1
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Kumar A, Laborit Labrada B, Lavallée-Bourget MH, Forest MP, Schwab M, Bellmann K, Houde V, Beauchemin N, Laplante M, Marette A. Regulation of PPARγ2 Stability and Activity by SHP-1. Mol Cell Biol 2024; 44:261-272. [PMID: 38828991 PMCID: PMC11253886 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2354959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) plays an important role in modulating glucose and lipid homeostasis. We previously suggested a potential role of SHP-1 in the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) expression and activity but the mechanisms were unexplored. PPARγ2 is the master regulator of adipogenesis, but how its activity is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation is largely unknown. Here, we found that SHP-1 binds to PPARγ2 primarily via its N-terminal SH2-domain. We confirmed the phosphorylation of PPARγ2 on tyrosine-residue 78 (Y78), which was reduced by SHP-1 in vitro resulting in decreased PPARγ2 stability. Loss of SHP-1 led to elevated, agonist-induced expression of the classical PPARγ2 targets FABP4 and CD36, concomitant with increased lipid content in cells expressing PPARγ2, an effect blunted by abrogation of PPARγ2 phosphorylation. Collectively, we discovered that SHP-1 affects the stability of PPARγ2 through dephosphorylation thereby influencing adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Beisy Laborit Labrada
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Lavallée-Bourget
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Forest
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Schwab
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kerstin Bellmann
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa Houde
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Departments of Oncology, Medicine and Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Centre de recherche de l‘Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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2
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Lee S, Kim J, Ryu HH, Jang H, Lee D, Lee S, Song JM, Lee YS, Ho Suh Y. SHP2 regulates GluA2 tyrosine phosphorylation required for AMPA receptor endocytosis and mGluR-LTD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316819121. [PMID: 38657042 PMCID: PMC11066993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316819121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications regulate the properties and abundance of synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors that mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. During long-term depression (LTD), protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) dephosphorylate tyrosine residues in the C-terminal tail of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit, which is essential for GluA2 endocytosis and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent LTD. However, as a selective downstream effector of mGluRs, the mGluR-dependent PTP responsible for GluA2 tyrosine dephosphorylation remains elusive at Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 synapses. In the present study, we find that mGluR5 stimulation activates Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) by increasing phospho-Y542 levels in SHP2. Under steady-state conditions, SHP2 plays a protective role in stabilizing phospho-Y869 of GluA2 by directly interacting with GluA2 phosphorylated at Y869, without affecting GluA2 phospho-Y876 levels. Upon mGluR5 stimulation, SHP2 dephosphorylates GluA2 at Y869 and Y876, resulting in GluA2 endocytosis and mGluR-LTD. Our results establish SHP2 as a downstream effector of mGluR5 and indicate a dual action of SHP2 in regulating GluA2 tyrosine phosphorylation and function. Given the implications of mGluR5 and SHP2 in synaptic pathophysiology, we propose SHP2 as a promising therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental and autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Hanbyul Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - DoEun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Jae-man Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul03080, South Korea
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3
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Cheng Y, Ouyang W, Liu L, Tang L, Zhang Z, Yue X, Liang L, Hu J, Luo T. Molecular recognition of ITIM/ITSM domains with SHP2 and their allosteric effect. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9155-9169. [PMID: 38165855 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03923d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that is widely expressed in a variety of cells and regulates the immune response of T cells through the PD-1 pathway. However, the activation mechanism and allosteric effects of SHP2 remain unclear, hindering the development of small molecule inhibitors. For the first time, in this study, the complex structure formed by the intact PD-1 tail and SHP2 was modeled. The molecular recognition and conformational changes of inactive/active SHP2 versus ITIM/ITSM were compared based on prolonged MD simulations. The relative flexibility of the two SH2 domains during MD simulations contributes to the recruitment of ITIM/ITSM and supports the subsequent conformational change of SHP2. The binding free energy calculation shows that inactive SHP2 has a higher affinity for ITIM/ITSM than active SHP2, mainly because the former's N-SH2 refers to the α-state. In addition, a significant decrease in the contribution to the binding energy of certain residues (e.g., R32, S34, K35, T42, and K55) of conformationally transformed SHP2 contributes to the above result. These detailed changes during conformational transition will provide theoretical guidance for the molecular design of subsequent novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Breast Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingkai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinru Yue
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources, Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Breast Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
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4
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Yan X, Zhang C, Gao LX, Liu MM, Yang YT, Yu LJ, Zhou YB, Milaneh S, Zhu YL, Li J, Wang WL. Novel imidazo[1,2,4] triazole derivatives: Synthesis, fluorescence, bioactivity for SHP1. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116027. [PMID: 38128236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1) is a convergent node for oncogenic cell-signaling cascades. Consequently, SHP1 represents a potential target for drug development in cancer treatment. The development of efficient methods for rapidly tracing and modulating the SHP1 activity in complex biological systems is of considerable significance for advancing the integration of diagnosis and treatment of the related disease. Thus, we designed and synthesized a series of imidazo[1,2,4] triazole derivatives containing salicylic acid to explore novel scaffolds with inhibitory activities and good fluorescence properties for SHP1. The photophysical properties and inhibitory activities of these imidazo[1,2,4] triazole derivatives (5a-5y) against SHP1PTP were thoroughly studied from the theoretical simulation and experimental application aspects. The representative compound 5p exhibited remarkable fluorescence response (P: 0.002) with fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 0.37 and inhibitory rate of 85.21 ± 5.17% against SHP1PTP at the concentration of 100 μM. Furthermore, compound 5p showed obvious aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) effect and had high selectivity for Fe3+ ions, good anti-interference and relatively low detection limit (5.55 μM). Finally, the cellular imaging test of compound 5p also exhibited good biocompatibility and certain potential biological imaging application. This study provides a potential way to develop molecules with fluorescent properties and bioactivities for SHP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Li-Xin Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min-Min Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yu-Ting Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Li-Jie Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Slieman Milaneh
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries, Damascus, 31983, Syria
| | - Yun-Long Zhu
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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5
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Xu WQ, Qi SZ, Zhao JF, Li LP, Ding CH, Liu WS. Discovery of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyrazine derivatives as selective allosteric inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 for the treatment of KRAS G12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38258435 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2308771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The high expression or mutation of SHP2 can induce cancer, so targeting SHP2 has become a new strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, we used the previously reported SHP2 allosteric inhibitor IACS-13909 as a lead drug for structural derivation and modification, and synthesized three SHP2 inhibitors. Among them, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine derivative 4b was a highly selective SHP2 allosteric inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 3.2 nM, and its inhibitory activity was 17.75 times than that of the positive control IACS-13909. The cell proliferation experiment detected that compound 4b would markedly inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells. Interestingly, compound 4b was highly sensitive to KRASG12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H358 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.58 μM and its antiproliferative activity was 4.79 times than that of IACS-13909. Furthermore, the combination therapy of compound 4b and KRASG12C inhibitor sotorasib would play a strong synergistic effect against NCI-H358 cells. The western blot experiment detected that compound 4b markedly downregulated the phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT in NCI-H358 cells. Molecular docking study predicted that compound 4b bound to the allosteric site of SHP2 and formed H-bond interactions with key residues Thr108, Glu110, Arg111, and Phe113. In summary, this study aims to provide new ideas for the development of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors for the treatment of KRASG12C mutant non-small cell lung cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shi-Zhou Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Peng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan-Hua Ding
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Shan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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6
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Ma CH, Zhao JF, Zhang XG, Ding CH, Hao HH, Ji YH, Li LP, Guo ZT, Liu WS. Discovery of ellagic acid as a competitive inhibitor of Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP2) for cancer treatment: In vitro and in silico study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127845. [PMID: 37935292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting SHP2 has become a potential cancer treatment strategy. In this study, ellagic acid was first reported as a competitive inhibitor of SHP2, with an IC50 value of 0.69 ± 0.07 μM, and its inhibitory potency was 34.86 times higher that of the positive control NSC87877. Ellagic acid also had high inhibitory activity on the SHP2-E76K and SHP2-E76A mutants, with the IC50 values of 1.55 ± 0.17 μM and 0.39 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. Besides, the IC50 values of ellagic acid on homologous proteins SHP1, PTP1B, and TCPTP were 0.93 ± 0.08 μM, 2.04 ± 0.28 μM, and 11.79 ± 0.83 μM, with selectivity of 1.35, 2.96, and 17.09 times, respectively. The CCK8 proliferation experiment exhibited that ellagic acid would inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells. It was worth noting that the combination of ellagic acid and KRASG12C inhibitor AMG510 would produce a strong synergistic effect in inhibiting NCI-H358 cells. Western blot experiment exhibited that ellagic acid would downregulate the phosphorylation levels of Erk and Akt in NCI-H358 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed the binding information between SHP2 and ellagic acid. In summary, this study provides new ideas for the development of SHP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu-Guang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan-Hua Ding
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Hui Hao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Hui Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Peng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhen-Tao Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China.
| | - Wen-Shan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health (Clinical Applied Pharmacology), Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China.
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7
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Zhang J, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Yang Z, Wang J, Chen J, Chen L, Song M, Zhang Y, Huang M, Chen S, Xiong X, Wang Y, Hao P, Horng T, Zhuang M, Zhang L, Zuo E, Bai F, Zheng J, Wang H, Fan G. THEMIS is a substrate and allosteric activator of SHP1, playing dual roles during T cell development. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:54-67. [PMID: 38177672 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
THEMIS plays an indispensable role in T cells, but its mechanism of action has remained highly controversial. Using the systematic proximity labeling methodology PEPSI, we identify THEMIS as an uncharacterized substrate for the phosphatase SHP1. Saturated mutagenesis assays and mass spectrometry analysis reveal that phosphorylation of THEMIS at the evolutionally conserved Tyr34 residue is oppositely regulated by SHP1 and the kinase LCK. Similar to THEMIS-/- mice, THEMISY34F/Y34F knock-in mice show a significant decrease in CD4 thymocytes and mature CD4 T cells, but display normal thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, the Tyr34 motif in THEMIS, when phosphorylated upon T cell antigen receptor activation, appears to act as an allosteric regulator, binding and stabilizing SHP1 in its active conformation, thus ensuring appropriate negative regulation of T cell antigen receptor signaling. However, cytokine signaling in CD8 T cells fails to elicit THEMIS Tyr34 phosphorylation, indicating both Tyr34 phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent roles of THEMIS in controlling T cell maturation and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Insititute of Materia and Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minfang Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengmiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuexue Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Piliang Hao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiffany Horng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Insititute of Materia and Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Lim S, Lee KW, Kim JY, Kim KD. Consideration of SHP-1 as a Molecular Target for Tumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:331. [PMID: 38203502 PMCID: PMC10779157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) contributes to tumorigenesis, while protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) contribute to tumor control. One of the most representative PTPs is Src homology region 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), which is associated with either an increased or decreased survival rate depending on the cancer type. Hypermethylation in the promoter region of PTPN6, the gene for the SHP-1 protein, is a representative epigenetic regulation mechanism that suppresses the expression of SHP-1 in tumor cells. SHP-1 comprises two SH2 domains (N-SH2 and C-SH2) and a catalytic PTP domain. Intramolecular interactions between the N-SH2 and PTP domains inhibit SHP-1 activity. Opening of the PTP domain by a conformational change in SHP-1 increases enzymatic activity and contributes to a tumor control phenotype by inhibiting the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) pathway. Although various compounds that increase SHP-1 activation or expression have been proposed as tumor therapeutics, except sorafenib and its derivatives, few candidates have demonstrated clinical significance. In some cancers, SHP-1 expression and activation contribute to a tumorigenic phenotype by inducing a tumor-friendly microenvironment. Therefore, developing anticancer drugs targeting SHP-1 must consider the effect of SHP-1 on both cell biological mechanisms of SHP-1 in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment according to the target cancer type. Furthermore, the use of combination therapies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Lim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Anti-Aging Bio Cell Factory—Regional Leading Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Yoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Anti-Aging Bio Cell Factory—Regional Leading Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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9
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Qu Z, Dong J, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as emerging targets for cancer immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2023:10.1111/bph.16304. [PMID: 38116815 PMCID: PMC11186978 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary strategies in cancer immunotherapy, despite remarkable success, remain constrained by inherent limitations such as suboptimal patient responses, the emergence of drug resistance, and the manifestation of pronounced adverse effects. Consequently, the need for alternative strategies for immunotherapy becomes clear. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) wield a pivotal regulatory influence over an array of essential cellular processes. Substantial research has underscored the potential in targeting PTPs to modulate the immune responses and/or regulate antigen presentation, thereby presenting a novel paradigm for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in genetic and biological validation of several PTPs as emerging targets for immunotherapy. We also highlight recent development of small molecule inhibitors and degraders targeting these PTPs as novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Schlicher L, Green LG, Romagnani A, Renner F. Small molecule inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy and associated biomarkers - the current status. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297175. [PMID: 38022587 PMCID: PMC10644399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the success of cancer immunotherapy using large molecules against immune checkpoint inhibitors, the concept of using small molecules to interfere with intracellular negative regulators of anti-tumor immune responses has emerged in recent years. The main targets for small molecule drugs currently include enzymes of negative feedback loops in signaling pathways of immune cells and proteins that promote immunosuppressive signals within the tumor microenvironment. In the adaptive immune system, negative regulators of T cell receptor signaling (MAP4K1, DGKα/ζ, CBL-B, PTPN2, PTPN22, SHP1), co-receptor signaling (CBL-B) and cytokine signaling (PTPN2) have been preclinically validated as promising targets and initial clinical trials with small molecule inhibitors are underway. To enhance innate anti-tumor immune responses, inhibitory immunomodulation of cGAS/STING has been in the focus, and inhibitors of ENPP1 and TREX1 have reached the clinic. In addition, immunosuppressive signals via adenosine can be counteracted by CD39 and CD73 inhibition, while suppression via intratumoral immunosuppressive prostaglandin E can be targeted by EP2/EP4 antagonists. Here, we present the status of the most promising small molecule drug candidates for cancer immunotherapy, all residing relatively early in development, and the potential of relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlicher
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luke G. Green
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Renner
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Lade D, Agazie YM. Targeting SHP2 with an Active Site Inhibitor Blocks Signaling and Breast Cancer Cell Phenotypes. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:418-428. [PMID: 37876496 PMCID: PMC10591299 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is an oncogenic protein for which targeted therapies are being sought. In line with this idea, we have previously reported the development of a specific active site inhibitor named CNBDA that showed effectivity in suppressing the transformation phenotypes of breast cancer cells. To improve efficacy, we introduced limited modifications to the parent compound and tested potency in vitro and under cell culture conditions. Of these modifications, removal of one of the butyric acid groups led to the production of a compound named CNBCA, which showed a 5.7-fold better potency against the SHP2 enzyme activity in vitro. In addition, CNBCA showed better selectivity to SHP2 than the control PTPs (SHP1 and PTP1B) as determined by the phosphatase assay. Furthermore, CNBCA binds and inhibits enzyme activity of full-length SHP2 in cellular contexts, downregulates SHP2 mediated signaling, and suppresses breast cancer cell phenotypes, including cell proliferation, colony formation, and mammosphere growth. These findings show that targeting SHP2 with CNBCA is effective against the cancerous properties of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaji
M. Lade
- One Medical Center Drive, Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9142, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yehenew M. Agazie
- One Medical Center Drive, Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9142, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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12
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Kumar A, Schwab M, Laborit Labrada B, Silveira MAD, Goudreault M, Fournier É, Bellmann K, Beauchemin N, Gingras AC, Bilodeau S, Laplante M, Marette A. SHP-1 phosphatase acts as a coactivator of PCK1 transcription to control gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105164. [PMID: 37595871 PMCID: PMC10504565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 (PTPN6) negatively regulates insulin signaling, but its impact on hepatic glucose metabolism and systemic glucose control remains poorly understood. Here, we use co-immunoprecipitation assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, in silico methods, and gluconeogenesis assay, and found a new mechanism whereby SHP-1 acts as a coactivator for transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) gene to increase liver gluconeogenesis. SHP-1 is recruited to the regulatory regions of the PCK1 gene and interacts with RNA polymerase II. The recruitment of SHP-1 to chromatin is dependent on its association with the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Loss of SHP-1 as well as STAT5 decrease RNA polymerase II recruitment to the PCK1 promoter and consequently PCK1 mRNA levels leading to blunted gluconeogenesis. This work highlights a novel nuclear role of SHP-1 as a key transcriptional regulator of hepatic gluconeogenesis adding a new mechanism to the repertoire of SHP-1 functions in metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Schwab
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beisy Laborit Labrada
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maruhen Amir Datsch Silveira
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marilyn Goudreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Éric Fournier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en données massives de l'Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kerstin Bellmann
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Department of Oncology, Medicine and Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche en données massives de l'Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Hong SH, Xi SY, Johns AC, Tang LC, Li A, Hum MN, Chartier CA, Jovanovic M, Shah NH. Mapping the Chemical Space of Active-Site Targeted Covalent Ligands for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200706. [PMID: 36893077 PMCID: PMC10192133 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are an important class of enzymes that modulate essential cellular processes through protein dephosphorylation and are dysregulated in various disease states. There is demand for new compounds that target the active sites of these enzymes, for use as chemical tools to dissect their biological roles or as leads for the development of new therapeutics. In this study, we explore an array of electrophiles and fragment scaffolds to investigate the required chemical parameters for covalent inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases. Our analysis juxtaposes the intrinsic electrophilicity of these compounds with their potency against several classical PTPs, revealing chemotypes that inhibit tyrosine phosphatases while minimizing excessive, potentially non-specific reactivity. We also assess sequence divergence at key residues in PTPs to explain their differential susceptibility to covalent inhibition. We anticipate that our study will inspire new strategies to develop covalent probes and inhibitors for tyrosine phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Sarah Y. Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Andrew C. Johns
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Lauren C. Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Allyson Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Madeleine N. Hum
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | | | - Marko Jovanovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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14
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Schmied L, Luu TT, Søndergaard JN, Hald SH, Meinke S, Mohammad DK, Singh SB, Mayer C, Perinetti Casoni G, Chrobok M, Schlums H, Rota G, Truong HM, Westerberg LS, Guarda G, Alici E, Wagner AK, Kadri N, Bryceson YT, Saeed MB, Höglund P. SHP-1 localization to the activating immune synapse promotes NK cell tolerance in MHC class I deficiency. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabq0752. [PMID: 37040441 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abq0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize virally infected cells and tumors. NK cell function depends on balanced signaling from activating receptors, recognizing products from tumors or viruses, and inhibitory receptors (such as KIR/Ly49), which recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. KIR/Ly49 signaling preserves tolerance to self but also conveys reactivity toward MHC-I-low target cells in a process known as NK cell education. Here, we found that NK cell tolerance and education were determined by the subcellular localization of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. In mice lacking MHC-I molecules, uneducated, self-tolerant Ly49A+ NK cells showed accumulation of SHP-1 in the activating immune synapse, where it colocalized with F-actin and the signaling adaptor protein SLP-76. Education of Ly49A+ NK cells by the MHC-I molecule H2Dd led to reduced synaptic accumulation of SHP-1, accompanied by augmented signaling from activating receptors. Education was also linked to reduced transcription of Ptpn6, which encodes SHP-1. Moreover, synaptic SHP-1 accumulation was reduced in NK cells carrying the H2Dd-educated receptor Ly49G2 but not in those carrying the noneducating receptor Ly49I. Colocalization of Ly49A and SHP-1 outside of the synapse was more frequent in educated compared with uneducated NK cells, suggesting a role for Ly49A in preventing synaptic SHP-1 accumulation in NK cell education. Thus, distinct patterning of SHP-1 in the activating NK cell synapse may determine NK cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Schmied
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thuy T Luu
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas N Søndergaard
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sophia H Hald
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil KRG-Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sunitha B Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Corinna Mayer
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Perinetti Casoni
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Chrobok
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hieu M Truong
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Greta Guarda
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Evren Alici
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge C2:66, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, Laboratory Building 5th floor, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, NEO building, Blickagången 16, S-141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge C2:66, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Gul M, Navid A, Fakhar M, Rashid S. SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase binding to c-Src kinase phosphor-dependent conformations: A comparative structural framework. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278448. [PMID: 36638102 PMCID: PMC9838854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SHP-1 is a cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase that is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. It acts as a negative regulator of numerous signaling pathways and controls multiple cellular functions involved in cancer pathogenesis. This study describes the binding preferences of SHP-1 (pY536) to c-Srcopen (pY416) and c-Srcclose (pY527) through in silico approaches. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis revealed more conformational changes in c-Srcclose upon binding to SHP-1, as compared to its active/open conformation that is stabilized by the cooperative binding of the C-SH2 domain and C-terminal tail of SHP-1 to c-Src SH2 and KD. In contrast, c-Srcclose and SHP-1 interaction is mediated by PTP domain-specific WPD-loop (WPDXGXP) and Q-loop (QTXXQYXF) binding to c-Srcclose C-terminal tail residues. The dynamic correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation for SHP-1 PTP with KD, SH3, and the C-terminal tail of c-Srcclose. In the case of the c-Srcopen-SHP-1 complex, SH3 and SH2 domains of c-Srcopen were correlated to C-SH2 and the C-terminal tail of SHP-1. Our findings reveal that SHP1-dependent c-Src activation through dephosphorylation relies on the conformational shift in the inhibitory C-terminal tail that may ease the recruitment of the N-SH2 domain to phosphotyrosine residue, resulting in the relieving of the PTP domain. Collectively, this study delineates the intermolecular interaction paradigm and underlying conformational readjustments in SHP-1 due to binding with the c-Src active and inactive state. This study will largely help in devising novel therapeutic strategies for targeting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Gul
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Navid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fakhar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Rios P, Kiani A, Köhn M. Measuring Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity Dependent on SH2 Domain-Mediated Regulation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2705:351-358. [PMID: 37668983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3393-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Src-homology-2 (SH2) domains bind selectively to phosphotyrosine (pTyr) residues located in target binding proteins; therefore, they are key elements in pTyr-mediated signaling pathways. The binding of an SH2 domain to a pTyr acts as a docking mechanism that attracts proteins into signaling hubs, and in some cases, it can also regulate the catalytic activity of signaling enzymes such as protein kinases or protein phosphatases. Therefore, compounds that selectively bind SH2 domains can be potentially used to modulate the activity of such SH2 domain-containing enzymes. This chapter describes how to measure the regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity through allosteric binding of peptides to SH2 domains, and uses human recombinant protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2) purified from bacteria as a case example. The phosphatase activity against the artificial substrate DiFMUP (6, 8-Difluoro-4-Methylumbelliferyl Phosphate) is measured over time in the presence of a peptide that selectively binds and activates SHP2 at different concentrations to determine the half maximal effective concentration (EC50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rios
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Azin Kiani
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Yuan X, Duan Y, Xiao Y, Sun K, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Ahmed Z, Moiani D, Yao J, Li H, Zhang L, Yuzhalin AE, Li P, Zhang C, Badu-Nkansah A, Saito Y, Liu X, Kuo WL, Ying H, Sun SC, Chang JC, Tainer JA, Yu D. Vitamin E Enhances Cancer Immunotherapy by Reinvigorating Dendritic Cells via Targeting Checkpoint SHP1. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1742-1759. [PMID: 35420681 PMCID: PMC9262841 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the popular use of dietary supplements during conventional cancer treatments, their impacts on the efficacies of prevalent immunotherapies, including immune-checkpoint therapy (ICT), are unknown. Surprisingly, our analyses of electronic health records revealed that ICT-treated patients with cancer who took vitamin E (VitE) had significantly improved survival. In mouse models, VitE increased ICT antitumor efficacy, which depended on dendritic cells (DC). VitE entered DCs via the SCARB1 receptor and restored tumor-associated DC functionality by directly binding to and inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1, a DC-intrinsic checkpoint. SHP1 inhibition, genetically or by VitE treatment, enhanced tumor antigen cross-presentation by DCs and DC-derived extracellular vesicles (DC-EV), triggering systemic antigen-specific T-cell antitumor immunity. Combining VitE with DC-recruiting cancer vaccines or immunogenic chemotherapies greatly boosted ICT efficacy in animals. Therefore, combining VitE supplement or SHP1-inhibited DCs/DC-EVs with DC-enrichment therapies could substantially augment T-cell antitumor immunity and enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. SIGNIFICANCE The impacts of nutritional supplements on responses to immunotherapies remain unexplored. Our study revealed that dietary vitamin E binds to and inhibits DC checkpoint SHP1 to increase antigen presentation, prime antitumor T-cell immunity, and enhance immunotherapy efficacy. VitE-treated or SHP1-silenced DCs/DC-EVs could be developed as potent immunotherapies. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1599.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yimin Duan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kai Sun
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yutao Qi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Davide Moiani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arseniy E. Yuzhalin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akosua Badu-Nkansah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yohei Saito
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xianghua Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Ling Kuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Corresponding Author: Dihua Yu, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. 6565 MD Anderson Blvd., Unit 108, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. Phone: 713-792-3636,
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18
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Ahn D, Kim J, Nam G, Zhao X, Kwon J, Hwang JY, Kim JK, Yoon SY, Chung SJ. Ethyl Gallate Dual-Targeting PTPN6 and PPARγ Shows Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Obese Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095020. [PMID: 35563411 PMCID: PMC9105384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the high correlation between type 2 diabetes and obesity with complicated conditions has led to the coinage of the term “diabesity”. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) antagonists have shown therapeutic activity for diabesity, respectively. Hence, the discovery of compounds that activate AMPK as well as antagonize PPARγ may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic agents for diabesity. In this study, the knockdown of PTPN6 activated AMPK and suppressed adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. By screening a library of 1033 natural products against PTPN6, we found ethyl gallate to be the most selective inhibitor of PTPN6 (Ki = 3.4 μM). Subsequent assay identified ethyl gallate as the best PPARγ antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM) among the hit compounds inhibiting PTPN6. Ethyl gallate upregulated glucose uptake and downregulated adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells as anticipated. These results strongly suggest that ethyl gallate, which targets both PTPN6 and PPARγ, is a potent therapeutic candidate to combat diabesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohee Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jinsoo Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Gibeom Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jihee Kwon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Ji Young Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jae Kwan Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Sun-Young Yoon
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju 62396, Korea;
| | - Sang J. Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.A.); (J.K.); (G.N.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.H.); (J.K.K.)
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7703
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19
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Mélique S, Yang C, Lesourne R. Negative times negative equals positive, THEMIS sets the rule on thymic selection and peripheral T cell responses. Biomed J 2022; 45:334-346. [PMID: 35346866 PMCID: PMC9250082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of T cells is finely controlled by a set of negative regulators of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling. However, how those negative regulators are themselves controlled to prevent ineffective TCR-mediated responses remain poorly understood. Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (THEMIS) has been characterized over a decade ago as an important player of T cell development. Although the molecular function of THEMIS has long remained puzzling and subject to controversies, latest investigations suggest that THEMIS stimulates TCR-mediated signaling by repressing the tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 which exert regulatory function on T cell activation. Recent evidences also point to a role for THEMIS in peripheral T cells beyond its role on thymic selection. Here, we present an overview of the past research on THEMIS in the context of T cell development and peripheral T cell function and discuss the possible implication of THEMIS-based mechanisms on TCR-dependent and independent signaling outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mélique
- Infinity, University of Toulouse, CNRS5051, INSERM1291, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cui Yang
- Infinity, University of Toulouse, CNRS5051, INSERM1291, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Infinity, University of Toulouse, CNRS5051, INSERM1291, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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20
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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21
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Xu X, Masubuchi T, Cai Q, Zhao Y, Hui E. Molecular features underlying differential SHP1/SHP2 binding of immune checkpoint receptors. eLife 2021; 10:74276. [PMID: 34734802 PMCID: PMC8631942 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of inhibitory receptors recruit SHP1 and/or SHP2, tandem-SH2-containing phosphatases through phosphotyrosine-based motifs immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM). Despite the similarity, these receptors exhibit differential effector binding specificities, as exemplified by the immune checkpoint receptors PD-1 and BTLA, which preferentially recruit SHP2 and SHP1, respectively. The molecular basis by which structurally similar receptors discriminate SHP1 and SHP2 is unclear. Here, we provide evidence that human PD-1 and BTLA optimally bind to SHP1 and SHP2 via a bivalent, parallel mode that involves both SH2 domains of SHP1 or SHP2. PD-1 mainly uses its ITSM to prefer SHP2 over SHP1 via their C-terminal SH2 domains (cSH2): swapping SHP1-cSH2 with SHP2-cSH2 enabled PD-1:SHP1 association in T cells. In contrast, BTLA primarily utilizes its ITIM to prefer SHP1 over SHP2 via their N-terminal SH2 domains (nSH2). The ITIM of PD-1, however, appeared to be de-emphasized due to a glycine at pY+1 position. Substitution of this glycine with alanine, a residue conserved in BTLA and several SHP1-recruiting receptors, was sufficient to induce PD-1:SHP1 interaction in T cells. Finally, structural simulation and mutagenesis screening showed that SHP1 recruitment activity exhibits a bell-shaped dependence on the molecular volume of the pY+1 residue of ITIM. Collectively, we provide a molecular interpretation of the SHP1/SHP2-binding specificities of PD-1 and BTLA, with implications for the mechanisms of a large family of therapeutically relevant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Xu
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Takeya Masubuchi
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Qixu Cai
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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22
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Hao F, Wang C, Sholy C, Cao M, Kang X. Strategy for Leukemia Treatment Targeting SHP-1,2 and SHIP. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730400. [PMID: 34490276 PMCID: PMC8417302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are modulators of cellular functions such as differentiation, metabolism, migration, and survival. PTPs antagonize tyrosine kinases by removing phosphate moieties from molecular signaling residues, thus inhibiting signal transduction. Two PTPs, SHP-1 and SHP-2 (SH2 domain-containing phosphatases 1 and 2, respectively) and another inhibitory phosphatase, SH2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP), are essential for cell function, which is reflected in the defective phenotype of mutant mice. Interestingly, SHP-1, SHP-2, and SHIP mutations are identified in many cases of human leukemia. However, the impact of these phosphatases and their mutations regarding the onset and progression of leukemia is controversial. The ambiguity of the role of these phosphatases imposes challenges on the development of targeting therapies for leukemia. This fundamental problem, confronted by the expanding investigational field of leukemia, will be addressed in this review, which will include a discussion of the molecular mechanisms of SHP-1, SHP-2, and SHIP in normal hematopoiesis and their role in leukemia. Clinical development of leukemic therapies achieved by targeting these phosphatases will be addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Christine Sholy
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Min Cao
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Xunlei Kang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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23
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Guo Y, Xu Y, Dong X, Zhang J. Cross the Undruggable Barrier, the Development of SHP2 Inhibitors: From Catalytic Site Inhibitors to Allosteric Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Institution The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine) Hangzhou 310006 P.R. China
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24
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Varone A, Amoruso C, Monti M, Patheja M, Greco A, Auletta L, Zannetti A, Corda D. The phosphatase Shp1 interacts with and dephosphorylates cortactin to inhibit invadopodia function. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:64. [PMID: 34088320 PMCID: PMC8176763 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invadopodia are actin-based cell-membrane protrusions associated with the extracellular matrix degradation accompanying cancer invasion. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms leading to invadopodia formation and activity is central for the prevention of tumor spreading and growth. Protein tyrosine kinases such as Src are known to regulate invadopodia assembly, little is however known on the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in this process. Among these enzymes, we have selected the tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 to investigate its potential role in invadopodia assembly, due to its involvement in cancer development. METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies were employed to identify novel substrate/s of Shp1AQ controlling invadopodia activity. The phosphorylation level of cortactin, the Shp1 substrate identified in this study, was assessed by immunoprecipitation, in vitro phosphatase and western blot assays. Short interference RNA and a catalytically-dead mutant of Shp1 expressed in A375MM melanoma cells were used to evaluate the role of the specific Shp1-mediated dephosphorylation of cortactin. The anti-invasive proprieties of glycerophosphoinositol, that directly binds and regulates Shp1, were investigated by extracellular matrix degradation assays and in vivo mouse model of metastasis. RESULTS The data show that Shp1 was recruited to invadopodia and promoted the dephosphorylation of cortactin at tyrosine 421, leading to an attenuated capacity of melanoma cancer cells to degrade the extracellular matrix. Controls included the use of short interference RNA and catalytically-dead mutant that prevented the dephosphorylation of cortactin and hence the decrease the extracellular matrix degradation by melanoma cells. In addition, the phosphoinositide metabolite glycerophosphoinositol facilitated the localization of Shp1 at invadopodia hence promoting cortactin dephosphorylation. This impaired invadopodia function and tumor dissemination both in vitro and in an in vivo model of melanomas. CONCLUSION The main finding here reported is that cortactin is a specific substrate of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 and that its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation affects invadopodia formation and, as a consequence, the ability of melanoma cells to invade the extracellular matrix. Shp1 can thus be considered as a regulator of melanoma cell invasiveness and a potential target for antimetastatic drugs. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Varone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Amoruso
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Monti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Manpreet Patheja
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Greco
- Interdipartimental Center of Veterinary Radiology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via Tommaso De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Auletta
- IRCCS SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80142 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via Tommaso De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy
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25
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Clemens L, Kutuzov M, Bayer KV, Goyette J, Allard J, Dushek O. Determination of the molecular reach of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Biophys J 2021; 120:2054-2066. [PMID: 33781765 PMCID: PMC8204385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune receptors signal by recruiting (or tethering) enzymes to their cytoplasmic tails to catalyze reactions on substrates within reach. This is the case for the phosphatase SHP-1, which, upon tethering to inhibitory receptors, dephosphorylates diverse substrates to control T cell activation. Precisely how tethering regulates SHP-1 activity is incompletely understood. Here, we measure binding, catalysis, and molecular reach for tethered SHP-1 reactions. We determine the molecular reach of SHP-1 to be 13.0 nm, which is longer than the estimate from the allosterically active structure (5.3 nm), suggesting that SHP-1 can achieve a longer reach by exploring multiple active conformations. Using modeling, we show that when uniformly distributed, receptor-SHP-1 complexes can only reach 15% of substrates, but this increases to 90% when they are coclustered. When within reach, we show that membrane recruitment increases the activity of SHP-1 by a 1000-fold increase in local concentration. The work highlights how molecular reach regulates the activity of membrane-recruited SHP-1 with insights applicable to other membrane-tethered reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Clemens
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mikhail Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jun Allard
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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26
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Zhang H, Gao Z, Meng C, Li X, Shi D. Inhibitor Binding Sites in the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1017-1030. [PMID: 32124695 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200303130833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) has long been proposed as a cancer drug target. Several small-molecule compounds with different mechanisms of SHP-2 inhibition have been reported, but none are commercially available. Pool selectivity over protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) and a lack of cellular activity have hindered the development of selective SHP-2 inhibitors. In this review, we describe the binding modes of existing inhibitors and SHP-2 binding sites, summarize the characteristics of the sites involved in selectivity, and identify the suitable groups for interaction with the binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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27
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Du S, Lu XH, Li WY, Li LP, Ma YC, Zhou L, Wu JW, Ma Y, Wang RL. Exploring the dynamic mechanism of allosteric drug SHP099 inhibiting SHP2 E69K. Mol Divers 2021; 25:1873-1887. [PMID: 33392964 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The E69K mutation is one of the most frequent protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) mutations in leukemia, and it can cause the increase in the protein activity. Recent studies have shown that the E69K mutation was fairly sensitive to the allosteric inhibitor of SHP2 (SHP099). However, the molecular mechanism of the allosteric drug SHP099 inhibiting SHP2E69K remains unclear. Thus, the molecular dynamic simulations and the post-dynamics analyses (RMSF, PCA, DCCM, RIN and the binding free energies) for SHP2WT, SHP2WT-SHP099, SHP2E69K and SHP2E69K-SHP099 were carried out, respectively. Owing to the strong binding affinity of SHP099 to residues Thr219 and Arg220, the flexibility of linker region (residues Val209-Arg231) was reduced. Moreover, the presence of SHP099 kept the autoinhibition state of the SHP2 protein through enhancing the interactions between the linker region and Q loop in PTP domain, such as Thr219/Val490, Thr219/Asn491, Arg220/Ile488 and Leu254/Asn491. In addition, it was found that the residues (Thr219, Arg220, Leu254 and Asn491) might be the key residues responsible for the conformational changes of protein. Overall, this study may provide an important basis for understanding how the SHP099 effectively inhibited the SHP2E69K activity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin-Hua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Key Laboratory for New Drug Screening Technology of Shijiazhuang City, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, 050015, Hebei, China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Li-Peng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yang-Chun Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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28
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Crute BW, Sheraden R, Ott VL, Harley ITW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Inhibitory Receptor Trap: A Platform for Discovery of Inhibitory Receptors That Utilize Inositol Lipid and Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Effectors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592329. [PMID: 33193438 PMCID: PMC7641642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the areas of most impactful recent progress in immunology is the discovery of inhibitory receptors and the subsequent translation of this knowledge to the clinic. Although the original and canonical member of this family is FcγRIIB, more recent studies defined PD1 as an inhibitory receptor that constrains T cell immunity to tumors. These studies led to development of “checkpoint blockade” immunotherapies (CBT) for cancers in which PD1 interactions with its ligand are blocked. Unfortunately, although very effective in some patients, only a small proportion respond to this therapy. This suggests that additional as yet undescribed inhibitory receptors exist, which could be exploited. Here, we describe a new platform, termed inhibitory receptor trap (IRT), for discovery of members of this family. The approach takes advantage of the fact that many of the known inhibitory receptors mediate signaling by phospho-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) mediated recruitment of Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatases including the SH2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase SHIP1 encoded by the INPP5D gene and the SH2 domain-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatases SHP1 and SHP2 encoded by the PTPN6 and PTPN11 genes respectively. Here, we describe the IRT discovery platform in which the SH2 domains of inhibitory phosphatases are used for affinity-based isolation and subsequent identification of candidate effectors via immunoblotting and high sensitivity liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. These receptors may represent alternative targets that can be exploited for improved CBT. Salient observations from these studies include the following: SH2 domains derived from the respective phosphatases bind distinct sets of candidates from different cell types. Thus, cells of different identity and different activation states express partially distinct repertoires of up and downstream phosphatase effectors. Phosphorylated PD1 binds not only SHP2 but also SHIP1, thus the latter may be important in its inhibitory function. B cell antigen receptor signaling leads predominantly to CD79 mono-phosphorylation as indicated by much greater binding to LynSH2 than Syk(SH2)2. This balance of ITAM mono- versus bi-phosphorylation likely tunes signaling by varying activation of inhibitory (Lyn) and stimulatory (Syk) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergren W Crute
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel Sheraden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Vanessa L Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Isaac T W Harley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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Myers DR, Abram CL, Wildes D, Belwafa A, Welsh AMN, Schulze CJ, Choy TJ, Nguyen T, Omaque N, Hu Y, Singh M, Hansen R, Goldsmith MA, Quintana E, Smith JAM, Lowell CA. Shp1 Loss Enhances Macrophage Effector Function and Promotes Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576310. [PMID: 33133093 PMCID: PMC7550718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp1, encoded by the gene Ptpn6, is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that transduces inhibitory signals downstream of immunoreceptors in many immune cell types. Blocking Shp1 activity represents an exciting potential immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer, as Shp1 inhibition would be predicted to unleash both innate and adaptive immunity against tumor cells. Antibodies blocking the interaction between CD47 on tumor cells and SIRPα on macrophages enhance macrophage phagocytosis, show efficacy in preclinical tumor models, and are being evaluated in the clinic. Here we found that Shp1 bound to phosphorylated peptide sequences derived from SIRPα and transduced the anti-phagocytic signal, as Shp1 loss in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages increased phagocytosis of tumor cells in vitro. We also generated a novel mouse model to evaluate the impact of global, inducible Ptpn6 deletion on anti-tumor immunity. We found that inducible Shp1 loss drove an inflammatory disease in mice that was phenotypically similar to that seen when Ptpn6 is knocked out from birth. This indicates that acute perturbation of Shp1 in vivo could drive hyperactivation of immune cells, which could be therapeutically beneficial, though at the risk of potential toxicity. In this model, we found that Shp1 loss led to robust anti-tumor immunity against two immune-rich syngeneic tumor models that are moderately inflamed though not responsive to checkpoint inhibitors, MC38 and E0771. Shp1 loss did not promote anti-tumor activity in the non-inflamed B16F10 model. The observed activity in MC38 and E0771 tumors was likely due to effects of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Following Shp1 deletion, we observed increases in intratumoral myeloid cells in both models, which was more striking in E0771 tumors. E0771 tumors also contained an increased ratio of effector to regulatory T cells following Shp1 loss. This was not observed for MC38 tumors, though we did find increased levels of IFNγ, a cytokine produced by effector T cells, in these tumors. Overall, our preclinical data suggested that targeting Shp1 may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for boosting the immune response to cancer via a mechanism involving both innate and adaptive leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Wildes
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Amira Belwafa
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Alia M N Welsh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Tiffany J Choy
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Tram Nguyen
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Neil Omaque
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Yongmei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mallika Singh
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Rich Hansen
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Elsa Quintana
- Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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30
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Pardella E, Pranzini E, Leo A, Taddei ML, Paoli P, Raugei G. Oncogenic Tyrosine Phosphatases: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Melanoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2799. [PMID: 33003469 PMCID: PMC7599540 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a large number of therapeutic options available, malignant melanoma remains a highly fatal disease, especially in its metastatic forms. The oncogenic role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is becoming increasingly clear, paving the way for novel antitumor treatments based on their inhibition. In this review, we present the oncogenic PTPs contributing to melanoma progression and we provide, where available, a description of new inhibitory strategies designed against these enzymes and possibly useful in melanoma treatment. Considering the relevance of the immune infiltrate in supporting melanoma progression, we also focus on the role of PTPs in modulating immune cell activity, identifying interesting therapeutic options that may support the currently applied immunomodulating approaches. Collectively, this information highlights the value of going further in the development of new strategies targeting oncogenic PTPs to improve the efficacy of melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pardella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Angela Leo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Giovanni Raugei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (G.R.)
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31
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Liu WS, Yang B, Wang RR, Li WY, Ma YC, Zhou L, Du S, Ma Y, Wang RL. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridine derivatives as selective SHP2 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Varone A, Spano D, Corda D. Shp1 in Solid Cancers and Their Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:935. [PMID: 32596156 PMCID: PMC7300250 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp1 is a cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase that regulates a broad range of cellular functions and targets, modulating the flow of information from the cell membrane to the nucleus. While initially studied in the hematopoietic system, research conducted over the past years has expanded our understanding of the biological role of Shp1 to other tissues, proposing it as a novel tumor suppressor gene functionally involved in different hallmarks of cancer. The main mechanism by which Shp1 curbs cancer development and progression is the ability to attenuate and/or terminate signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Thus, alterations in Shp1 function or expression can contribute to several human diseases, particularly cancer. In cancer cells, Shp1 activity can indeed be affected by mutations or epigenetic silencing that cause failure of Shp1-mediated homeostatic maintenance. This review will discuss the current knowledge of the cellular functions controlled by Shp1 in non-hematopoietic tissues and solid tumors, the mechanisms that regulate Shp1 expression, the role of its mutation/expression status in cancer and its value as potential target for cancer treatment. In addition, we report information gathered from the public available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database on Shp1 genomic alterations and correlation with survival in solid cancers patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Varone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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33
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Yuan X, Bu H, Zhou J, Yang CY, Zhang H. Recent Advances of SHP2 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Current Development and Clinical Application. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11368-11396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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34
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Wu L, Gao A, Lei Y, Li J, Mai K, Ye J. SHP1 tyrosine phosphatase gets involved in host defense against Streptococcus agalactiae infection and BCR signaling pathway in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:562-571. [PMID: 32109611 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1), a kind of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is a critical regulator of antigen receptor signal transduction. Signal transduction of BCR is regulated by phosphatases in teleost as in mammals. In this study, SHP1 from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (OnSHP1) was identified and characterized, including the expression pattern against bacterial infection and regulation function in BCR signaling pathway. The open reading frame of OnSHP1 contains 1749 bp of nucleotide sequence, encoding a protein of 582 amino acids. The OnSHP1 protein was highly conversed compared to that of other species, including two amino-terminal SH2 domains at the N terminus and a PTP catalytic domain. Transcriptional expression analysis revealed that OnSHP1 was detected in all examined tissues and highly expressed in spleen. The up-regulated OnSHP1 expression was observed in peripheral blood, spleen and anterior kidney following challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, as well as that displayed in leukocytes stimulated with S. agalactiae or LPS in vitro. Further, after induction with mouse anti-tilapia IgM monoclonal antibody in vitro, OnSHP1 was significantly up-regulated in leukocytes. When spleen leukocytes treated with PTP Inhibitor II in vitro, the phosphorylation level of OnSHP1 at the phosphorylation sites (Y535 and Y557) and the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration were up-regulated significantly. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that SHP1 gets involved in host defense against bacterial infection and BCR signaling pathway in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yang Lei
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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35
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Varone A, Mariggiò S, Patheja M, Maione V, Varriale A, Vessichelli M, Spano D, Formiggini F, Lo Monte M, Brancati N, Frucci M, Del Vecchio P, D'Auria S, Flagiello A, Iannuzzi C, Luini A, Pucci P, Banci L, Valente C, Corda D. A signalling cascade involving receptor-activated phospholipase A 2, glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate, Shp1 and Src in the activation of cell motility. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:20. [PMID: 30823936 PMCID: PMC6396489 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shp1, a tyrosine-phosphatase-1 containing the Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain, is involved in inflammatory and immune reactions, where it regulates diverse signalling pathways, usually by limiting cell responses through dephosphorylation of target molecules. Moreover, Shp1 regulates actin dynamics. One Shp1 target is Src, which controls many cellular functions including actin dynamics. Src has been previously shown to be activated by a signalling cascade initiated by the cytosolic-phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) metabolite glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate (GroPIns4P), which enhances actin polymerisation and motility. While the signalling cascade downstream Src has been fully defined, the mechanism by which GroPIns4P activates Src remains unknown. Methods Affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation studies were employed to identify the GroPIns4P-interactors; among these Shp1 was selected for further analysis. The specific Shp1 residues interacting with GroPIns4P were revealed by NMR and validated by site-directed mutagenesis and biophysical methods such as circular dichroism, isothermal calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and computational modelling. Morphological and motility assays were performed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Results We find that Shp1 is the direct cellular target of GroPIns4P. GroPIns4P directly binds to the Shp1-SH2 domain region (with the crucial residues being Ser 118, Arg 138 and Ser 140) and thereby promotes the association between Shp1 and Src, and the dephosphorylation of the Src-inhibitory phosphotyrosine in position 530, resulting in Src activation. As a consequence, fibroblast cells exposed to GroPIns4P show significantly enhanced wound healing capability, indicating that GroPIns4P has a stimulatory role to activate fibroblast migration. GroPIns4P is produced by cPLA2 upon stimulation by diverse receptors, including the EGF receptor. Indeed, endogenously-produced GroPIns4P was shown to mediate the EGF-induced cell motility. Conclusions This study identifies a so-far undescribed mechanism of Shp1/Src modulation that promotes cell motility and that is dependent on the cPLA2 metabolite GroPIns4P. We show that GroPIns4P is required for EGF-induced fibroblast migration and that it is part of a cPLA2/GroPIns4P/Shp1/Src cascade that might have broad implications for studies of immune-inflammatory response and cancer. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0329-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Varone
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Manpreet Patheja
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maione
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Vessichelli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Formiggini
- Italian Institute of Technology, Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care at CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lo Monte
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Brancati
- Institute of High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Frucci
- Institute of High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Angela Flagiello
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Iannuzzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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36
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Ben-Shmuel A, Joseph N, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Lymphocyte mechanotransduction: The regulatory role of cytoskeletal dynamics in signaling cascades and effector functions. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1261-1273. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-267r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology; Bar-Ilan University; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Noah Joseph
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology; Bar-Ilan University; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology; Bar-Ilan University; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology; Bar-Ilan University; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Ramat-Gan Israel
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Abstract
Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (Themis) regulates T cell selection. Absence of Themis leads to severely reduced numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells, indicating a defect in T cell selection. The molecular mechanism of Themis involvement is not clear. Themis was shown to bind to Src-homology domain containing phosphatase-1 (Shp1), which is a known negative regulator of T cell receptor signaling. Here, using a very sensitive technique to measure phosphatase activity from immunoprecipitated proteins, we find that Themis positively regulates Shp1 phosphatase activity in thymocytes. Shp1 activity is reduced in the absence of Themis, thus providing an explanation for why Themis-deficient thymocytes respond more strongly to positive-selecting ligands, resulting in fewer thymocytes reaching maturity. Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (Themis) has been shown to be important for T cell selection by setting the threshold for positive versus negative selection. Themis interacts with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Src-homology domain containing phosphatase-1 (Shp1), a negative regulator of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade. However, how Themis regulates Shp1 is still not clear. Here, using a very sensitive phosphatase assay on ex vivo thymocytes, we have found that Themis enhances Shp1 phosphatase activity by increasing its phosphorylation. This positive regulation of Shp1 activity by Themis is found in thymocytes, but not in peripheral T cells. Shp1 activity is modulated by different affinity peptide MHC ligand binding in thymocytes. Themis is also associated with phosphatase activity, due to its constitutive interaction with Shp1. In the absence of Shp1 in thymocytes, Themis interacts with Shp2, which leads to almost normal thymic development in Shp1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Double deletion of both Themis and Shp1 leads to a thymic phenotype similar to that of Themis KO. These findings demonstrate unequivocally that Themis positively regulates Shp1 phosphatase activity in TCR-mediated signaling in developing thymocytes.
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Potential Regulators of STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092708. [PMID: 30208623 PMCID: PMC6164089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is a major transcription factor involved in many cellular processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death or cell apoptosis. It is activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli including cytokines and growth factors. The aberrant activation of STAT3 contributes to several human diseases, particularly cancer. Consequently, STAT3-mediated signaling continues to be extensively studied in order to identify potential targets for the development of new and more effective clinical therapeutics. STAT3 activation can be regulated, either positively or negatively, by different posttranslational mechanisms including serine or tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, acetylation, or demethylation. One of the major mechanisms that negatively regulates STAT3 activation is dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residue essential for its activation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). There are seven PTPs that have been shown to dephosphorylate STAT3 and, thereby, regulate STAT3 signaling: PTP receptor-type D (PTPRD), PTP receptor-type T (PTPRT), PTP receptor-type K (PTPRK), Src homology region 2 (SH-2) domain-containing phosphatase 1(SHP1), SH-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), MEG2/PTP non-receptor type 9 (PTPN9), and T-cell PTP (TC-PTP)/PTP non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2). These regulators have great potential as targets for the development of more effective therapies against human disease, including cancer.
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Wójcik M, Krawczyńska A, Antushevich H, Herman AP. Post-Receptor Inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT Pathway in the Growth Hormone Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1843. [PMID: 29932147 PMCID: PMC6073700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes in an organism. Determination of the correct structure and functioning of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) allowed for a more detailed research of its post-receptor regulators, which substantially influences its signal transduction. This review is focused on the description of the post-receptor inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT pathway, which is one of the most important pathways in the transduction of the somatotropic axis signal. The aim of this review is the short characterization of the main post-receptor inhibitors, such as: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) 1, 2 and 3, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS) 1, 3 and PIAS4, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) 1B and H1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1, 2 and signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α1. The equilibrium between these regulators activity and inhibition is of special concern because, as many studies showed, even slight imbalance may disrupt the GH activity causing serious diseases. The regulation of the described inhibitors expression and activity may be a point of interest for pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
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40
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express an array of germ-line encoded receptors that are capable of triggering cytotoxicity. NK cells tend to express many members of a given family of signalling molecules. The presence of many activating receptors and many members of a given family of signalling molecules can enable NK cells to detect different kinds of target cells, and to mount different kinds of responses. This contributes also to the robustness of NK cells responses; cytotoxic functions of NK cells often remain unaffected in the absence of selected signalling molecules. NK cells express many MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors. Signals from MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors tightly control NK cell cytotoxicity and, paradoxically, maintain NK cells in a state of proper responsiveness. This review provides a brief overview of the events that underlie NK cell activation, and how signals from inhibitory receptors intercept NK cell activation to prevent inappropriate triggering of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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41
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Matalon O, Ben-Shmuel A, Kivelevitz J, Sabag B, Fried S, Joseph N, Noy E, Biber G, Barda-Saad M. Actin retrograde flow controls natural killer cell response by regulating the conformation state of SHP-1. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201696264. [PMID: 29449322 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a powerful weapon against viral infections and tumor growth. Although the actin-myosin (actomyosin) cytoskeleton is crucial for a variety of cellular processes, the role of mechanotransduction, the conversion of actomyosin mechanical forces into signaling cascades, was never explored in NK cells. Here, we demonstrate that actomyosin retrograde flow (ARF) controls the immune response of primary human NK cells through a novel interaction between β-actin and the SH2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), converting its conformation state, and thereby regulating NK cell cytotoxicity. Our results identify ARF as a master regulator of the NK cell immune response. Since actin dynamics occur in multiple cellular processes, this mechanism might also regulate the activity of SHP-1 in additional cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Matalon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jessica Kivelevitz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sophia Fried
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Noah Joseph
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Elad Noy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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42
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The tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib activates SHP-1 and induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e366. [PMID: 28798401 PMCID: PMC5579508 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains difficult to treat and urgently needs new therapeutic options. Nintedanib, a multikinase inhibitor, has exhibited efficacy in early clinical trials for HER2-negative breast cancer. In this study, we examined a new molecular mechanism of nintedanib in TNBC. The results demonstrated that nintedanib enhanced TNBC cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by a reduction of p-STAT3 and its downstream proteins. STAT3 overexpression suppressed nintedanib-mediated apoptosis and further increased the activity of purified SHP-1 protein. Moreover, treatment with either a specific inhibitor of SHP-1 or SHP-1-targeted siRNA reduced the apoptotic effects of nintedanib, which validates the role of SHP-1 in nintedanib-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, nintedanib-induced apoptosis was attenuated in TNBC cells expressing SHP-1 mutants with constantly open conformations, suggesting that the autoinhibitory mechanism of SHP-1 attenuated the effects of nintedanib. Importantly, nintedanib significantly inhibited tumor growth via the SHP-1/p-STAT3 pathway. Clinically, SHP-1 levels were downregulated, whereas p-STAT3 was upregulated in tumor tissues, and SHP-1 transcripts were associated with improved disease-free survival in TNBC patients. Our findings revealed that nintedanib induces TNBC apoptosis by acting as a SHP-1 agonist, suggesting that targeting STAT3 by enhancing SHP-1 expression could be a viable therapeutic strategy against TNBC.
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43
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Abram CL, Lowell CA. Shp1 function in myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:657-675. [PMID: 28606940 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0317-105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The motheaten mouse was first described in 1975 as a model of systemic inflammation and autoimmunity, as a result of immune system dysregulation. The phenotype was later ascribed to mutations in the cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase Shp1. This phosphatase is expressed widely throughout the hematopoietic system and has been shown to impact a multitude of cell signaling pathways. The determination of which cell types contribute to the different aspects of the phenotype caused by global Shp1 loss or mutation and which pathways within these cell types are regulated by Shp1 is important to further our understanding of immune system regulation. In this review, we focus on the role of Shp1 in myeloid cells and how its dysregulation affects immune function, which can impact human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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44
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Alteration of SHP-1/p-STAT3 Signaling: A Potential Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061234. [PMID: 28594363 PMCID: PMC5486057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, has been reported as a negative regulator of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and linked to tumor development. In this present review, we will discuss the importance and function of SHP-1/p-STAT3 signaling in nonmalignant conditions as well as malignancies, its cross-talk with other pathways, the current clinical development and the potential role of inhibitors of this pathway in anticancer therapy and clinical relevance of SHP-1/p-STAT3 in cancers. Lastly, we will summarize and highlight work involving novel drugs/compounds targeting SHP-1/p-STAT3 signaling and combined strategies that were/are discovered in our and our colleagues’ laboratories.
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45
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Src-homology protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 agonist, SC-43, reduces liver fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1728. [PMID: 28496142 PMCID: PMC5431996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of src-homology protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1)–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in liver fibrogenesis and the anti-fibrotic effect of SHP-1 agonist. The antifibrotic activity of SC-43, a sorafenib derivative with an enhanced SHP-1 activity, was evaluated in two fibrosis mouse models by carbon tetrachloride induction and bile duct ligation. Rat, human, and primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were used for mechanistic investigations. The results showed that SHP-1 protein primarily localized in fibrotic areas of human and mouse livers. SC-43 treatment reduced the activated HSCs and thus effectively prevented and regressed liver fibrosis in both fibrosis mouse models and improved mouse survival. In vitro studies revealed that SC-43 promoted HSC apoptosis, increased the SHP-1 activity and inhibited phospho-STAT3. The enhanced SHP-1 activity in HSCs significantly inhibited HSC proliferation, whereas SHP-1 inhibition rescued SC-43-induced HSC apoptosis. Furthermore, SC-43 interacted with the N-SH2 domain of SHP-1 to enhance the activity of SHP-1 as its antifibrotic mechanism. In conclusion, the SHP-1–STAT3 pathway is crucial in fibrogenesis. SC-43 significantly ameliorates liver fibrosis through SHP-1 upregulation. A SHP-1-targeted antifibrotic therapy may represent a druggable strategy for antifibrotic drug discovery.
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46
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Hu MH, Chen LJ, Chen YL, Tsai MS, Shiau CW, Chao TI, Liu CY, Kao JH, Chen KF. Targeting SHP-1-STAT3 signaling: A promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65077-65089. [PMID: 29029413 PMCID: PMC5630313 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is a multiple kinase inhibitor which targets Raf kinases, VEGFR, and PDGFR and is approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we found that p-STAT3 is a major target of SC-43, a sorafenib derivative. In this study, we report that SC-43-induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) via a novel mechanism. Three CCA cell lines (HuCCT-1, KKU-100 and CGCCA) were treated with SC-43 to determine their sensitivity to SC-43-induced cell death and apoptosis. We found that SC-43 activated SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) activity, leading to p-STAT3 and downstream cyclin B1 and Cdc2 downregulation, which induced G2-M arrest and apoptotic cell death. Importantly, SC-43 augmented SHP-1 activity by direct binding to N-SH2 and relief of its autoinhibition. Deletion of the N-SH2 domain (dN1) or point mutation (D61A) of SHP-1 counteracted the effect of SC-43-induced SHP-1 phosphatase activation and antiproliferation ability in CCA cells. In vivo assay revealed that SC-43 exhibited xenograft tumor growth inhibition, p-STAT3 reduction and SHP-1 activity elevation. In conclusion, SC-43 induced apoptosis in CCA cells through the SHP-1/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-I Chao
- Transplant Medicine and Surgery Research Centre, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Hui E, Cheung J, Zhu J, Su X, Taylor MJ, Wallweber HA, Sasmal DK, Huang J, Kim JM, Mellman I, Vale RD. T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition. Science 2017; 355:1428-1433. [PMID: 28280247 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1074] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a coinhibitory receptor that suppresses T cell activation and is an important cancer immunotherapy target. Upon activation by its ligand PD-L1, PD-1 is thought to suppress signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR). By titrating PD-1 signaling in a biochemical reconstitution system, we demonstrate that the co-receptor CD28 is strongly preferred over the TCR as a target for dephosphorylation by PD-1-recruited Shp2 phosphatase. We also show that CD28, but not the TCR, is preferentially dephosphorylated in response to PD-1 activation by PD-L1 in an intact cell system. These results reveal that PD-1 suppresses T cell function primarily by inactivating CD28 signaling, suggesting that costimulatory pathways play key roles in regulating effector T cell function and responses to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeanne Cheung
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marcus J Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Heidi A Wallweber
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dibyendu K Sasmal
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeong M Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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48
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Goyette J, Salas CS, Coker-Gordon N, Bridge M, Isaacson SA, Allard J, Dushek O. Biophysical assay for tethered signaling reactions reveals tether-controlled activity for the phosphatase SHP-1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601692. [PMID: 28378014 PMCID: PMC5365251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tethered enzymatic reactions are ubiquitous in signaling networks but are poorly understood. A previously unreported mathematical analysis is established for tethered signaling reactions in surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Applying the method to the phosphatase SHP-1 interacting with a phosphorylated tether corresponding to an immune receptor cytoplasmic tail provides five biophysical/biochemical constants from a single SPR experiment: two binding rates, two catalytic rates, and a reach parameter. Tether binding increases the activity of SHP-1 by 900-fold through a binding-induced allosteric activation (20-fold) and a more significant increase in local substrate concentration (45-fold). The reach parameter indicates that this local substrate concentration is exquisitely sensitive to receptor clustering. We further show that truncation of the tether leads not only to a lower reach but also to lower binding and catalysis. This work establishes a new framework for studying tethered signaling processes and highlights the tether as a control parameter in clustered receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | | | - Marcus Bridge
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Samuel A. Isaacson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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49
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Liu C, Su J, Huang T, Chu P, Huang C, Wang W, Lee C, Lau K, Tsai W, Yang H, Shiau C, Tseng L, Chen K. Sorafenib analogue SC-60 induces apoptosis through the SHP-1/STAT3 pathway and enhances docetaxel cytotoxicity in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:266-279. [PMID: 28084011 PMCID: PMC5527447 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) needs new therapeutic targets. Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) can act as a tumor suppressor by dephosphorylating oncogenic kinases. One major target of SHP-1 is STAT3, which is highly activated in TNBC. In this study, we tested a sorafenib analogue SC-60, which lacks angiokinase inhibition activity, but acts as a SHP-1 agonist, in TNBC cells. SC-60 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis by dephosphorylating STAT3 in both a dose- and time-dependent manner in TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and HCC1937). By contrast, ectopic expression of STAT3 rescued the anticancer effect induced by SC-60. SC-60 also increased the SHP-1 activity, but this effect was inhibited when the N-SH2 domain (DN1) was deleted or with SHP-1 point mutation (D61A), implying that SHP-1 is the major target of SC-60 in TNBC. The use of SC-60 in combination with docetaxel synergized the anticancer effect induced by SC-60 through the SHP-1/STAT3 pathway in TNBC cells. Importantly, SC-60 also displayed a significant antitumor effect in an MDA-MB-468 xenograft model by modulating the SHP-1/STAT3 axis, indicating the anticancer potential of SC-60 in TNBC treatment. Targeting SHP-1/p-STAT3 and the potential combination of SHP-1 agonist with chemotherapeutic docetaxel is a feasible therapeutic strategy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Yu Liu
- Comprehensive Breast Health CenterTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
- School of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jung‐Chen Su
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical SciencesNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical BiotechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Ting Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health CenterTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Yi Chu
- Department of PathologyShow Chwan Memorial HospitalChanghuaTaiwan
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineFu‐Jen Catholic UniversityXinzhuangNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Teng Huang
- School of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Division of Hematology & OncologyDepartment of MedicineYang‐Ming Branch of Taipei City HospitalTaiwan
| | - Wan‐Lun Wang
- Department of SurgeryTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Han Lee
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Ka‐Yi Lau
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Chun Tsai
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Hsiu‐Ping Yang
- Division of Medical OncologyDepartment of OncologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical SciencesNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ling‐Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health CenterTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
- School of MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of SurgeryTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaiwan
| | - Kuen‐Feng Chen
- Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
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50
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Abstract
The immense power of the immune system is harnessed in healthy individuals by a range of negative regulatory signals and checkpoints. Manipulating these checkpoints through inhibition has resulted in striking immune-mediated clearance of otherwise untreatable tumours and metastases; unfortunately, not all patients respond to treatment with the currently available inhibitors of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Combinatorial studies using both anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 demonstrate synergistic effects of targeting multiple checkpoints, paving the way for other immune checkpoints to be targeted. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) is a widely expressed inhibitory protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). In T-cells, it is a negative regulator of antigen-dependent activation and proliferation. It is a cytosolic protein, and therefore not amenable to antibody-mediated therapies, but its role in activation and proliferation makes it an attractive target for genetic manipulation in adoptive transfer strategies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. This review will discuss the potential value of SHP-1 inhibition in future tumour immunotherapy.
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