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Clauzure M, Valdivieso ÁG, Dugour AV, Mori C, Massip‐Copiz MM, Aguilar MÁ, Sotomayor V, Asensio CJA, Figueroa JM, Santa‐Coloma TA. NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (CASP1) modulation by intracellular Cl - concentration. Immunology 2021; 163:493-511. [PMID: 33835494 PMCID: PMC8274155 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity induces intracellular chloride (Cl- ) accumulation. The anion Cl- , acting as a second messenger, stimulates the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which starts an autocrine positive feedback loop. Here, we show that NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (CASP1) are indirectly modulated by the intracellular Cl- concentration, showing maximal expression and activity at 75 mM Cl- , in the presence of the ionophores nigericin and tributyltin. The expression of PYD and CARD domain containing (PYCARD/ASC) remained constant from 0 to 125 mM Cl- . The CASP1 inhibitor VX-765 and the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 completely blocked the Cl- -stimulated IL-1β mRNA expression and partially the IL-1β secretion. DCF fluorescence (cellular reactive oxygen species, cROS) and MitoSOX fluorescence (mitochondrial ROS, mtROS) also showed maximal ROS levels at 75 mM Cl- , a response strongly inhibited by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or the NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor GKT137831. These inhibitors also affected CASP1 and NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression. More importantly, the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) inhibitor GSK650394, or its shRNAs, completely abrogated the IL-1β mRNA response to Cl- and the IL-1β secretion, interrupting the autocrine IL-1β loop. The results suggest that Cl- effects are mediated by SGK1, in which under Cl- modulation stimulates the secretion of mature IL-1β, in turn, responsible for the upregulation of ROS, CASP1, NLRP3 and IL-1β itself, through autocrine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariángeles Clauzure
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
- Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNational University of La Pampa (UNLPam)General PicoArgentina
| | - Ángel G. Valdivieso
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | | | - Consuelo Mori
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - María M. Massip‐Copiz
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Á. Aguilar
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Verónica Sotomayor
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Cristian J. A. Asensio
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | | | - Tomás A. Santa‐Coloma
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)Buenos AiresArgentina
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Strub MD, McCray, Jr. PB. Transcriptomic and Proteostasis Networks of CFTR and the Development of Small Molecule Modulators for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050546. [PMID: 32414011 PMCID: PMC7288469 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The diversity of mutations and the multiple ways by which the protein is affected present challenges for therapeutic development. The observation that the Phe508del-CFTR mutant protein is temperature sensitive provided proof of principle that mutant CFTR could escape proteosomal degradation and retain partial function. Several specific protein interactors and quality control checkpoints encountered by CFTR during its proteostasis have been investigated for therapeutic purposes, but remain incompletely understood. Furthermore, pharmacological manipulation of many CFTR interactors has not been thoroughly investigated for the rescue of Phe508del-CFTR. However, high-throughput screening technologies helped identify several small molecule modulators that rescue CFTR from proteosomal degradation and restore partial function to the protein. Here, we discuss the current state of CFTR transcriptomic and biogenesis research and small molecule therapy development. We also review recent progress in CFTR proteostasis modulators and discuss how such treatments could complement current FDA-approved small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Strub
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray, Jr.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(319)-335-6844
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Bouvet GF, Voisin G, Cyr Y, Bascunana V, Massé C, Berthiaume Y. DNA Methylation Regulates RGS2-induced S100A12 Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:601-613. [PMID: 29944393 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0164oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RGS2 is a key modulator of stress in human airway epithelial cells, especially of hyperresponsiveness and mucin hypersecretion, both of which are features of cystic fibrosis (CF). Because its expression can be modulated through the DNA methylation pathway, we hypothesize that RGS2 is downregulated by DNA hypermethylation in CF airway epithelial cells. This downregulation would then lead to an enhanced inflammatory response. We demonstrated RGS2 transcript and protein downregulation in cultured airway epithelial cells from patients with CF and validated our findings in two CF epithelial cell lines. A methylated DNA immunoprecipitation array showed the presence of methylated cytosine on 13 gene promoters in CF. Among these genes, we confirmed that the RGS2 promoter was hypermethylated by using bisulfite conversion coupled with a methylation-specific PCR assay. Finally, we showed that downregulation of RGS2 in non-CF cells increased the expression of S100A12, a proinflammatory marker. These results highlight the importance of epigenetic regulation in gene expression in CF and show that RGS2 might modulate the inflammatory response in CF through DNA methylation control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Voisin
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yannick Cyr
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Massé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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4
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Valdivieso ÁG, Santa‐Coloma TA. The chloride anion as a signalling effector. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1839-1856. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel G. Valdivieso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
| | - Tomás A. Santa‐Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
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5
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Chaudhary N, Ueno-Shuto K, Ono T, Ohira Y, Watanabe K, Nasu A, Fujikawa H, Nakashima R, Takahashi N, Suico MA, Kai H, Shuto T. Curcumin Down-Regulates Toll-Like Receptor-2 Gene Expression and Function in Human Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:489-495. [PMID: 30626802 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal inherited disorder caused by mutation in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR), is characterized by chronic inflammation that ultimately leads to death from respiratory failure. In CF patients, up-regulation of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor that senses CF-pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN), in airway epithelial cells is observed, and enhanced proinflammatory responses towards PGN may result in detrimental effects in CF patients. Here, we showed that curcumin, a well known anti-inflammatory agent derived from the curry spice turmeric, inhibits TLR2 expression in CF bronchial epithelial cell line, CFBE41o- cells. Strong suppression of TLR2 gene and protein expression was observed at more than 40 µM of curcumin treatment in CFBE41o- cells. Consistent with decreased expression of TLR2, PGN-dependent interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene up-regulation was markedly reduced by 40 µM of curcumin treatment. Strong reductions of TLR2 gene expression and function were also observed in primary human CF bronchial epithelial cells, but not in human non-CF primary cells. Interestingly, curcumin treatment decreased nuclear expression of transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1), a factor that is critical for increased basal TLR2 expression in CF cell line and primary cells. Finally, curcumin-dependent SP1 reduction was diminished by anti-oxidant N-acetylcystein (NAC) and proteasomal inhibitor MG-132, suggesting the crucial roles of oxidative and proteasomal degradation pathways. Taken together, our study shows that curcumin down-regulates TLR2 gene expression and function in CF bronchial epithelial cells possibly by accelerating SP1 degradation via an oxidative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University.,Program for Leading Graduate School of "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program," Kumamoto University
| | - Keiko Ueno-Shuto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Division of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Tomomi Ono
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yuko Ohira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center
| | - Aoi Nasu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Haruka Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University.,Program for Leading Graduate School of "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program," Kumamoto University
| | - Ryunosuke Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Noriki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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Kamei S, Maruta K, Fujikawa H, Nohara H, Ueno-Shuto K, Tasaki Y, Nakashima R, Kawakami T, Eto Y, Suico MA, Suzuki S, Gruenert DC, Li JD, Kai H, Shuto T. Integrative expression analysis identifies a novel interplay between CFTR and linc-SUMF1-2 that involves CF-associated gene dysregulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:521-528. [PMID: 30598261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) is a cyclic AMP-dependent Cl- channel, and its dysfunction, due to CFTR gene mutations, causes the lethal inherited disorder cystic fibrosis (CF). To date, widespread dysregulation of certain coding genes in CF airway epithelial cells is well studied and considered as the driver of pulmonary abnormality. However, the involvement of non-coding genes, novel classes of functional RNAs with little or no protein-coding capacity, in the regulation of CF-associated gene dysregulation is poorly understood. Here, we utilized integrative analyses of human transcriptome array (HTA) and characterized 99 coding and 91 non-coding RNAs that are dysregulated in CFTR-defective CF bronchial epithelial cell line CFBE41o-. Among these genes, the expression level of linc-SUMF1-2, an intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) whose function is unknown, was inversely correlated with that of WT-CFTR and consistently higher in primary human CF airway epithelial cells (DHBE-CF). Further integrative analyses under linc-SUMF1-knockdown condition determined MXRA5, SEMA5A, CXCL10, AK022877, CTGF, MYC, AREG and LAMB3 as both CFTR- and linc-SUMF1-2-dependent dysregulated gene sets in CF airway epithelial cells. Overall, our analyses reveal linc-SUMF1-2 as a dysregulated non-coding gene in CF as well as CFTR-linc-SUMF1-2 axis as a novel regulatory pathway involved in CF-associated gene dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kamei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kasumi Maruta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Haruka Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nohara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Keiko Ueno-Shuto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Division of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tasaki
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 714 Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA30303, USA
| | - Ryunosuke Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taisei Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuka Eto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler St, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Dieter C Gruenert
- Head and Neck Stem Cell Lab, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St, Box 1330, N331, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 714 Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA30303, USA
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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Massip-Copiz MM, Santa-Coloma TA. Extracellular pH and lung infections in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:402-410. [PMID: 29933921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by CFTR mutations. It is characterized by high NaCl concentration in sweat and the production of a thick and sticky mucus, occluding secretory ducts, intestine and airways, accompanied by chronic inflammation and infections of the lungs. This causes a progressive and lethal decline in lung function. Therefore, finding the mechanisms driving the high susceptibility to lung infections has been a key issue. For decades the prevalent hypothesis was that a reduced airway surface liquid (ASL) volume and composition, and the consequent increased mucus concentration (dehydration), create an environment favoring infections. However, a few years ago, in a pig model of CF, the Na+/K+ concentrations and the ASL volume were found intact. Immediately a different hypothesis arose, postulating a reduced ASL pH as the cause for the increased susceptibility to infections, due to a diminished bicarbonate secretion through CFTR. Noteworthy, a recent report found normal ASL pH values in CF children and in cultured primary airway cells, challenging the ASL pH hypothesis. On the other hand, recent evidences revitalized the hypothesis of a reduced ASL secretion. Thus, the role of the ASL pH in the CF is still a controversial matter. In this review we discuss the basis that sustain the role of CFTR in modulating the extracellular pH, and the recent results sustaining the different points of view. Finding the mechanisms of CFTR signaling that determine the susceptibility to infections is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of CF and related lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Macarena Massip-Copiz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED UCA-CONICET), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and School of Medical Sciences, The Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Antonio Santa-Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED UCA-CONICET), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and School of Medical Sciences, The Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Raraigh KS, Han ST, Davis E, Evans TA, Pellicore MJ, McCague AF, Joynt AT, Lu Z, Atalar M, Sharma N, Sheridan MB, Sosnay PR, Cutting GR. Functional Assays Are Essential for Interpretation of Missense Variants Associated with Variable Expressivity. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1062-1077. [PMID: 29805046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense DNA variants have variable effects upon protein function. Consequently, interpreting their pathogenicity is challenging, especially when they are associated with disease variability. To determine the degree to which functional assays inform interpretation, we analyzed 48 CFTR missense variants associated with variable expressivity of cystic fibrosis (CF). We assessed function in a native isogenic context by evaluating CFTR mutants that were stably expressed in the genome of a human airway cell line devoid of endogenous CFTR expression. 21 of 29 variants associated with full expressivity of the CF phenotype generated <10% wild-type CFTR (WT-CFTR) function, a conservative threshold for the development of life-limiting CF lung disease, and five variants had moderately decreased function (10% to ∼25% WT-CFTR). The remaining three variants in this group unexpectedly had >25% WT-CFTR function; two were higher than 75% WT-CFTR. As expected, 14 of 19 variants associated with partial expressivity of CF had >25% WT-CFTR function; however, four had minimal to no effect on CFTR function (>75% WT-CFTR). Thus, 6 of 48 (13%) missense variants believed to be disease causing did not alter CFTR function. Functional studies substantially refined pathogenicity assignment with expert annotation and criteria from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association for Molecular Pathology. However, four algorithms (CADD, REVEL, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2) could not differentiate between variants that caused severe, moderate, or minimal reduction in function. In the setting of variable expressivity, these results indicate that functional assays are essential for accurate interpretation of missense variants and that current prediction tools should be used with caution.
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Massip‐Copiz M, Clauzure M, Valdivieso ÁG, Santa‐Coloma TA. Epiregulin (EREG) is upregulated through an IL‐1β autocrine loop in Caco‐2 epithelial cells with reduced CFTR function. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2911-2922. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Massip‐Copiz
- The Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mariángeles Clauzure
- The Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ángel G. Valdivieso
- The Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Tomás A. Santa‐Coloma
- The Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED)School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
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Valdivieso ÁG, Mori C, Clauzure M, Massip-Copiz M, Santa-Coloma TA. CFTR modulates RPS27 gene expression using chloride anion as signaling effector. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 633:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Massip-Copiz MM, Clauzure M, Valdivieso ÁG, Santa-Coloma TA. CFTR impairment upregulates c-Src activity through IL-1β autocrine signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 616:1-12. [PMID: 28088327 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Previously, we found several genes showing a differential expression in CFDE cells (epithelial cells derived from a CF patient). One corresponded to c-Src; its expression and activity was found increased in CFDE cells, acting as a signaling molecule between the CFTR activity and MUC1 overexpression. Here we report that bronchial IB3-1 cells (CF cells) also showed increased c-Src activity compared to 'CFTR-corrected' S9 cells. In addition, three different Caco-2 cell lines, each stably transfected with a different CFTR-specific shRNAs, displayed increased c-Src activity. The IL-1β receptor antagonist IL1RN reduced the c-Src activity of Caco-2/pRS26 cells (expressing a CFTR-specific shRNA). In addition, increased mitochondrial and cellular ROS levels were detected in Caco-2/pRS26 cells. ROS levels were partially reduced by incubation with PP2 (c-Src inhibitor) or IL1RN, and further reduced by using the NOX1/4 inhibitor GKT137831. Thus, IL-1β→c-Src and IL-1β→NOX signaling pathways appear to be responsible for the production of cellular and mitochondrial ROS in CFTR-KD cells. In conclusion, IL-1β constitutes a new step in the CFTR signaling pathway, located upstream of c-Src, which is stimulated in cells with impaired CFTR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Macarena Massip-Copiz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariángeles Clauzure
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ángel Gabriel Valdivieso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Antonio Santa-Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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c- Src and its role in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:401-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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AMCase is a crucial regulator of type 2 immune responses to inhaled house dust mites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2891-9. [PMID: 26038565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507393112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes that cleave chitin, a component of the exoskeleton of many organisms including the house dust mite (HDM). Here we show that knockin mice expressing an enzymatically inactive acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), the dominant true chitinase in mouse lung, showed enhanced type 2 immune responses to inhaled HDM. We found that uncleaved chitin promoted the release of IL-33, whereas cleaved chitin could be phagocytosed and could induce the activation of caspase-1 and subsequent activation of caspase-7; this results in the resolution of type 2 immune responses, probably by promoting the inactivation of IL-33. These data suggest that AMCase is a crucial regulator of type 2 immune responses to inhaled chitin-containing aeroallergens.
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Voisin G, Bouvet GF, Legendre P, Dagenais A, Massé C, Berthiaume Y. Oxidative stress modulates the expression of genes involved in cell survival in ΔF508 cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:634-46. [PMID: 24893876 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00003.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cystic fibrosis (CF) pathophysiology is explained by a defect in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, the broad spectrum of disease severity is the consequence of environmental and genetic factors. Among them, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play an important role in the evolution of this disease, with susceptibility to oxidative damage, decline of pulmonary function, and impaired lung antioxidant defense. Although oxidative stress has been implicated in the regulation of inflammation, its molecular outcomes in CF cells remain to be evaluated. To address the question, we compared the gene expression profile in NuLi-1 cells with wild-type CFTR and CuFi-1 cells homozygous for ΔF508 mutation cultured at air-liquid interface. We analyzed the transcriptomic response of these cell lines with microarray technology, under basal culture conditions and after 24 h oxidative stress induced by 15 μM 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone. In the absence of oxidative conditions, CuFi-1 gene profiling showed typical dysregulated inflammatory responses compared with NuLi-1. In the presence of oxidative conditions, the transcriptome of CuFi-1 cells reflected apoptotic transcript modulation. These results were confirmed in the CFBE41o- and corrCFBE41o- cell lines as well as in primary culture of human CF airway epithelial cells. Altogether, our data point to the influence of oxidative stress on cell survival functions in CF and identify several genes that could be implicated in the inflammation response observed in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Voisin
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal - Hôtel Dieu, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Legendre
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - André Dagenais
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Massé
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Viart V, Varilh J, Lopez E, René C, Claustres M, Taulan-Cadars M. Phosphorylated C/EBPβ influences a complex network involving YY1 and USF2 in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60211. [PMID: 23560079 PMCID: PMC3613372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The promoter of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene CFTR is tightly controlled by regulators including CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs). We previously reported that the transcription factors YY1 and USF2 affect CFTR expression. We can now demonstrate that C/EBPβ, a member of the CCAAT family, binds to the CFTR promoter and contributes to its transcriptional activity. Our data reveal that C/EBPβ cooperates with USF2 and acts antagonistically to YY1 in the control of CFTR expression. Interestingly, YY1, a strong repressor, fails to repress the CFTR activation induced by USF2 through DNA binding competition. Collectively, the data strongly suggest a model by which USF2 functionally interacts with YY1 blocking its inhibitory activity, in favour of C/EBPβ transactivation. Further investigation into the interactions between these three proteins revealed that phosphorylation of C/EBPβ influences the DNA occupancy of YY1 and favours the interaction between USF2 and YY1. This phosphorylation process has several implications in the CFTR transcriptional process, thus evoking an additional layer of complexity to the mechanisms influencing CFTR gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Viart
- UFR de Médecine, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U827, Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Montpellier, France
| | - Jessica Varilh
- INSERM U827, Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Lopez
- UFR de Médecine, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U827, Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline René
- UFR de Médecine, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U827, Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mireille Claustres
- UFR de Médecine, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U827, Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Taulan-Cadars
- UFR de Médecine, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U827, Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Valdivieso AG, Santa-Coloma TA. CFTR activity and mitochondrial function. Redox Biol 2013; 1:190-202. [PMID: 24024153 PMCID: PMC3757715 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a frequent and lethal autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Before the discovery of the CFTR gene, several hypotheses attempted to explain the etiology of this disease, including the possible role of a chloride channel, diverse alterations in mitochondrial functions, the overexpression of the lysosomal enzyme α-glucosidase and a deficiency in the cytosolic enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Because of the diverse mitochondrial changes found, some authors proposed that the affected gene should codify for a mitochondrial protein. Later, the CFTR cloning and the demonstration of its chloride channel activity turned the mitochondrial, lysosomal and cytosolic hypotheses obsolete. However, in recent years, using new approaches, several investigators reported similar or new alterations of mitochondrial functions in Cystic Fibrosis, thus rediscovering a possible role of mitochondria in this disease. Here, we review these CFTR-driven mitochondrial defects, including differential gene expression, alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and innate immune response, which might explain some characteristics of the complex CF phenotype and reveals potential new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gabriel Valdivieso
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions as a channel that regulates the transport of ions and the movement of water across the epithelial barrier. Mutations in CFTR, which form the basis for the clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis, affect the epithelial innate immune function in the lung, resulting in exaggerated and ineffective airway inflammation that fails to eradicate pulmonary pathogens. Compounding the effects of excessive neutrophil recruitment, the mutant CFTR channel does not transport antioxidants to counteract neutrophil-associated oxidative stress. Whereas mutant CFTR expression in leukocytes outside of the lung does not markedly impair their function, the expected regulation of inflammation in the airways is clearly deficient in cystic fibrosis. The resulting bacterial infections, which are caused by organisms that have substantial genetic and metabolic flexibility, can resist multiple classes of antibiotics and evade phagocytic clearance. The development of animal models that approximate the human pulmonary phenotypes-airway inflammation and spontaneous infection-may provide the much-needed tools to establish how CFTR regulates mucosal immunity and to test directly the effect of pharmacologic potentiation and correction of mutant CFTR function on bacterial clearance.
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Enayetallah AE, Ziemek D, Leininger MT, Randhawa R, Yang J, Manion TB, Mather DE, Zavadoski WJ, Kuhn M, Treadway JL, des Etages SAG, Gibbs EM, Greene N, Steppan CM. Modeling the mechanism of action of a DGAT1 inhibitor using a causal reasoning platform. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27009. [PMID: 22073239 PMCID: PMC3208573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride accumulation is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Genetic disruption of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which catalyzes the final reaction of triglyceride synthesis, confers dramatic resistance to high-fat diet induced obesity. Hence, DGAT1 is considered a potential therapeutic target for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, the molecular events shaping the mechanism of action of DGAT1 pharmacological inhibition have not been fully explored yet. Here, we investigate the metabolic molecular mechanisms induced in response to pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 using a recently developed computational systems biology approach, the Causal Reasoning Engine (CRE). The CRE algorithm utilizes microarray transcriptomic data and causal statements derived from the biomedical literature to infer upstream molecular events driving these transcriptional changes. The inferred upstream events (also called hypotheses) are aggregated into biological models using a set of analytical tools that allow for evaluation and integration of the hypotheses in context of their supporting evidence. In comparison to gene ontology enrichment analysis which pointed to high-level changes in metabolic processes, the CRE results provide detailed molecular hypotheses to explain the measured transcriptional changes. CRE analysis of gene expression changes in high fat habituated rats treated with a potent and selective DGAT1 inhibitor demonstrate that the majority of transcriptomic changes support a metabolic network indicative of reversal of high fat diet effects that includes a number of molecular hypotheses such as PPARG, HNF4A and SREBPs. Finally, the CRE-generated molecular hypotheses from DGAT1 inhibitor treated rats were found to capture the major molecular characteristics of DGAT1 deficient mice, supporting a phenotype of decreased lipid and increased insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Enayetallah
- Compound Safety Prediction Group, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Differential global gene expression in cystic fibrosis nasal and bronchial epithelium. Genomics 2011; 98:327-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Drumm ML, Ziady AG, Davis PB. Genetic variation and clinical heterogeneity in cystic fibrosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 7:267-82. [PMID: 22017581 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-120900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), a lethal genetic disease, is characterized by substantial clinical heterogeneity. Work over the past decade has established that much of the variation is genetically conferred, and recent studies have begun to identify chromosomal locations that identify specific genes as contributing to this variation. Transcriptomic and proteomic data, sampling hundreds and thousands of genes and their products, point to pathways that are altered in the cells and tissues of CF patients. Genetic studies have examined more than half a million polymorphic sites and have identified regions, and probably genes, that contribute to the clinical heterogeneity. The combination of these approaches has great potential because genetic profiling identifies putative disease-modifying processes, and transcript and protein profiling is shedding light on the biology involved. Such studies are providing new insights into the disease, such as altered apoptotic responses, oxidative stress dysregulation, and neuronal involvement, all of which may open new therapeutic avenues to exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Drumm
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Manson ME, Corey DA, Rymut SM, Kelley TJ. β-arrestin-2 regulation of the cAMP response element binding protein. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6022-9. [PMID: 21644508 DOI: 10.1021/bi200015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that cystic fibrosis (CF) cells exhibit an increase in cAMP-mediated signaling as a characteristic response to lost CFTR function. Evidence for increased cAMP-mediated signaling in CF included increased phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and elevated β-arrestin-2 (βarr2) expression. However, subsequent studies reveal that CREB activation in CF cells is independent of protein kinase-A (PKA). The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that elevated βarr2 expression leads to increased CREB activation in a PKA-independent mechanism. βarr2-GFP expressing tracheal epithelial cells (βarr2-GFP) exhibit an increase of pCREB content and subsequent CRE activation compared to GFP expressing control cells. βarr2 activation of the ERK cascade represents a candidate mechanism leading to CREB activation. ERK exhibits increased activation in βarr2-GFP cells compared to cont-GFP cells, and ERK inhibition diminishes CRE activation in both GFP and βarr2-GFP cells. To test directly whether CREB regulation in CF is βarr2-dependent, nasal epithelium excised from wt mice (Cftr +/+; βarr2 +/+), CF mice (Cftr -/-; βarr2 +/+), and DKO mice (Cftr -/-; βarr2 -/-) were analyzed for pCREB protein content. Removal of βarr2 expression from CF mice reduces both pCREB and pERK content to wt levels. These data indicate that CF-related CREB regulation is mediated directly through βarr2 expression via the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Manson
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4948, USA
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Mueller C, Braag SA, Keeler A, Hodges C, Drumm M, Flotte TR. Lack of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in CD3+ lymphocytes leads to aberrant cytokine secretion and hyperinflammatory adaptive immune responses. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:922-9. [PMID: 20724552 PMCID: PMC3135852 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0224oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common fatal monogenic disease in the United States, results from mutations in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel. The mechanisms by which CFTR mutations cause lung disease in CF are not fully defined but may include altered ion and water transport across the airway epithelium and aberrant inflammatory and immune responses to pathogens within the airways. We have shown that Cftr(-/-) mice mount an exaggerated IgE response toward Aspergillus fumigatus, with higher levels of IL-13 and IL-4, mimicking both the T helper cell type 2-biased immune responses seen in patients with CF. Herein, we demonstrate that these aberrations are primarily due to Cftr deficiency in lymphocytes rather than in the epithelium. Adoptive transfer experiments with CF splenocytes confer a higher IgE response to Aspergillus fumigatus compared with hosts receiving wild-type splenocytes. The predilection of Cftr-deficient lymphocytes to mount T helper cell type 2 responses with high IL-13 and IL-4 was confirmed by in vitro antigen recall experiments. Conclusive data on this phenomenon were obtained with conditional Cftr knockout mice, where mice lacking Cftr in T cell lineages developed higher IgE than their wild-type control littermates. Further analysis of Cftr-deficient lymphocytes revealed an enhanced intracellular Ca(2+) flux in response to T cell receptor activation. This was accompanied by an increase in nuclear localization of the calcium-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cell, which could drive the IL-13 response. In summary, our data identified that CFTR dysfunction in T cells can lead directly to aberrant immune responses. These findings implicate the lymphocyte population as a potentially important target for CF therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mueller
- University of Massachusetts Medical School Department of Pediatrics and Gene Therapy Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Abstract
To understand the links between CFTR mutations and the development of cystic fibrosis (CF) phenotypes, it is imperative to study the transcriptome in affected cell types. Microarray expression profiling provides a platform to study global gene expression in detail. This approach may provide the necessary information to segregate phenotypic characteristics of CF, differentiate between genetic or environmental factors, and assess the advent and progression of disease phenotypes. Moreover, if a "CF signature" of genes with altered expression is defined, this can be used to monitor effectiveness of treatment. We provide here detailed protocols and tips for collecting and preserving tissues and cells, and preparing total RNA. We also outline novel strategies for experimental design and data analysis, and describe some powerful gene and pathway discovery tools.
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DiMagno MJ, Lee SH, Owyang C, Zhou SY. Inhibition of acinar apoptosis occurs during acute pancreatitis in the human homologue DeltaF508 cystic fibrosis mouse. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G400-12. [PMID: 20522641 PMCID: PMC2928535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00061.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that the University of North Carolina cystic fibrosis (UNC-CF) mouse had more severe experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) than wild-type (WT) mice characterized by exuberant pancreatic inflammation and impaired acinar apoptosis. Because exon 10 CFTR gene mutations exhibit different phenotypes in tissues such as the mouse lung, we tested the hypothesis that DeltaF508-CF mice also develop severe AP associated with an antiapoptotic acinar phenotype, which requires indirect effects of the extracellular milieu. We used cerulein hyperstimulation models of AP. More severe pancreatitis occurred in cerulein-injected DeltaF508-CF vs. WT mice based on histological severity (P < 0.01) and greater neutrophil sequestration [P < 0.0001; confirmed by myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.005)]. In dispersed acini cerulein-evoked necrosis was greater in DeltaF508-CF acini compared with WT (P < 0.05) and in WT acini pretreated with CFTR(inh)-172 compared with vehicle (P < 0.05). Cerulein-injected DeltaF508-CF vs. WT mice had less apoptosis based on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage (P < 0.005), absent DNA laddering, and reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining (P < 0.005). Unexpectedly, caspase-3 activation was greater in DeltaF508-CF vs. WT acini at baseline (P < 0.05) and during AP (P < 0.0001). Downstream, DeltaF508-CF pancreas overexpressed the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis compared with WT (P < 0.005). In summary, the DeltaF508-CF mutation, similar to the UNC-CF "null" mutation, causes severe AP characterized by an exuberant inflammatory response and impaired acinar apoptosis. Enhanced acinar necrosis in DeltaF508-CF occurs independently of extracellular milieu and correlates with loss of CFTR-Cl conductance. Although both exon 10 models of CF inhibit acinar apoptosis execution, the DeltaF508-CF mouse differs by increasing apoptosis signaling. Impaired transduction of increased apoptosis signaling in DeltaF508-CF acini may be biologically relevant to the pathogenesis of AP associated with CFTR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. DiMagno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sae-Hong Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shi-yi Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Xu Y, Tertilt C, Krause A, Quadri LEN, Crystal RG, Worgall S. Influence of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator on expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in dendritic cells. Respir Res 2009; 10:26. [PMID: 19344509 PMCID: PMC2683168 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Infections of the respiratory tract are a hallmark in CF. The host immune responses in CF are not adequate to eradicate pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa. Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial in initiation and regulation of immune responses. Changes in DC function could contribute to abnormal immune responses on multiple levels. The role of DC in CF lung disease remains unknown. Methods This study investigated the expression of CFTR gene in bone marrow-derived DC. We compared the differentiation and maturation profile of DC from CF and wild type (WT) mice. We analyzed the gene expression levels in DC from naive CF and WT mice or following P. aeruginosa infection. Results CFTR is expressed in DC with lower level compared to lung tissue. DC from CF mice showed a delayed in the early phase of differentiation. Gene expression analysis in DC generated from naive CF and WT mice revealed decreased expression of Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a membrane lipid raft protein, in the CF DC compared to WT DC. Consistently, protein and activity levels of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), a negative regulator of Cav1 expression, were increased in CF DC. Following exposure to P. aeruginosa, expression of 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7 reductase (Dhcr7) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 (Scd2), two enzymes involved in the lipid metabolism that are also regulated by SREBP, was less decreased in the CF DC compared to WT DC. Conclusion These results suggest that CFTR dysfunction in DC affects factors involved in membrane structure and lipid-metabolism, which may contribute to the abnormal inflammatory and immune response characteristic of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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Pashuck TD, Franz SE, Altman MK, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Wronski TJ, Flotte TR, Stalvey MS. Murine model for cystic fibrosis bone disease demonstrates osteopenia and sex-related differences in bone formation. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:311-6. [PMID: 19047917 PMCID: PMC4201032 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181961e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As the incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) bone disease is increasing, we analyzed CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) deficient mice (CF mice) to gain pathogenic insights. In these studies comparing adult (14 wk) CF and C57BL/6J mice, both bone length and total area were decreased in CF mice. Metaphyseal trabecular and cortical density were also decreased, as well as diaphyseal cortical and total density. Trabecular bone volume was diminished in CF mice. Female CF mice revealed decreased trabecular width and number compared with C57BL/6J, whereas males demonstrated no difference in trabecular number. Female CF mice had reduced mineralizing surface and bone formation rates. Conversely, male CF mice had increased mineralizing surface, mineral apposition, and bone formation rates compared with C57BL/6J males. Bone formation rate was greater in males compared with female CF mice. Smaller bones with decreased density in CF, despite absent differences in osteoblast and osteoclast surfaces, suggest CF transmembrane conductance regulator influences bone cell activity rather than number. Differences in bone formation rate in CF mice are suggestive of inadequate bone formation in females but increased bone formation in males. This proanabolic observation in male CF mice is consistent with other clinical sex differences in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D. Pashuck
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Sarah E. Franz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Molly K. Altman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Clive H. Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Thomas J. Wronski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Terence R. Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Michael S. Stalvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Trzcinska-Daneluti AM, Ly D, Huynh L, Jiang C, Fladd C, Rotin D. High-content functional screen to identify proteins that correct F508del-CFTR function. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 8:780-90. [PMID: 19088066 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800268-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis is caused by mutations in CFTR, with a deletion of a phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del-CFTR) representing the most common mutation. The F508del-CFTR protein exhibits a trafficking defect and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we describe the development of a high-content screen based on a functional assay to identify proteins that correct the F508del-CFTR defect. Using a HEK293 MSR GripTite cell line that stably expresses F508del-CFTR, we individually co-expressed approximately 450 unique proteins fused to the Cl(-)-sensitive YFP(H148Q/I152L) mutant. We then tested correction of F508del-CFTR function by the CI(-)/l(-) exchange method following stimulation with forskolin/IBMX/genistein, using quantitative recordings in multiple individual cells with a high-content (high-throughput) Cellomics KSR imaging system. Using this approach, we identified several known and novel proteins that corrected F508del-CFTR function, including STAT1, Endothelin 1, HspA4, SAPK substrate protein 1, AP2M1, LGALS3/galectin-3, Trk-fused gene, Caveolin 2, PAP/REG3alpha, and others. The ability of these correctors to rescue F508del-CFTR trafficking was then validated by demonstrating their enhancement of maturation (appearance of band C) and by cell surface expression of F508del-CFTR bearing HA tag at the ectodomain using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. These data demonstrate the utility of high-content analyses for identifying proteins that correct mutant CFTR and discover new proteins that stimulate this correction. This assay can also be utilized for RNAi screens to identify inhibitory proteins that block correction of F508del-CFTR, small molecule, and peptide screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Trzcinska-Daneluti
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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CFTR mutations impart elevated immune reactivity in a murine model of cystic fibrosis related diabetes. Cytokine 2008; 44:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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del Fresno C, Gómez-Piña V, Lores V, Soares-Schanoski A, Fernández-Ruiz I, Rojo B, Alvarez-Sala R, Caballero-Garrido E, García F, Veliz T, Arnalich F, Fuentes-Prior P, García-Río F, López-Collazo E. Monocytes from cystic fibrosis patients are locked in an LPS tolerance state: down-regulation of TREM-1 as putative underlying mechanism. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2667. [PMID: 18628981 PMCID: PMC2442190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an inherited pleiotropic disease that results from abnormalities in the gene that codes for the chloride channel, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). CF patients are frequently colonized by several pathogens, but the mechanisms that allow colonization in spite of apparently functional immune systems are incompletely understood. In this paper we show that blood peripheral monocytes isolated from CF patients are found in an endotoxin tolerance state, yet this is not due to a deficient TLR activation. On the other hand, levels of the amplifier of inflammatory responses, TREM-1 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells), are notably down-regulated in monocytes from patients, in comparison to those extracted from healthy volunteers. Furthermore, the soluble form of TREM-1 (sTREM-1) was not detected in the sera of patients. Additionally, and in strict contrast to patients who suffer from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), CF monocytes challenged ex vivo with LPS neither up-regulated membrane-anchored TREM-1 nor sTREM-1. Finally, similar levels of PGE2 expression and p65 translocation into the nucleus were found in both patients and healthy volunteers, thus suggesting that TREM-1 regulation is neither controlled by PGE2 levels nor by p65 activation in this case. However, PU.1 translocation into the nucleus was significantly higher in CF monocytes than in controls, suggesting a role for this transcription factor in the control of TREM-1 expression. We conclude that down-regulation of TREM-1 expression in cystic fibrosis patients is at least partly responsible for the endotoxin tolerance state in which their monocytes are locked.
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Wright J, Morales MM, Sousa-Menzes J, Ornellas D, Sipes J, Cui Y, Cui I, Hulamm P, Cebotaru V, Cebotaru L, Guggino WB, Guggino SE. Transcriptional adaptation to Clcn5 knockout in proximal tubules of mouse kidney. Physiol Genomics 2008; 33:341-54. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dent disease has multiple defects attributed to proximal tubule malfunction including low-molecular-weight proteinuria, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, and glycosuria. To understand the changes in kidney function of the Clc5 chloride/proton exchanger gene knockout mouse model of Dent disease, we examined gene expression profiles from proximal S1 and S2 tubules of mouse kidneys. We found many changes in gene expression not known previously to be altered in this disease. Genes involved in lipid metabolism, organ development, and organismal physiological processes had the greatest number of significantly changed transcripts. In addition, genes of catalytic activity and transporter activity also had a great number of changed transcripts. Overall, 720 genes are expressed differentially in the proximal tubules of the Dent Clcn5 knockout mouse model compared with those of control wild-type mice. The fingerprint of these gene changes may help us to understand the phenotype of Dent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Wright
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcelo M. Morales
- Instituto de Biophysica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jackson Sousa-Menzes
- Instituto de Biophysica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Ornellas
- Instituto de Biophysica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Sipes
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabelle Cui
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Phuson Hulamm
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valeriu Cebotaru
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liudmila Cebotaru
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B. Guggino
- Instituto de Biophysica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra E. Guggino
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mueller C, Torrez D, Braag S, Martino A, Clarke T, Campbell-Thompson M, Flotte TR. Partial correction of the CFTR-dependent ABPA mouse model with recombinant adeno-associated virus gene transfer of truncated CFTR gene. J Gene Med 2008; 10:51-60. [PMID: 18023072 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a model of airway inflammation in a CFTR knockout mouse utilizing Aspergillus fumigatus crude protein extract (Af-cpe) to mimic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) 1, an unusual IgE-mediated hypersensitivity syndrome seen in up to 15% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and rarely elsewhere. We hypothesized that replacement of CFTR via targeted gene delivery to airway epithelium would correct aberrant epithelial cytokine signaling and ameliorate the ABPA phenotype in CFTR-deficient (CFTR 489X - /-, FABP-hCFTR + / +) mice. CFTR knockout mice underwent intra-tracheal (IT) delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5Delta-264CFTR) or rAAV5-GFP at 2.58 x 10(12) viral genomes/mouse. All mice were then sensitized with two serial injections (200 microg) of crude Af antigen via the intra-peritoneal (IP) route. Untreated mice were sensitized without virus exposure. Challenges were performed 2 weeks after final sensitization, using a 0.25% solution containing Aspergillus fumigatus crude protein extract delivered by inhalation on three consecutive days. The rAAV5Delta-264CFTR-treated mice had lower total serum IgE levels (172513 ng/ml +/- 1312) than rAAV5-GFP controls (26 892 ng/ml +/- 3715) (p = 0.037) and non-treated, sensitized controls (24 816 +/- 4219 ng/ml). Serum IgG1 levels also were lower in mice receiving the CFTR vector. Interestingly, splenocytes from rAAV5Delta-264CFTR-treated mice secreted less IL-13, INFg, TNFa, RANTES and GM-CSF after ConA stimulation. Gene therapy with rAAV5Delta-264CFTR attenuated the hyper-IgE response in this reproducible CF mouse model of ABPA, with systemic effects also evident in the cytokine response of stimulated splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Andersson C, Zaman MM, Jones AB, Freedman SD. Alterations in immune response and PPAR/LXR regulation in cystic fibrosis macrophages. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7:68-78. [PMID: 17889625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response in epithelial cells and macrophages. In CF mice, lung inflammation can be abrogated by oral treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Since PPARs and LXRs are important regulators of inflammation and fatty acid metabolism in macrophages, we hypothesized that these pathways are dysregulated in CF macrophages and are corrected with DHA treatment. METHODS Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from wild type and cftr(-/-) mice. LPS induced cytokine secretion and NFkappaB activity were analyzed with and without oral DHA treatment. The expression and activity of PPARalpha,gamma, delta and LXRalpha were analyzed by RT-PCR and EMSA. RESULTS LPS induced TNFalpha and IL-6 secretion and NFkappaB p65 activity were increased in CF macrophages. This was associated with low basal PPARgamma expression and attenuated LPS induced induction of PPARdelta, LXRalpha and ABCA1. DHA pretreatment in vivo decreased TNFalpha secretion and p65 activity, and increased PPARalpha and gamma expression and function. The effects of DHA could be reproduced by PPAR agonists and blocked by a PPARalpha antagonist. CONCLUSION Impaired regulation of nuclear receptors may contribute to the abnormal LPS induced signaling in CF macrophages and is reversed by DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston 02215, MA, United States
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Young FD, Newbigging S, Choi C, Keet M, Kent G, Rozmahel RF. Amelioration of cystic fibrosis intestinal mucous disease in mice by restoration of mCLCA3. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1928-37. [PMID: 18054564 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mice deficient of the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) exhibit severe intestinal lesions, particularly mucous overproduction/secretion and accumulation, which is similar to meconium ileus in CF patients. Moreover, severity of the intestinal disease in CF mice is strongly influenced by genetic modifiers, and CFTR deficiency affects the expression of multiple secondary genes that may impact on the phenotype. The murine orthologue of human hCLCA1 (mCLCA3) is expressed by goblet cells and implicated in their normal function, particularly with mucus production/secretion that is exaggerated in CF; however, its influence on the CF intestinal disease, although suggested, remains unclear. METHODS To investigate the role of mCLCA3 on the CF intestinal disease in mice, its expression in this tissue has been assessed, and a CF mouse line maintaining elevated mCLCA3 levels has been developed and comprehensively characterized. RESULTS Expression of mCLCA3 is significantly reduced in CF mouse intestines, although the number of goblet cells is elevated, indicating marked reduction per cell. Importantly, correction of this deficiency results in amelioration of the mucous-based disease leading to a marked improvement of intestinal pathology and survival, although goblet cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy were augmented. This intestinal amelioration did not appear to be related to rectification of the CF electrophysiologic defect. CONCLUSIONS mCLCA3 has a role in intestinal goblet cell function that includes modification of the mucous properties and/or secretion that are altered in CF. Thus, elevation of mCLCA3 (hCLCA1) levels could provide a means to reduce intestinal mucous-based lesions in CF and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Young
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Haston CK, Cory S, Lafontaine L, Dorion G, Hallett MT. Strain-dependent pulmonary gene expression profiles of a cystic fibrosis mouse model. Physiol Genomics 2007; 25:336-45. [PMID: 16614460 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00208.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease severity is influenced by unknown genetic factors apart from the disease causative gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Previous studies have shown the C57BL/6J congenic Cftr(-/-) (B6 CF) mouse to develop a fibrotic lung disease compared with both CF mice of the BALB/c background and wild-type animals. In this report, gene expression profiling with microarrays was used to identify genes differentially expressed in the lungs of B6 and BALB CF mice compared with non-CF littermates. Seven hundred two genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified to be differentially expressed between the B6 CF and non-CF control lungs (P < 0.05), and, by Gene Ontology classification, the B6 CF response included the cell proliferation categories of DNA metabolism and mitosis. In the response of BALB mice to nonfunctional Cftr, 943 genes/ESTs were differentially expressed compared with controls. The biological processes of apoptosis and T and B cell proliferation were prominent in the gene list of the BALB CF strain. In support of this strain difference, increased T lymphocyte infiltration was evident in the lungs of BALB CF mice, through immunohistochemical staining, compared with the lungs from both B6 CF and non-CF control mice. Four hundred forty-four genes/ESTs were differentially expressed between B6 CF and BALB CF mice (P < 0.05, fold > 2), including 56 that map to previously identified linkage intervals. These results suggest that the variable severity of CF lung disease in this mouse model is controlled by multiple genetic factors, including those of an immune response.
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Abstract
The lack of functional cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the apical membranes of CF airway epithelial cells abolishes cAMP-stimulated anion transport, and bacteria, eventually including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bind to and accumulate in the mucus. Flagellin released from P. aeruginosa triggers airway epithelial Toll-like receptor 5 and subsequent NF-kappaB signaling and production and release of proinflammatory cytokines that recruit neutrophils to the infected region. This response has been termed hyperinflammatory because so many neutrophils accumulate; a response that damages CF lung tissue. We first review the contradictory data both for and against the idea that epithelial cells exhibit larger-than-normal proinflammatory signaling in CF compared with non-CF cells and then review proposals that might explain how reduced CFTR function could activate such proinflammatory signaling. It is concluded that apparent exaggerated innate immune response of CF airway epithelial cells may have resulted not from direct effects of CFTR on cellular signaling or inflammatory mediator production but from indirect effects resulting from the absence of CFTRs apical membrane channel function. Thus, loss of Cl-, HCO3-, and glutathione secretion may lead to reduced volume and increased acidification and oxidation of the airway surface liquid. These changes concentrate proinflammatory mediators, reduce mucociliary clearance of bacteria and subsequently activate cellular signaling. Loss of apical CFTR will also hyperpolarize basolateral membrane potentials, potentially leading to increases in cytosolic [Ca2+], intracellular Ca2+, and NF-kappaB signaling. This hyperinflammatory effect of CF on intracellular Ca2+ and NF-kappaB signaling would be most prominently expressed during exposure to both P. aeruginosa and also endocrine, paracrine, or nervous agonists that activate Ca2+ signaling in the airway epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry E Machen
- Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, 231 LSA, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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36
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Ollero M, Brouillard F, Edelman A. Cystic fibrosis enters the proteomics scene: New answers to old questions. Proteomics 2006; 6:4084-99. [PMID: 16791827 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery in 1989 of the gene encoding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and its mutation as the primary cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), generated an optimistic reaction with respect to the development of potential therapies. This extraordinary milestone, however, represented only the initial key step in a long path. Many of the mechanisms that govern the pathogenesis of CF, the most commonly inherited lethal pulmonary disorder in Caucasians, remain even today unknown. As a continuation to genomic research, proteomics now offers the unique advantage to examine global alterations in the protein expression patterns of CF cells and tissues. The systematic use of this approach will probably provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in CF dysfunctions, and should ultimately result in the finding of new prognostic markers, and in the generation of new therapies. In this article we review the current status of proteomic research applied to the study of CF, including CFTR-related interactomics, and evaluate the potential of these technologies for future investigations.
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37
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Stalvey MS, Muller C, Schatz DA, Wasserfall CH, Campbell-Thompson ML, Theriaque DW, Flotte TR, Atkinson MA. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator deficiency exacerbates islet cell dysfunction after beta-cell injury. Diabetes 2006; 55:1939-45. [PMID: 16804061 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cause of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) remains unknown, but cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations contribute directly to multiple aspects of the cystic fibrosis phenotype. We hypothesized that susceptibility to islet dysfunction in cystic fibrosis is determined by the lack of functional CFTR. To address this, glycemia was assessed in CFTR null (CFTR(-/-)), C57BL/6J, and FVB/NJ mice after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced beta-cell injury. Fasting blood glucose levels were similar among age-matched non-STZ-administered animals, but they were significantly higher in CFTR(-/-) mice 4 weeks after STZ administration (288.4 +/- 97.4, 168.4 +/- 35.9, and 188.0 +/- 42.3 mg/dl for CFTR(-/-), C57BL/6J, and FVB/NJ, respectively; P < 0.05). After intraperitoneal glucose administration, elevated blood glucose levels were also observed in STZ-administered CFTR(-/-) mice. STZ reduced islets among all strains; however, only CFTR(-/-) mice demonstrated a negative correlation between islet number and fasting blood glucose (P = 0.02). To determine whether a second alteration associated with cystic fibrosis (i.e., airway inflammation) could impact glucose control, animals were challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus. The A. fumigatus-sensitized CFTR(-/-) mice demonstrated similar fasting and stimulated glucose responses in comparison to nonsensitized animals. These studies suggest metabolic derangements in CFRD originate from an islet dysfunction inherent to the CFTR(-/-) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Stalvey
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, PO Box 100275, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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38
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Wright JM, Merlo CA, Reynolds JB, Zeitlin PL, Garcia JGN, Guggino WB, Boyle MP. Respiratory epithelial gene expression in patients with mild and severe cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:327-36. [PMID: 16614352 PMCID: PMC2643286 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0359oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having identical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator genotypes, individuals with DeltaF508 homozygous cystic fibrosis (CF) demonstrate significant variability in severity of pulmonary disease. This investigation used high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis of nasal respiratory epithelium to investigate the molecular basis of phenotypic differences in CF by (1) identifying differences in gene expression between DeltaF508 homozygotes in the most severe 20th percentile of lung disease by forced expiratory volume in 1 s and those in the most mild 20th percentile of lung disease and (2) identifying differences in gene expression between DeltaF508 homozygotes and age-matched non-CF control subjects. Microarray results from 23 participants (12 CF, 11 non-CF) met the strict quality control guidelines and were used for final data analysis. A total of 652 of the 11,867 genes identified as present in 75% of the samples were significantly differentially expressed in one of the three disease phenotypes: 30 in non-CF, 53 in mild CF, and 569 in severe CF. An analysis of genes differentially expressed by severity of CF lung disease demonstrated significant upregulation in severe CF of genes involved in protein ubiquination (P < 0.04), mitochondrial oxidoreductase activity (P < 0.01), and lipid metabolism (P < 0.03). Analysis of genes with decreased expression in patients with CF compared with control subjects demonstrated significant downregulation of genes involved in airway defense (P < 0.047) and protein metabolism (P < 0.048). This study suggests that differences in CF lung phenotype are associated with differences in expression of genes involving airway defense, protein ubiquination, and mitochondrial oxidoreductase activity and identifies specific new candidate modifiers of the CF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Wright
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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39
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Guilbault C, Novak JP, Martin P, Boghdady ML, Saeed Z, Guiot MC, Hudson TJ, Radzioch D. Distinct pattern of lung gene expression in theCftr-KO mice developing spontaneous lung disease compared with their littermate controls. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:179-93. [PMID: 16418321 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00206.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defect in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that functions as a chloride channel. Dysfunction of the CFTR protein results in salty sweat, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal obstruction, male infertility, and severe pulmonary disease. Most of the morbidity and mortality of CF patients results from pulmonary complications. Differences in susceptibility to bacterial infection and variable degree of CF lung disease among CF patients remain unexplained. Many phenotypic expressions of the disease do not directly correlate with the type of mutation in the Cftr gene. Using a unique CF mouse model that mimics aspects of human CF lung disease, we analyzed the differential gene expression pattern between the normal lungs of wild-type mice (WT) and the affected lungs of CFTR knockout mice (KO). Using microarray analysis followed by quantitation of candidate gene mRNA and protein expression, we identified many interesting genes involved in the development of CF lung disease in mice. These findings point to distinct mechanisms of gene expression regulation between mice with CF and control mice.
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40
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Tirkos S, Newbigging S, Nguyen V, Keet M, Ackerley C, Kent G, Rozmahel RF. Expression of S100A8 correlates with inflammatory lung disease in congenic mice deficient of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Respir Res 2006; 7:51. [PMID: 16571124 PMCID: PMC1456967 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is dominated by chronic inflammation with an early and inappropriate influx of neutrophils causing airway destruction. Congenic C57BL/6 CF mice develop lung inflammatory disease similar to that of patients. In contrast, lungs of congenic BALB/c CF mice remain unaffected. The basis of the neutrophil influx to the airways of CF patients and C57BL/6 mice, and its precipitating factor(s) (spontaneous or infection induced) remains unclear. Methods The lungs of 20-day old congenic C57BL/6 (before any overt signs of inflammation) and BALB/c CF mouse lines maintained in sterile environments were investigated for distinctions in the neutrophil chemokines S100A8 and S100A9 by quantitative RT-PCR and RNA in situ hybridization, that were then correlated to neutrophil numbers. Results The lungs of C57BL/6 CF mice had spontaneous and significant elevation of both neutrophil chemokines S100A8 and S100A9 and a corresponding increase in neutrophils, in the absence of detectable pathogens. In contrast, BALB/c CF mouse lungs maintained under identical conditions, had similar elevations of S100A9 expression and resident neutrophil numbers, but diverged in having normal levels of S100A8. Conclusion The results indicate early and spontaneous lung inflammation in CF mice, whose progression corresponds to increased expression of both S100A8 and S100A9, but not S100A9 alone. Moreover, since both C57BL/6 and BALB/c CF lungs were maintained under identical conditions and had similar elevations in S100A9 and neutrophils, the higher S100A8 expression in the former (or suppression in latter) is a result of secondary genetic influences rather than environment or differential infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Tirkos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph and Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Keet
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard F Rozmahel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Martis PC, Whitsett JA, Xu Y, Perl AKT, Wan H, Ikegami M. C/EBPalpha is required for lung maturation at birth. Development 2006; 133:1155-64. [PMID: 16467360 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the peripheral lung synthesize pulmonary surfactant that reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface. Lack of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lungs causes respiratory distress syndrome, a common cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. We show that C/EBPalpha plays a crucial role in the maturation of the respiratory epithelium in late gestation, being required for the production of surfactant lipids and proteins necessary for lung function. Deletion of the Cebpa gene in respiratory epithelial cells in fetal mice caused respiratory failure at birth. Structural and biochemical maturation of the lung was delayed. Normal synthesis of surfactant lipids and proteins, including SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D, ABCA3 (a lamellar body associated protein) and FAS (precursor of fatty acid synthesis) were dependent upon expression of the C/EBPalpha in respiratory epithelial cells. Deletion of the Cebpa gene caused increased expression of Tgfb2, a growth factor that inhibits lung epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Normal expression of C/EBPalpha required Titf1 and Foxa2, transcription factors that also play an important role in perinatal lung differentiation. C/EBPalpha participates in a transcriptional network that is required for the regulation of genes mediating perinatal lung maturation and surfactant homeostasis that is necessary for adaptation to air breathing at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithy C Martis
- Division of Pulmonary Biology and Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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42
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Xu Y, Liu C, Clark JC, Whitsett JA. Functional genomic responses to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and CFTR(delta508) in the lung. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11279-91. [PMID: 16455659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512072200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), a common lethal pulmonary disorder in Caucasians, is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) that disturbs fluid homeostasis and host defense in target organs. The effects of CFTR and delta508-CFTR were assessed in transgenic mice that 1) lack CFTR expression (Cftr-/-); 2) express the human delta508 CFTR (CFTR(delta508)); 3) overexpress the normal human CFTR (CFTR(tg)) in respiratory epithelial cells. Genes were selected from Affymetrix Murine Gene-Chips analysis and subjected to functional classification, k-means clustering, promoter cis-elements/modules searching, literature mining, and pathway exploring. Genomic responses to Cftr-/- were not corrected by expression of CFTR(delta508). Genes regulating host defense, inflammation, fluid and electrolyte transport were similarly altered in Cftr-/- and CFTR(delta508) mice. CFTR(delta508) induced a primary disturbance in expression of genes regulating redox and antioxidant systems. Genomic responses to CFTR(tg) were modest and were not associated with lung pathology. CFTR(tg) and CFTR(delta508) induced genes encoding heat shock proteins and other chaperones but did not activate the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. RNAs encoding proteins that directly interact with CFTR were identified in each of the CFTR mouse models, supporting the hypothesis that CFTR functions within a multiprotein complex whose members interact at the level of protein-protein interactions and gene expression. Promoters of genes influenced by CFTR shared common regulatory elements, suggesting that their co-expression may be mediated by shared regulatory mechanisms. Genes and pathways involved in the response to CFTR may be of interest as modifiers of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
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43
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Müller C, Braag SA, Herlihy JD, Wasserfall CH, Chesrown SE, Nick HS, Atkinson MA, Flotte TR. Enhanced IgE allergic response to Aspergillus fumigatus in CFTR-/- mice. J Transl Med 2006; 86:130-40. [PMID: 16424881 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into aberrant cytokine regulation in cystic fibrosis (CF), we compared the phenotypic manifestations of allergen challenge in gut-corrected CFTR-deficient mice with background-matched C57Bl6 (B6) mice. Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) antigen was used to mimic allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, a peculiar hyper-IgE syndrome with a high prevalence in CF patients. CFTR-/-, C57BL/6 and FVB/NJ mice were sensitized with Af antigen by serial intraperitoneal injections. Control mice were mock sensitized with PBS. Challenges were performed by inhalation of Af antigen aerosol. After Af antigen challenge, histologic analysis showed goblet cell hyperplasia and lymphocytic infiltration in both strains. However, total serum IgE levels were markedly elevated in CF mice. Sensitized CF mice showed a five-fold greater IgE response to sensitization as compared with B6- and FVB-sensitized controls. Additional littermate controls to fully normalize for B6-FVB admixture in the strain background confirmed the role of CFTR mutation in the hyper-IgE syndrome. Cytokine mRNA levels of IL-5 and GM-CSF in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and BAL cell differentials indicated that CFTR mutation caused a shift from an IL-5-predominant to an IL-4-predominant cytokine profile. This system models a very specific type of airway inflammation in CF and could provide insights into pathogenesis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Immunology and Transplantation and Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0296, USA
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Griesenbach U, Boyd AC. Pre-clinical and clinical endpoint assays for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2005; 4:89-100. [PMID: 15914096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The credibility and hence value of pre-clinical and clinical cystic fibrosis gene therapy studies depend on the assays used to evaluate gene transfer. Awareness of assay suitability, sensitivity and variability is therefore crucial to the design of experimental programmes. Here, we review the assays that are in use to assess the efficacy of gene transfer in pre-clinical and clinical CF gene therapy research, highlight their weaknesses and suggest possible new strategies that may help to overcome current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Griesenbach
- Department of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.
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Medjane S, Raymond B, Wu Y, Touqui L. Impact of CFTR ΔF508 mutation on prostaglandin E2production and type IIA phospholipase A2expression by pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L816-24. [PMID: 15964894 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00466.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory pulmonary response with excessive production of inflammatory mediators. We investigated here the impact of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction on prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production and type IIA secreted phospholipase A2(sPLA2-IIA) expression. We show that both resting and LPS-stimulated human respiratory epithelial cell line bearing ΔF508 mutation on CFTR (CF cells) released more PGE2than control cell line. This was accompanied by enhanced expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-2 in CF cells. PGE2release was attenuated after experimentally induced retrafficking of the ΔF508-CFTR at the plasma membrane. sPLA2-IIA expression occurred at higher levels in CF cells than in control cells and was enhanced by LPS and PGE2. Suppression of PGE2synthesis by aspirin led to an inhibition of LPS-induced sPLA2-IIA expression. Higher activation of NF-κB was observed in CF cells compared with control cells and was enhanced by LPS. However, addition of PGE2or aspirin had no effect on NF-κB activation. LPS-induced sPLA2-IIA expression was reduced by an NF-κB inhibitor. We suggest that the lack of the CFTR in the plasma membrane results in a PGE2overproduction and an enhanced sPLA2-IIA expression. This expression is upregulated by NF-κB and amplified by PGE2via a unidentified signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Medjane
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, E336, Paris, France
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Abstract
Dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation and chronic infection lead to progressive destruction of the airways in cystic fibrosis (CF). Despite considerable recent progress in therapy, the median survival of patients with CF remains around 30 years. The lipoxins are endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that are important regulators of neutrophilic inflammation. Recent data indicate that there is a pathophysiologically important defect in lipoxin-mediated anti-inflammatory activity in the CF airway, suggesting novel approaches to pathogenesis and therapy in this lethal genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45208, USA.
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Geary C, Akinbi H, Korfhagen T, Fabre JE, Boucher R, Rice W. Increased susceptibility of purinergic receptor-deficient mice to lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L890-5. [PMID: 16024720 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00428.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are expressed throughout the respiratory system in diverse cell types. The efficiency of mucus clearance in the airways, the cascade leading to tissue injury, and inflammation are modulated by autocrine/paracrine release of nucleotides and signaling by purinergic receptors. We assessed the role of purinergic receptors in innate host defense of the lung in vivo by infecting mice deficient in P2Y1, P2Y2, or both receptors with intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After P. aeruginosa challenge, all double knockout (P2Y1/P2Y2-/-) mice succumbed within 30 h of challenge, whereas 85% of the wild-type mice survived. Thirty-three percent of wild-type mice survived beyond 96 h. Single knockout mice, P2Y1-/-, or P2Y2-/-, exhibited intermediate survivals. Twenty-four hours following intratracheal instillation of a sublethal dose of P. aeruginosa, the level of total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was 1.8-fold higher in double knockout than in wild-type mice (P < 0.04). Total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids at 4 h and levels of IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in lung homogenates at 24 h postchallenge were significantly reduced in P2Y1/P2Y2-/- mice relative to wild-type mice. These findings suggest that purinergic receptors exert a protective role against infection of the lungs by P. aeruginosa by decreasing protein leak and enhancing proinflammatory cytokine response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/etiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/physiopathology
- Pseudomonas Infections/etiology
- Pseudomonas Infections/genetics
- Pseudomonas Infections/immunology
- Pseudomonas Infections/physiopathology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/deficiency
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Geary
- Division of Neonatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Zabner J, Scheetz TE, Almabrazi HG, Casavant TL, Huang J, Keshavjee S, McCray PB. CFTR DeltaF508 mutation has minimal effect on the gene expression profile of differentiated human airway epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L545-53. [PMID: 15937068 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00065.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an epithelial chloride channel regulated by phosphorylation. Most of the disease-associated morbidity is the consequence of chronic lung infection with progressive tissue destruction. As an approach to investigate the cellular effects of CFTR mutations, we used large-scale microarray hybridization to contrast the gene expression profiles of well-differentiated primary cultures of human CF and non-CF airway epithelia grown under resting culture conditions. We surveyed the expression profiles for 10 non-CF and 10 DeltaF508 homozygote samples. Of the 22,283 genes represented on the Affymetrix U133A GeneChip, we found evidence of significant changes in expression in 24 genes by two-sample t-test (P < 0.00001). A second, three-filter method of comparative analysis found no significant differences between the groups. The levels of CFTR mRNA were comparable in both groups. There were no significant differences in the gene expression patterns between male and female CF specimens. There were 18 genes with significant increases and 6 genes with decreases in CF relative to non-CF samples. Although the function of many of the differentially expressed genes is unknown, one transcript that was elevated in CF, the KCl cotransporter (KCC4), is a candidate for further study. Overall, the results indicate that CFTR dysfunction has little direct impact on airway epithelial gene expression in samples grown under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Boot RG, Bussink AP, Verhoek M, de Boer PAJ, Moorman AFM, Aerts JMFG. Marked differences in tissue-specific expression of chitinases in mouse and man. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:1283-92. [PMID: 15923370 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6547.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct chitinases have been identified in mammals: a phagocyte-specific enzyme named chitotriosidase and an acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) expressed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Increased expression of both chitinases has been observed in different pathological conditions: chitotriosidase in lysosomal lipid storage disorders like Gaucher disease and AMCase in asthmatic lung disease. Recently, it was reported that AMCase activity is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma in an induced mouse model. Inhibition of chitinase activity was found to alleviate the inflammation-driven pathology. We studied the tissue-specific expression of both chitinases in mice and compared it to the situation in man. In both species AMCase is expressed in alveolar macrophages and in the gastrointestinal tract. In mice, chitotriosidase is expressed only in the gastrointestinal tract, the tongue, fore-stomach, and Paneth cells in the small intestine, whereas in man the enzyme is expressed exclusively by professional phagocytes. This species difference seems to be mediated by distinct promoter usage. In conclusion, the pattern of expression of chitinases in the lung differs between mouse and man. The implications for the development of anti-asthma drugs with chitinases as targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf G Boot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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