York New York USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Grossman School of Medicine New York University New York New York USA
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2
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Guo X, Li H, Yan C, Lei J, Zhou R, Shi Y. Molecular mechanism of substrate recognition and cleavage by human γ-secretase. Science 2024; 384:1091-1095. [PMID: 38843321 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Successive cleavages of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragment with 99 residues (APP-C99) by γ-secretase result in amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides of varying lengths. Most cleavages have a step size of three residues. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we determined the atomic structures of human γ-secretase bound individually to APP-C99, Aβ49, Aβ46, and Aβ43. In all cases, the substrate displays the same structural features: a transmembrane α-helix, a three-residue linker, and a β-strand that forms a hybrid β-sheet with presenilin 1 (PS1). Proteolytic cleavage occurs just ahead of the substrate β-strand. Each cleavage is followed by unwinding and translocation of the substrate α-helix by one turn and the formation of a new β-strand. This mechanism is consistent with existing biochemical data and may explain the cleavages of other substrates by γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Guo
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Science and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Sun Y, Xiao Y, Tang Q, Chen W, Lin L. Genetic markers associated with ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1364605. [PMID: 38711596 PMCID: PMC11073811 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1364605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Ferroptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and vascular dementia, implying that it may have a regulatory effect on the progression of these diseases. However, the specific role of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not yet fully understood. The aim of the study was to detect ferroptosis related genes with regulatory functions in the disease and explore potential mechanisms in AD. Methods Hub FRGs were obtained through multiple algorithms based on the GSE5281 dataset. The screening process was implemented by R packages including limma, WGCNA, glm and SVM-RFE. Gene Ontology classification and pathway enrichment analysis were performed based on FRGs. Biological processes involved with hub FRGs were investigated through GSVA and GSEA methods. Immune infiltration analysis was performed by the R package CIBERSORT. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was utilized to validate the accuracy of hub FRGs. The CeRNA network attempted to find non-coding RNA transcripts which may play a role in disease progression. Results DDIT4, MUC1, KLHL24, CD44, and RB1 were identified as hub FRGs. As later revealed by enrichment analysis, the hub FRGs had important effects on AD through involvement in diverse AD pathogenesis-related pathways such as autophagy and glutathione metabolism. The immune microenvironment in AD shows increased numbers of resting NK cells, macrophages, and mast cells, with decreased levels of CD8 T cells when compared to healthy samples. Regulatory T cells were positively correlated with MUC1, KLHL24, and DDIT4 expression, while RB1 showed negative correlations with eosinophils and CD8 T cells, suggesting potential roles in modulating the immune environment in AD. Conclusion Our research has identified five hub FRGs in AD. We concluded that ferroptosis may be involved in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Psychosomatic Medicine Center, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Psychosomatic Medicine Center, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Ruiz-Fernández I, Sánchez-Díaz R, Ortega-Sollero E, Martín P. Update on the role of T cells in cognitive impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:799-815. [PMID: 37559406 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has long been considered an immune-privileged site, with minimal interaction between immune cells, particularly of the adaptive immune system. Previously, the presence of immune cells in this organ was primarily linked to events involving disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or inflammation. However, current research has shown that immune cells are found patrolling CNS under homeostatic conditions. Specifically, T cells of the adaptive immune system are able to cross the BBB and are associated with ageing and cognitive impairment. In addition, T-cell infiltration has been observed in pathological conditions, where inflammation correlates with poor prognosis. Despite ongoing research, the role of this population in the ageing brain under both physiological and pathological conditions is not yet fully understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the interactions between T cells and other immune and CNS parenchymal cells, and examine the molecular mechanisms by which these interactions may contribute to normal brain function and the scenarios in which disruption of these connections lead to cognitive impairment. A comprehensive understanding of the role of T cells in the ageing brain and the underlying molecular pathways under normal conditions could pave the way for new research to better understand brain disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Díaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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Sun Y, Islam S, Michikawa M, Zou K. Presenilin: A Multi-Functional Molecule in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1757. [PMID: 38339035 PMCID: PMC10855926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Presenilin, a transmembrane protein primarily known for its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as part of the γ-secretase complex, has garnered increased attention due to its multifaceted functions in various cellular processes. Recent investigations have unveiled a plethora of functions beyond its amyloidogenic role. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of presenilin's diverse roles in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. It includes a summary of well-known substrates of presenilin, such as its involvement in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Notch signaling, along with other functions. Additionally, it highlights newly discovered functions, such as trafficking function, regulation of ferritin expression, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) secretion, the interaction of ApoE and presenilin, and the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE. This updated perspective underscores the evolving landscape of presenilin research, emphasizing its broader impact beyond established pathways. The incorporation of these novel findings accentuates the dynamic nature of presenilin's involvement in cellular processes, further advancing our comprehension of its multifaceted roles in neurodegenerative disorders. By synthesizing evidence from a range of studies, this review sheds light on the intricate web of presenilin functions and their implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Sadequl Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8580, Japan;
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.I.)
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Li D, Park Y, Hemati H, Liu X. Cell aggregation activates small GTPase Rac1 and induces CD44 cleavage by maintaining lipid raft integrity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105377. [PMID: 37866630 PMCID: PMC10692920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are highly ordered membrane domains that are enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids and serve as major platforms for signal transduction. Cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM) triggers lipid raft disruption and anoikis, which is a barrier for cancer cells to metastasize. Compared to single circulating tumor cells (CTCs), our recent studies have demonstrated that CD44-mediatd cell aggregation enhances the stemness, survival and metastatic ability of aggregated cells. Here, we investigated whether and how lipid rafts are involved in CD44-mediated cell aggregation. We found that cell detachment, which mimics the condition when tumor cells detach from the ECM to metastasize, induced lipid raft disruption in single cells, but lipid raft integrity was maintained in aggregated cells. We further found that lipid raft integrity in aggregated cells was required for Rac1 activation to prevent anoikis. In addition, CD44 and γ-secretase coexisted at lipid rafts in aggregated cells, which promoted CD44 cleavage and generated CD44 intracellular domain (CD44 ICD) to enhance stemness of aggregated cells. Consequently, lipid raft disruption inhibited Rac1 activation, CD44 ICD generation, and metastasis. Our findings reveal two new pathways regulated by CD44-mediated cell aggregation via maintaining lipid raft integrity. These findings also suggest that targeting cell aggregation-mediated pathways could be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent CTC cluster-initiated metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Younhee Park
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hami Hemati
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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7
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Höppner S, Schröder B, Fluhrer R. Structure and function of SPP/SPPL proteases: insights from biochemical evidence and predictive modeling. FEBS J 2023; 290:5456-5474. [PMID: 37786993 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years ago, signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and its homologues, the signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) proteases have been identified based on their sequence similarity to presenilins, a related family of intramembrane aspartyl proteases. Other than those for the presenilins, no high-resolution structures for the SPP/SPPL proteases are available. Despite this limitation, over the years bioinformatical and biochemical data have accumulated, which altogether have provided a picture of the overall structure and topology of these proteases, their localization in the cell, the process of substrate recognition, their cleavage mechanism, and their function. Recently, the artificial intelligence-based structure prediction tool AlphaFold has added high-confidence models of the expected fold of SPP/SPPL proteases. In this review, we summarize known structural aspects of the SPP/SPPL family as well as their substrates. Of particular interest are the emerging substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms that might lead to the prediction and identification of more potential substrates and deeper insight into physiological and pathophysiological roles of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Höppner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Health Research, University of Augsburg, Germany
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8
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Skandalis SS. CD44 Intracellular Domain: A Long Tale of a Short Tail. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5041. [PMID: 37894408 PMCID: PMC10605500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a single-chain transmembrane receptor that exists in multiple forms due to alternative mRNA splicing and post-translational modifications. CD44 is the main cell surface receptor of hyaluronan as well as other extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines, and growth factors that play important roles in physiological processes (such as hematopoiesis and lymphocyte homing) and the progression of various diseases, the predominant one being cancer. Currently, CD44 is an established cancer stem cell marker in several tumors, implying a central functional role in tumor biology. The present review aims to highlight the contribution of the CD44 short cytoplasmic tail, which is devoid of any enzymatic activity, in the extraordinary functional diversity of the receptor. The interactions of CD44 with cytoskeletal proteins through specific structural motifs within its intracellular domain drives cytoskeleton rearrangements and affects the distribution of organelles and transport of molecules. Moreover, the CD44 intracellular domain specifically interacts with various cytoplasmic effectors regulating cell-trafficking machinery, signal transduction pathways, the transcriptome, and vital cell metabolic pathways. Understanding the cell type- and context-specificity of these interactions may unravel the high complexity of CD44 functions and lead to novel improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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9
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Liu C, Nikain C, Li YM. γ-Secretase fanning the fire of innate immunity. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1597-1610. [PMID: 37449907 PMCID: PMC11212119 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, alerting the individual cell and surrounding area to respond to this potential invasion. γ-secretase is a transmembrane protease complex that plays an intricate role in nearly every stage of this innate immune response. Through regulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as TREM2 and RAGE γ-secretase can modulate pathogen recognition. γ-secretase can act on cytokine receptors such as IFNαR2 and CSF1R to dampen their signaling capacity. While γ-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) can further moderate innate immune responses through downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, γ-secretase has also been shown to be regulated by the innate immune system through cytokine signaling and γ-secretase modulatory proteins such as IFITM3 and Hif-1α. This review article gives an overview of how γ-secretase is implicated in innate immunity and the maintenance of its responses through potentially positive and negative feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Cyrus Nikain
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
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10
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Gerardo-Ramírez M, Giam V, Becker D, Groth M, Hartmann N, Morrison H, May-Simera HL, Radsak MP, Marquardt JU, Galle PR, Herrlich P, Straub BK, Hartmann M. Deletion of Cd44 Inhibits Metastasis Formation of Liver Cancer in Nf2-Mutant Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091257. [PMID: 37174657 PMCID: PMC10177437 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway plays a critical role in restricting cell proliferation and determining cell fate during physiological and pathological processes in the liver. Merlin (Moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-like protein) encoded by the NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2) gene is an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway. Targeting of Merlin to the plasma membrane seems to be crucial for its major tumor-suppressive functions; this is facilitated by interactions with membrane-associated proteins, including CD44 (cluster of differentiation 44). Mutations within the CD44-binding domain of Merlin have been reported in many human cancers. This study evaluated the relative contribution of CD44- and Merlin-dependent processes to the development and progression of liver tumors. To this end, mice with a liver-specific deletion of the Nf2 gene were crossed with Cd44-knockout mice and subjected to extensive histological, biochemical and molecular analyses. In addition, cells were isolated from mutant livers and analyzed by in vitro assays. Deletion of Nf2 in the liver led to substantial liver enlargement and generation of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs), as well as mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinomas. Whilst deletion of Cd44 had no influence on liver size or primary liver tumor development, it significantly inhibited metastasis formation in Nf2-mutant mice. CD44 upregulates expression of integrin β2 and promotes transendothelial migration of liver cancer cells, which may facilitate metastatic spreading. Overall, our results suggest that CD44 may be a promising target for intervening with metastatic spreading of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Gerardo-Ramírez
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa Giam
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Helen L May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23558 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Herrlich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Hartmann
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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11
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CD44 Contributes to the Regulation of MDR1 Protein and Doxorubicin Chemoresistance in Osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158616. [PMID: 35955749 PMCID: PMC9368984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of pediatric bone tumor. Despite great advances in chemotherapy during the past decades, the survival rates of osteosarcoma patients remain unsatisfactory. Drug resistance is one of the main reasons, leading to treatment failure and poor prognosis. Previous reports correlated expression of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) with drug resistance and poor survival of osteosarcoma patients, however the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of CD44 in the regulation of drug chemoresistance, using osteosarcoma cells isolated from mice carrying a mutation of the tumor suppressor neurofibromatosis type 2 (Nf2) gene. CD44 expression was knocked-down in the cells using CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Subsequently, CD44 isoforms and mutants were re-introduced to investigate CD44-dependent processes. Sensitivity to doxorubicin was analyzed in the osteosarcoma cells with modified CD44 expression by immunoblot, colony formation- and WST-1 assay. To dissect the molecular alterations induced by deletion of Cd44, RNA sequencing was performed on Cd44-positive and Cd44-negative primary osteosarcoma tissues isolated from Nf2-mutant mice. Subsequently, expression of candidate genes was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results indicate that CD44 increases the resistance of osteosarcoma cells to doxorubicin by up-regulating the levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) 1 protein expression, and suggest the role of proteolytically released CD44 intracellular domain, and hyaluronan interactions in this process. Moreover, high throughput sequencing analysis identified differential regulation of several apoptosis-related genes in Cd44-positive and -negative primary osteosarcomas, including p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22 (Perp). Deletion of Cd44 in osteosarcoma cells led to doxorubicin-dependent p53 activation and a profound increase in Perp mRNA expression. Overall, our results suggest that CD44 might be an important regulator of drug resistance and suggest that targeting CD44 can sensitize osteosarcoma to standard chemotherapy.
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12
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Fernández-Tabanera E, Melero-Fernández de Mera RM, Alonso J. CD44 In Sarcomas: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2022; 12:909450. [PMID: 35785191 PMCID: PMC9247467 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.909450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the tumor microenvironment, particularly the extracellular matrix, plays an essential role in the development of tumors through the interaction with specific protein-membrane receptors. One of the most relevant proteins in this context is the transmembrane protein CD44. The role of CD44 in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis has been well established in many cancers, although a comprehensive review concerning its role in sarcomas has not been published. CD44 is overexpressed in most sarcomas and several in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown a direct effect on tumor progression, dissemination, and drug resistance. Moreover, CD44 has been revealed as a useful marker for prognostic and diagnostic (CD44v6 isoform) in osteosarcoma. Besides, some innovative treatments such as HA-functionalized liposomes therapy have become an excellent CD44-mediated intracellular delivery system for osteosarcoma. Unfortunately, the reduced number of studies deciphering the prognostic/diagnostic value of CD44 in other sarcoma subgroups, neither than osteosarcoma, in addition to the low number of patients involved in those studies, have produced inconclusive results. In this review, we have gone through the information available on the role of CD44 in the development, maintenance, and progression of sarcomas, analyzing their implications at the prognostic, therapeutic, and mechanistic levels. Moreover, we illustrate how research involving the specific role of CD44 in the different sarcoma subgroups could suppose a chance to advance towards a more innovative perspective for novel therapies and future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Fernández-Tabanera
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (U758; CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel M. Melero-Fernández de Mera
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (U758; CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (U758; CB06/07/1009; CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Alonso,
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13
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Noda N, Ozawa T. Castanospermine suppresses CD44 ectodomain cleavage as revealed by transmembrane bioluminescent sensors. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274740. [PMID: 35194645 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is a single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein that is a widely distributed cell-surface adhesion molecule. CD44 undergoes ectodomain cleavage by membrane-associated metalloproteinases in breast cancer cells. Cleavage plays a critical role in cancer cell migration by mediating the interaction between CD44 and the extracellular matrix. To explore inhibitors of CD44 ectodomain cleavage, we developed two bioluminescent sensors for the detection of CD44 ectodomain cleavage. The sensors were designed as two-transmembrane proteins with split-luciferase fragments, one of which was cyclized by protein trans-splicing of a DnaE intein. These two sensors emit light by the cyclization or the spontaneous complementation of the luciferase fragments. The luminescence intensities decreased by cleavage of the ectodomain in breast cancer cells. The sensors revealed that castanospermine, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressed the ectodomain cleavage of endogenous CD44 in breast cancer cells. Castanospermine also inhibited breast cancer cell invasion. Thus, the sensors are beneficial tools for evaluating the effects of different inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Noda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Dai L, Shen Y. Insights into T-cell dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13511. [PMID: 34725916 PMCID: PMC8672785 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells, the critical immune cells of the adaptive immune system, are often dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are involved in AD pathology. Reports highlight neuroinflammation as a crucial modulator of AD pathogenesis, and aberrant T cells indirectly contribute to neuroinflammation by secreting proinflammatory mediators via direct crosstalk with glial cells infiltrating the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying T‐cell abnormalities in AD appear multifactorial. Risk factors for AD and pathological hallmarks of AD have been tightly linked with immune responses, implying the potential regulatory effects of these factors on T cells. In this review, we discuss how the risk factors for AD, particularly Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Aβ, α‐secretase, β‐secretase, γ‐secretase, Tau, and neuroinflammation, modulate T‐cell activation and the association between T cells and pathological AD hallmarks. Understanding these associations is critical to provide a comprehensive view of appropriate therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Dai
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yong Shen
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Sciences and Technology of China Hefei China
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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15
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Lin JZ, Duan MR, Lin N, Zhao WJ. The emerging role of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan family in neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:737-750. [PMID: 33655733 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a kind of linear polysaccharide that is covalently linked to proteins to form proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) consist of a core protein, with one or more CS chains covalently attached. CSPGs are precisely regulated and they exert a variety of physiological functions by binding to adhesion molecules and growth factors. Widely distributed in the nervous system in human body, CSPGs contribute to the major component of extracellular matrix (ECM), where they play an important role in the development and maturation of the nervous system, as well as in the pathophysiological response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). While there are more than 30 types of CSPGs, this review covers the roles of the most important ones, including versican, aggrecan, neurocan and NG2 in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. The updated reports of the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are involving CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zhe Lin
- Neurosurgical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Rui Duan
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Nuan Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Cell Biology Department, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Vijayan D, Chandra R. Amyloid Beta Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease: Major Culprits and Recent Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:148-166. [PMID: 31385768 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190806153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and has been a global concern for several years. Due to the multi-factorial nature of the disease, AD has become irreversible, fatal and imposes a tremendous socio-economic burden. Even though experimental medicines suggested moderate benefits, AD still lacks an effective treatment strategy for the management of symptoms or cure. Among the various hypotheses that describe development and progression of AD, the amyloid hypothesis has been a long-term adherent to the AD due to the involvement of various forms of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the impairment of neuronal and cognitive functions. Hence, majority of the drug discovery approaches in the past have focused on the prevention of the accumulation of Aβ peptides. Currently, there are several agents in the phase III clinical trials that target Aβ or the various macromolecules triggering Aβ deposition. In this review, we present the state of the art knowledge on the functional aspects of the key players involved in the amyloid hypothesis. Furthermore, we also discuss anti-amyloid agents present in the Phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Vijayan
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Remya Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Thalassery Campus, Kannur University, Kerala Pin 670 661, India
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17
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Medrano-González PA, Rivera-Ramírez O, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. Proteolytic Processing of CD44 and Its Implications in Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6667735. [PMID: 33505471 PMCID: PMC7811561 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6667735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in several healthy and tumor tissues. Modifications in its structure contribute differently to the activity of this molecule. One modification that has provoked interest is the consecutive cleavage of the CD44 extracellular ectodomain by enzymes that belong mainly to the family of metalloproteases. This process releases biologically active substrates, via alternative splice forms of CD44, that generate CD44v3 or v6 isoforms which participate in the transcriptional regulation of genes and proteins associated to signaling pathways involved in the development of cancer. These include the protooncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the epithelial growth factor receptor, the estrogen receptor, Wnt/βcatenin, or Hippo signaling pathways all of which are associated to cell proliferation, differentiation, or cancer progression. Whereas CD44 still remains as a very useful prognostic cell marker in different pathologies, the main topic is that the generation of CD44 intracellular fragments assists the regulation of transcriptional proteins involved in the cell cycle, cell metabolism, and most importantly, the regulation of some stem cell-associated markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Anhel Medrano-González
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edif. D, 1 piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico, Mexico
| | - Osmar Rivera-Ramírez
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Montaño
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Erika P. Rendón-Huerta
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
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18
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Yang G, Zhou R, Guo X, Yan C, Lei J, Shi Y. Structural basis of γ-secretase inhibition and modulation by small molecule drugs. Cell 2020; 184:521-533.e14. [PMID: 33373587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs) represents an attractive therapeutic opportunity for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancers. However, how these GSIs and GSMs target γ-secretase has remained largely unknown. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human γ-secretase bound individually to two GSI clinical candidates, Semagacestat and Avagacestat, a transition state analog GSI L685,458, and a classic GSM E2012, at overall resolutions of 2.6-3.1 Å. Remarkably, each of the GSIs occupies the same general location on presenilin 1 (PS1) that accommodates the β strand from amyloid precursor protein or Notch, interfering with substrate recruitment. L685,458 directly coordinates the two catalytic aspartate residues of PS1. E2012 binds to an allosteric site of γ-secretase on the extracellular side, potentially explaining its modulating activity. Structural analysis reveals a set of shared themes and variations for inhibitor and modulator recognition that will guide development of the next-generation substrate-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuefei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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19
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Jou IM, Wu TT, Hsu CC, Yang CC, Huang JS, Tu YK, Lee JS, Su FC, Kuo YL. High molecular weight form of hyaluronic acid reduces neuroinflammatory response in injured sciatic nerve via the intracellular domain of CD44. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:673-680. [PMID: 32924257 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response after peripheral nerve injury is required for clearance of tissue debris and effective regeneration. Studies have revealed that hyaluronic acid (HA) may exert different properties depending on their molecular size. High molecular weight HA (>>1,000 kDa; HMW-HA) displays immunosuppressive properties, whereas low molecular weight HA (<800 kDa; LMW-HA) induces proinflammatory responses. The role of HMW-HA interaction with CD44, a major HA receptor, in neuroinflammatory responses has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of topical applications of HMW-HA on the sciatic nerve injury in an adult rat model. At the crush site on the sciatic nerve, the recordings of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and the levels of several proteins related to inflammatory response were assessed at time intervals of 2, 4, and 6 weeks postsurgery. Here, we show that the recovery effect of HMW-HA treatment had significantly shortened latency and increased amplitude of CMAP compared with crushed alone, crushed plus γ-secretase inhibitor with or without HA treatment at 6 weeks after surgery. Our data reveal that HMW-HA could downregulate the expression of IL1-β, TLR4, and MMP-9, whereas these proteins expression were increased when the CD44-ICD activity was inhibited using γ-secretase inhibitor. Our findings demonstrated a novel role of CD44-ICD in HA-mediated recovery of peripheral nerve injury. Clinical relevance: an alternative for the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Kleiser S, Nyström A. Interplay between Cell-Surface Receptors and Extracellular Matrix in Skin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1170. [PMID: 32796709 PMCID: PMC7465455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin consists of the epidermis and dermis, which are connected by a specialized basement membrane-the epidermal basement membrane. Both the epidermal basement membrane and the underlying interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) created by dermal fibroblasts contain distinct network-forming macromolecules. These matrices play various roles in order to maintain skin homeostasis and integrity. Within this complex interplay of cells and matrices, cell surface receptors play essential roles not only for inside-out and outside-in signaling, but also for establishing mechanical and biochemical properties of skin. Already minor modulations of this multifactorial cross-talk can lead to severe and systemic diseases. In this review, major epidermal and dermal cell surface receptors will be addressed with respect to their interactions with matrix components as well as their roles in fibrotic, inflammatory or tumorigenic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kleiser
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Güner G, Lichtenthaler SF. The substrate repertoire of γ-secretase/presenilin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:27-42. [PMID: 32616437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease γ-secretase is a hetero-tetrameric protein complex with presenilin as the catalytic subunit and cleaves its membrane protein substrates within their single transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase is well known for its role in Notch signalling and in Alzheimer's disease, where it catalyzes the formation of the pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. However, in the 21 years since its discovery many more substrates and substrate candidates of γ-secretase were identified. Although the physiological relevance of the cleavage of many substrates remains to be studied in more detail, the substrates demonstrate a broad role for γ-secretase in embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, signal transduction and protein degradation. Consequently, chronic γ-secretase inhibition may cause significant side effects due to inhibition of cleavage of multiple substrates. This review provides a list of 149 γ-secretase substrates identified to date and highlights by which expeirmental approach substrate cleavage was validated. Additionally, the review lists the cleavage sites where they are known and discusses the functional implications of γ-secretase cleavage with a focus on substrates identified in the recent past, such as CHL1, TREM2 and TNFR1. A comparative analysis demonstrates that γ-secretase substrates mostly have a long extracellular domain and require ectodomain shedding before γ-secretase cleavage, but that γ-secretase is also able to cleave naturally short substrates, such as the B cell maturation antigen. Taken together, the list of substrates provides a resource that may help in the future development of drugs inhibiting or modulating γ-secretase activity in a substrate-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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22
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Ma J, Klemm J, Gerardo-Ramírez M, Frappart L, Castven D, Becker D, Zoch A, Parent R, Bartosch B, Minnich K, Giovannini M, Danckwardt S, Hartmann N, Morrison H, Herrlich P, Marquardt JU, Hartmann M. Cluster of differentiation 44 promotes osteosarcoma progression in mice lacking the tumor suppressor Merlin. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2564-2577. [PMID: 32525563 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Merlin is a versatile tumor suppressor protein encoded by the NF2 gene. Several lines of evidence suggest that Merlin exerts its tumor suppressor activity, at least in part, by forming an inhibitory complex with cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). Consistently, numerous NF2 mutations in cancer patients are predicted to perturb the interaction of Merlin with CD44. We hypothesized that disruption of the Merlin-CD44 complex through loss of Merlin, unleashes putative tumor- or metastasis-promoting functions of CD44. To evaluate the relevance of the Merlin-CD44 interaction in vivo, we compared tumor growth and progression in Cd44-positive and Cd44-negative Nf2-mutant mice. Heterozygous Nf2-mutant mice were prone to developing highly metastatic osteosarcomas. Importantly, while the absence of the Cd44 gene had no effect on the frequency of primary osteosarcoma development, it strongly diminished osteosarcoma metastasis formation in the Nf2-mutant mice. In vitro assays identified transendothelial migration as the most prominent cellular phenotype dependent on CD44. Adhesion to endothelial cells was blocked by interfering with integrin α4β1 (very late antigen-4, VLA-4) on osteosarcoma cells and CD44 upregulated levels of integrin VLA-4 β1 subunit. Among other putative functions of CD44, which may contribute to the metastatic behavior, the passage through the endothelial cells also appears to be critical in vivo, as CD44 significantly promoted formation of lung metastasis upon intravenous injection of osteosarcoma cells into immunocompromised mice. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that CD44 plays a metastasis-promoting role in the absence of Merlin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Ma
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Janina Klemm
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monserrat Gerardo-Ramírez
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucien Frappart
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Darko Castven
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ansgar Zoch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Romain Parent
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS UMR5286, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS UMR5286, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kerstin Minnich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Giovannini
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Danckwardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Herrlich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jens U Marquardt
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Hartmann
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Gutierrez E, Lütjohann D, Kerksiek A, Fabiano M, Oikawa N, Kuerschner L, Thiele C, Walter J. Importance of γ-secretase in the regulation of liver X receptor and cellular lipid metabolism. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/6/e201900521. [PMID: 32354700 PMCID: PMC7195048 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the Alzheimer associated γ-secretase impairs the regulation of cellular lipid droplet homeostasis. Presenilins (PS) are the catalytic components of γ-secretase complexes that mediate intramembrane proteolysis. Mutations in the PS genes are a major cause of familial early-onset Alzheimer disease and affect the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, thereby altering the production of the amyloid β-peptide. However, multiple additional protein substrates have been identified, suggesting pleiotropic functions of γ-secretase. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of γ-secretase causes dysregulation of cellular lipid homeostasis, including up-regulation of liver X receptors, and complex changes in the cellular lipid composition. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of γsecretase leads to strong accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, associated with increased levels of acylglycerols, but lowered cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, accumulation of lipid droplets was augmented by increasing levels of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments, indicating a critical involvement of this γ-secretase substrate. Together, these data provide a mechanism that functionally connects γ-secretase activity to cellular lipid metabolism. These effects were also observed in human astrocytic cells, indicating an important function of γ-secretase in cells critical for lipid homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marietta Fabiano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Kuerschner
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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24
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Lu RH, Xiao ZQ, Zhou JD, Yin CQ, Chen ZZ, Tang FJ, Wang SH. MiR-199a-5p represses the stemness of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma stem cells by targeting Sirt1 and CD44ICD cleavage signaling. Cell Cycle 2019; 19:1-14. [PMID: 31809227 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1689482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in various tumors including the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) as a minor subpopulation and are tightly associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Better understanding of CSCs properties is essential for the novel therapeutic strategy targeted toward these cancers. The cSCC stem cells (cSCCSCs) were enriched from a cSCC cell line A431 by repeated sphere culture, and identified via the expression analysis of stemness marker genes and CD44 proteolysis. MiR-199a-5p was previously reported to be related with the proteolysis modulation of CD44, so the specific regulation mechanisms were verified by overexpression in vitro and in vivo. MiR-199a-5p is under-expressed in cSCCSCs and functions as a tumor suppressive molecule. Overexpression of miR-199a-5p reduced the stemness of cSCCSCs and inhibited cell proliferation. By targeting the deacetylase Sirt1, miR-199a-5p inhibited cellular proteolysis of CD44 and reduced the CD44 intracellular domain (CD44ICD) release and nuclear translocation. Overexpression of CD44ICD reversed the effects of miR-199a-5p overexpression or Sirt1 silencing, and increased the transcriptional expression of stemness genes. Our results revealed that the miR-199a-5p/Sirt1/CD44ICD signaling pathway regulates cSCCSCs progression by affecting its migration ability and tumorigenicity, therefore can be utilized to develop a curative approach for cSCC.Abbreviations: CSCs: cancer stem cells; cSCC cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; cSCCSCs: cSCC stem cells; CD44ICD: CD44 intracellular domain; HA: hyaluronic acid; HNSCC: hand and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma;MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; SFM: sphere formation medium; EGF: epidermal growth factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Huang Lu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P.R. China.,The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiao
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Cancer Proteomics and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Da Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Qi Yin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Zi Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jie Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, P.R. China
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25
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Heldin P, Kolliopoulos C, Lin CY, Heldin CH. Involvement of hyaluronan and CD44 in cancer and viral infections. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109427. [PMID: 31654718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan and its major receptor CD44 are ubiquitously distributed. They have important structural as well as signaling roles, regulating tissue homeostasis, and their expression levels are tightly regulated. In addition to signaling initiated by the interaction of the intracellular domain of CD44 with cytoplasmic signaling molecules, CD44 has important roles as a co-receptor for different types of receptors of growth factors and cytokines. Dysregulation of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions is seen in diseases, such as inflammation and cancer. In the present communication, we discuss the mechanism of hyaluronan-induced signaling via CD44, as well as the involvement of hyaluronan-engaged CD44 in malignancies and in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Constantinos Kolliopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Inhibition of CD44 intracellular domain production suppresses bovine articular chondrocyte de-differentiation induced by excessive mechanical stress loading. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14901. [PMID: 31624271 PMCID: PMC6797729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 fragmentation is enhanced in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We hypothesized that mechanical stress-induced enhancement of CD44-intracellular domain (CD44-ICD) production plays an important role in the de-differentiation of chondrocytes and OA. This study aimed to assess the relationship between CD44-ICD and chondrocyte gene expression. Monolayer cultured primary bovine articular chondrocytes (BACs) were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (CTS) loading. ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X) and γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) were used to inhibit CD44 cleavage. In overexpression experiments, BACs were electroporated with a plasmid encoding CD44-ICD. CTS loading increased the expression of ADAM10 and subsequent CD44 cleavage, while decreasing the expression of SOX9, aggrecan, and type 2 collagen (COL2). Overexpression of CD44-ICD also resulted in decreased expression of these chondrocyte genes. Both GI254023X and DAPT reduced the production of CD44-ICD upon CTS loading, and significantly rescued the reduction of SOX9 expression by CTS loading. Chemical inhibition of CD44-ICD production also rescued aggrecan and COL2 expression following CTS loading. Our findings suggest that CD44-ICD is closely associated with the de-differentiation of chondrocytes. Excessive mechanical stress loading promoted the de-differentiation of BACs by enhancing CD44 cleavage and CD44-ICD production. Suppression of CD44 cleavage has potential as a novel treatment strategy for OA.
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27
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Liu PP, Xie Y, Meng XY, Kang JS. History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31637009 PMCID: PMC6799833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its main pathological features are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients. There are various descriptive hypotheses regarding the causes of AD, including the cholinergic hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, tau propagation hypothesis, mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, calcium homeostasis hypothesis, neurovascular hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis, and lymphatic system hypothesis. However, the ultimate etiology of AD remains obscure. In this review, we discuss the main hypotheses of AD and related clinical trials. Wealthy puzzles and lessons have made it possible to develop explanatory theories and identify potential strategies for therapeutic interventions for AD. The combination of hypometabolism and autophagy deficiency is likely to be a causative factor for AD. We further propose that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Xie
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Meng
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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28
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Yong Y, Zhang R, Liu Z, Wei D, Shang Y, Wu J, Zhang Z, Li C, Chen Z, Bian H. Gamma‐secretase complex‐dependent intramembrane proteolysis of CD147 regulates the Notch1 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2019; 249:255-267. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Le Yong
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Ren‐Yu Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Ze‐Kun Liu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Ding Wei
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Yu‐Kui Shang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Jiao Wu
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Zhi‐Yun Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Can Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
| | - Huijie Bian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical University Xi'an PR China
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29
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Lee YJ, Ch'ng TH. RIP at the Synapse and the Role of Intracellular Domains in Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:1-24. [PMID: 31346933 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) occurs in a cell when transmembrane proteins are cleaved by intramembrane proteases such as secretases to generate soluble protein fragments in the extracellular environment and the cytosol. In the cytosol, these soluble intracellular domains (ICDs) have local functions near the site of cleavage or in many cases, translocate to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. While the mechanism of RIP is relatively well studied, the fate and function of ICDs for most substrate proteins remain poorly characterized. In neurons, RIP occurs in various subcellular compartments including at the synapse. In this review, we summarize current research on RIP in neurons, focusing specifically on synaptic proteins where the presence and function of the ICDs have been reported. We also briefly discuss activity-driven processing of RIP substrates at the synapse and the cellular machinery that support long-distance transport of ICDs from the synapse to the nucleus. Finally, we describe future challenges in this field of research in the context of understanding the contribution of ICDs in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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Notch Inhibition Prevents Differentiation of Human Limbal Stem/Progenitor Cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10373. [PMID: 31316119 PMCID: PMC6637172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling has been shown to regulate the homeostasis and wound healing of the corneal epithelium. We investigated the effect of Notch inhibition in the human limbal stem/progenitor cells (LSCs) in vitro by using small molecules. Treatment of the LSCs with DAPT and SAHM1 reduced the proliferation rate and maintained the undifferentiated state of the LSCs in a concentration dependent manner. Stratification and differentiation of the corneal epithelium were not reduced after Notch inhibition, indicating that the function of the corneal basal cells is retained. Our findings suggest that Notch signaling plays a role in the proliferation and maintenance of LSCs.
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31
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Frühbauer B, Mateos B, Konrat R. 1H, 15N, 13C resonance assignment of the human CD44 cytoplasmic tail (669-742). BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2019; 13:109-113. [PMID: 30474821 PMCID: PMC6439174 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-018-9861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CD44 is a universally and abundantly expressed single-pass type I protein that spans the cytoplasmic membrane and is considered the principal receptor for hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix. CD44 exerts a multitude of biological functions, especially in cell adhesion and migration, and its deregulation has several pathological implications, including a putative role in cancer cell dissemination. Here we report the NMR chemical shift assignment of the recombinant intrinsically disordered CD44 cytoplasmic region (669-742).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frühbauer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Borja Mateos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Konrat
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Oikawa N, Walter J. Presenilins and γ-Secretase in Membrane Proteostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030209. [PMID: 30823664 PMCID: PMC6468700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin (PS) proteins exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by mediating the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 represent the catalytic subunits of distinct γ-secretase complexes that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including membrane protein metabolism, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. While the intramembrane cleavage of select proteins by γ-secretase is critical in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, the plethora of identified protein substrates could also indicate an important role of these enzyme complexes in membrane protein homeostasis. In line with this notion, PS proteins and/or γ-secretase has also been implicated in autophagy, a fundamental process for the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in the clearance of proteins in the lysosome and during autophagy has been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the role of PS proteins and γ-secretase in membrane protein metabolism and trafficking, and the functional relation to lysosomal activity and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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33
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Schultz K, Grieger (Lindner) C, Li Y, Urbánek P, Ruschel A, Minnich K, Bruder D, Gereke M, Sechi A, Herrlich P. Gamma secretase dependent release of the CD44 cytoplasmic tail upregulates IFI16 in cd44-/- tumor cells, MEFs and macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207358. [PMID: 30540779 PMCID: PMC6291121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion molecule and co-receptor of receptor tyrosine kinases, CD44, is expressed in all cells of the immune system, but also in numerous non-immune cells. CD44 plays roles in the cellular response to different pathogens. The molecular actions of CD44 during these processes are by and large still unknown. The CD44 molecule undergoes a sequential proteolytic cleavage which leads to the release of a soluble intracellular domain (CD44-ICD). Previous reports had shown that the CD44-ICD is taken up into the nucleus where it enhances transcription of specific target genes. By RNA profiling we identified a CD44-dependent transcriptional increase of interferon-responsive genes, among them IFI16. IFI16 is important in the innate immune response. It senses and binds pathogenic DNA and, together with cGAS, activates the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway and induces the expression of genes relevant for the response, e.g. IFN-β. Our results show that the enhancement of IFI16 expression depended on CD44 cleavage. A CD44-negative tumor cell line, embryonic fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived macrophages from cd44-/- mice were reduced in their response to IFN-γ, to viral DNA fragments and to Listeria monocytogenes infection. We could rescue the deficiency of CD44 negative RPM-MC cells and cd44-/- MEFs by expressing only the soluble CD44-ICD in the absence of any other CD44 domain. Expression of the CD44-ICD carrying a mutation that prevented the uptake into the nucleus, could not rescue the absence of CD44. This molecular aspect of regulation by CD44 may explain part of the immune phenotypes of mice with cd44 gene disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schultz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Immune Regulation Group, Braunschweig, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Yong Li
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Pavel Urbánek
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Ruschel
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Minnich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Immune Regulation Group, Braunschweig, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gereke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Immune Regulation Group, Braunschweig, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Dept. of Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Herrlich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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34
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Dorneburg C, Goß AV, Fischer M, Roels F, Barth TFE, Berthold F, Kappler R, Oswald F, Siveke JT, Molenaar JJ, Debatin KM, Beltinger C. γ-Secretase inhibitor I inhibits neuroblastoma cells, with NOTCH and the proteasome among its targets. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62799-62813. [PMID: 27588497 PMCID: PMC5325329 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) has a poor prognosis, new therapeutic modalities are needed. We therefore investigated the susceptibility of NB cells to γ-secretase inhibitor I (GSI-I). NOTCH signaling activity, the cellular effects of GSI-I and its mechanisms of cytotoxicity were evaluated in NB cells in vitro and in vivo. The results show that NOTCH signaling is relevant for human NB cells. Of the GSIs screened in vitro GSI-I was the most effective inhibitor of NB cells. Both MYCN-amplified and non-amplified NB cells were susceptible to GSI-I. Among the targets of GSI-I in NB cells were NOTCH and the proteasome. GSI-I caused G2/M arrest that was enhanced by acute activation of MYCN and led to mitotic dysfunction. GSI-I also induced proapoptotic NOXA. Survival of mice bearing an MYCN non-amplified orthotopic patient-derived NB xenograft was significantly prolonged by systemic GSI-I, associated with mitotic catastrophe and reduced angiogenesis, and without evidence of intestinal toxicity. In conclusion, the activity of GSI-I on multiple targets in NB cells and the lack of gastrointestinal toxicity in mice are advantageous and merit further investigations of GSI-I in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Dorneburg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika V Goß
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederik Roels
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas F E Barth
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Berthold
- Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Kappler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Oswald
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan J Molenaar
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Beltinger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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35
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McGovern MM, Zhou L, Randle MR, Cox BC. Spontaneous Hair Cell Regeneration Is Prevented by Increased Notch Signaling in Supporting Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:120. [PMID: 29780306 PMCID: PMC5945818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, differentiation of cochlear progenitor cells into hair cells (HCs) or supporting cells (SCs) is partially controlled through Notch signaling. Many studies have shown that inhibition of Notch signaling allows SCs to convert into HCs in both normal and drug damaged neonatal mouse cochleae. This mechanism is also implicated during HC regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates; however, the mechanism of spontaneous HC regeneration in the neonatal mouse cochlea is less understood. While inhibition of Notch signaling can force SCs to convert into HCs and increase the number of regenerated HCs, it is currently unknown whether this pathway is involved in spontaneous HC regeneration observed in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the role of Notch signaling during the spontaneous HC regeneration process using Atoh1-CreERTM::Rosa26loxP-stop-loxP-DTA/+ mice injected with tamoxifen at postnatal day (P) 0 and P1 to ablate HCs and stimulate spontaneous HC regeneration. Expression changes of genes in the Notch pathway were measured using immunostaining and in situ hybridization, with most changes observed in the apical one-third of the cochlea where the majority of HC regeneration occurs. Expression of the Notch target genes Hes1, Hes5, Hey1, HeyL, and Jagged1 were decreased. To investigate whether reduction of Notch signaling is involved in the spontaneous HC regeneration process, we overexpressed the Notch1 intracellular fragment (N1ICD) in cochlear SCs and other non-sensory epithelial cells in the context of HC damage. Specifically, Atoh1-CreERTM::Rosa26loxP-stop-loxP-DTA/+::Sox10rtTA::TetO-LacZ::TetO-N1ICD mice were injected with tamoxifen at P0/P1 to stimulate spontaneous HC regeneration and given doxycycline from P0-P7 to induce expression of N1ICD as well as LacZ for fate-mapping. We observed a 92% reduction in the number of fate-mapped regenerated HCs in mice with N1ICD overexpression compared to controls with HC damage but no manipulation of Notch signaling. Therefore, we conclude that increased Notch signaling prevents spontaneous HC regeneration from occurring in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Understanding which components of the Notch pathway regulates regenerative plasticity in the neonatal mouse cochlea will inform investigations focused on stimulating HC regeneration in mature cochlea and eventually in humans to treat hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. McGovern
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Luyi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Michelle R. Randle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Brandon C. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, United States
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Ran Y, Hossain F, Pannuti A, Lessard CB, Ladd GZ, Jung JI, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Miele L, Golde TE. γ-Secretase inhibitors in cancer clinical trials are pharmacologically and functionally distinct. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:950-966. [PMID: 28539479 PMCID: PMC5494507 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are being actively repurposed as cancer therapeutics based on the premise that inhibition of NOTCH1 signaling in select cancers is therapeutic. Using novel assays to probe effects of GSIs against a broader panel of substrates, we demonstrate that clinical GSIs are pharmacologically distinct. GSIs show differential profiles of inhibition of the various NOTCH substrates, with some enhancing cleavage of other NOTCH substrates at concentrations where NOTCH1 cleavage is inhibited. Several GSIs are also potent inhibitors of select signal peptide peptidase (SPP/SPPL) family members. Extending these findings to mammosphere inhibition assays in triple-negative breast cancer lines, we establish that these GSIs have different functional effects. We also demonstrate that the processive γ-secretase cleavage pattern established for amyloid precursor protein (APP) occurs in multiple substrates and that potentiation of γ-secretase cleavage is attributable to a direct action of low concentrations of GSIs on γ-secretase. Such data definitively demonstrate that the clinical GSIs are not biological equivalents, and provide an important framework to evaluate results from ongoing and completed human trials with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Antonio Pannuti
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela Z Ladd
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joo In Jung
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: emergent role in cell signalling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1185-1202. [PMID: 29079648 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor signalling events including those initiated following activation of cytokine and growth factor receptors and the well-characterised death receptors (tumour necrosis factor receptor, type 1, FasR and TRAIL-R1/2) are initiated at the cell surface through the recruitment and formation of intracellular multiprotein signalling complexes that activate divergent signalling pathways. Over the past decade, research studies reveal that many of these receptor-initiated signalling events involve the sequential proteolysis of specific receptors by membrane-bound proteases and the γ-secretase protease complexes. Proteolysis enables the liberation of soluble receptor ectodomains and the generation of intracellular receptor cytoplasmic domain fragments. The combined and sequential enzymatic activity has been defined as regulated intramembrane proteolysis and is now a fundamental signal transduction process involved in the termination or propagation of receptor signalling events. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence for a role of the γ-secretase protease complexes and regulated intramembrane proteolysis in cell- and immune-signalling pathways.
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Pinner E, Gruper Y, Ben Zimra M, Kristt D, Laudon M, Naor D, Zisapel N. CD44 Splice Variants as Potential Players in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:1137-1149. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Micha Ben Zimra
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Don Kristt
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | | | - David Naor
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nava Zisapel
- Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Combined antitumor effect of γ-secretase inhibitor and ABT-737 in Notch-expressing non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 22:257-268. [PMID: 27816990 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-1060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of Notch by γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) has been shown to have an antitumor effect in Notch-expressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to induce apoptosis through modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. In particular, Bim, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, has an important role in the induction of apoptosis in NSCLC when cells are treated with GSI. ABT-737, a BH3-only mimetic, targets the pro-survival Bcl-2 family and also induces apoptosis. METHODS The Notch-expressing NSCLC cell lines H460, A549, H1793, and HCC2429 were used. The combined antitumor effect of GSI and ABT-737 was evaluated using the MTT proliferation assay in vitro and in xenograft mouse models. The expression of the Notch pathway and Bcl-2 family was analyzed using Western blotting analysis when cells were treated with a single drug treatment or a combination treatment. RESULTS GSI XX or ABT-737 alone inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and combination drug treatment showed a synergistic antitumor effect in vitro. In vivo, this drug combination significantly suppressed tumor proliferation compared to the single drug treatment. Phospho-Bcl-2 was downregulated and Bax was upregulated by both the single and combination drug treatments. Bim was induced by a single drug treatment and was enhanced by combination treatment. Combination treatment-induced apoptosis was decreased by Bim inhibition, suggesting that the antitumor effect of the drug combination was dependent on Bim. CONCLUSION Based on our data, we propose that the combination treatment is a promising strategy for NSCLC therapy.
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Abstract
Intramembrane proteases catalyze peptide bond hydrolysis in the lipid bilayer and play a key role in numerous cellular processes. These integral membrane enzymes consist of four classes: site-2 protease (S2P), rhomboid serine protease, Rce1-type glutamyl protease, and aspartyl protease exemplified by presenilin and signal peptide peptidase (SPP). Structural elucidation of these enzymes is important for mechanistic understanding of their functions, particularly their roles in cell signaling and debilitating diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In the past decade, rigorous effort has led to determination of the crystal structures of S2P from archaebacterium, rhomboid serine protease from E. coli (GlpG), and presenilin/SPP from archaebacterium (PSH). A novel method has been developed to express well-behaved human γ-secretase, which facilitated its structure determination by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). In this chapter, we will discuss the expression and purification of intramembrane proteases including human γ-secretase and describe the enzymatic activity assays for these intramembrane proteases.
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Notch pathway plays a novel and critical role in regulating responses of T and antigen-presenting cells in aGVHD. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:169-181. [PMID: 27770236 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) induced by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and donor-derived T cells remains the major limitation of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell-cell communication that is important in T cell development. Recently, Notch signaling pathway is reported to be involved in regulating GVHD. To investigate the role of Notch inhibition in modulating GVHD, we established MHC-mismatched murine allo-BMT model. We found that inhibition of Notch signaling pathway by γ-secretase inhibitor in vivo could reduce aGVHD, which was shown by the onset time of aGVHD, body weight, clinical aGVHD scores, pathology aGVHD scores, and survival. Inhibition of Notch signaling pathway by DAPT ex vivo only reduced pathology aGVHD scores in the liver and intestine and had no impact on the onset time and clinical aGVHD scores. We investigated the possible mechanism by analyzing the phenotype of host APCs and donor-derived T cells. Notch signaling pathway had a broad effect on both host APCs and donor-derived T cells. The expressions of CD11c, CD40, and CD86 as the markers of activated dendritic cells (DCs) were decreased. The proliferative response of CD8+ T cell decreased, while CD4+ Notch-deprived T cells had preserved expansion with increased expressions of CD25 and Foxp3 as markers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In conclusion, Notch inhibition may minimize aGVHD by decreasing proliferation and activation of DCs and CD8+ T cells while preserving Tregs expansion.
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Fernandez MA, Biette KM, Dolios G, Seth D, Wang R, Wolfe MS. Transmembrane Substrate Determinants for γ-Secretase Processing of APP CTFβ. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5675-5688. [PMID: 27649271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generated by proteolysis within the transmembrane domain (TMD) of a C-terminal fragment of the amyloid β protein-precursor (APP CTFβ) by the γ-secretase complex. This processing produces Aβ ranging from 38 to 49 residues in length. Evidence suggests that this spectrum of Aβ peptides is the result of successive γ-secretase cleavages, with endoproteolysis first occurring at the ε sites to generate Aβ48 or Aβ49, followed by C-terminal trimming mostly every three residues along two product lines to generate shorter, secreted forms of Aβ: the primary Aβ49-46-43-40 line and a minor Aβ48-45-42-38 line. The major secreted Aβ species are Aβ40 and Aβ42, and an increased proportion of the longer, aggregation-prone Aβ42 compared to Aβ40 is widely thought to be important in AD pathogenesis. We examined TMD substrate determinants of the specificity and efficiency of ε site endoproteolysis and carboxypeptidase trimming of CTFβ by γ-secretase. We determined that the C-terminal negative charge of the intermediate Aβ49 does not play a role in its trimming by γ-secretase. Peptidomimetic probes suggest that γ-secretase has S1', S2', and S3' pockets, through which trimming by tripeptides may be determined. However, deletion of residues around the ε sites demonstrates that a depth of three residues within the TMD is not a determinant of the location of endoproteolytic ε cleavage of CTFβ. We also show that instability of the CTFβ TMD helix near the ε site significantly increases endoproteolysis, and that helical instability near the carboxypeptidase cleavage sites facilitates C-terminal trimming by γ-secretase. In addition, we found that CTFβ dimers are not endoproteolyzed by γ-secretase. These results support a model in which initial interaction of the array of residues along the undimerized single helical TMD of substrates dictates the site of initial ε cleavage and that helix unwinding is essential for both endoproteolysis and carboxypeptidase trimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty A Fernandez
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kelly M Biette
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Divya Seth
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Kobayakawa T, Takahashi N, Sobue Y, Terabe K, Ishiguro N, Kojima T. Mechanical stress loading induces CD44 cleavage in human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1230-5. [PMID: 27545604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although excessive mechanical stress loading is known to induce articular cartilage degradation, the mechanism underlying this process is unclear. The interaction between hyaluronan (HA) and its primary receptor CD44 maintains the homeostasis of articular chondrocytes. CD44 cleavage and the generation of CD44-intracellular domain (ICD) can lead to the loss of extracellular matrices in chondrocytes. Here we studied the effects of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) loading, a representative mechanical stress, on CD44 cleavage. CTS loading (1 Hz and 20% elongation for 48 h) increased ADAM10 expression and CD44 cleavage in HCS-2/8 cells, a human chondrocytic cell line. Co-treatment with a chemical ADAM10 inhibitor significantly suppressed CTS loading-induced CD44 cleavage. Chemical inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) significantly suppressed CTS loading-induced ADAM10 expression and CD44 cleavage. Conversely, chemical activation of TRPV4 increased ADAM10 expression and enhanced CD44 cleavage. Our findings suggest that CTS loading significantly increases the expression of ADAM10, which in turn enhances CD44 cleavage in HCS-2/8 cells. The primary mechanoreceptor mediating this process is TRPV4. This signature event could provide an avenue for intervention in the prevention of cartilage degradation leading to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kobayakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Nobunori Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yasumori Sobue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenya Terabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kojima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Liu J, Shen JX, Wen XF, Guo YX, Zhang GJ. Targeting Notch degradation system provides promise for breast cancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 104:21-9. [PMID: 27263934 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch receptor signaling pathways play an important role, not only in normal breast development but also in breast cancer development and progression. As a group of ligand-induced proteins, different subtypes of mammalian Notch (Notch1-4) are sensitive to subtle changes in protein levels. Thus, a clear understanding of mechanisms of Notch protein turnover is essential for understanding normal and pathological mechanisms of Notch functions. It has been suggested that there is a close relationship between the carcinogenesis and the dysregulation of Notch degradation. However, this relationship remains mostly undefined in the context of breast cancer, as protein degradation is mediated by numerous signaling pathways as well as certain molecule modulators (activators/inhibitors). In this review, we summarize the published data regarding the regulation of Notch family member degradation in breast cancer, while emphasizing areas that are likely to provide new therapeutic modalities for mechanism-based anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Jia-Xin Shen
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Fen Wen
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Yu-Xian Guo
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Stalin J, Harhouri K, Hubert L, Garrigue P, Nollet M, Essaadi A, Muller A, Foucault-Bertaud A, Bachelier R, Sabatier F, Pisano P, Peiretti F, Leroyer AS, Guillet B, Bardin N, Dignat-George F, Blot-Chabaud M. Soluble CD146 boosts therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitors through proteolytic processing of short CD146 isoform. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:240-51. [PMID: 27170199 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) constitute an endothelial progenitor fraction with a promising interest for the treatment of ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. As soluble CD146 (sCD146) is a new factor promoting angiogenesis, we examined whether sCD146 priming could improve the therapeutic potential of ECFC and defined the involved mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effects of sCD146 priming on regenerative properties of ECFC in vivo. In a mouse model of hindlimb ischaemia, the homing of radiolabelled cells to ischaemic tissue was assessed by SPECT-CT imaging. Soluble CD146 priming did not modify the number of engrafted ECFC but improved their survival capacity, leading to an enhanced revascularization. The mechanism of action of sCD146 on ECFC was studied in vitro. We showed that sCD146 acts in ECFC through a signalosome, located in lipid rafts, containing angiomotin, the short isoform of CD146 (shCD146), VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and presenilin-1. Soluble CD146 induced a sequential proteolytic cleavage of shCD146, with an extracellular shedding followed by an intramembrane cleavage mediated by matrix metalloprotease (MMP)/ADAM and presenilin-1, respectively. The generated intracellular part of shCD146 was directed towards the nucleus where it associated with the transcription factor CSL and modulated the transcription of genes involved in cell survival (FADD, Bcl-xl) and angiogenesis (eNOS). This effect was dependent on both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, which were rapidly phosphorylated by sCD146. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish that activation of the proteolytic processing of shCD146, in particular by sCD146, constitutes a promising pathway to improve endothelial progenitors' regenerative properties for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stalin
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Karim Harhouri
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lucas Hubert
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Garrigue
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France CERIMED (European Center of Research in Medical Imaging), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Nollet
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Amel Essaadi
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Muller
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Richard Bachelier
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Florence Sabatier
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France Laboratory of Culture and Cell Therapy, INSERM CIC-BT510, CHU Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Pisano
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Peiretti
- INSERM UMR-S 1062, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie S Leroyer
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Guillet
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France CERIMED (European Center of Research in Medical Imaging), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Bardin
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marcel Blot-Chabaud
- INSERM UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Leocadio D, Mitchell A, Winder SJ. γ-Secretase Dependent Nuclear Targeting of Dystroglycan. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2149-57. [PMID: 26990187 PMCID: PMC4982099 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycan is frequently lost in adenocarcinoma. α‐dystroglycan is known to become hypoglycosylated due to transcriptional silencing of LARGE, whereas β‐dystroglycan is proteolytically cleaved and degraded. The mechanism and proteases involved in the cleavage events affecting β‐dystroglycan are poorly understood. Using LNCaP prostate cancer cells as a model system, we have investigated proteases and tyrosine phosphorylation affecting β‐dystroglycan proteolysis and nuclear targeting. Cell density or phorbol ester treatment increases dystroglycan proteolysis, whereas furin or γ‐secretase inhibitors decreased dystroglycan proteolysis. Using resveratrol treatment of LNCaP cells cultured at low cell density in order to up‐regulate notch and activate proteolysis, we identified significant increases in the levels of a 26 kDa β‐dystroglycan fragment. These data, therefore, support a cell density‐dependent γ‐secretase and furin mediated proteolysis of β‐dystroglycan, which could be notch stimulated, leading to nuclear targeting and subsequent degradation. 117: 2149–2157, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leocadio
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J Winder
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Fleck D, Voss M, Brankatschk B, Giudici C, Hampel H, Schwenk B, Edbauer D, Fukumori A, Steiner H, Kremmer E, Haug-Kröper M, Rossner MJ, Fluhrer R, Willem M, Haass C. Proteolytic Processing of Neuregulin 1 Type III by Three Intramembrane-cleaving Proteases. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:318-33. [PMID: 26574544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.697995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous membrane-bound proteins undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is initiated by shedding, and the remaining stubs are further processed by intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CLiPs). Neuregulin 1 type III (NRG1 type III) is a major physiological substrate of β-secretase (β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)). BACE1-mediated cleavage is required to allow signaling of NRG1 type III. Because of the hairpin nature of NRG1 type III, two membrane-bound stubs with a type 1 and a type 2 orientation are generated by proteolytic processing. We demonstrate that these stubs are substrates for three I-CLiPs. The type 1-oriented stub is further cleaved by γ-secretase at an ϵ-like site five amino acids N-terminal to the C-terminal membrane anchor and at a γ-like site in the middle of the transmembrane domain. The ϵ-cleavage site is only one amino acid N-terminal to a Val/Leu substitution associated with schizophrenia. The mutation reduces generation of the NRG1 type III β-peptide as well as reverses signaling. Moreover, it affects the cleavage precision of γ-secretase at the γ-site similar to certain Alzheimer disease-associated mutations within the amyloid precursor protein. The type 2-oriented membrane-retained stub of NRG1 type III is further processed by signal peptide peptidase-like proteases SPPL2a and SPPL2b. Expression of catalytically inactive aspartate mutations as well as treatment with 2,2'-(2-oxo-1,3-propanediyl)bis[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-l-leucyl-l-leucinamide ketone inhibits formation of N-terminal intracellular domains and the corresponding secreted C-peptide. Thus, NRG1 type III is the first protein substrate that is not only cleaved by multiple sheddases but is also processed by three different I-CLiPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fleck
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Matthias Voss
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Ben Brankatschk
- the Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic for Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich
| | - Camilla Giudici
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Heike Hampel
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Benjamin Schwenk
- the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377 Munich, the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, and
| | - Akio Fukumori
- the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Harald Steiner
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, and the Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Haug-Kröper
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- the Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic for Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377 Munich
| | - Michael Willem
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich,
| | - Christian Haass
- From the Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377 Munich, the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, and
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Sumagin R, Parkos CA. Epithelial adhesion molecules and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis during neutrophil transepithelial migration. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e969100. [PMID: 25838976 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.969100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial adhesion molecules play essential roles in regulating cellular function and maintaining mucosal tissue homeostasis. Some form epithelial junctional complexes to provide structural support for epithelial monolayers and act as a selectively permeable barrier separating luminal contents from the surrounding tissue. Others serve as docking structures for invading viruses and bacteria, while also regulating the immune response. They can either obstruct or serve as footholds for the immune cells recruited to mucosal surfaces. Currently, it is well appreciated that adhesion molecules collectively serve as environmental cue sensors and trigger signaling events to regulate epithelial function through their association with the cell cytoskeleton and various intracellular adapter proteins. Immune cells, particularly neutrophils (PMN) during transepithelial migration (TEM), can modulate adhesion molecule expression, conformation, and distribution, significantly impacting epithelial function and tissue homeostasis. This review discusses the roles of key intestinal epithelial adhesion molecules in regulating PMN trafficking and outlines the potential consequences on epithelial function.
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Key Words
- AJs, adherens junctions
- CAR, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor
- CLMP, CAR-like protein
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTX, thymocyte Xenopus
- DMs, Desmosomes
- Dsc-2, desmocollin-2
- Dsg-2, desmoglein-2
- E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin
- EGFR, Epithelial growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- JAM, junctional adhesion molecules
- LAD, leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- LTB-4, lipid leukotriene B4
- MIP1 α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha
- MLCK, myosin light chain kinase
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteases
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARS, protease-activated receptors
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PMN, polymorphonuclear cells
- SGD, specific granule deficiency
- SIRPa, signal regulatory protein alpha
- TEM, transepithelial migration
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta
- TIAM1, metastasis-inducing protein 1
- TJs, tight junctions
- TSP-1, thrombospondin-1
- adhesion molecules
- barrier
- cell migration
- epithelial cells
- neutrophils
- sLea, sialyl Lewis A
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Unit; Emory University ; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Unit; Emory University ; Atlanta, GA USA
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Swidergall M, van Wijlick L, Ernst JF. Signaling domains of mucin Msb2 in Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:359-70. [PMID: 25636320 PMCID: PMC4385809 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00264-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans adapts to the human host by environmental sensing using the Msb2 signal mucin, which regulates fungal morphogenesis and resistance characteristics. Msb2 is anchored within the cytoplasmic membrane by a single transmembrane (TM) region dividing it into a large N-terminal exodomain, which is shed, and a small cytoplasmic domain. Analyses of strains carrying deleted Msb2 variants revealed an exodomain segment required for cleavage, shedding, and all functions of Msb2. Phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) Cek1 was regulated by three distinct regions in Msb2: in unstressed cells, N-terminal sequences repressed phosphorylation, while its induction under cell wall stress required the cytoplasmic tail (C-tail) and sequences N-terminally flanking the TM region, downstream of the proposed cleavage site. Within the latter Msb2 region, overlapping but not identical sequences were also required for hyphal morphogenesis, basal resistance to antifungals, and, in unstressed cells, downregulation of the PMT1 transcript, encoding protein O-mannosyltransferase-1. Deletion of two-thirds of the exodomain generated a truncated Msb2 variant with a striking ability to induce hyperfilamentous growth, which depended on the presence of the Msb2-interacting protein Sho1, the MAP kinase Cek1, and the Efg1 transcription factor. Under cell wall stress, the cytoplasmic tail relocalized partially to the nucleus and contributed to regulation of 117 genes, as revealed by transcriptomic analyses. Genes regulated by the C-tail contained binding sites for the Ace2 and Azf1 transcription factors and included the ALS cell wall genes. We concluded that Msb2 fulfills its numerous functions by employing functional domains that are distributed over its entire length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Swidergall
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lasse van Wijlick
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Manchot Graduate School, Molecules of Infection II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim F Ernst
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Manchot Graduate School, Molecules of Infection II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gertsik N, Chiu D, Li YM. Complex regulation of γ-secretase: from obligatory to modulatory subunits. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:342. [PMID: 25610395 PMCID: PMC4285130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a four subunit, 19-pass transmembrane enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP), catalyzing the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that form amyloid plaques, which contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. γ-Secretase also cleaves Notch, among many other type I transmembrane substrates. Despite its seemingly promiscuous enzymatic capacity, γ-secretase activity is tightly regulated. This regulation is a function of many cellular entities, including but not limited to the essential γ-secretase subunits, nonessential (modulatory) subunits, and γ-secretase substrates. Regulation is also accomplished by an array of cellular events, such as presenilin (active subunit of γ-secretase) endoproteolysis and hypoxia. In this review we discuss how γ-secretase is regulated with the hope that an advanced understanding of these mechanisms will aid in the development of effective therapeutics for γ-secretase-associated diseases like AD and Notch-addicted cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Gertsik
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Danica Chiu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
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