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Drysdale A, Unsworth AJ, White SJ, Jones S. The Contribution of Vascular Proteoglycans to Atherothrombosis: Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11854. [PMID: 37511615 PMCID: PMC10380219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by endothelial and smooth muscle cells is composed of collagens and glycoproteins and plays an integral role in regulating the structure and function of the vascular wall. Alteration in the expression of these proteins is associated with endothelial dysfunction and has been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The ECM composition of atherosclerotic plaques varies depending on plaque phenotype and vulnerability, with distinct differences observed between ruptured and erodes plaques. Moreover, the thrombi on the exposed ECM are diverse in structure and composition, suggesting that the best antithrombotic approach may differ depending on plaque phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of proteoglycans in atherogenesis and thrombosis. It discusses the differential expression of the proteoglycans in different plaque phenotypes and the potential impact on platelet function and thrombosis. Finally, the review highlights the importance of this concept in developing a targeted approach to antithrombotic treatments to improve clinical outcomes in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Drysdale
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.D.); (A.J.U.)
| | - Amanda J. Unsworth
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.D.); (A.J.U.)
| | - Stephen J. White
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Sarah Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.D.); (A.J.U.)
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2
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Scuruchi M, Mannino F, Imbesi C, Pallio G, Vermiglio G, Bagnato G, Minutoli L, Bitto A, Squadrito F, Irrera N. Biglycan Involvement in Heart Fibrosis: Modulation of Adenosine 2A Receptor Improves Damage in Immortalized Cardiac Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021784. [PMID: 36675295 PMCID: PMC9866951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological feature of different cardiovascular diseases, characterized by the aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the cardiac interstitium, myofibroblast differentiation and increased fibrillar collagen deposition stimulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activation. Biglycan (BGN), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRPG) integrated within the ECM, plays a key role in matrix assembly and the phenotypic control of cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, BGN is critically involved in pathological cardiac remodeling through TGF-β binding, thus causing myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation. Adenosine receptors (ARs), and in particular A2AR, may play a key role in stimulating fibrotic damage through collagen production/deposition, as a consequence of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and AKT activation. For this reason, A2AR modulation could be a useful tool to manage cardiac fibrosis in order to reduce fibrotic scar deposition in heart tissue. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible crosstalk between A2AR and BGN modulation in an in vitro model of TGF-β-induced fibrosis. Immortalized human cardiac fibroblasts (IM-HCF) were stimulated with TGF-β at the concentration of 10 ng/mL for 24 h to induce a fibrotic phenotype. After applying the TGF-β stimulus, cells were treated with two different A2AR antagonists, Istradefylline and ZM241385, for an additional 24 h, at the concentration of 10 µM and 1 µM, respectively. Both A2AR antagonists were able to regulate the oxidative stress induced by TGF-β through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction in IM-HCFs. Moreover, collagen1a1, MMPs 3/9, BGN, caspase-1 and IL-1β gene expression was markedly decreased following A2AR antagonist treatment in TGF-β-challenged human fibroblasts. The results obtained for collagen1a1, SMAD3, α-SMA and BGN were also confirmed when protein expression was evaluated; phospho-Akt protein levels were also reduced following Istradefylline and ZM241385 use, thus suggesting that collagen production involves AKT recruited by the A2AR. These results suggest that A2AR modulation might be an effective therapeutic option to reduce the fibrotic processes involved in heart pathological remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Imbesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vermiglio
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bagnato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Dong T, Lin WZ, Zhu XH, Yuan KY, Hou LL, Huang ZW. Osteomodulin protects dental pulp stem cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:188-200. [PMID: 35781607 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are considered promising multipotent cell sources for tissue regeneration. Regulation of apoptosis and maintaining the cell homeostasis is a critical point for the application of hDPSCs. Osteomodulin (OMD), a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, was proved an important regulatory protein of hDPSCs in our previous research. Thus, the role of OMD in the apoptosis of hDPSCs was explored in this study. The expression of OMD following apoptotic induction was investigated and then the hDPSCs stably overexpressing or knocking down OMD were established by lentiviral transfection. The proportion of apoptotic cells and apoptosis-relative genes and proteins were examined with flow cytometry, Hoechst staining, Caspase 3 activity assay, qRT-PCR and western blotting. RNA-Seq analysis was used to explore possible biological function and mechanism. Results showed that the expression of OMD decreased following the apoptotic induction. Overexpression of OMD enhanced the viability of hDPSCs, decreased the activity of Caspase-3 and protected hDPSCs from apoptosis. Knockdown of OMD showed the opposite results. Mechanistically, OMD may act as a negative modulator of apoptosis via activation of the Akt/Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)/β-Catenin signaling pathway and more functional and mechanistic possibilities were revealed with RNA-Seq analysis. The present study provided evidence of OMD as a negative regulator of apoptosis in hDPSCs. Akt/GSK-3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway was involved in this process and more possible mechanism detected needed further exploration. This anti-apoptotic function of OMD provided a promising application prospect for hDPSCs in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dong
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Han Zhu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Yong Yuan
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Hou
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zheng-Wei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Predoi G, Serban AI. Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112891. [PMID: 33032084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review paper focuses on the chemistry of oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants. Oxidative stress is understood as a lack of balance between the pro-oxidant and the antioxidant species. Reactive oxygen species in limited amounts are necessary for cell homeostasis and redox signaling. Excessive reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species production, which counteracts the organism's defense systems, is known as oxidative stress. Sustained attack of endogenous and exogenous ROS results in conformational and oxidative alterations in key biomolecules. Chronic oxidative stress is associated with oxidative modifications occurring in key biomolecules: lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) adduct formation, nitration, sulfoxidation, DNA impairment such strand breaks or nucleobase oxidation. Oxidative stress is tightly linked to the development of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, eye disease. The deleterious action of reactive oxygenated species and their role in the onset and progression of pathologies are discussed. The results of oxidative attack become themselves sources of oxidative stress, becoming part of a vicious cycle that amplifies oxidative impairment. The term antioxidant refers to a compound that is able to impede or retard oxidation, acting at a lower concentration compared to that of the protected substrate. Antioxidant intervention against the radicalic lipid peroxidation can involve different mechanisms. Chain breaking antioxidants are called primary antioxidants, acting by scavenging radical species, converting them into more stable radicals or non-radical species. Secondary antioxidants quench singlet oxygen, decompose peroxides, chelate prooxidative metal ions, inhibit oxidative enzymes. Moreover, four reactivity-based lines of defense have been identified: preventative antioxidants, radical scavengers, repair antioxidants, and those relying on adaptation mechanisms. The specific mechanism of a series of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in particular aspects of oxidative stress, is detailed. The final section resumes critical conclusions regarding antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Aneta Pop
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Predoi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Turbeville HR, Johnson AC, Garrett MR, Dent EL, Sasser JM. Nitric oxide and oxidative stress pathways do not contribute to sex differences in renal injury and function in Dahl SS/Jr rats. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14440. [PMID: 32652814 PMCID: PMC7354091 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of hypertension in the United States is increasing and yields significant morbidity and mortality, and sex differences in hypertension are widely recognized. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased oxidative stress are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertensive renal injury, and but their contributions to sex differences in injury progression of are undefined. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that male hypertensive rats have accelerated renal injury compared to females and to determine the contributions of the nitric oxide pathway and oxidative stress in these differences. Male and female Dahl SS/Jr rats, a model that spontaneously develops hypertension with age, were allowed to age on a 0.3% NaCl diet until 3 or 6 months of age, at which points blood pressure was measured and plasma, tissue, and urine were collected. While no significant sex differences in blood pressure were present at either time point, renal injury measured by urine protein excretion was more severe (male = 44.9 ± 6; female = 15±3 mg/day/100 g bw, p = .0001), and renal function was reduced (male = 0.48 ± 0.02; female = 0.7 ± 0.03 ml min-1 g-1 kw, p = .001) in males compared to females with age. Both male and female rats exhibited reduced nitric oxide metabolites (3 months: male = 0.65 ± 0.1; female = 0.74 ± 0.3; 6 months: male = 0.16 ± 0.1; female = 0.41 ± 0.1 ml min-1 g-1 kw, p, age = 0.02, p, sex = 0.3). Levels of urinary TBARS were similar (3 months: male = 20±1.5; female = 23±1.8; 6 months: male = 26±4.8; female = 23±4.7µM day g-1 kw, p, age = 0.4, p, sex = 0.9), extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC SOD) mRNA was greater in females (3 months: male = 0.35 ± 0.03; female = 1.4 ± 0.2; 6 months: male = 0.4 ± 0.05; female = 1.3 ± 0.1 normalized counts, p, age = 0.7, p, sex < 0.0001), but EC SOD protein expression was not different (3 months: male = 0.01 ± 0.002; female = 0.01 ± 0.002; 6 months: male = 0.02 ± 0.004; female = 0.01 ± 0.002 relative density, p, age = 0.2, p, sex = 0.8). These data support the presence of significant sex differences in renal injury and function in the Dahl S rat and identify a need for further study into the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Turbeville
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Ashley C. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Michael R. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Elena L. Dent
- Department Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Sasser
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
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6
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Zhang R, Jin L, Zhang N, Petridis AK, Eckert T, Scheiner-Bobis G, Bergmann M, Scheidig A, Schauer R, Yan M, Wijesundera SA, Nordén B, Chatterjee BK, Siebert HC. The Sialic Acid-Dependent Nematocyst Discharge Process in Relation to Its Physical-Chemical Properties Is A Role Model for Nanomedical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tools. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E469. [PMID: 31409009 PMCID: PMC6722915 DOI: 10.3390/md17080469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulas derived from theoretical physics provide important insights about the nematocyst discharge process of Cnidaria (Hydra, jellyfishes, box-jellyfishes and sea-anemones). Our model description of the fastest process in living nature raises and answers questions related to the material properties of the cell- and tubule-walls of nematocysts including their polysialic acid (polySia) dependent target function. Since a number of tumor-cells, especially brain-tumor cells such as neuroblastoma tissues carry the polysaccharide chain polySia in similar concentration as fish eggs or fish skin, it makes sense to use these findings for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the field of nanomedicine. Therefore, the nematocyst discharge process can be considered as a bionic blue-print for future nanomedical devices in cancer diagnostics and therapies. This approach is promising because the physical background of this process can be described in a sufficient way with formulas presented here. Additionally, we discuss biophysical and biochemical experiments which will allow us to define proper boundary conditions in order to support our theoretical model approach. PolySia glycans occur in a similar density on malignant tumor cells than on the cell surfaces of Cnidarian predators and preys. The knowledge of the polySia-dependent initiation of the nematocyst discharge process in an intact nematocyte is an essential prerequisite regarding the further development of target-directed nanomedical devices for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The theoretical description as well as the computationally and experimentally derived results about the biophysical and biochemical parameters can contribute to a proper design of anti-tumor drug ejecting vessels which use a stylet-tubule system. Especially, the role of nematogalectins is of interest because these bridging proteins contribute as well as special collagen fibers to the elastic band properties. The basic concepts of the nematocyst discharge process inside the tubule cell walls of nematocysts were studied in jellyfishes and in Hydra which are ideal model organisms. Hydra has already been chosen by Alan Turing in order to figure out how the chemical basis of morphogenesis can be described in a fundamental way. This encouraged us to discuss the action of nematocysts in relation to morphological aspects and material requirements. Using these insights, it is now possible to discuss natural and artificial nematocyst-like vessels with optimized properties for a diagnostic and therapeutic use, e.g., in neurooncology. We show here that crucial physical parameters such as pressure thresholds and elasticity properties during the nematocyst discharge process can be described in a consistent and satisfactory way with an impact on the construction of new nanomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Li Jin
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- RI-B-NT-Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Athanasios K Petridis
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universität Düsseldorf, Geb. 11.54, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf 40255, Germany
| | - Thomas Eckert
- Institut für Veterinärphysiolgie und-Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Str. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
- RISCC-Research Institute for Scientific Computing and Consulting, Ludwig-Schunk-Str. 15, 35452 Heuchelheim, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institut für Veterinärphysiolgie und-Biochemie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Institut für Veterinäranatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut-Strukturbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Am Botanischen Garten 19, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Samurdhi A Wijesundera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Bengt Nordén
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barun K Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A P C Road, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT-Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Chen S, Guo D, Zhang W, Xie Y, Yang H, Cheng B, Wang L, Yang R, Bi J, Feng Z. Biglycan, a Nitric Oxide-Downregulated Proteoglycan, Prevents Nitric Oxide-Induced Neuronal Cell Apoptosis via Targeting Erk1/2 and p38 Signaling Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:68-76. [PMID: 30088173 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous signaling molecule, induces apoptosis and mediates neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. Biglycan (BGN), a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, was demonstrated to exert anti-apoptosis function in various disease models. However, little is known about the effect of BGN on NO-induced neurotoxicity. Here, for the first time, we reported that BGN protects against NO-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-EP1 cells. This is supported by the finding that sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, triggered downregulation of BGN in SH-EP1 cells, and over-expression of BGN strikingly attenuated NO-induced nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis of neuronal cells. More importantly, BGN remarkably blocked NO-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 signaling, but not JNK MAPK pathway in neuronal cells. Furthermore, inhibiting Erk1/2 by U0126 or p38 by SB203580 partially protected against NO-induced cell death. Conversely, downregulation of BGN by siRNA aggravated NO-induced neuronal cell death, which was not attenuated by U0126 or SB203580. These findings indicated that BGN, downregulated by NO, prevents NO-induced neuronal cell apoptosis via targeting Erk1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. Our results strongly suggest that BGN could be explored for the prevention of NO-induced neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Haijie Yang
- School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Binfeng Cheng
- School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Bi
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.
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8
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Wang S, Wen X, Han X, Wang Y, Shen M, Fan S, Zhuang J, Zhang Z, Shan Q, Li M, Hu B, Sun C, Wu D, Lu J, Zheng Y. Repression of microRNA-382 inhibits glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation via FoxO1 in mice with diabetic nephropathy. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12462. [PMID: 29701296 PMCID: PMC6528942 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a nerve damaging disorder, characterized by glomerular mesangial cell expansion and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In this study, we aimed to investigate mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation when promoting or suppressing endogenous miR-382 in glomerular mesangial cells of DN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Model establishment consisted of DN induction by streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of miR-382 were analysed in concert with the treatment of miR-382 mimics, miR-382 inhibitors or siRNA against FoxO1 in cultured glomerular mesangial cells isolated from DN mice. RESULTS FoxO1 was identified as the downregulated gene in DN based on the microarray data of GSE1009. We found that miR-382 was significantly upregulated in renal tissues of DN mice and its downregulation dephosphorylated FoxO1, reduced glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation in vitro. The determination of luciferase activity suggested that miR-382 negatively targeted FoxO1. Expectedly, distinct levels of phosphorylated FoxO1 were observed in the renal cortices of DN mice, while the silencing of FoxO1 was found to increase glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation in vitro. Reduced glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation elicited by miR-382 inhibitors were reversed by silencing FoxO1. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates miR-382 suppression exerts a potent anti-proliferative effect that may be applied to inhibit glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xin‐Rui Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yong‐Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Min Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Shao‐Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Juan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,School of Environment Science and Spatial InformaticsChina University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhouChina,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco‐Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze LakeSchool of Life SciencesHuaiyin Normal UniversityHuaianChina
| | - Zi‐Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Qun Shan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Meng‐Qiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Dong‐Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yuan‐Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina,College of Health SciencesJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
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9
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Nastase MV, Janicova A, Wygrecka M, Schaefer L. Signaling at the Crossroads: Matrix-Derived Proteoglycan and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:855-873. [PMID: 28510506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Proteoglycans (PGs), besides their structural contribution, have emerged as dynamic components that mediate a multitude of cellular events. The various roles of PGs are attributed to their structure, spatial localization, and ability to act as ligands and receptors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small mediators that are generated in physiological and pathological conditions. Besides their reactivity and ability to induce oxidative stress, a growing body of data suggests that ROS signaling is more relevant than direct radical damage in development of human pathologies. Recent Advances: Cell surface transmembrane PGs (syndecans, cluster of differentiation 44) represent receptors in diverse and complex transduction networks, which involve redox signaling with implications in cancer, fibrosis, renal dysfunction, or Alzheimer's disease. Through NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent ROS, the extracellular PG, hyaluronan is involved in osteoclastogenesis and cancer. The ROS sources, NOX1 and NOX4, increase biglycan-induced inflammation, while NOX2 is a negative regulator. CRITICAL ISSUES The complexity of the mechanisms that bring ROS into the light of PG biology might be the foundation of a new research area with significant promise for understanding health and disease. Important aspects need to be investigated in PG/ROS signaling: the discovery of specific targets of ROS, the precise ROS-induced chemical modifications of these targets, and the study of their pathological relevance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As we become more and more aware of the interactions between PG and ROS signaling underlying intracellular communication and cell fate decisions, it is quite conceivable that this field will allow to identify new therapeutic targets.-Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 855-873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany .,2 National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrea Janicova
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University , Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- 1 Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Álvarez K, Vasquez G. Damage-associated molecular patterns and their role as initiators of inflammatory and auto-immune signals in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:259-270. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1365146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Álvarez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, carrera 53 numero 61-30, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Vasquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, carrera 53 numero 61-30, Medellin, Colombia
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11
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Hsieh LTH, Nastase MV, Roedig H, Zeng-Brouwers J, Poluzzi C, Schwalm S, Fork C, Tredup C, Brandes RP, Wygrecka M, Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J, Schaefer L. Biglycan- and Sphingosine Kinase-1 Signaling Crosstalk Regulates the Synthesis of Macrophage Chemoattractants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030595. [PMID: 28282921 PMCID: PMC5372611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In its soluble form, the extracellular matrix proteoglycan biglycan triggers the synthesis of the macrophage chemoattractants, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand CCL2 and CCL5 through selective utilization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their adaptor molecules. However, the respective downstream signaling events resulting in biglycan-induced CCL2 and CCL5 production have not yet been defined. Here, we show that biglycan stimulates the production and activation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in a TLR4- and Toll/interleukin (IL)-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (IFN)-β (TRIF)-dependent manner in murine primary macrophages. We provide genetic and pharmacological proof that SphK1 is a crucial downstream mediator of biglycan-triggered CCL2 and CCL5 mRNA and protein expression. This is selectively driven by biglycan/SphK1-dependent phosphorylation of the nuclear factor NF-κB p65 subunit, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Importantly, in vivo overexpression of soluble biglycan causes Sphk1-dependent enhancement of renal CCL2 and CCL5 and macrophage recruitment into the kidney. Our findings describe the crosstalk between biglycan- and SphK1-driven extracellular matrix- and lipid-signaling. Thus, SphK1 may represent a new target for therapeutic intervention in biglycan-evoked inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
- National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 112 Vitan Avenue, Bucharest 031299, Romania.
| | - Heiko Roedig
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Chiara Poluzzi
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Schwalm
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Christian Fork
- Institut für Kardiovaskulare Physiologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Claudia Tredup
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskulare Physiologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, Giessen 35392, Germany.
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.
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12
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Luft FC. Mesangial renal disease, oxygen sensing, and prolyl hydroxylase. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:235-237. [PMID: 28197656 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Medical Faculty, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Dermatan sulfate is a player in the transglutaminase 2 interaction network. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172263. [PMID: 28199387 PMCID: PMC5310773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that is primarily engaged in cell adhesion/signaling or shows Ca2+-dependent transglutaminase activity in the extracellular space of tissues. This latter action leads to the cross-linking of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The enhanced extracellular expression of TG2 is associated with processes such as wound healing, fibrosis or vascular remodeling that are also characterized by a high deposition of dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans in the ECM. However, it is unknown whether DS may bind to TG2 or affect its function. Using the plasmon surface resonance method, we showed that DS chains, especially those of biglycan, are good binding partners for TG2. The interaction has some requirements as to the DS structure. The competitive effect of heparin on DS binding to TG2 suggests that both glycosaminoglycans occupy the same binding site(s) on the protein molecule. An occurrence of the DS-TG2 interaction was confirmed by the co-immunoprecipitation of this protein with native decorin that is a DS-bearing proteoglycan rather than with the decorin core protein. Moreover, in vivo DS is responsible for both TG2 binding and the regulation of the location of this protein in the ECM as can be suggested from an increased extraction of TG2 from the human fascia only when an enzymatic degradation of the tissue DS was conducted in the presence of the anti-collagen type I antiserum. In addition, DS with a low affinity for TG2 exerted an inhibitory effect on the protein transamidating activity most probably via the control of the accessibility of a substrate. Our data show that DS can affect several aspects of TG2 biology in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Gáspár R, Pipicz M, Hawchar F, Kovács D, Djirackor L, Görbe A, Varga ZV, Kiricsi M, Petrovski G, Gácser A, Csonka C, Csont T. The cytoprotective effect of biglycan core protein involves Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 99:138-150. [PMID: 27515282 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Exogenously administered biglycan (core protein with high-molecular weight glycosaminoglycan chains) has been shown to protect neonatal cardiomyocytes against simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury (SI/R), however, the mechanism of action is not clear. In this study we aimed to investigate, which structural component of biglycan is responsible for its cardiocytoprotective effect and to further explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytoprotection. METHODS AND RESULTS A pilot study was conducted to demonstrate that both native (glycanated) and deglycanated biglycan can attenuate cell death induced by SI/R in a dose-dependent manner in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes isolated from Wistar rats. In separate experiments, we have shown that similarly to glycanated biglycan, recombinant human biglycan core protein (rhBGNc) protects cardiomyocytes against SI/R injury. In contrast, the glycosaminoglycan component dermatan sulfate had no significant effect on cell viability, while chondroitin sulfate further enhanced cell death induced by SI/R. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with rhBGNc reverses the effect of SI/R upon markers of necrosis, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and autophagy. We have also shown that pharmacological blockade of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling or its downstream mediators (IRAK1/4, ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinases) abolished the cytoprotective effect of rhBGNc against SI/R injury. Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with rhBGNc for 20h resulted in increased Akt phosphorylation and NO production without having significant effect on phosphorylation of ERK1/2, STAT3, and on the production of superoxide. Treatment over 10min and 1h with rhBGNc increased ERK1 phosphorylation, while the SI/R-induced increase in superoxide production was attenuated by rhBGNc. Blockade of NO synthesis also prevented the cardiocytoprotective effect of rhBGNc. CONCLUSIONS The core protein of exogenous biglycan protects myocardial cells from SI/R injury via TLR4-mediated mechanisms involving activation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinases and increased NO production. The cytoprotective effect of rhBGNc is due to modulation of SI/R-induced changes in necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Gáspár
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fatime Hawchar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Luna Djirackor
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Kiricsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Centre of Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csonka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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15
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A common link between all forms of acute and chronic kidney injuries, regardless of species, is enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) during injury/disease progression. While low levels of ROS and RNS are required for prosurvival signaling, cell proliferation and growth, and vasoreactivity regulation, an imbalance of ROS and RNS generation and elimination leads to inflammation, cell death, tissue damage, and disease/injury progression. RECENT ADVANCES Many aspects of renal oxidative stress still require investigation, including clarification of the mechanisms which prompt ROS/RNS generation and subsequent renal damage. However, we currently have a basic understanding of the major features of oxidative stress pathology and its link to kidney injury/disease, which this review summarizes. CRITICAL ISSUES The review summarizes the critical sources of oxidative stress in the kidney during injury/disease, including generation of ROS and RNS from mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The review next summarizes the renal antioxidant systems that protect against oxidative stress, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, and others. Next, we describe how oxidative stress affects kidney function and promotes damage in every nephron segment, including the renal vessels, glomeruli, and tubules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the limited success associated with the application of antioxidants for treatment of kidney injury/disease thus far, preventing the generation and accumulation of ROS and RNS provides an ideal target for potential therapeutic treatments. The review discusses the shortcomings of antioxidant treatments previously used and the potential promise of new ones. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 119-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Ratliff
- 1 Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.,2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Wasan Abdulmahdi
- 2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Rahul Pawar
- 1 Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Michael S Wolin
- 2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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16
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Froehlich JW, Kostel SA, Cho PS, Briscoe AC, Steen H, Vaezzadeh AR, Lee RS. Urinary Proteomics Yield Pathological Insights for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2607-15. [PMID: 27215552 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.059386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hydronephrosis is a common condition that may spontaneously resolve after birth. However, this condition can result in renal damage and requires surgical correction in a number of cases. Preventing renal damage is paramount, but existing diagnostic technology is invasive, exposes infants to radiation, is costly, and is often indeterminate. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of renal obstruction as reflected in the urinary proteome may provide new insights into the disease that could potentially alter the clinical management of hydronephrosis. We performed a quantitative proteomics study of urine that was surgically obtained from eight clinically significant, unilaterally obstructed infants versus eight healthy controls, with the goal of identifying quantitatively varying proteins and the biological networks associated with them. Notably, urine was obtained from both the obstructed kidney and the bladder. Over 1100 proteins were identified, and a total of 76 quantitatively varying proteins were identified. Proteins involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal disease pathways showed the most significant abundance differences. This study gives a deeper understanding of the critical proteomic changes associated with renal obstruction and represents the deepest proteomic profile of renal obstruction to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Froehlich
- From the ‡Department of Urology and the Urological Diseases Research Center, §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen A Kostel
- From the ‡Department of Urology and the Urological Diseases Research Center, §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia S Cho
- From the ‡Department of Urology and the Urological Diseases Research Center, §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew C Briscoe
- From the ‡Department of Urology and the Urological Diseases Research Center, §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Hanno Steen
- §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA ¶Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ali R Vaezzadeh
- From the ‡Department of Urology and the Urological Diseases Research Center, §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Richard S Lee
- From the ‡Department of Urology and the Urological Diseases Research Center, §Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
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17
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Biglycan enhances the ability of migration and invasion in endometrial cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 293:429-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Neill T, Multhaupt HAB, Hubo M, Frey H, Gopal S, Gomes A, Afratis N, Lim HC, Couchman JR, Filmus J, Sanderson RD, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of proteoglycans in breast cancer biology and translational medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:276-300. [PMID: 25829250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans control numerous normal and pathological processes, among which are morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, vascularization and cancer metastasis. During tumor development and growth, proteoglycan expression is markedly modified in the tumor microenvironment. Altered expression of proteoglycans on tumor and stromal cell membranes affects cancer cell signaling, growth and survival, cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Despite the high complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the rapid evolution in our knowledge that proteoglycans are among the key players in the breast tumor microenvironment suggests their potential as pharmacological targets in this type of cancer. It has been recently suggested that pharmacological treatment may target proteoglycan metabolism, their utilization as targets for immunotherapy or their direct use as therapeutic agents. The diversity inherent in the proteoglycans that will be presented herein provides the potential for multiple layers of regulation of breast tumor behavior. This review summarizes recent developments concerning the biology of selected proteoglycans in breast cancer, and presents potential targeted therapeutic approaches based on their novel key roles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Hubo
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angélica Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Ave. S, WTI 602B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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19
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Rydell-Törmänen K, Andréasson K, Hesselstrand R, Westergren-Thorsson G. Absence of fibromodulin affects matrix composition, collagen deposition and cell turnover in healthy and fibrotic lung parenchyma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6383. [PMID: 25230586 PMCID: PMC5377322 DOI: 10.1038/srep06383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ECM exerts great effects on cells, and changed composition may therefore have profound impact. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans, e.g. fibromodulin, are essential in collagen assembly. Our aim was to investigate the role of fibromodulin in healthy and fibrotic lung parenchyma, theorizing that fibromodulin-deficient animals would be protected against fibrosis. Repeated subcutaneous bleomycin-injections were given to wild type and fibromodulin-deficient mice, inducing pulmonary fibrosis. Development of fibrosis, ECM composition, cell turnover and inflammatory responses were investigated. Fibromodulin-deficient animals were not protected from fibrosis, but the composition of the matrix was affected, with decreased Collagen I in fibromodulin-deficient animals, both in controls (0.07 ± 0.04% vs. 0.18 ± 0.07% tissue area) and after bleomycin (0.37 ± 0.16% vs. 0.61 ± 0.21% tissue area). Biglycan was increased in fibromodulin-deficient animals, whereas decorin was decreased. Furthermore, bleomycin increased cell turnover in wild type, but only proliferation in fibromodulin-deficient animals, resulting in hyperplasia. In addition, the bleomycin-induced immune response was affected in fibromodulin-deficient animals. We thus conclude that fibromodulin has a profound effect on ECM, both in healthy and fibrotic lung parenchyma, and may be providing a permissive microenvironment affecting cell turnover. Furthermore, this study highlights the need to acknowledge specific ECM components, when assessing tissue properties and ultimately cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger Hesselstrand
- Dept. Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Hsieh LTH, Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Soluble biglycan as a biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:223-35. [PMID: 25091702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal inflammation is often associated with a progressive accumulation of various extracellular matrix constituents, including several members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) gene family. It is becoming increasingly evident that the matrix-unbound SLRPs strongly regulate the progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble SLRPs are generated either via partial proteolytic processing of collagenous matrices or by de novo synthesis evoked by stress or injury. Liberated SLRPs can then bind to and activate Toll-like receptors, thus modulating downstream inflammatory signaling. Preclinical animal models and human studies have recently identified soluble biglycan as a key initiator and regulator of various inflammatory renal diseases. Biglycan, generated by activated macrophages, can enter the circulation and its elevated levels in plasma and renal parenchyma correlate with unfavorable renal function and outcome. In this review, we will focus on the critical role of soluble biglycan in inflammatory signaling in various renal disorders. Moreover, we will provide new data implicating proinflammatory effects of soluble decorin in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Finally, we will critically evaluate the potential application of soluble biglycan vis-à-vis other SLRPs (decorin, lumican and fibromodulin) as a promising target and novel biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Hutter R, Huang L, Speidl WS, Giannarelli C, Trubin P, Bauriedel G, Klotman ME, Fuster V, Badimon JJ, Klotman PE. Novel small leucine-rich repeat protein podocan is a negative regulator of migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, modulates neointima formation, and is expressed in human atheroma. Circulation 2013; 128:2351-63. [PMID: 24043300 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation critically influence the clinical course of vascular disease. We tested the effect of the novel small leucine-rich repeat protein podocan on SMC migration and proliferation using a podocan-deficient mouse in combination with a model of arterial injury and aortic explant SMC culture. In addition, we examined the effect of overexpression of the human form of podocan on human SMCs and tested for podocan expression in human atherosclerosis. In all these conditions, we concomitantly evaluated the Wnt-TCF (T-cell factor) pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Podocan was strongly and selectively expressed in arteries of wild-type mice after injury. Podocan-deficient mice showed increased arterial lesion formation compared with wild-type littermates in response to injury (P<0.05). Also, SMC proliferation was increased in arteries of podocan-deficient mice compared with wild-type (P<0.05). In vitro, migration and proliferation were increased in podocan-deficient SMCs and were normalized by transfection with the wild-type podocan gene (P<0.05). In addition, upregulation of the Wnt-TCF pathway was found in SMCs of podocan-deficient mice both in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, podocan overexpression in human SMCs significantly reduced SMC migration and proliferation, inhibiting the Wnt-TCF pathway. Podocan and a Wnt-TCF pathway marker were differently expressed in human coronary restenotic versus primary lesions. CONCLUSIONS Podocan appears to be a potent negative regulator of the migration and proliferation of both murine and human SMCs. The lack of podocan results in excessive arterial repair and prolonged SMC proliferation, which likely is mediated by the Wnt-TCF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph Hutter
- Departments of Medicine and Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (R.H., L.H., W.S.S., C.G., P.T., V.F., J.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Elisabeth Klinikum, Schmalkalden, Germany (G.B.); Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (M.E.K.); and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (P.E.K.)
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22
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Moreth K, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans orchestrate receptor crosstalk during inflammation. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2084-91. [PMID: 22580469 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is not only a defensive mechanism against microbial invasion, but also frequently represents a critical response to tissue injury under sterile conditions. It is now well established that tissue injury leads to the release of endogenous molecules of intra- and extracellular origin acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) can act as powerful DAMPs following their proteolytical release from the extracellular matrix. Recent investigations of SLRP signaling networks revealed new levels of complexity, showing that SLRPs can cluster different types of receptors and orchestrate a host of downstream signaling events. This review will summarize the evidence for the multifunctional proinflammatory signaling properties of the two archetypal SLRPs, biglycan and decorin. These secreted proteoglycans link the innate to the adaptive immune response and operate in a broad biological context, encompassing microbial defense, tumor growth and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moreth
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) impact many aspects of kidney health and disease. Models that permit genetic dissection of PG core protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) function have been instrumental to understanding their roles in the kidney. Matrix-associated PGs do not serve critical structural roles in the organ, nor do they contribute significantly to the glomerular barrier under normal conditions, but their abnormal expression influences fibrosis, inflammation, and progression of kidney disease. Most core proteins are dispensable for nephrogenesis (glypican-3 being an exception) and for maintenance of function in adult life, but their loss alters susceptibility to experimental kidney injury. In contrast, kidney development is exquisitely sensitive to GAG expression and fine structure as evidenced by the severe phenotypes of mutants for genes involved in GAG biosynthesis. This article reviews PG expression in normal kidney and the abnormalities caused by their disruption in mice and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Harvey
- INSERM Avenir U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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24
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Popovic ZV, Wang S, Papatriantafyllou M, Kaya Z, Porubsky S, Meisner M, Bonrouhi M, Burgdorf S, Young MF, Schaefer L, Gröne HJ. The proteoglycan biglycan enhances antigen-specific T cell activation potentially via MyD88 and TRIF pathways and triggers autoimmune perimyocarditis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:6217-26. [PMID: 22095710 PMCID: PMC3428142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan is a proteoglycan ubiquitously present in extracellular matrix of a variety of organs, including heart, and it was reported to be overexpressed in myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction may be complicated by perimyocarditis through unknown mechanisms. Our aim was to investigate the capacity of TLR2/TLR4 ligand biglycan to enhance the presentation of specific Ags released upon cardiomyocyte necrosis. In vitro, OVA-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from wild-type (WT; C57BL/6) and TLR2-, TLR4-, MyD88-, or TRIF-deficient mice were cotreated with LPS, biglycan, or vehicle and incubated with OVA-recognizing MHC I- or MHC II-restricted T cells. Biglycan enhanced OVA-specific cross-priming by >80% to MHC I-restricted T cells in both TLR2- and TLR4-pathway-dependent manners. Accordingly, biglycan-induced cross-priming by both MyD88- and TRIF-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) was strongly diminished. OVA-specific activation of MHC II-restricted T cells was predominantly TLR4 dependent. Our first in vivo correlate was a model of experimental autoimmune perimyocarditis triggered by injection of cardiac Ag-pulsed DCs (BALB/c). Biglycan-treated DCs triggered perimyocarditis to a comparable extent and intensity as LPS-treated DCs (mean scores 1.3 ± 0.3 and 1.5 ± 0.4, respectively). Substitution with TLR4-deficient DCs abolished this effect. In a second in vivo approach, WT and biglycan-deficient mice were followed 2 wk after induction of myocardial infarction. WT mice demonstrated significantly greater myocardial T lymphocyte infiltration in comparison with biglycan-deficient animals. We concluded that the TLR2/4 ligand biglycan, a component of the myocardial matrix, may enhance Ag-specific T cell priming, potentially via MyD88 and TRIF, and stimulate autoimmune perimyocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran V. Popovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ziya Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Porubsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Meisner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahnaz Bonrouhi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marian F. Young
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Clinic, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Ward M, Ajuwon KM. Regulation of pre-adipocyte proliferation and apoptosis by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:343-51. [PMID: 21702857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for a functional role for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in adipose tissue is demonstrated in dynamic changes in expression of ECM genes during adipocyte differentiation and in obesity. Components of the ECM may regulate adipose cell number expansion by restricting pre-adipocyte proliferation, regulating apoptosis and inhibiting adipogenesis. Although pre-adipocytes express multiple proteoglycans, their role in pre-adipocyte proliferation up to now has remained unknown. The study described here was conducted to characterize roles of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) in adipocyte proliferation. Pre-adipocytes were seeded on plates coated with biglycan and decorin and were allowed to differentiate. In addition, pre-adipocytes were incubated on plates coated with biglycan, decorin, or fibronectin and measurements were made of cell proliferation and apoptosis. We are able to report that SLRPs decorin and biglycan did not affect differentiation of our 3T3-L1 cells; however, biglycan and decorin did reduce proliferation of pre-adipocytes, partly by induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, anti-proliferative capabilities of decorin and biglycan were nullified with removal of GAG side-chains suggesting that the chains played key roles in anti-proliferative effects of the SLRPs. We also found that co-treatment of decorin or biglycan with the proteoglycan fibronectin restored normal proliferation, an indication that multiple ECM proteins may act in concert to regulate overall proliferation rates of pre-adipocytes. These studies indicate that SLRPs may compose a regulatory factor in adipose tissue expansion, through hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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26
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Abstract
Research over the past 2 decades provides ample evidence that small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs; such as decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican) of the extracellular matrix are deeply involved in the regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic renal disorders. Initial efforts in SLRP research focused on the interaction between decorin and TGF-β because it had been unequivocally demonstrated that decorin treatment exerts beneficial effects in fibrotic disorders involving TGF-β overproduction in the kidney. This was followed by a paradigm shift in our understanding of SLRP biology, with new evidence showing that in addition to their role as structural matrix components, soluble SLRPs also act as signaling molecules regulating various complex biologic processes in a molecule- and cell-specific manner. With the identification of SLRP-derived endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors, the general question regarding the mechanisms of SLRP-derived signaling in pathogen-dependent and independent renal inflammation arose. This led to the fascinating concept of SLRPs as autonomous triggers of sterile renal inflammation in response to renal stress or injury. This review focuses on the key biologic roles of SLRPs in the normal and diseased kidney with special emphasis on newly described signaling events triggered by these proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut fur Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Haus 74, Z. 3.108a, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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27
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Thompson J, Wilson P, Brandewie K, Taneja D, Schaefer L, Mitchell B, Tannock LR. Renal accumulation of biglycan and lipid retention accelerates diabetic nephropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1179-87. [PMID: 21723246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia worsens diabetic nephropathy, although the mechanism by which renal lipids accumulate is unknown. We previously demonstrated that renal proteoglycans have high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding affinity, suggesting that proteoglycan-mediated LDL retention may contribute to renal lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effect of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on renal proteoglycan content. Diabetic and non-diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed diets containing 0% or 0.12% cholesterol for 26 weeks, and then kidneys were analyzed for renal lipid and proteoglycan content. Diabetic mice on the high-cholesterol diet had accelerated development of diabetic nephropathy with elevations in urine albumin excretion, glomerular and renal hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion. Renal lipid accumulation was significantly increased by consumption of the 0.12% cholesterol diet, diabetes, and especially by both. The renal proteoglycans biglycan and decorin were detectable in glomeruli, with a significant increase in renal biglycan content in diabetic mice on the high-cholesterol diet. Renal biglycan and renal apolipoprotein B were colocalized, and regression analyses showed a significant relation between renal biglycan and renal apolipoprotein B content. The increased renal biglycan content in diabetic nephropathy probably contributes to renal lipid accumulation and the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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28
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Melchior-Becker A, Dai G, Ding Z, Schäfer L, Schrader J, Young MF, Fischer JW. Deficiency of biglycan causes cardiac fibroblasts to differentiate into a myofibroblast phenotype. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17365-75. [PMID: 21454527 PMCID: PMC3089578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is followed by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which is on the one hand required for the healing response and the formation of stable scar tissue. However, on the other hand, ECM remodeling can lead to fibrosis and decreased ventricular compliance. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP), biglycan (bgn), has been shown to be critically involved in these processes. During post-infarct remodeling cardiac fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts which are the main cell type mediating ECM remodeling. The aim of the present study was to characterize the role of bgn in modulating the phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from hearts of wild-type (WT) versus bgn(-/0) mice. Phenotypic characterization of the bgn(-/0) fibroblasts revealed increased proliferation. Importantly, this phenotype of bgn(-/0) fibroblasts was abolished to the WT level by reconstitution of biglycan in the ECM. TGF-β receptor II expression and phosphorylation of SMAD2 were increased. Furthermore, indicative of a myofibroblast phenotype bgn(-/0) fibroblasts were characterized by increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) incorporated into stress fibers, increased formation of focal adhesions, and increased contraction of collagen gels. Administration of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β reversed the pro-proliferative, myofibroblastic phenotype. In vivo post-MI α-SMA, TGF-β receptor II expression, and SMAD2 phosphorylation were markedly increased in bgn(-/0) mice. Collectively, the data suggest that bgn deficiency promotes myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo likely due to increased responses to TGF-β and SMAD2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Melchior-Becker
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Guang Dai
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- the Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Liliana Schäfer
- the Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/ZAFES, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany, and
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- the Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Marian F. Young
- the Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jens W. Fischer
- From the Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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29
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Kozma EM, Wisowski G, Kusz D, Olczyk K. The role of decorin and biglycan dermatan sulfate chain(s) in fibrosis-affected fascia. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1301-16. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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30
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Moreth K, Brodbeck R, Babelova A, Gretz N, Spieker T, Zeng-Brouwers J, Pfeilschifter J, Young MF, Schaefer RM, Schaefer L. The proteoglycan biglycan regulates expression of the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 and aggravates murine lupus nephritis. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4251-72. [PMID: 21084753 DOI: 10.1172/jci42213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 is a key B cell chemoattractant and marker of disease activity in patients with SLE; however, the mechanism of its induction has not been identified yet. Here, we have shown that the proteoglycan biglycan triggers CXCL13 expression via TLR2/4 in macrophages and dendritic cells. In vivo, levels of biglycan were markedly elevated in the plasma and kidneys of human SLE patients and lupus-prone (MRL/lpr) mice. Overexpression of soluble biglycan in MRL/lpr mice raised plasma and renal levels of CXCL13 and caused accumulation of B cells with an enhanced B1/B cell ratio in the kidney, worsening of organ damage, and albuminuria. Importantly, biglycan also triggered CXCL13 expression and B cell infiltration in the healthy kidney. Conversely, biglycan deficiency improved systemic and renal outcome in lupus-prone mice, with lower levels of autoantibodies, less enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes, and reduction in renal damage and albuminuria. This correlated with a marked decline in circulating and renal CXCL13 and a reduction in the number of B cells in the kidney. Collectively, our results describe what we believe to be a novel mechanism for the regulation of CXCL13 by biglycan, a host-derived ligand for TLR2/4. Blocking biglycan-TLR2/4 interactions might be a promising strategy for the management of SLE and other B cell-mediated inflammatory disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moreth
- 1Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/ZAFES, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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31
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Chen XD. Extracellular matrix provides an optimal niche for the maintenance and propagation of mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:45-54. [PMID: 20301219 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This presents difficulties in following and characterizing cells along the lineage because of our inability to isolate and obtain a sufficient number of homogeneous MSCs using current culture systems for in vitro expansion. Adjusting the cellular machinery to allow greater proliferation can lead to other unwanted outcomes, such as unmanageable precancerous changes, or differentiation down an undesired pathway. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the cellular niche in a tissue, supplying critical biochemical and physical signals to initiate and sustain cellular functions. Indeed, it is very doubtful that the intricate and highly ordered nature of the ECM could be reproduced with synthetic or purified components. This review cites evidence that supports an alternative approach for maintenance of MSCs by simulating in vitro the bone marrow ECM, where MSCs reside in vivo, and discusses the potential mechanisms whereby the ECM regulates the exposure of cells to growth factors that subsequently control MSC replication and differentiation, and also how the ECM provides unique cues that govern the lineage specification and differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Chen
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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32
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Sardo MA, Mandraffino G, Riggio S, D’Ascola A, Alibrandi A, Saitta C, Imbalzano E, Castaldo M, Cinquegrani M, Saitta A. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan on the monocyte expression of biglycan in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:933-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Nakorchevsky A, Hewel JA, Kurian SM, Mondala TS, Campbell D, Head SR, Marsh CL, Yates JR, Salomon DR. Molecular mechanisms of chronic kidney transplant rejection via large-scale proteogenomic analysis of tissue biopsies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:362-73. [PMID: 20093355 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009060628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of kidney transplant failure is the poorly characterized histopathologic entity interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA). There are no known unifying mechanisms, no effective therapy, and no proven preventive strategies. Possible mechanisms include chronic immune rejection, inflammation, drug toxicity, and chronic kidney injury from secondary factors. To gain further mechanistic insight, we conducted a large-scale proteogenomic study of kidney transplant biopsies with IFTA of varying severity. We acquired proteomic data using tandem mass spectrometry with subsequent quantification, analysis of differential protein expression, validation, and functional annotations to known molecular networks. We performed genome-wide expression profiling in parallel. More than 1400 proteins with unique expression profiles traced the progression from normal transplant biopsies to biopsies with mild to moderate and severe disease. Multiple sets of proteins were mapped to different functional pathways, many increasing with histologic severity, including immune responses, inflammatory cell activation, and apoptosis consistent with the chronic rejection hypothesis. Two examples include the extensive population of the alternative rather than the classical complement pathway, previously not appreciated for IFTA, and a comprehensive control network for the actin cytoskeleton and cell signaling of the acute-phase response. In summary, this proteomic effort using kidney tissue contributes mechanistic insight into several biologic processes associated with IFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Nakorchevsky
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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34
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Csont T, Görbe A, Bereczki E, Szunyog A, Aypar E, Tóth ME, Varga ZV, Csonka C, Fülöp F, Sántha M, Ferdinandy P. Biglycan protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury: role of nitric oxide. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:649-52. [PMID: 20096286 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan, a proteoglycan component of extracellular matrix, has been suspected to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, but overexpression of biglycan in transgenic mice has been shown to induce cardioprotective genes including nitric oxide (NO) synthases in the heart. Therefore, here we hypothesized if exogenous administration of biglycan exerts cytoprotection. Primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats were subjected to 150 min hypoxia and 2 h reoxygenation. Mortality of cardiomyocytes was dose-dependently attenuated by pretreatment with 1-100 nM biglycan. Biglycan enhanced eNOS mRNA and protein, and significantly increased NO content of cardiomyocytes. The NO synthase inhibitor l-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester significantly attenuated the cytoprotective effect of biglycan. This is the first demonstration that biglycan leads to cytoprotection against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, and that this phenomenon is partially mediated by an NO-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Csont
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Merline R, Schaefer RM, Schaefer L. The matricellular functions of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:323-35. [PMID: 19809894 PMCID: PMC2778586 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are biologically active components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting of a protein core with leucine rich-repeat (LRR) motifs covalently linked to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. The diversity in composition resulting from the various combinations of protein cores substituted with one or more GAG chains along with their pericellular localization enables SLRPs to interact with a host of different cell surface receptors, cytokines, growth factors, and other ECM components, leading to modulation of cellular functions. SLRPs are capable of binding to: (i) different types of collagens, thereby regulating fibril assembly, organization, and degradation; (ii) Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement C1q, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), regulating innate immunity and inflammation; (iii) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), and c-Met, influencing cellular proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, tumor growth and metastasis as well as synthesis of other ECM components; (iv) low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1) and TGF-beta, modulating cytokine activity and fibrogenesis; and (v) growth factors such as bone morphogenic protein (BMP-4) and Wnt-I-induced secreted protein-1 (WISP-1), controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, the ability of SLRPs, as ECM components, to directly or indirectly regulate cell-matrix crosstalk, resulting in the modulation of various biological processes, aptly qualifies these compounds as matricellular proteins.
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Long-term treatment with the AT1-receptor antagonist telmisartan inhibits biglycan accumulation in murine atherosclerosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:29-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators of biglycan in cardiac fibroblasts. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:99-108. [PMID: 19701788 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, is essential for scar formation and preservation of hemodynamic function after myocardial infarction, as shown in biglycan-knockout mice. Because of this important role in cardiac pathophysiology, we aimed to identify regulators of biglycan expression and posttranslational modifications in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from neonatal Wistar-Kyoto rats and used in the first passage. Expression of biglycan was analyzed after metabolic labeling with [(35)S]-sulfate by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography; mRNA expression was examined by Northern analysis and real-time RT-PCR. Serum, thrombin, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta 1) and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) strongly increased [(35)S]-labeled proteoglycan levels. Tumor necrosis factor alpha further increased the stimulatory effect of PDGF-BB. PDGF-BB increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain length as shown by molecular sieve chromatography after beta-elimination to release GAG chains. Nitric oxide was the only negative regulator of biglycan as evidenced by marked downregulation in response to DETA-NO ((Z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate), a long acting nitric oxide donor and SNAP (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-l,l-penicillamine), which completely inhibited PDGF-BB-induced secretion of total [(35)S]-labeled proteoglycans and biglycan mRNA expression. Of note, the molecular weight of biglycan GAG chains was even further increased by NO donors compared to control and PDGF-BB stimulation. The current results suggest that in cardiac fibroblasts, biglycan is induced by a variety of stimuli including serum, thrombin and growth factors such as PDGF-BB and TGFbeta1. This response is counteracted by NO and enhanced by TNFalpha. Interestingly, both up- and downregulation were associated with posttranslational increase of GAG chain length.
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Babelova A, Moreth K, Tsalastra-Greul W, Zeng-Brouwers J, Eickelberg O, Young MF, Bruckner P, Pfeilschifter J, Schaefer RM, Gröne HJ, Schaefer L. Biglycan, a danger signal that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via toll-like and P2X receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24035-48. [PMID: 19605353 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endogenous inducers of inflammation is poorly understood. To produce the proinflammatory master cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta, macrophages need double stimulation with ligands to both Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for IL-1beta gene transcription and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors for activation of the inflammasome. It is particularly intriguing to define how this complex regulation is mediated in the absence of an infectious trigger. Biglycan, a ubiquitous leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan of the extracellular matrix, interacts with TLR2/4 on macrophages. The objective of this study was to define the role of biglycan in the synthesis and activation of IL-1beta. Here we show that in macrophages, soluble biglycan induces the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome, activating caspase-1 and releasing mature IL-1beta without the need for additional costimulatory factors. This is brought about by the interaction of biglycan with TLR2/4 and purinergic P2X(4)/P2X(7) receptors, which induces receptor cooperativity. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species formation is involved in biglycan-mediated activation of the inflammasome. By signaling through TLR2/4, biglycan stimulates the expression of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1beta mRNA. Both in a model of non-infectious inflammatory renal injury (unilateral ureteral obstruction) and in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis, biglycan-deficient mice displayed lower levels of active caspase-1 and mature IL-1beta in the kidney, lung, and circulation. Our results provide evidence for direct activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by biglycan and describe a fundamental paradigm of how tissue stress or injury is monitored by innate immune receptors detecting the release of the extracellular matrix components and turning such a signal into a robust inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Babelova
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wen X, Zou Y, Luo W, Goldberg M, Moats R, Conti PS, Snead ML, Paine ML. Biglycan overexpression on tooth enamel formation in transgenic mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1246-53. [PMID: 18727043 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was shown that the volume of forming enamel of molar teeth in biglycan-null mice was greater than that in genetically matched wild-type mice. This phenotypic change appeared to result from an increase in amelogenin expression, implying that biglycan directly influences amelogenin synthesis. To determine whether biglycan overexpression resulted in decreased amelogenin expression, we engineered transgenic mice to overexpress biglycan in the enamel organ epithelium. Biglycan overexpression did not significantly affect the amelogenin expression in incisor and molar teeth in 3-day postnatal transgenic mice. In the transgenic animals, we observed that the immature and mature enamel appeared normal. These results suggested that increasing the biglycan expression, in the cells that synthesize the precursor protein matrix for enamel, has a negligible influence on amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Los Angeles, California, USA
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40
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Westermann D, Mersmann J, Melchior A, Freudenberger T, Petrik C, Schaefer L, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Lettau O, Jacoby C, Schrader J, Brand-Herrmann SM, Young M, Schultheiss H, Levkau B, Baba H, Unger T, Zacharowski K, Tschöpe C, Fischer J. Biglycan Is Required for Adaptive Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2008; 117:1269-76. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.714147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
After myocardial infarction (MI), extensive remodeling of extracellular matrix contributes to scar formation and preservation of hemodynamic function. On the other hand, adverse and excessive extracellular matrix remodeling leads to fibrosis and impaired function. The present study investigates the role of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan during cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling and cardiac hemodynamics after MI.
Methods and Results—
Experimental MI was induced in wild-type (WT) and
bgn
−/0
mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Biglycan expression was strongly increased at 3, 7, and 14 days after MI in WT mice.
bgn
−/0
mice showed increased mortality rates after MI as a result of frequent left ventricular (LV) ruptures. Furthermore, tensile strength of the LV derived from
bgn
−/0
mice 21 days after MI was reduced as measured ex vivo. Collagen matrix organization was severely impaired in
bgn
−/0
mice, as shown by birefringence analysis of Sirius red staining and electron microscopy of collagen fibrils. At 21 days after MI, LV hemodynamic parameters were assessed by pressure-volume measurements in vivo to obtain LV end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume.
bgn
−/0
mice were characterized by aggravated LV dilation evidenced by increased LV end-diastolic volume (
bgn
−/0
, 111±4.2 μL versus WT, 96±4.4 μL;
P
<0.05) and LV end-diastolic pressure (
bgn
−/0
, 24±2.7 versus WT, 18±1.8 mm Hg;
P
<0.05) and severely impaired LV function (EF,
bgn
−/0
, 12±2% versus WT, 21±4%;
P
<0.05) 21 days after MI.
Conclusion—
Biglycan is required for stable collagen matrix formation of infarct scars and for preservation of cardiac hemodynamic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Westermann
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - J. Mersmann
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - A. Melchior
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - T. Freudenberger
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - C. Petrik
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - L. Schaefer
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - R. Lüllmann-Rauch
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - O. Lettau
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - C. Jacoby
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - J. Schrader
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - S.-M. Brand-Herrmann
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - M.F. Young
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - H.P. Schultheiss
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - B. Levkau
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - H.A. Baba
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - T. Unger
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - K. Zacharowski
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - C. Tschöpe
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
| | - J.W. Fischer
- From the Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charite-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (D.W., O.L., H.P.S., C.T.); Molecular Cardioprotection and Inflammation Group, Klinik für Anästhesiologie (J.M.) and Molekulare Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie (A.M., T.F., J.W.F.), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus
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D'Antoni ML, Torregiani C, Ferraro P, Michoud MC, Mazer B, Martin JG, Ludwig MS. Effects of decorin and biglycan on human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L764-71. [PMID: 18245265 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00436.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PG) are altered in the asthmatic airway wall. Because PGs are known to affect cell proliferation and apoptosis, we hypothesized that alterations in PG might influence the airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia observed in the asthmatic airway. Human ASM cells were seeded on plastic or plates coated with decorin (Dcn), biglycan (Bgn), or collagen type I (Col I) (1, 3, and 10 microg/ml). Cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and cell number was assessed at 0, 48, and 96 h. Cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and apoptosis by annexin V and propidium iodide staining at 48 h post-PDGF stimulation. A significant decrease in cell number was observed with cells seeded on Dcn (10 microg/ml) at 0, 48, and 96 h (P < 0.01). Dcn induced both decreases in BrdU incorporation and increases in annexin V staining (P < 0.05). Bgn decreased cell number at time 0 only (P < 0.05) and affected neither proliferation nor apoptosis. Col I (10 mug/ml) caused a significant increase in cell number at 48 and 96 h (P < 0.01). Adding exogenous Dcn (1-30 microg/ml) to the medium had no effect on cell number. Exposing Dcn-coated matrices to chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that degrades glycosaminoglycan side chains, reversed the Dcn-induced decrease in cell number. These studies demonstrate that different PGs have variable effects on ASM cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently described decreases in Dcn in the asthmatic airway wall could potentially permit more exuberant ASM growth.
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Abstract
Biglycan, a member of the small leucine rich proteoglycan family, is known to be expressed in almost every tissue of our body. Although there are increasing amount of data on the biological role of biglycan, its cardiac function is still not totally clarified. Cardiac protein profiling of biglycan transgenic mice and other studies revealed its involvement in heart failure, myocardial remodeling, and a possible role in promoting cardioprotection. The localization of biglycan on the cell surface and its "pericellular" arrangement as well as the presence of reactive GAG chains on its surface suggest an involvement in transmission of extracellular signals to intracellular signaling molecules and a role in regulation of Ca(++) trafficking. In this review, the role of biglycan in the heart under normal physiological as well as pathological conditions is summarized and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bereczki
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Wani J, Carl M, Henger A, Nelson PJ, Rupprecht H. Nitric oxide modulates expression of extracellular matrix genes linked to fibrosis in kidney mesangial cells. Biol Chem 2007; 388:497-506. [PMID: 17516845 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesangial cells are thought to be important mediators of glomerular inflammation and fibrosis. Studies have established a direct role for nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of gene expression in mesangial cells. Representational difference analysis was used to investigate changes in gene expression elicited by the treatment of S-nitroso-L-glutathione in rat mesangial cells. Seven upregulated and 11 downregulated genes were identified. Four out of 11 downregulated genes (connective tissue growth factor, thrombospondin-1, collagen type I alpha1 and collagen type I alpha2) are known to be linked to inflammation and fibrosis. Results were verified across species in mesangial cells treated with a series of NO donors using Northern blot analysis, quantitative real-time PCR and protein analysis methods. Induction of endogenous NO production by cytokine stimulation also triggered regulation of the genes. One example gene, connective tissue growth factor, was studied at the promoter level. Promoter-reporter gene studies in mesangial cells demonstrated that NO acts at the transcriptional level to suppress gene expression. Our results reveal a complex role of NO in regulating gene expression in mesangial cells and suggest an antifibrotic potential for NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Wani
- 1Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Schillerstrasse 42, Munich, Germany
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Bereczki E, Gonda S, Csont T, Korpos E, Zvara A, Ferdinandy P, Santha M. Overexpression of biglycan in the heart of transgenic mice: an antibody microarray study. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:854-61. [PMID: 17269742 DOI: 10.1021/pr060571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan, a small leucine rich proteoglycan, is expressed in almost every tissue of the body, mainly in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. Although there is an increasing amount of data on the biological role of biglycan protein, its function is still poorly understood. We aimed to gather more information about the biological function of biglycan protein in the cardiac tissues, and its role in signal transduction. Therefore, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing the human biglycan protein and analyzed the cardiac protein profile of transgenic offsprings using quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR and proteomics. QRT-PCR results showed that most members of extracellular matrix were downregulated whereas cadherins, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta2 were upregulated. Antibody microarrayer experiment revealed that pyk2, RAF-1, Mcl-1, syntrophin, calmodulin, isoforms of NOS protein family (eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS), and synaptotagmin proteins were unambiguously upregulated in the heart of biglycan transgenic mice. In this study we show that biglycan directly or indirectly activates proteins involved in cardiac remodeling (TGF-beta, pyk2), signal transduction (RAF-1, Mcl-1, syntrophin, calmodulin, nNOS p38MAPK and MAP kinases), cardioprotection (NOS family, TGF-beta) and Ca++ signaling (connexin, calmodulin, synaptotagmin). On the basis of the results presented here, we conclude that biglycan is a multifunctional extracellular protein that has a pivotal role in pathological remodeling of cardiac tissue and mediates cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bereczki
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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45
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Schaefer L, Tsalastra W, Babelova A, Baliova M, Minnerup J, Sorokin L, Gröne HJ, Reinhardt DP, Pfeilschifter J, Iozzo RV, Schaefer RM. Decorin-mediated regulation of fibrillin-1 in the kidney involves the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and Mammalian target of rapamycin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:301-15. [PMID: 17200203 PMCID: PMC1762680 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, affects the synthesis of the elastic fiber component fibrillin-1 in the kidney via hitherto unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that decorin binds to and induces phosphorylation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor in renal fibroblasts. Inhibition of the IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase and its downstream target phosphoinositide-3 kinase prevented decorin-mediated synthesis of fibrillin-1. Furthermore, decorin induced phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, protein kinase B/Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70 S6 kinase. Accordingly, the enhanced synthesis of fibrillin-1 was blocked by rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR. Notably, IGF-I, which signals through the same pathway, also stimulated fibrillin-1 synthesis. Systemic administration of rapamycin to mice subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction, a model of renal fibrosis and increased fibrillin-1 synthesis, markedly reduced the number of interstitial fibroblasts and fibrillin-1 deposition. In streptozotocin-induced diabetes, IGF-I receptor was up-regulated in the kidneys from decorin-null mice. However, this could not compensate for the decorin deficiency, resulting ultimately in decreased fibrillin-1 content. This study provides evidence for the involvement of decorin and the IGF-I receptor/mTOR/p70 S6 kinase signaling pathway in the translational regulation of fibrillin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Departments of Internal Medicine D, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Ungefroren H, Groth S, Fändrich F. Antioxidants and inhibitors of flavoprotein-dependent oxidases abrogate TGF-beta induction of biglycan: Evidence for a role of reactive oxygen species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Schmidt A, Lorkowski S, Seidler D, Breithardt G, Buddecke E. TGF-beta1 generates a specific multicomponent extracellular matrix in human coronary SMC. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:473-82. [PMID: 16796604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta(1)) is postulated to play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of arterial tissue and protection against development of arteriosclerosis. The TGF-beta(1)-induced production of a stable extra-cellular matrix-rich plaque phenotype is suggested to be part of the protection against a switch to an unstable rupture-prone arteriosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study addresses the question of whether the expression profile and the type of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) generated by TGF-beta(1) stimulation have the structural feature of a fibril-rich stable matrix. Seventeen genes codings for ECM components of human coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) after a 24-h stimulation by TGF-beta(1) have been analyzed. RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA of genes under investigation. It was found that after TGF-beta(1) stimulation (a) the up-regulation of COL1A1-specific mRNA was associated with increased [(3)H]proline incorporation into the alpha-1 and -2 chains of collagen type I, (b) the up-regulation of biglycan- and syndecan-1-specific mRNA corresponded to an increased [(35)S]sulphate and [4,5-(3)H]leucine incorporation into the biglycan molecule and to an increase of syndecan-1 protein, (c) the up-regulated FGF-2 gene accounted predominantly for the ECM-bound subfraction of FGF-2-protein and (d) fibronectin and thrombospondin exhibited a significantly higher mRNA level. In contrast collagen XIV, a minor collagen type, and the proteoglycan decorin were down-regulated. The down-regulated decorin changed its structure by elongation and reduced GlcA to IdoA epimerization of the dermatan sulphate side-chain as judged by [(35)S]sulphate metabolic labelling experiments. No significant changes in response to TGF-beta(1) were observed for the collagen types III, VI and XVI, for versican, perlecan and the syndecans-2 and -4. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded from the data that the TGF-beta(1)-induced formation of a highly specific multicomponent extra-cellular matrix on coronary arterial SMCs could provide in vivo mechanical strength to the neointima in arteriosclerotic lesions and to the fibrous cap overlying the lipid core.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Martínez-Salgado C, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Eleno N, López-Novoa JM. Gentamicin induces Jun-AP1 expression and JNK activation in renal glomeruli and cultured mesangial cells. Life Sci 2006; 77:2285-98. [PMID: 15936777 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate MC contraction, proliferation and apoptosis induced by gentamicin (G) in vitro and in vivo. Sustained increases in cytosolic free calcium, increased iNOS expression and elevated nitric oxide (NO) production are associated with MC apoptosis in vitro. As NO strongly activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and increased AP1 expression, and these two factors are involved in MC proliferation in vitro, we have measured Jun-AP1 expression in rat glomeruli from G-treated rats, and the effect of G on Jun-AP1 expression and JNK activity in cultured MC. Moreover, we studied the expression of inducible (iNOS) and constitutive (cNOS) NO synthases in rat glomeruli. Glomeruli were obtained from rats treated with G (100 mg/kg body weight/day) along 6 days, and MC primary cultures were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation with 10(-5) M G. G induced an increase in the expression of iNOS, cNOS and Jun-AP1 in rat glomeruli and in MC cultures. Moreover, G activated JNK; JNK activation was reduced by co-incubation with the calcium channel blocker verapamil and with the ROS scavengers superoxide dismutase and catalase. These results strongly suggest a role for reactive oxygen/nitrogen species produced by increased NOS activity in G-induced MC activation. These reactive oxygen molecules and increased intracellular free calcium may mediate the increase in Jun-AP1 expression and JNK activation induced by G treatment in MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-132, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Bartlett JD, Ganss B, Goldberg M, Moradian-Oldak J, Paine ML, Snead ML, Wen X, White SN, Zhou YL. Protein–Protein Interactions of the Developing Enamel Matrix. Curr Top Dev Biol 2006; 74:57-115. [PMID: 16860665 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(06)74003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins control the formation of the inorganic component of hard tissues including bone, dentin, and enamel. The structural proteins expressed primarily in the enamel matrix are amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin, and amelotin. Other proteins, like biglycan, are also present in the enamel matrix as well as in other mineralizing and nonmineralizing tissues of mammals. In addition, the presence of sulfated enamel proteins, and "tuft" proteins has been examined and discussed in relation to enamel formation. The structural proteins of the enamel matrix must have specific protein-protein interactions to produce a matrix capable of directing the highly ordered structure of the enamel crystallites. Protein-protein interactions are also likely to occur between the secreted enamel proteins and the plasma membrane of the enamel producing cells, the ameloblasts. Such protein-protein interactions are hypothesized to influence the secretion of enamel proteins, establish short-term order of the forming matrix, and to mediate feedback signals to the transcriptional machinery of these cells. Membrane-bound proteins identified in ameloblasts, and which interact with the structural enamel proteins, include Cd63 (cluster of differentiation 63 antigen), annexin A2 (Anxa2), and lysosomal-associated glycoprotein 1 (Lamp1). These and related data help explain the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the removal of the organic enamel matrix during the events of enamel mineralization, and how the enamel matrix influences its own fate through signaling initiated at the cell surface. The knowledge gained from enamel developmental studies may lead to better dental and nondental materials, or materials inspired by Nature. These data will be critical to scientists, engineers, and dentists in their pursuits to regenerate an entire tooth. For tooth regeneration to become a reality, the protein-protein interactions involving the key dental proteins must be identified and understood. The scope of this review is to discuss the current understanding of protein-protein interactions of the developing enamel matrix, and relate this knowledge to enamel biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bartlett
- The Forsyth Institute, 140 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chen XD, Bian X, Teslovich TM, Stephan DA, Young MF. Dissection of the sets of genes that control the behavior of biglycan-deficient pre-osteoblasts using oligonucleotide microarrays. Bone 2005; 37:192-203. [PMID: 15922682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biglycan (bgn) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLPR) that is enriched in the extracellular matrix of skeletal tissues. Bgn-deficient mice develop age-related osteopenia with a phenotype that resembles osteoporosis. In order to identify sets of genes that play a key role in the skeletal abnormality, we determined the global gene expression patterns in bgn-deficient (bgn-KO) pre-osteoblasts using oligonucleotide microarray technology. Calvarial cells were harvested from newborn mice and cultured in the presence or absence of BMP-4 for 7 days. The total RNA was purified, labeled and hybridized to Affymetrix chips (U74A), and analyzed with a software program called GeneSpring. Our data suggested that biglycan regulates the activity of osteoblastic progenitors through sets of genes associated with cell cycle, cell growth, and differentiation. The biological outcome from the altered expression of these genes could cause a defect in the quantity and quality of osteoblastic progenitors, which could contribute to the development of age-related osteopenia in bgn-KO mice. Moreover, the data from this approach also revealed that biglycan deficiency affected the genes that control inflammation, immune response, and growth of tumor cells. These are new and unexpected findings that lead to the formation of new paradigms for biglycan function. Based on these findings, we propose that the reduction of this small proteoglycan with aging may increase the risk of infection and autoimmune diseases, impair wound healing, and cause higher incidences of malignancy. This study provides a broad and deep foundation for understanding SLRP function at a more complex level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Chen
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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