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Liu L, Tang H, Wang K, Liu J, Luo N, Jin G. A three-gene signature reveals changes in the tumor immune microenvironment in the progression from NAFLD to HCC. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22295. [PMID: 38102321 PMCID: PMC10724126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most dangerous malignant tumors. The incidence rates of obesity related NAFLD and NASH are increasing year by year, and they are the main risk factors for HCC at present. Finding the mechanism of malignant transformation of NAFLD and NASH is helpful for early prevention and diagnosis. In this study, we performed differential analysis using NAFLD data, NASH data, and HCC data to identify crossover differential genes. Then, using the clinical data of TCGA, a prognostic risk prediction model of three genes (TEAD4, SOCS2, CIT) was constructed, and survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn. The prognostic model was validated using ICGC, GSE116174 and GSE54236 datasets. In addition, we assessed immune status and function in high- and low-risk populations using a prognostic model. Moreover, we assessed the expression of CIT in clinical samples and HCC cell lines and validated its role in HCC development. Our study elucidates the important role of the tumor immune microenvironment in the development of NAFLD/NASH to HCC, deepens the understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH development to HCC, and is helpful for clinical management and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nan Ning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haonan Tang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nan Ning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nan Ning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nan Ning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ningbin Luo
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nan Ning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Guanqiao Jin
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nan Ning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Rawat C, Ben-Salem S, Singh N, Chauhan G, Rabljenovic A, Vaghela V, Venkadakrishnan VB, Macdonald JD, Dahiya UR, Ghanem Y, Bachour S, Su Y, DePriest AD, Lee S, Muldong M, Kim HT, Kumari S, Valenzuela MM, Zhang D, Hu Q, Cortes Gomez E, Dehm SM, Zoubeidi A, Jamieson CAM, Nicolas M, McKenney J, Willard B, Klein EA, Magi-Galluzzi C, Stauffer SR, Liu S, Heemers HV. Prostate Cancer Progression Relies on the Mitotic Kinase Citron Kinase. Cancer Res 2023; 83:4142-4160. [PMID: 37801613 PMCID: PMC10841833 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men in Western cultures. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which prostate cancer cells divide to support tumor growth could help devise strategies to overcome treatment resistance and improve survival. Here, we identified that the mitotic AGC family protein kinase citron kinase (CIT) is a pivotal regulator of prostate cancer growth that mediates prostate cancer cell interphase progression. Increased CIT expression correlated with prostate cancer growth induction and aggressive prostate cancer progression, and CIT was overexpressed in prostate cancer compared with benign prostate tissue. CIT overexpression was controlled by an E2F2-Skp2-p27 signaling axis and conferred resistance to androgen-targeted treatment strategies. The effects of CIT relied entirely on its kinase activity. Conversely, CIT silencing inhibited the growth of cell lines and xenografts representing different stages of prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance but did not affect benign epithelial prostate cells or nonprostatic normal cells, indicating a potential therapeutic window for CIT inhibition. CIT kinase activity was identified as druggable and was potently inhibited by the multikinase inhibitor OTS-167, which decreased the proliferation of treatment-resistant prostate cancer cells and patient-derived organoids. Isolation of the in vivo CIT substrates identified proteins involved in diverse cellular functions ranging from proliferation to alternative splicing events that are enriched in treatment-resistant prostate cancer. These findings provide insights into the regulation of aggressive prostate cancer cell behavior by CIT and identify CIT as a functionally diverse and druggable driver of prostate cancer progression. SIGNIFICANCE The poorly characterized protein kinase citron kinase is a therapeutic target in prostate cancer that drives tumor growth by regulating diverse substrates, which control several hallmarks of aggressive prostate cancer progression. See related commentary by Mishra et al., p. 4008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rawat
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Salma Ben-Salem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Vishwa Vaghela
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Varadha Balaji Venkadakrishnan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Ujjwal R Dahiya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yara Ghanem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Salam Bachour
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yixue Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam D DePriest
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Dingxiao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsa, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eduardo Cortes Gomez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Marlo Nicolas
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jesse McKenney
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Eric A Klein
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Iegiani G, Di Cunto F, Pallavicini G. Inhibiting microcephaly genes as alternative to microtubule targeting agents to treat brain tumors. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:956. [PMID: 34663805 PMCID: PMC8523548 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) and gliomas are the most frequent high-grade brain tumors (HGBT) in children and adulthood, respectively. The general treatment for these tumors consists in surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite the improvement in patient survival, these therapies are only partially effective, and many patients still die. In the last decades, microtubules have emerged as interesting molecular targets for HGBT, as various microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) have been developed and tested pre-clinically and clinically with encouraging results. Nevertheless, these treatments produce relevant side effects since they target microtubules in normal as well as in cancerous cells. A possible strategy to overcome this toxicity could be to target proteins that control microtubule dynamics but are required by HGBT cells much more than in normal cell types. The genes mutated in primary hereditary microcephaly (MCPH) are ubiquitously expressed in proliferating cells, but under normal conditions are selectively required during brain development, in neural progenitors. There is evidence that MB and glioma cells share molecular profiles with progenitors of cerebellar granules and of cortical radial glia cells, in which MCPH gene functions are fundamental. Moreover, several studies indicate that MCPH genes are required for HGBT expansion. Among the 25 known MCPH genes, we focus this review on KNL1, ASPM, CENPE, CITK and KIF14, which have been found to control microtubule stability during cell division. We summarize the current knowledge about the molecular basis of their interaction with microtubules. Moreover, we will discuss data that suggest these genes are promising candidates as HGBT-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Iegiani
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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4
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Pallavicini G, Gai M, Iegiani G, Berto GE, Adrait A, Couté Y, Di Cunto F. Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome protein KIF1BP is a CITK interactor implicated in cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250902. [PMID: 34100550 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Goldberg-Shprintzen disease (GOSHS) is a rare microcephaly syndrome accompanied by intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, peripheral neuropathy and Hirschsprung disease. It is associated with recessive mutations in the gene encoding kinesin family member 1-binding protein (KIF1BP, also known as KIFBP). The encoded protein regulates axon microtubules dynamics, kinesin attachment and mitochondrial biogenesis, but it is not clear how its loss could lead to microcephaly. We identified KIF1BP in the interactome of citron kinase (CITK, also known as CIT), a protein produced by the primary hereditary microcephaly 17 (MCPH17) gene. KIF1BP and CITK interact under physiological conditions in mitotic cells. Similar to CITK, KIF1BP is enriched at the midbody ring and is required for cytokinesis. The association between KIF1BP and CITK can be influenced by CITK activity, and the two proteins may antagonize each other for their midbody localization. KIF1BP knockdown decreases microtubule stability, increases KIF23 midbody levels and impairs midbody localization of KIF14, as well as of chromosome passenger complex. These data indicate that KIF1BP is a CITK interactor involved in midbody maturation and abscission, and suggest that cytokinesis failure may contribute to the microcephaly phenotype observed in GOSHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgia Iegiani
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Gaia Elena Berto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Annie Adrait
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle (BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle (BGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin 10123, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
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Shou J, Yu C, Zhang D, Zhang Q. Overexpression of Citron Rho-Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase Associated with Poor Outcome in Bladder Cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:4173-4180. [PMID: 32368300 PMCID: PMC7196275 DOI: 10.7150/jca.43435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Citron Rho-Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase (CIT) was originally identified as a binding partner of active forms of the small GTPases Rho and Rac. This kinase participated in the regulation of cytokinesis and loss of CIT was associated with chromosomal instability. Here, we assume that CIT might be a potential prognostic biomarker for bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: The expression and prognostic significance of CIT mRNA were validated on 5 published microarray data sets, including 948 bladder cancer cases. To further confirm the results, we collected 54 non-carcinomatous human bladder tissue samples and 315 bladder cancer tissues from Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital to detect the protein level of CIT based on the immunohistochemistry analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used in survival analysis. Results: Analysis results showed that high CIT expression was associated with tumor size (p=0.0001), tumor grade (p<0.0001), smoking status (p=0.0143), TNM stage (p=0.0024), pathological tumor stage (p<0.0001) and aggressive phenotypes of bladder cancer. Independent and pooled survival analyses both indicated that overexpression of CIT was significantly associated with poor survival of bladder cancers. Conclusions: In conclusion, these findings indicated that overexpression of CIT was significantly associated with poor survival outcome in bladder cancers. CIT might serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310014, People's Republic of China
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6
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Liu Z, Yan H, Yang Y, Wei L, Xia S, Xiu Y. Down-regulation of CIT can inhibit the growth of human bladder cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109830. [PMID: 31972359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study is to examine the citron rho-interacting, serine/threonine kinase 21 (CIT) in bladder cancer. METHODS We examined CIT level in human bladder cancer tissues by immunohistochemical staining. To explore the impact of CIT on cell proliferation and apoptosis, we down-regulated its expression in two human bladder cancer cell lines, 5367 and T24. We examined cell growth in 5367 and T24. We also performed in vivo analysis using T24 cells. We further used microarray expression profiling to investigate genes differentially expressed in T24 cells with CIT down-regulated. RESULTS In 100 human samples, CIT was expressed by only 2 of 30 (6.7 %) controls in bladder tissues, whereas by 64 of 70 (91.4 %) cancer patients in tumor tissues (p < 0.001). in vitro analysis demonstrated that CIT knockdown represses cell proliferation by 50 % in both cells and colony formation (77 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 2, p = 0.001 for T24, 58 ± 3 vs. 1 ± 1, p < 0.001 for 5637). We also found CIT knockdown could induce cell cycle arrest, and promote apoptosis in both cells. Tumor-volume monitoring and live in vivo bladder cancer imaging in human xenograft model confirmed that CIT knockdown reduces tumor volume (668.4 ± 333.0 vs. 305.7 ± 170.4 mm3, p = 0.02) and weight (0.27 ± 0.15 vs. 0.57 ± 0.32 g, p = 0.02). Microarray analysis revealed that CIT may regulate cell cycle signalling pathway through various cell cycle regulators. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we provided clinical and experimental evidence that CIT may promote bladder cancer through regulation of cell cycle pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liangjun Wei
- Departments of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shunyao Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Youcheng Xiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China.
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Pallavicini G, Berto GE, Di Cunto F. Precision Revisited: Targeting Microcephaly Kinases in Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092098. [PMID: 31035417 PMCID: PMC6539168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme and medulloblastoma are the most frequent high-grade brain tumors in adults and children, respectively. Standard therapies for these cancers are mainly based on surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment occurs almost invariably in the first case, and side effects are unacceptable in the second. Therefore, the development of new, effective drugs is a very important unmet medical need. A critical requirement for developing such agents is to identify druggable targets required for the proliferation or survival of tumor cells, but not of other cell types. Under this perspective, genes mutated in congenital microcephaly represent interesting candidates. Congenital microcephaly comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders in which brain volume is reduced, in the absence or presence of variable syndromic features. Genetic studies have clarified that most microcephaly genes encode ubiquitous proteins involved in mitosis and in maintenance of genomic stability, but the effects of their inactivation are particularly strong in neural progenitors. It is therefore conceivable that the inhibition of the function of these genes may specifically affect the proliferation and survival of brain tumor cells. Microcephaly genes encode for a few kinases, including CITK, PLK4, AKT3, DYRK1A, and TRIO. In this review, we summarize the evidence indicating that the inhibition of these molecules could exert beneficial effects on different aspects of brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Gaia E Berto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Xiang XH, Yang L, Zhang X, Ma XH, Miao RC, Gu JX, Fu YN, Yao Q, Zhang JY, Liu C, Lin T, Qu K. Seven-senescence-associated gene signature predicts overall survival for Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1715-1728. [PMID: 31011256 PMCID: PMC6465944 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i14.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence is a recognized barrier for progression of chronic liver diseases to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of a cluster of genes is altered in response to environmental factors during senescence. However, it is questionable whether these genes could serve as biomarkers for HCC patients.
AIM To develop a signature of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) that predicts patients’ overall survival (OS) to improve prognosis prediction of HCC.
METHODS SAGs were identified using two senescent cell models. Univariate COX regression analysis was performed to screen the candidate genes significantly associated with OS of HCC in a discovery cohort (GSE14520) for the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator modelling. Prognostic value of this seven-gene signature was evaluated using two independent cohorts retrieved from the GEO (GSE14520) and the Cancer Genome Atlas datasets, respectively. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to compare the predictive accuracy of the seven-SAG signature and serum α-fetoprotein (AFP).
RESULTS A total of 42 SAGs were screened and seven of them, including KIF18B, CEP55, CIT, MCM7, CDC45, EZH2, and MCM5, were used to construct a prognostic formula. All seven genes were significantly downregulated in senescent cells and upregulated in HCC tissues. Survival analysis indicated that our seven-SAG signature was strongly associated with OS, especially in Asian populations, both in discovery and validation cohorts. Moreover, time-dependent ROC curve analysis suggested the seven-gene signature had a better predictive accuracy than serum AFP in predicting HCC patients’ 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS.
CONCLUSION We developed a seven-SAG signature, which could predict OS of Asian HCC patients. This risk model provides new clinical evidence for the accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Run-Chen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Xian Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Nong Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Yao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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9
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Sahin I, Kawano Y, Sklavenitis-Pistofidis R, Moschetta M, Mishima Y, Manier S, Sacco A, Carrasco R, Fonseca R, Roccaro AM, Witzig T, Ghobrial IM. Citron Rho-interacting kinase silencing causes cytokinesis failure and reduces tumor growth in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2019; 3:995-1002. [PMID: 30940634 PMCID: PMC6457230 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018028456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citron Rho-interacting serine/threonine kinase (CIT) is a serine/threonine kinase that acts as a key component of the midbody and is essential for cytokinesis. CIT has been reported to be highly expressed in some tumor tissues and to play a role in cancer proliferation; however, the significance of CIT has not been investigated in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we identified, by protein microarray and immunohistochemistry, that CIT is 1 of the upregulated proteins in the plasma cells of MM patients compared with healthy controls. Analysis of a gene expression profile data set showed that MM patients with high CIT gene expression had significantly worse overall survival compared with MM patients with low CIT gene expression. CIT silencing in MM cell lines induced cytokinesis failure and resulted in decreased MM cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. TP53 expression was found to be an independent predictor of CIT dependency, with low-TP53 cell lines exhibiting a strong dependency on CIT. This study provides the rationale for CIT being a potential therapeutic target in MM in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Sahin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Michele Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yuji Mishima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Salomon Manier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit-CREA Laboratory, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ruben Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rafael Fonseca
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; and
| | - Aldo M Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit-CREA Laboratory, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Meng D, Yu Q, Feng L, Luo M, Shao S, Huang S, Wang G, Jing X, Tong Z, Zhao X, Liu R. Citron kinase (CIT-K) promotes aggressiveness and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: preliminary study of the underlying mechanism. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:910-923. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Pallavicini G, Sgrò F, Garello F, Falcone M, Bitonto V, Berto GE, Bianchi FT, Gai M, Chiotto AM, Filippi M, Cutrin JC, Ala U, Terreno E, Turco E, Cunto FD. Inactivation of Citron Kinase Inhibits Medulloblastoma Progression by Inducing Apoptosis and Cell Senescence. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4599-4612. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Bianchi FT, Gai M, Berto GE, Di Cunto F. Of rings and spines: The multiple facets of Citron proteins in neural development. Small GTPases 2017; 11:122-130. [PMID: 29185861 PMCID: PMC7053930 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1374325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Citron protein was originally identified for its capability to specifically bind the active form of RhoA small GTPase, leading to the simplistic hypothesis that it may work as a RhoA downstream effector in actin remodeling. More than two decades later, a much more complex picture has emerged. In particular, it has become clear that in animals, and especially in mammals, the functions of the Citron gene (CIT) are intimately linked to many aspects of central nervous system (CNS) development and function, although the gene is broadly expressed. More specifically, CIT encodes two main isoforms, Citron-kinase (CIT-K) and Citron-N (CIT-N), characterized by complementary expression pattern and different functions. Moreover, in many of their activities, CIT proteins act more as upstream regulators than as downstream effectors of RhoA. Finally it has been found that, besides working through actin, CIT proteins have many crucial functional interactions with the microtubule cytoskeleton and may directly affect genome stability. In this review, we will summarize these advances and illustrate their actual or potential relevance for CNS diseases, including microcephaly and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico T Bianchi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Golzole 10, Orbassano, TO, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia E Berto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Golzole 10, Orbassano, TO, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Golzole 10, Orbassano, TO, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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13
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Gai M, Bianchi FT, Vagnoni C, Vernì F, Bonaccorsi S, Pasquero S, Berto GE, Sgrò F, Chiotto AM, Annaratone L, Sapino A, Bergo A, Landsberger N, Bond J, Huttner WB, Di Cunto F. ASPM and CITK regulate spindle orientation by affecting the dynamics of astral microtubules. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1396-1409. [PMID: 27562601 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct orientation of cell division is considered an important factor for the achievement of normal brain size, as mutations in genes that affect this process are among the leading causes of microcephaly. Abnormal spindle orientation is associated with reduction of the neuronal progenitor symmetric divisions, premature cell cycle exit, and reduced neurogenesis. This mechanism has been involved in microcephaly resulting from mutation of ASPM, the most frequently affected gene in autosomal recessive human primary microcephaly (MCPH), but it is presently unknown how ASPM regulates spindle orientation. In this report, we show that ASPM may control spindle positioning by interacting with citron kinase (CITK), a protein whose loss is also responsible for severe microcephaly in mammals. We show that the absence of CITK leads to abnormal spindle orientation in mammals and insects. In mouse cortical development, this phenotype correlates with increased production of basal progenitors. ASPM is required to recruit CITK at the spindle, and CITK overexpression rescues ASPM phenotype. ASPM and CITK affect the organization of astral microtubules (MT), and low doses of MT-stabilizing drug revert the spindle orientation phenotype produced by their knockdown. Finally, CITK regulates both astral-MT nucleation and stability. Our results provide a functional link between two established microcephaly proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico T Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiana Vagnoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia E Berto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Sgrò
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ma Chiotto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Bergo
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline Bond
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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14
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Horton JS, Wakano CT, Speck M, Stokes AJ. Two-pore channel 1 interacts with citron kinase, regulating completion of cytokinesis. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:21-9. [PMID: 25665131 PMCID: PMC4594595 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.978676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-pore channels (TPC1, 2, and 3) are recently identified endolysosmal ion channels, but remain poorly characterized. In this study, we show for the first time a role for TPC1 in cytokinesis, the final step in cell division. HEK 293 T-REx cells inducibly overexpressing TPC1 demonstrated a lack of proliferation accompanied by multinucleation and an increase in G2/M cycling cells. Increased TPC1 was associated with a concomitant accumulation of active RhoGTP and a decrease in phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC). Finally, we demonstrated a novel interaction between TPC1 and citron kinase (CIT). These results identify TPC1 as a central component of cytokinetic control, specifically during abscission, and introduce a means by which the endolysosomal system may play an active role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Horton
- a Laboratory of Experimental Medicine; John A. Burns School of Medicine ; University of Hawaii ; Honolulu , HI USA
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15
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Orgaz JL, Herraiz C, Sanz-Moreno V. Rho GTPases modulate malignant transformation of tumor cells. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e29019. [PMID: 25036871 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.29019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are involved in the acquisition of all the hallmarks of cancer, which comprise 6 biological capabilities acquired during the development of human tumors. The hallmarks include proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis programs, as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. (1) Controlling these hallmarks are genome instability and inflammation. Emerging hallmarks are reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. To give a different view to the readers, we will not be focusing on invasion, metastasis, or cytoskeletal remodeling, but we will review here how Rho GTPases contribute to other hallmarks of cancer with a special emphasis on malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Orgaz
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; New Hunt's House; Guy's Campus; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; New Hunt's House; Guy's Campus; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; New Hunt's House; Guy's Campus; King's College London; London, UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Carnovale
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570-2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Wu CC, D'Argenio D, Asgharzadeh S, Triche T. TARGETgene: a tool for identification of potential therapeutic targets in cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43305. [PMID: 22952662 PMCID: PMC3432038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast array of in silico resources and data of high throughput profiling currently available in life sciences research offer the possibility of aiding cancer gene and drug discovery process. Here we propose to take advantage of these resources to develop a tool, TARGETgene, for efficiently identifying mutation drivers, possible therapeutic targets, and drug candidates in cancer. The simple graphical user interface enables rapid, intuitive mapping and analysis at the systems level. Users can find, select, and explore identified target genes and compounds of interest (e.g., novel cancer genes and their enriched biological processes), and validate predictions using user-defined benchmark genes (e.g., target genes detected in RNAi screens) and curated cancer genes via TARGETgene. The high-level capabilities of TARGETgene are also demonstrated through two applications in this paper. The predictions in these two applications were then satisfactorily validated by several ways, including known cancer genes, results of RNAi screens, gene function annotations, and target genes of drugs that have been used or in clinical trial in cancer treatments. TARGETgene is freely available from the Biomedical Simulations Resource web site (http://bmsr.usc.edu/Software/TARGET/TARGET.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chin Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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18
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Serres MP, Kossatz U, Chi Y, Roberts JM, Malek NP, Besson A. p27(Kip1) controls cytokinesis via the regulation of citron kinase activation. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:844-58. [PMID: 22293177 DOI: 10.1172/jci60376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
p27(Kip1) (p27) acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (cyclin-CDK) activity. However, mice expressing a form of p27 that is unable to bind or inhibit cyclin-CDK complexes (p27(CK-)) have increased incidence of tumor development as compared with wild-type and p27(-/-) mice, revealing an oncogenic role for p27. Here, we identified a phenotype of multinucleation and polyploidy in p27(CK-) mice not present in p27(-/-) animals, suggesting a role for p27 in G2/M that is independent of cyclin-CDK regulation. Further analysis revealed that p27(CK-) expression caused a cytokinesis and abscission defect in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We identified the Rho effector citron kinase (citron-K) as a p27-interacting protein in vitro and in vivo and found that p27 and citron-K colocalized at the contractile ring and mid-body during telophase and cytokinesis. Moreover, overexpression of the minimal p27-binding domain of citron-K was sufficient to rescue the phenotype caused by p27(CK-). Conversely, expression of a mutant p27(CK-) unable to bind citron-K did not induce multinucleation. Finally, by binding to citron-K, p27 prevented the interaction of citron-K with its activator RhoA. Taken together, these data suggest a role for p27 during cytokinesis via the regulation of citron-K activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle P Serres
- INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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19
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Gai M, Camera P, Dema A, Bianchi F, Berto G, Scarpa E, Germena G, Di Cunto F. Citron kinase controls abscission through RhoA and anillin. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3768-78. [PMID: 21849473 PMCID: PMC3192857 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-12-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA plays a crucial role in the different stages of cytokinesis, including contractile ring formation, cleavage furrow ingression, and midbody abscission. Citron kinase (CIT-K), a protein required for cytokinesis and conserved from insects to mammals, is currently considered a cytokinesis-specific effector of active RhoA. In agreement with previous observations, we show here that, as in Drosophila cells, CIT-K is specifically required for abscission in mammalian cells. However, in contrast with the current view, we provide evidence that CIT-K is an upstream regulator rather than a downstream effector of RhoA during late cytokinesis. In addition, we show that CIT-K is capable of physically and functionally interacting with the actin-binding protein anillin. Active RhoA and anillin are displaced from the midbody in CIT-K-depleted cells, while only anillin, but not CIT-K, is affected if RhoA is inactivated in late cytokinesis. The overexpression of CIT-K and of anillin leads to abscission delay. However, the delay produced by CIT-K overexpression can be reversed by RhoA inactivation, while the delay produced by anillin overexpression is RhoA-independent. Altogether, these results indicate that CIT-K is a crucial abscission regulator that may promote midbody stability through active RhoA and anillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gai
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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20
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Yan H, Choi AJ, Lee BH, Ting AH. Identification and functional analysis of epigenetically silenced microRNAs in colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20628. [PMID: 21698188 PMCID: PMC3116843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression has been linked to the development and progression of several human cancers, and such dysregulation can result from aberrant DNA methylation. While a small number of miRNAs is known to be regulated by DNA methylation, we postulated that such epigenetic regulation is more prevalent. By combining MBD-isolated Genome Sequencing (MiGS) to evaluate genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and microarray analysis to determine miRNA expression levels, we systematically searched for candidate miRNAs regulated by DNA methylation in colorectal cancer cell lines. We found 64 miRNAs to be robustly methylated in HCT116 cells; eighteen of them were located in imprinting regions or already reported to be regulated by DNA methylation. For the remaining 46 miRNAs, expression levels of 18 were consistent with their DNA methylation status. Finally, 8 miRNAs were up-regulated by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment and identified to be novel miRNAs regulated by DNA methylation. Moreover, we demonstrated the functional relevance of these epigenetically silenced miRNAs by ectopically expressing select candidates, which resulted in inhibition of growth and migration of cancer cells. In addition to reporting these findings, our study also provides a reliable, systematic strategy to identify DNA methylation-regulated miRNAs by combining DNA methylation profiles and expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yan
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ae-jin Choi
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Byron H. Lee
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Angela H. Ting
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Turner R, Lozoya O, Wang Y, Cardinale V, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Mendel G, Wauthier E, Barbier C, Alvaro D, Reid LM. Human hepatic stem cell and maturational liver lineage biology. Hepatology 2011; 53:1035-45. [PMID: 21374667 PMCID: PMC3066046 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Livers are comprised of maturational lineages of cells beginning extrahepatically in the hepato-pancreatic common duct near the duodenum and intrahepatically in zone 1 by the portal triads. The extrahepatic stem cell niches are the peribiliary glands deep within the walls of the bile ducts; those intrahepatically are the canals of Hering in postnatal livers and that derive from ductal plates in fetal livers. Intrahepatically, there are at least eight maturational lineage stages from the stem cells in zone 1 (periportal), through the midacinar region (zone 2), to the most mature cells and apoptotic cells found pericentrally in zone 3. Those found in the biliary tree are still being defined. Parenchymal cells are closely associated with lineages of mesenchymal cells, and their maturation is coordinated. Each lineage stage consists of parenchymal and mesenchymal cell partners distinguishable by their morphology, ploidy, antigens, biochemical traits, gene expression, and ability to divide. They are governed by changes in chromatin (e.g., methylation), gradients of paracrine signals (soluble factors and insoluble extracellular matrix components), mechanical forces, and feedback loop signals derived from late lineage cells. Feedback loop signals, secreted by late lineage stage cells into bile, flow back to the periportal area and regulate the stem cells and other early lineage stage cells in mechanisms dictating the size of the liver mass. Recognition of maturational lineage biology and its regulation by these multiple mechanisms offers new understandings of liver biology, pathologies, and strategies for regenerative medicine and treatment of liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Turner
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Oswaldo Lozoya
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504
| | - Gemma Mendel
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Claire Barbier
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M. Reid
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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22
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Fu Y, Huang J, Wang KS, Zhang X, Han ZG. RNA interference targeting CITRON can significantly inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:693-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Drosophila sticky/citron kinase is a regulator of cell-cycle progression, genetically interacts with Argonaute 1 and modulates epigenetic gene silencing. Genetics 2008; 178:1311-25. [PMID: 18245345 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.082511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The sticky/citron kinase protein is a conserved regulator of cell-cycle progression from invertebrates to humans. While this kinase is essential for completion of cytokinesis, sticky/citron kinase phenotypes disrupting neurogenesis and cell differentiation suggest additional non-cell-cycle functions. However, it is not known whether these phenotypes are an indirect consequence of sticky mutant cell-cycle defects or whether they define a novel function for this kinase. We have isolated a temperature-sensitive allele of the Drosophila sticky gene and we show that sticky/citron kinase is required for histone H3-K9 methylation, HP1 localization, and heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing. sticky genetically interacts with Argonaute 1 and sticky mutants exhibit context-dependent Su(var) and E(var) activity. These observations indicate that sticky/citron kinase functions to regulate both actin-myosin-mediated cytokinesis and epigenetic gene silencing, possibly linking cell-cycle progression to heterochromatin assembly and inheritance of gene expression states.
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Wauthier E, Schmelzer E, Turner W, Zhang L, LeCluyse E, Ruiz J, Turner R, Furth M, Kubota H, Lozoya O, Barbier C, McClelland R, Yao H, Moss N, Bruce A, Ludlow J, Reid L. Hepatic Stem Cells and Hepatoblasts: Identification, Isolation, and Ex Vivo Maintenance. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 86:137-225. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Loomis RJ, Holmes DA, Elms A, Solski PA, Der CJ, Su L. Citron kinase, a RhoA effector, enhances HIV-1 virion production by modulating exocytosis. Traffic 2006; 7:1643-53. [PMID: 17118119 PMCID: PMC4420201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RhoGTPases play important roles in the regulation of protein transport and membrane recycling. Little is known, however, about how RhoGTPases affect HIV-1 virion production, which is dependent on the endosomal sorting pathway. We report that ectopic expression of citron kinase (citron-K), a RhoA effector, preferentially enhances HIV-1 virion production. Depletion of endogenous citron-K inhibits HIV-1 virion production. Citron-N, which lacks the kinase domain, also enhances HIV-1 virion production. The leucine zipper, Rho-binding and zinc finger domains of citron-N are necessary for the enhancement activity. Citron-K also enhances murine leukemia virion production and the HIV-1 late domain is not required for the citron-K-mediated enhancement. Ectopic expression of citron-K leads to the formation of cytoplasmic structures containing citron-K and HIV-1 Gag proteins. HIV-1 and citron-K cooperatively enhance acidic endosome and lysosome compartments. Finally, citron-K promotes exocytosis of microvesicles or exosomes that co-purify with HIV-1 virions. We conclude that citron-K enhances HIV-1 virion production by stimulating the endosomal compartments and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Loomis
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Derek A. Holmes
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Elms
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patricia A. Solski
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J. Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Members of the Rho family of small GTPases are crucial regulators of biological responses in eukaryotic cells, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility and cell cycle progression. In the present review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of Rho proteins in cell cycle control, highlighting the contribution of specific members of the Rho family and their downstream targets to the regulation of key elements from the core cell cycle machinery, mostly involved in the G1/S transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priam Villalonga
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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27
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XU C, WANG Z. Effect of propionate, pyruvate and β-hydroxybutyric acid on pyruvate carboxylase mRNA expression of in vitro culture bovine hepatocytes. Anim Sci J 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Sicklick JK, Li YX, Melhem A, Schmelzer E, Zdanowicz M, Huang J, Caballero M, Fair JH, Ludlow JW, McClelland RE, Reid LM, Diehl AM. Hedgehog signaling maintains resident hepatic progenitors throughout life. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G859-70. [PMID: 16322088 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00456.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling through its receptor, Patched, activates transcription of genes, including Patched, that regulate the fate of various progenitors. Although Hedgehog signaling is required for endodermal commitment and hepatogenesis, the possibility that it regulates liver turnover in adults had not been considered because mature liver epithelial cells lack Hedgehog signaling. Herein, we show that this pathway is essential throughout life for maintaining hepatic progenitors. Patched-expressing cells have been identified among endodermally lineage-restricted, murine embryonic stem cells as well as in livers of fetal and adult Ptc-lacZ mice. An adult-derived, murine hepatic progenitor cell line expresses Patched, and Hedgehog-responsive cells exist in stem cell compartments of fetal and adult human livers. In both species, manipulation of Hedgehog activity influences hepatic progenitor cell survival. Therefore, Hedgehog signaling is conserved in hepatic progenitors from fetal development through adulthood and may be a new therapeutic target in patients with liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Sicklick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Snyderman-GSRB I, Suite 1073, 595 LaSalle St., Box 3256, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Strunnikova N, Hilmer S, Flippin J, Robinson M, Hoffman E, Csaky KG. Differences in gene expression profiles in dermal fibroblasts from control and patients with age-related macular degeneration elicited by oxidative injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:781-96. [PMID: 16109308 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is still unknown but there is growing evidence that a combination of both oxidative injury and genetic factors may play a role. One particle hypothesis proposes that dysregulation of multiple genes in response to an oxidative injury could contribute to the development of AMD. While direct examination of ocular cells from AMD patients is difficult, AMD also appears to have a systemic component. Therefore, as is the case with other central nervous diseases, peripheral sites may also manifest any underlying genetic abnormalities. For the present study, biopsy-derived fibroblasts from 4 patients with the early form and 4 patients with the late form of AMD and 3 age-matched control patients were grown in culture and treated with a nonlethal dose of the oxidative stimulus menadione. Gene expression patterns were quantitatively and qualitatively examined using Human Genome U95A GeneChips (Affymetrix) and verified by real-time PCR analysis. In response to the oxidative injury 755 genes were found to be upregulated at least twofold in one of the patients groups. Cluster analysis of expression profiles detected six patterns of dysregulation initiated by oxidative injury specific for the disease groups (98 genes total). Clusters of genes dysregulated by the sublethal oxidative injury in either early and/or late AMD groups were further categorized by overrepresentation of GO "biological process" categories using Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE) software. This approach demonstrated that four major functional gene groups including inflammatory/innate immune response, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle, and proliferation were significantly overrepresented (Fisher test ranging from 0.0393 to 0.00018) in both AMD patients groups in response to the oxidative injury. Despite the small number of patients in the study, specific biological and statistical differences in gene expression profiles between control and AMD patients were identified but only in the presence of an environmental stimulus.
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Echard A, Hickson GRX, Foley E, O’Farrell PH. Terminal cytokinesis events uncovered after an RNAi screen. Curr Biol 2005; 14:1685-93. [PMID: 15380073 PMCID: PMC2899696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of animal cell cytokinesis centers on the regulation of the equatorial acto-myosin contractile ring that drives the rapid ingression of a deep cleavage furrow. However, the central part of the mitotic spindle collapses to a dense structure that impedes the furrow and keeps the daughter cells connected via an intercellular bridge. Factors involved in the formation, maintenance, and resolution of this bridge are largely unknown. Using a library of 7,216 double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) representing the conserved genes of Drosophila, we performed an RNA interference (RNAi) screen for cytokinesis genes in Schneider's S2 cells. We identified both familiar and novel genes whose inactivation induced a multi-nucleate phenotype. Using live video microscopy, we show that three genes: anillin, citron-kinase (CG10522), and soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (alpha-SNAP), are essential for the terminal (post-furrowing) events of cytokinesis. anillin RNAi caused gradual disruption of the intercellular bridge after furrowing; citron-kinase RNAi destabilized the bridge at a later stage; alpha-SNAP RNAi caused sister cells to fuse many hours later and by a different mechanism. We have shown that the stability of the intercellular bridge is essential for successful cytokinesis and have defined genes contributing to this stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Echard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-2200
- Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles R. X. Hickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-2200
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-2200
| | - Patrick H. O’Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-2200
- Correspondence:
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Shandala T, Gregory SL, Dalton HE, Smallhorn M, Saint R. Citron kinase is an essential effector of the Pbl-activated Rho signalling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2004; 131:5053-63. [PMID: 15459099 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pebble (Pbl)-activated RhoA signalling is essential for cytokinesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report that the Drosophila citron gene encodes an essential effector kinase of Pbl-RhoA signalling in vivo. Drosophila citron is expressed in proliferating tissues but is downregulated in differentiating tissues. We find that Citron can bind RhoA and that localisation of Citron to the contractile ring is dependent on the cytokinesis-specific Pbl-RhoA signalling. Phenotypic analysis of mutants showed that citron is required for cytokinesis in every tissue examined, with mutant cells exhibiting multinucleate and hyperploid phenotypes. Strong genetic interactions were observed between citron and pbl alleles and constructs. Vertebrate studies implicate at least two Rho effector kinases, Citron and Rok, in cytokinesis. By contrast, we failed to find evidence for a role for the Drosophila ortholog of Rok in cell division. We conclude that Citron plays an essential, non-redundant role in the Rho signalling pathway during Drosophila cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Shandala
- ARC Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Humbert PO, Brumby AM, Quinn LM, Richardson HE. New tricks for old dogs: unexpected roles for cell cycle regulators revealed using animal models. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16:614-22. [PMID: 15530771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies in animal models have revealed many surprises regarding the importance of key cell cycle regulators during animal development and homeostasis, underscoring the plasticity and redundancy of cell cycle circuitry within a whole-animal context. Moreover, checkpoint regulators, which are not essential for viability in yeast and cultured cells, play important roles in cell cycle control during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Humbert
- Cell cycle and cancer genetics laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
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Blumenstein L, Ahmadian MR. Models of the cooperative mechanism for Rho effector recognition: implications for RhoA-mediated effector activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:53419-26. [PMID: 15475352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409551200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated GTPases of the Rho family regulate a spectrum of functionally diverse downstream effectors, initiating a network of signal transduction pathways by interaction and activation of effector proteins. Although effectors are defined as proteins that selectively bind the GTP-bound state of the small GTPases, there have been also several indications for a nucleotide-independent binding mode. By characterizing the molecular mechanism of RhoA interaction with its effectors, we have determined the equilibrium dissociation constants of several Rho-binding domains of three different effector proteins (Rhotekin, ROCKI/ROK beta/p160ROCK, PRK1/PKNalpha where ROK is RhoA-binding kinase) for both RhoA.GDP and RhoA.GTP using fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, we have identified two novel Rho-interacting domains in ROCKI, which bind RhoA with high affinity but not Cdc42 or Rac1. Our results, together with recent structural data, support the notion of multiple effector-binding sites in RhoA and strongly indicate a cooperative binding mechanism for PRK1 and ROCKI that may be the molecular basis of Rho-mediated effector activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Blumenstein
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Atreya CD, Mohan KVK, Kulkarni S. Rubella virus and birth defects: Molecular insights into the viral teratogenesis at the cellular level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 70:431-7. [PMID: 15259032 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero rubella virus (RV) infection of a fetus can result in birth defects that are often collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In extreme cases, fetal death can occur. In spite of the availability of a safe and effective vaccine against rubella, recent worldwide estimates are that more than 100,000 infants are born with CRS annually. RECENT PROGRESS Recently, several significant findings in the field of cell biology, as well as in the RV replication and virus-cell interactions, have originated from the authors' laboratory, and other researchers have provided insights into RV teratogenesis. It has been shown that 1) an RV protein induces cell-cycle arrest by generating a subpopulation of tetraploid nuclei (i.e., 4N DNA) cells, perhaps representative of the tetraploid state following S phase in the cell cycle, due to its interaction with citron-K kinase (CK); 2) RV infection induces apoptosis in cell culture, and 3) CK functional perturbations lead to tetraploidy, followed by apoptosis, in specific cell types. CONCLUSIONS Based on several similarities between known RV-associated fetal and cellular manifestations and CK deficiency-associated phenotypes, it is reasonable to postulate that P90-CK interaction in RV-infected cells interferes with CK function and induces cell-cycle arrest following S phase in a subpopulation, perhaps representative of tetraploid stage, which could lead to subsequent apoptosis in RV infection. Taking all these observations to the fetal organogenesis level, it is plausible that P90-CK interaction could perhaps be one of the initial steps in RV infection-induced apoptosis-associated fetal birth defects in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Atreya
- Section of Viral Pathogenesis and Vaccine Adverse Reactions, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Guidotti JE, Brégerie O, Robert A, Debey P, Brechot C, Desdouets C. Liver cell polyploidization: a pivotal role for binuclear hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:19095-101. [PMID: 12626502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300982200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is a general physiological process indicative of terminal differentiation. During liver growth, this process generates the appearance of tetraploid (4n) and octoploid (8n) hepatocytes with one or two nuclei. The onset of polyploidy in the liver has been recognized for quite some time; however, the cellular mechanisms that govern it remain unknown. In this report, we observed the sequential appearance during liver growth of binuclear diploid (2 x 2n) and mononuclear 4n hepatocytes from a diploid hepatocyte population. To identify the cell cycle modifications involved in hepatocyte polyploidization, mitosis was then monitored in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Twenty percent of mononuclear 2n hepatocytes failed to undergo cytokinesis with no observable contractile movement of the ring. This process led to the formation of binuclear 2 x 2n hepatocytes. This tetraploid condition following cleavage failure did not activate the p53-dependent checkpoint in G1. In fact, binuclear hepatocytes were able to proceed through S phase, and the formation of a bipolar spindle during mitosis constituted the key step leading to the genesis of two mononuclear 4n hepatocytes. Finally, we studied the duplication and clustering of centrosomes in the binuclear hepatocyte. These cells exhibited two centrosomes in G1 that were duplicated during S phase and then clustered by pairs at opposite poles of the cell during metaphase. This event led only to mononuclear 4n progeny and maintained the tetraploidy status of hepatocytes.
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