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Huang X, Yin Z, Xu J, Wu H, Wang Y. The Inflammatory State of Follicular Fluid Combined with Negative Emotion Indicators can Predict Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with PCOS. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:2493-2507. [PMID: 38653858 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder syndrome with an incidence of 6% to 10% in women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS not only exhibit abnormal follicular development and fertility disorders, but also have a greater tendency to develop anxiety and depression. Our aim was to evaluate the ability of inflammatory factors in follicular fluid to predict embryonic developmental potential and pregnancy outcome and to construct a machine learning model that can predict IVF pregnancy outcomes based on indicators such as basic sex hormones, embryonic morphology, the follicular microenvironment, and negative emotion. In this study, inflammatory factors (CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α) in follicular fluid samples obtained from 225 PCOS and 225 non-PCOS women were detected via ELISA. For patients with PCOS, the levels of CRP and IL-6 in the follicular fluid in the pregnant group were significantly lower than those in the nonpregnant group. For non-patients with PCOS, only the level of IL-6 in the follicular fluid was significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the nonpregnant group. In addition, for both PCOS and non-patients with PCOS, compared with those in the pregnant group, patients in the nonpregnant group showed more pronounced signs of anxiety and depression. Finally, the factors that were significantly different between the two subgroups (pregnancy and nonpregnancy) of patients with or without PCOS were identified by an independent sample t test first and further analysed by multilayer perceptron (MLP) and random forest (RF) models to distinguish the two clinical pregnancy outcomes according to the classification function. The accuracy of the RF model in predicting pregnancy outcomes in patients with or without PCOS was 95.6% and 91.1%, respectively. The RF model is more suitable than the MLP model for predicting pregnancy outcomes in IVF patients. This study not only identified inflammatory factors that can affect embryonic development and assessed the anxiety and depression tendencies of PCOS patients, but also constructed an AI model that predict pregnancy outcomes through machine learning methods, which is a beneficial clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
- Reproductive Medical Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Reproductive Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Junting Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Huanmei Wu
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Park H, Lee DH, You JH, Seok J, Lim JY, Kim GJ. Increased Hepatocyte Growth Factor Secretion by Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Ovarian Function in an Ovariectomized Rat Model via Vascular Remodeling by Wnt Signaling Activation. Cells 2023; 12:2708. [PMID: 38067136 PMCID: PMC10705748 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular network contributes to the development of follicles. However, the therapeutic mechanism between vascular remodeling and ovarian functions is still unclear. Therefore, we demonstrated whether increased HGF by placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) improves ovarian function in an ovariectomized rat model via vascular remodeling by Wnt signaling activation. We established a half-ovariectomized rat model in which damaged ovaries were induced by ovariectomy of half of each ovary, and PD-MSCs (5 × 105 cells) were transplanted by intravenous injection. Three weeks after transplantation, rats in all groups were sacrificed. We examined the secretion of HGF by PD-MSCs through culture medium. The vascular structure in injured ovarian tissues was restored to a greater extent in the PD-MSC transplantation (Tx) group than in the nontransplantation (NTx) group (* p < 0.05). The expression of genes related to Wnt signaling (e.g., LRP6, GSK3β, β-catenin) was significantly increased in the Tx group compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). However, the expression of genes related to vascular permeability (e.g., Asef, ERG3) was significantly decreased in the Tx group compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). Follicular development was improved in the Tx group compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). Furthermore, to evaluate vascular function, we cocultivated PD-MSCs after human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and we analyzed the vascular formation assay and dextran assay in HUVECs. Cocultivation of PD-MSCs with injured HUVECs enhanced vascular formation and decreased endothelial cell permeability (* p < 0.05). Also, cocultivation of PD-MSCs with explanted ovarian tissues improved follicular maturation compared to cocultivation of the Wnt inhibitor-treated PD-MSCs with explanted ovarian tissues. Therefore, HGF secreted by PD-MSCs improved ovarian function in rats with ovarian dysfunction by decreasing vascular permeability via Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Park
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- PLABiologics Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13522, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Lee
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- PLABiologics Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13522, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong You
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Yun Lim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyejeon College, Hongsung-gun 32244, Chungnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Bioinspired Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- PLABiologics Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13522, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Rodriguez Esquivel M, Hayes E, Lakomy O, Hassan M, Foretz M, Stocco C. Salt-inducible kinases regulate androgen synthesis in theca cells by enhancing CREB signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112030. [PMID: 37499999 PMCID: PMC10592241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ovulation is the pinnacle of folliculogenesis, a process that requires an interplay between the oocyte, the granulosa cells, and the theca cells (TCs). TCs are the only source of ovarian androgens, which play a vital role in female fertility. However, abnormally elevated androgen levels reduce fertility. Therefore, uncovering novel mechanisms regulating androgen synthesis in TCs is of great significance. We have shown that salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Here, we investigated whether SIKs regulate androgen production in TCs. SIK2 and SIK3 were detected in the TCs of mouse ovaries and isolated TCs. Next, TCs in culture were treated with luteinizing hormone (LH) in the presence or absence of a highly specific SIK inhibitor. SIK inhibition enhanced the stimulatory effect of LH on steroidogenic gene expression and androgen production in a concentration-dependent manner. SIK inhibition alone stimulated the expression of steroidogenic genes and increased androgen production. Activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin or emulation of increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels stimulated steroidogenesis, an effect that was enhanced by the inhibition of SIK activity. The stimulatory effect of downstream targets of cyclic AMP was also significantly augmented by SIK inhibition, suggesting that SIKs control targets downstream cyclic AMP. Finally, it is shown that SIK2 knockout mice have higher circulating testosterone than controls. This evidence shows that TCs express SIKs and reveal novel roles for SIKs in the regulation of TC function and androgen production. This information could contribute to uncovering therapeutic targets to treat hyperandrogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Hayes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Oliwia Lakomy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mariam Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Stocco
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Pei Z, Deng K, Xu C, Zhang S. The molecular regulatory mechanisms of meiotic arrest and resumption in Oocyte development and maturation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:90. [PMID: 37784186 PMCID: PMC10544615 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In human female primordial germ cells, the transition from mitosis to meiosis begins from the fetal stage. In germ cells, meiosis is arrested at the diplotene stage of prophase in meiosis I (MI) after synapsis and recombination of homologous chromosomes, which cannot be segregated. Within the follicle, the maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest is primarily attributed to high cytoplasmic concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Depending on the specific species, oocytes can remain arrested for extended periods of time, ranging from months to even years. During estrus phase in animals or the menstrual cycle in humans, the resumption of meiosis occurs in certain oocytes due to a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Any factor interfering with this process may lead to impaired oocyte maturation, which in turn affects female reproductive function. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon has not been systematically summarized yet. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the recently uncovered regulatory network involved in oocyte development and maturation, the progress of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of oocyte nuclear maturation including meiosis arrest and meiosis resumption is summarized. Additionally, the advancements in understanding the molecular cytoplasmic events occurring in oocytes, such as maternal mRNA degradation, posttranslational regulation, and organelle distribution associated with the quality of oocyte maturation, are reviewed. Therefore, understanding the pathways regulating oocyte meiotic arrest and resumption will provide detailed insight into female reproductive system and provide a theoretical basis for further research and potential approaches for novel disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenle Pei
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ke Deng
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Harris RA, McAllister JM, Strauss JF. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Identifies Pathways and Genes Contributing to the Hyperandrogenemia Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10611. [PMID: 37445796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia of ovarian thecal cell origin, resulting in anovulation/oligo-ovulation and infertility. Our previous studies established that ovarian theca cells isolated and propagated from ovaries of normal ovulatory women and women with PCOS have distinctive molecular and cellular signatures that underlie the increased androgen biosynthesis in PCOS. To evaluate differences between gene expression in single-cells from passaged cultures of theca cells from ovaries of normal ovulatory women and women with PCOS, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results from these studies revealed differentially expressed pathways and genes involved in the acquisition of cholesterol, the precursor of steroid hormones, and steroidogenesis. Bulk RNA-seq and microarray studies confirmed the theca cell differential gene expression profiles. The expression profiles appear to be directed largely by increased levels or activity of the transcription factors SREBF1, which regulates genes involved in cholesterol acquisition (LDLR, LIPA, NPC1, CYP11A1, FDX1, and FDXR), and GATA6, which regulates expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes (CYP17A1) in concert with other differentially expressed transcription factors (SP1, NR5A2). This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the hyperandrogenemia associated with PCOS and highlights potential targets for molecular diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Harris
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jan M McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Khan MS, Kim HS, Kim R, Yoon SH, Kim SG. Dysregulated Liver Metabolism and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087454. [PMID: 37108615 PMCID: PMC10138914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant fraction of couples around the world suffer from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a disease defined by the characteristics of enhanced androgen synthesis in ovarian theca cells, hyperandrogenemia, and ovarian dysfunction in women. Most of the clinically observable symptoms and altered blood biomarker levels in the patients indicate metabolic dysregulation and adaptive changes as the key underlying mechanisms. Since the liver is the metabolic hub of the body and is involved in steroid-hormonal detoxification, pathological changes in the liver may contribute to female endocrine disruption, potentially through the liver-to-ovary axis. Of particular interest are hyperglycemic challenges and the consequent changes in liver-secretory protein(s) and insulin sensitivity affecting the maturation of ovarian follicles, potentially leading to female infertility. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into emerging metabolic mechanisms underlying PCOS as the primary culprit, which promote its incidence and aggravation. Additionally, this review aims to summarize medications and new potential therapeutic approaches for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohaib Khan
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University Ilsan Medical Center, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranhee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University Ilsan Medical Center, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University Ilsan Medical Center, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University Medical College, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
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Guo X, Xu Y, Sun J, Wang Q, Kong H, Zhong Z. Exploring the Mechanism of Wenshen Huatan Quyu Decotion for PCOS Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Verification. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3299091. [PMID: 36071733 PMCID: PMC9441343 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3299091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the active chemical in Wenshen Huatan Quyu Decotion (WHQD) and to explore its possible network interactions with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systematic Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and the Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanisms in Chinese Medicine (BATMAN-TCM) were used to decompose compound formulations, detect active chemicals and their corresponding target genes, and then convert them into UniProt gene symbols. Meanwhile, PCOS-related target genes were collected from GeneCards to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, which was further analyzed by STRING online database. Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis was also performed afterwards to construct the component-target gene-disease network to visualize the correlation between WHQD and PCOS. We then performed an in silico molecular docking study to validate the predicted relationships. Results WHQD consists of 14 single drugs containing a total of 67 chemical components. 216 genes were predicted as possible targets. 123 of the 216 target genes overlapped with PCOS. GO annotation analysis revealed that 1968 genes were associated with biological processes, 145 with molecular functions, and 71 with cellular components. KEGG analysis revealed 146 pathways involved PPI, and chemical-target gene-disease networks suggest that PGR, AR, ADRB2, IL-6, MAPK1/8, ESR1/2, CHRM3, RXRA, PPARG, BCL2/BAX, GABRA1, and NR3C2 may be key genes for the pharmacological effects of WHQD on PCOS. Molecular docking analysis confirmed that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction between WHQD and its targets. Conclusion WHQD exerts its pharmacological effects by improving insulin sensitivity, subfertility, and hormonal imbalance, increasing ovulation rates, which in turn may increase pregnancy rates in patients with significant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yunyi Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Haibo Kong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Zixing Zhong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
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An Ovarian Steroid Metabolomic Pathway Analysis in Basal and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-like Gonadotropin Conditions Reveals a Hyperandrogenic Phenotype Measured by Mass Spectrometry. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071646. [PMID: 35884951 PMCID: PMC9313004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated that murine ovarian explants and isolated ovarian follicles can recapitulate human-like 28-day cycles in vitro with normal patterns of estradiol and progesterone secretion in response to gonadotropin stimulation. The objective of this study was to manipulate the gonadotropin stimulation protocol to mimic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and assess the resulting changes in ovarian steroidogenesis. A secondary aim of the study was to develop a high-throughput, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to measure seven steroid hormones (estrone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dihydrotestosterone) in conditioned culture media. Ovaries were harvested from 12-day-old CD-1 mice and cultured for 28 days, with ovulation induction on culture day 14. Media were supplemented human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, a luteinizing hormone analog) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) at ratios of 1:0 (standard media), 1:1 (physiologic ratio), and 3:1 (PCOS-like ratio). Ovaries cultured in PCOS-like media displayed hyperandrogenism and impaired ovulation, two key features of a PCOS-like phenotype. Taken together, this first-of-its-kind presentation of hormone levels from single tissues creates a map of the enzymatic steps most acutely affected by gonadotropin dysregulation and may provide opportunities for assessing other potential insults in PCOS pathogenesis.
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Froment P, Plotton I, Giulivi C, Fabre S, Khoueiry R, Mourad NI, Horman S, Ramé C, Rouillon C, Grandhaye J, Bigot Y, Chevaleyre C, Le Guevel R, Mallegol P, Andriantsitohaina R, Guerif F, Tamburini J, Viollet B, Foretz M, Dupont J. At the crossroads of fertility and metabolism: the importance of AMPK-dependent signaling in female infertility associated with hyperandrogenism. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1207-1228. [PMID: 35459945 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What biological processes are linked to the signaling of the energy sensor 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in mouse and human granulosa cells (GCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER The lack of α1AMPK in GCs impacted cell cycle, adhesion, lipid metabolism and induced a hyperandrogenic response. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AMPK is expressed in the ovarian follicle, and its activation by pharmacological medications, such as metformin, inhibits the production of steroids. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is responsible for infertility in approximately 5-20% of women of childbearing age and possible treatments include reducing body weight, improving lifestyle and the administration of a combination of drugs to improve insulin resistance, such as metformin. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION AMPK signaling was evaluated by analyzing differential gene expression in immortalized human granulosa cells (KGNs) with and without silencing α1AMPK using CRISPR/Cas9. In vivo studies included the use of a α1AMPK knock-out mouse model to evaluate the role of α1AMPK in folliculogenesis and fertility. Expression of α1AMPK was evaluated in primary human granulosa-luteal cells retrieved from women undergoing IVF with and without a lean PCOS phenotype (i.e. BMI: 18-25 kg/m2). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS α1AMPK was disrupted in KGN cells and a transgenic mouse model. Cell viability, proliferation and metabolism were evaluated. Androgen production was evaluated by analyzing protein levels of relevant enzymes in the steroid pathway by western blots, and steroid levels obtained from in vitro and in vivo models by mass spectrometry. Differential gene expression in human GC was obtained by RNA sequencing. Analysis of in vivo murine folliculogenesis was performed by histology and immunochemistry, including evaluation of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) marker. The α1AMPK gene expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR in primary GCs obtained from women with the lean PCOS phenotype (n = 8) and without PCOS (n = 9). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Silencing of α1AMPK in KGN increased cell proliferation (P < 0.05 versus control, n = 4), promoted the use of fatty acids over glucose, and induced a hyperandrogenic response resulting from upregulation of two of the enzymes involved in steroid production, namely 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) and P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) (P < 0.05, n = 3). Female mice deficient in α1AMPK had a 30% decrease in their ovulation rate (P < 0.05, n = 7) and litter size, a hyperandrogenic response (P < 0.05, n = 7) with higher levels of 3βHSD and p450scc levels in the ovaries, and an increase in the population of antral follicles (P < 0.01, n = 10) compared to controls. Primary GCs from lean women with PCOS had lower α1AMPK mRNA expression levels than the control group (P < 0.05, n = 8-9). LARGE SCALE DATA The FastQ files and metadata were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) at EMBL-EBI under accession number PRJEB46048. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The human KGN is a not fully differentiated, transformed cell line. As such, to confirm the role of AMPK in GC and the PCOS phenotype, this model was compared to two others: an α1AMPK transgenic mouse model and primary differentiated granulosa-lutein cells from non-obese women undergoing IVF (with and without PCOS). A clear limitation is the small number of patients with PCOS utilized in this study and that the collection of human GCs was performed after hormonal stimulation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results reveal that AMPK is directly involved in steroid production in human GCs. In addition, AMPK signaling was associated with other processes frequently reported as dysfunctional in PCOS models, such as cell adhesion, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Silencing of α1AMPK in KGN promoted folliculogenesis, with increases in AMH. Evaluating the expression of the α1AMPK subunit could be considered as a marker of interest in infertility cases related to hormonal imbalances and metabolic disorders, including PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was financially supported by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and the national programme « FERTiNERGY » funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The authors report no intellectual or financial conflicts of interest related to this work. R.K. is identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. R.K. alone is responsible for the views expressed in this article and she does not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ingrid Plotton
- Molecular Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Bron, France
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stephane Fabre
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Nizar I Mourad
- Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christelle Ramé
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Yves Bigot
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Remy Le Guevel
- Plate-forme ImPACcell, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Mallegol
- SOPAM, U1063, INSERM, UNIV Angers, Angers, France
- Federative Structure of Research Cellular Interactions and Therapeutic Applications, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Angers, France
| | - Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
- SOPAM, U1063, INSERM, UNIV Angers, Angers, France
- Federative Structure of Research Cellular Interactions and Therapeutic Applications, SFR 4208 ICAT, Univ Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Jérôme Tamburini
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France
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10
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Shah AK, Yadav BK, Suri A, Shah AK. A study on lipoprotein-a and PAI-1 in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 43:357-361. [PMID: 35439403 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES PCOS is the most common endocrinological disorder amongst women of reproductive age. The consequences of PCOS extend beyond the reproductive axis and may lead to the development of metabolic syndrome leading to a high risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a more comprehensive evaluation of biochemical markers that reflect the cardiovascular risk is required for further understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis and management. METHODS In this case-control study, women diagnosed with PCOS (n=100) in the age group (18-35 years) years were taken as cases and age matched healthy controls (n=100) were enrolled. Estimations of fasting plasma Glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were assayed while Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated by using Fredrickson Friedwald's formula. Serum Lipoprotein-a (Lp-a) was estimated using ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay). The quantitative data were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare the values (PCOS vs Controls) and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to elucidate the relationship between the variables. RESULTS FBS and all lipid parameters were significantly increased in PCOS patients compared to control subjects. On the other hand, HDL-C was significantly decreased as compared to the control subjects. The hormones TSH, LH, FSH, PRL and LH/FSH ratio were significantly increased in PCOS patients compared to control subjects. Lipoprotein-a and PAI-1 was significantly increased in PCOS patients compared to the control subjects. Upon bivariate correlation analysis, Lp(a) had significant correlations with PAI-1 (r=0.35, p=0.000), WHR (r=0.25, p=0.000), LDL (r=0.52, p=0.000) and TSH (r=0.24, p=0.000). While the correlations with FBS (r=-0.008, p=0.91) and LH/FSH ratio (r=-0.004, p=0.95) were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of serum biomarkers such as Lp-a, PAI-1 and lipid profile routinely in PCOS patients may have diagnostic role in the early detection of metabolic abnormalities and endocrine derangements and timely management of comorbid Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease in PCOS females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahbad (M), Haryana, India
| | - Birendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Banas Medical College and Research Institute, Palanpur, Gujrat, India
| | - Arpita Suri
- Department of Biochemistry, SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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11
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Ren M, Liu J, Zhang Y, Fan L. Effects of Different Ovulation Induction Regimens on Sex Hormone Levels and Serum CTRP3 and CTRP15 Levels in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6027878. [PMID: 35463985 PMCID: PMC9019456 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6027878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective A retrospective cohort study aimed to explore the effects of different ovulation induction regimens on the levels of sex hormones and serum C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3) and C1q/TNF-related protein-15 (CTRP15) in patients with PCOS. Methods A total of 100 patients with PCOS treated in the department of gynecology and obstetrics from February 2019 to April 2021 in our hospital were enrolled. The patients were arbitrarily assigned into control group and study group. The treatment effect, pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, follicle size, thickness of endometrium, number of mature follicles and ovulation, serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), serum CTRP3, CTRP15 and menstrual score were compared. Results There exhibited no statistical difference in baseline clinical data between the two kinds of patients. The therapeutic effects were compared, the effective rate was 98.00% in the study group, 13 cases in the control group, 20 cases in the effective group and 7 cases in the control group, and the effective rate was 86.00%. The effective rate in the study group was higher (P <0.05). The size of follicles and the thickness of endometrium in the two groups were compared before and after intervention. There exhibited no significant difference in the size of follicles and the thickness of endometrium before and after intervention (P >0.05). The size of follicles and the thickness of endometrium in the study group were significantly higher (P <0.05). The size of follicles and the thickness of endometrium in the study group were significantly higher (P <0.05). There exhibited no significant difference in the number of mature follicles and ovulation before and after intervention (P >0.05). After intervention, the number of mature follicles and ovulation in the two groups increased. The number of mature follicles and ovulation in the study group were (4.76 ± 0.90) and (4.48 ± 0.73), respectively, which were higher compared to the control group (2.45 ± 0.86) and (2.82 ± 0.84), respectively (P <0.05). The levels of serum LH, FSH, E2 and T were not significantly different before and after intervention. After the intervention of different ways of ovulation induction, the levels of serum LH, FSH, E2 and T in the two groups continued to decrease, and the levels of the above sex hormones in the study group were significantly lower (P <0.05). The menstrual score and the levels of serum CTRP3 and CTRP15 were compared before and after intervention. After intervention, the menstrual score of patients in both groups decreased, and the menstrual score of the study group was lower. In addition, the levels of serum CTRP3 and CTRP15 in the two groups decreased after intervention. Compared with the control group, the levels of CTRP3 and CTRP15 in the study group were lower after intervention (P <0.05). The ovulation rate and pregnancy rate of the two groups were compared. In the study group, there were 45 ovulation cases, the ovulation rate was 90.00% (45/50), the pregnancy rate was 33 cases, the pregnancy rate was 66.00% (33/50), and the ovulation rate in the control group was 31 cases, the ovulation rate was 62.00% (31/50), the pregnancy rate was 20 cases, and the pregnancy rate was 40.00% (20/50). The ovulation rate and pregnancy rate in the study group were higher (P <0.05). Conclusion Different ovulation induction regimens have different effects on the levels of sex hormones and serum CTRP3 and CTRP15 in patients with PCOS. Long-acting follicular phase regimens can effectively promote the therapeutic effect of patients and increase the ovulation rate and pregnancy rate. In addition, it can also reduce the levels of serum LH, follicle stimulating FSH, E2 and testosterone T, and help to promote the levels of serum CTRP3 and CTRP15, which is worth popularizing and applying in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Ren
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital) Gynaecology and Obstetrics 030012, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital) Department of Reproductive Medicine 030012, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital) Gynaecology and Obstetrics 030012, China
| | - Linxiao Fan
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital) Gynaecology and Obstetrics 030012, China
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Gollapalli P, Kumari NS, Shetty P, Gnanasekaran TS. Molecular basis of AR and STK11 genes associated pathogenesis via AMPK pathway and adipocytokine signalling pathway in the development of metabolic disorders in PCOS women. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
One of the most common hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In recent years, it has been found that insulin resistance is a common metabolic abnormality in women with PCOS and leads to an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that regulate these kinds of metabolic risks in PCOS women, we chose the gene expression profile of GSE8157 from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database.
Results
Using the GEO2R tool, we identified a total of 339 DEGs between the case and the control sample groups. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genome pathway enrichment analysis were subsequently conducted. High connectivity, betweenness centrality, bottleneck centrality, closeness centrality, and radiality measures were used to rank the ten hub genes. Furthermore, the overlap of these genes resulted in the development of two key genes, AR and STK11. The AMPK and adipocytokine signaling pathways are the two main pathways that these DEGs are involved.
Conclusions
The backbone genes, hub genes and pathways identified would assist us in further exploring the molecular basis of developing risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in PCOS women and thus provide diagnostic or therapeutic clues.
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13
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Emanuel RHK, Roberts J, Docherty PD, Lunt H, Campbell RE, Möller K. A review of the hormones involved in the endocrine dysfunctions of polycystic ovary syndrome and their interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1017468. [PMID: 36457554 PMCID: PMC9705998 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1017468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 20% of women but remains poorly understood. It is a heterogeneous condition with many potential comorbidities. This review offers an overview of the dysregulation of the reproductive and metabolic systems associated with PCOS. Review of the literature informed the development of a comprehensive summarizing 'wiring' diagram of PCOS-related features. This review provides a justification for each diagram aspect from the relevant academic literature, and explores the interactions between the hypothalamus, ovarian follicles, adipose tissue, reproductive hormones and other organ systems. The diagram will provide an efficient and useful tool for those researching and treating PCOS to understand the current state of knowledge on the complexity and variability of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H. K. Emanuel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Josh Roberts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paul D. Docherty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Institute of Technical Medicine, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Paul D. Docherty,
| | - Helen Lunt
- Diabetes Services, Te Whatu Ora Waitaha Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E. Campbell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Knut Möller
- Institute of Technical Medicine, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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14
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Huang X, Hong L, Wu Y, Chen M, Kong P, Ruan J, Teng X, Wei Z. Raman Spectrum of Follicular Fluid: A Potential Biomarker for Oocyte Developmental Competence in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:777224. [PMID: 34858993 PMCID: PMC8632455 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.777224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in reproductive women where abnormal folliculogenesis is considered as a common characteristic. Our aim is to evaluate the potential of follicular fluid (FF) Raman spectra to predict embryo development and pregnancy outcome, so as to prioritize the best promising embryo for implantation, reducing both physiological and economical burdens of PCOS patients. In addition, the altered metabolic profiles will be identified to explore the aetiology and pathobiology of PCOS. In this study, follicular fluid samples obtained from 150 PCOS and 150 non-PCOS women were measured with Raman spectroscopy. Individual Raman spectrum was analyzed to find biologic components contributing to the occurrence of PCOS. More importantly, the Raman spectra of follicular fluid from the 150 PCOS patients were analyzed via machine-learning algorithms to evaluate their predictive value for oocyte development potential and clinical pregnancy. Mean-centered Raman spectra and principal component analysis (PCA) showed global differences in the footprints of follicular fluid between PCOS and non-PCOS women. Two Raman zones (993-1,165 cm-1 and 1,439-1,678 cm-1) were identified for describing the largest variances between the two groups, with the former higher and the latter lower in PCOS FF. The tentative assignments of corresponding Raman bands included phenylalanine and β -carotene. Moreover, it was found that FF, in which oocytes would develop into high-quality blastocysts and obtain high clinical pregnancy rate, were detected with lower quantification of the integration at 993-1,165 cm-1 and higher quantification of the integration at 1,439-1,678 cm-1 in PCOS. In addition, based on Raman spectra of PCOS FF, the machine-learning algorithms via the fully connected artificial neural network (ANN) achieved the overall accuracies of 90 and 74% in correctly assigning oocyte developmental potential and clinical pregnancy, respectively. The study suggests that the PCOS displays unique metabolic profiles in follicular fluid which could be detected by Raman spectroscopy. Specific bands in Raman spectra have the biomarker potential to predict the embryo development and pregnancy outcome for PCOS patients. Importantly, these data may provide some valuable biochemical information and metabolic signatures that will help us to understand the abnormal follicular development in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxin Chen
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Kong
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingling Ruan
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Teng
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Compromised Cumulus-Oocyte Complex Matrix Organization and Expansion in Women with PCOS. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:836-848. [PMID: 34748173 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) matrix plays a critical role in the ovulation and fertilization process and a major predictor of oocyte quality. Proteomics studies of follicular fluid showed differential expression of COC matrix proteins in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), indicating altered COC matrix in these women. In the present study, we aimed to understand COC matrix gene induction in humans and its probable dysfunction in women with PCOS. Animal studies have shown that amphiregulin (AREG) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) are important in the induction of COC matrix genes which are involved in cumulus expansion. The effects of AREG and GDF-9 on expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6) and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) on human cumulus granulosa cells (CGCs) and murine COC expansion were evaluated. Further time-dependent effects of growth factor supplementation on these gene expressions in CGCs from PCOS and control women were compared. Follicular fluid from PCOS showed reduced COC matrix expansion capacity, using murine COCs. Expression of COC matrix genes TNFAIP6 and HAS2 were significantly reduced in CGCs of PCOS. Treatment of CGCs with AREG and GDF-9 together induced expression of both these genes in controls and could only restore HAS2 but not TNFAIP6 expression in PCOS. Our results suggest that the reduced potential of follicular fluid to support COC expansion, altered expression of structural constituents, and intrinsic defects in granulosa cells of women with PCOS may contribute to the aberrant COC organization and expansion in PCOS, thus affecting fertilization.
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16
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Chaudhary H, Patel J, Jain NK, Joshi R. The role of polymorphism in various potential genes on polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility and pathogenesis. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:125. [PMID: 34563259 PMCID: PMC8466925 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathies affecting the early reproductive age in women, whose pathophysiology perplexes many researchers till today. This syndrome is classically categorized by hyperandrogenism and/or hyperandrogenemia, menstrual and ovulatory dysfunction, bulky multi follicular ovaries on Ultrasonography (USG), and metabolic abnormalities such as hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, obesity. The etiopathogenesis of PCOS is not fully elucidated, but it seems that the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, ovarian, and/or adrenal androgen secretion may contribute to developing the syndrome. Infertility and poor reproductive health in women's lives are highly associated with elevated levels of androgens. Studies with ovarian theca cells taken from PCOS women have demonstrated increased androgen production due to augmented ovarian steroidogenesis attributed to mainly altered expression of critical enzymes (Cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP17, CYP21, CYP19, CYP11A) in the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway. Despite the heterogeneity of PCOS, candidate gene studies are the widely used technique to delineate the genetic variants and analyze for the correlation of androgen biosynthesis pathway and those affecting the secretion or action of insulin with PCOS etiology. Linkage and association studies have predicted the relationship between genetic variants and PCOS risk among families or populations. Several genes have been proposed as playing a role in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS, and the presence of mutations and/or polymorphisms has been discovered, which suggests that PCOS has a vital heritable component. The following review summarizes the influence of polymorphisms in crucial genes of the steroidogenesis pathway leading to intraovarian hyperandrogenism which can result in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Jalpa Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Nayan K. Jain
- Department of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Rushikesh Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
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17
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Spicer LJ. Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site regulation of bovine theca cells. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6309027. [PMID: 34166505 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian paracrine mediation by components of the wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site ligands (WNT1 to 11) and their receptors, frizzled family members (FZD1 to 10), has been proposed. Secreted truncated forms of FZD proteins (e.g., secreted frizzled-related protein 4 [SFRP4]) block the action of WNT ligands. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is another WNT antagonist, and R-spondin-1 (RSPO1) is one of a group of four secreted proteins that enhance WNT/β-catenin signaling. Our hypothesis was that granulosa cells signal theca cells (TCs) via SFRP4, DKK1, RSPO1, and WNT secretion to regulate TC differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, in vitro experiments were conducted to study the effects of WNT family member 3A (WNT3A), WNT5A, RSPO1, DKK1, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), Indian hedgehog (IHH), and fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) on bovine TC proliferation and steroidogenesis. TCs of large (8 to 20 mm) and small (3 to 6 mm) follicles were collected from bovine ovaries; TC monolayers were established in vitro and treated with various doses of recombinant human WNT3A, WNT5A, RSPO1, DKK1, IGF1, FGF9, BMP7, IHH, and/or ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum-free medium for 48 h. In experiment 1, using LH-treated TC, IGF1, IHH, and WNT3A increased (P < 0.05) cell numbers and androstenedione production, whereas WNT3A and BMP7 inhibited (P < 0.05) progesterone production. In experiment 2, FGF9 blocked (P < 0.05) the WNT3A-induced increase in androstenedione production in LH plus IGF1-treated TC. In experiment 3, RSPO1 further increased (P < 0.05) LH plus IGF1-induced progesterone and androstenedione production. In experiment 4, SFRP4 and DKK1 alone had no significant effect on TC proliferation or progesterone production of large-follicle TC but both blocked the inhibitory effect of WNT5A on androstenedione production. In contrast, DKK1 alone inhibited (P < 0.05) small-follicle TC androstenedione production whereas SFRP4 was without effect. We conclude that the ovarian TC WNT system is functional in cattle, with WNT3A increasing proliferation and androstenedione production of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of mitochondrial functional alterations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). RECENT FINDINGS Although numerous studies have focused on PCOS, the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause this common disease remain unclear. Mitochondria play a central role in energy production, and mitochondrial dysfunction may underlie several abnormalities observed in women with PCOS. Recent studies associated mtDNA mutations and low mtDNA copy number with PCOS, and set out to characterize the potential protective role of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein responses (UPR and UPR). SUMMARY Mitochondrial dysfunction likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS by increasing reactive oxygen (ROS) and oxidative stress. This occurs in a metabolic milieu often affected by insulin resistance, which is a common finding in women with PCOS, especially in those who are overweight or obese. Mutations in mtDNA and low mtDNA copy number are found in these patients and may have potential as diagnostic modalities for specific PCOS phenotypes. More recently, UPR and UPR are being investigated as potential cellular rescue mechanisms in PCOS, the failure of which may lead to apoptosis, and contribute to decreased reproductive potential.
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Where are the theca cells from: the mechanism of theca cells derivation and differentiation. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:1711-1718. [PMID: 32530882 PMCID: PMC7401757 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian follicles are composed of oocytes, granulosa cells, and theca cells. Theca cells form in the secondary follicles, maintaining follicular structural integrity and secreting steroid hormones. Two main sources of theca cells exist: Wilms tumor 1 positive (Wt1+) cells native to the ovary and Gli1+ mesenchymal cells migrated from the mesonephros. Normal folliculogenesis is a process where oocytes, granulosa cells, and theca cells constantly interact with and support each other through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. The proliferation and differentiation of theca cells are regulated by oocyte-derived factors, including growth development factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15, and granulosa cell-derived factors, including desert hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, kit ligand, insulin-like growth factor 1, as well as hormones such as insulin and growth hormones. Current research on the origin of theca cells is limited. Identifying the origin of theca cells will help us to systematically elaborate the mechanisms of follicular formation and development.
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The Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Application and Mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5555315. [PMID: 33727939 PMCID: PMC7935573 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5555315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a reproductive endocrine disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has influenced billions of women during childbearing age worldwide. Owing to its complex etiology and ambiguous pathogenesis, there is still not a specific method to cure it. Clinical treatments, such as hormone therapy and surgical treatment, have side effects. Therefore, it is essential and urgent to seek alternative treatment to solve these problems. The satisfactory efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), immunotherapy, medicinal foods, vitamin therapy, diet therapy, psychotherapy, spa, and oxygen therapy, in treating PCOS, has aroused an increasing number of medical workers' concern and gradually become the mainstream. This paper reviews the application of CAM in the treatment of PCOS, especially from the perspective of TCM. Meanwhile, the limitations of the literature about CAM in the treatment of PCOS are mentioned and analyzed as well.
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Sun M, Sun B, Qiao S, Feng X, Li Y, Zhang S, Lin Y, Hou L. Elevated maternal androgen is associated with dysfunctional placenta and lipid disorder in newborns of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2021; 113:1275-1285.e2. [PMID: 32482257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the placental morphology alterations and identify the clinical characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their newborns. Pregnant women with PCOS (n = 12) and pregnant women without PCOS (n = 11) were recruited. Then, the placenta, maternal blood and cord blood were collected after delivery. DESIGN Clinical observational study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) In the present study, pregnant women with PCOS and healthy pregnant women were recruited from the clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, China, between February 2015 and October 2015. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) A proteomic analysis was performed on the placenta in women with PCOS and healthy women. RESULT(S) The maternal testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, free androgen index, cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group, and the offspring in the PCOS group had higher dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, high-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol levels, when compared with the control group. The placenta in the PCOS group demonstrated infarction, calcification, and a greater intervillous space, when compared with the control group. A higher level of estrogen receptor-β protein was observed in the placenta of women with PCOS, when compared with women without PCOS. A total of 258 proteins in the placenta were identified to be significantly different, when the PCOS and control groups were compared, and fibronectin 1 exhibited the closest relationship with other differential proteins. CONCLUSION(S) The overexposure to hyperandrogenism and hyperlipidemia affects the functions of the placenta, which are associated with the development of metabolic disorders in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shicong Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Yuhan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Gong Y, Luo S, Fan P, Zhu H, Li Y, Huang W. Growth hormone activates PI3K/Akt signaling and inhibits ROS accumulation and apoptosis in granulosa cells of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:121. [PMID: 33287836 PMCID: PMC7720521 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is reported that growth hormone (GH) can alleviate oxidative stress (OS) induced apoptosis in some types of cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study investigated the role and underlying mechanism of GH in OS and apoptosis in granulosa cells (GCs) of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS Primary GCs were collected from patients with and without PCOS (controls, n = 32) during oocyte retrieval. The patients with PCOS were randomly assigned to take GH treatment (PCOS-GH, n = 30) or without GH treatment (PCOS-C, n = 31). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined by spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy. GC apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining and JC-1 staining, respectively (flow cytometry). The expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins involved in PI3K/Akt signaling was determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, while active caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels of GCs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Our study found that in GCs of the PCOS-GH group, the ROS levels and apoptotic rates were significantly decreased, whereas MMP was significantly increased when compared to those in the PCOS-C group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of FOXO1, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were significantly decreased, whereas Bcl-2 was increased in GCs of the PCOS-GH group than those in the PCOS-C group (P < 0.05). The protein levels of FOXO1, Bax, cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 were decreased, whereas p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, p-FOXO1 and Bcl-2 were increased in GCs of the PCOS-GH group, compared with those in the PCOS-C group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION OS induced apoptosis and downregulated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in patients with PCOS. GH could alleviate apoptosis and activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. ChiCTR1800019437 . Prospectively registered on October 20, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Women's and Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Women's and children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, #1416 Chenglong Road, JinJiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Hawthorne C, Simpson DA, Devereux B, López-Campos G. Phexpo: a package for bidirectional enrichment analysis of phenotypes and chemicals. JAMIA Open 2020; 3:173-177. [PMID: 32734156 PMCID: PMC7382647 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes are the result of the complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. To better understand the interactions between chemical compounds and human phenotypes, and further exposome research we have developed “phexpo,” a tool to perform and explore bidirectional chemical and phenotype interactions using enrichment analyses. Phexpo utilizes gene annotations from 2 curated public repositories, the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and the Human Phenotype Ontology. We have applied phexpo in 3 case studies linking: (1) individual chemicals (a drug, warfarin, and an industrial chemical, chloroform) with phenotypes, (2) individual phenotypes (left ventricular dysfunction) with chemicals, and (3) multiple phenotypes (covering polycystic ovary syndrome) with chemicals. The results of these analyses demonstrated successful identification of relevant chemicals or phenotypes supported by bibliographic references. The phexpo R package (https://github.com/GHLCLab/phexpo) provides a new bidirectional analyses approach covering relationships from chemicals to phenotypes and from phenotypes to chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hawthorne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David A Simpson
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Barry Devereux
- The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Guillermo López-Campos
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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24
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Ghafarzadeh M. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Infertility: From Molecular Perspective. CURRENT WOMENS HEALTH REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573404816999200408122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major endocrine abnormalities in
women. It is associated with the dysfunction of androgen metabolism, elevation in insulin resistance
and impaired fertility. In addition, it is characterized by polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation,
hyperandrogenism, chronic low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the studies
have indicated that PCOS is associated with higher rates of obesity and central adiposity, which are
partly responsible for the clinical severity of PCOS. Over the years, PCOS has been associated with
infertility in women, as it is responsible for subfertility and increases the risk of pregnancy-related
complications like gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and premature delivery. The pathogenesis
of PCOS remains ambiguous, however PI3K-Akt and retinoid signaling pathways are
known to be involved mechanisms. In this review, we will give a comprehensive summary based on
the possible association of PI3K-Akt and retinoid signaling pathways in PCOS-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ghafarzadeh
- Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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25
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Mitochondrial dysfunction: An emerging link in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:24-39. [PMID: 32081727 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism and subfertility. Due to its complex manifestation, the pathogenic mechanism of PCOS is not well defined. Cumulative effect of altered genetic and epigenetic factors along with environmental factors may play a role in the manifestation of PCOS leading to systemic malfunction. With failure of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and other studies performed on nuclear genome to provide any clue for precise mechanism of PCOS pathogenesis, attention has been diverted to mitochondria. Mitochondrion plays an important role in cellular metabolic functions and is linked to Insulin Resistance (IR). Recently, increasing reports suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Hence, in this review, we have discussed mitochondrial biology in brief and emphasizes on genetic and epigenetic aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction studied in PCOS women and PCOS-like animal models. We also highlight underlying mechanism behind mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to PCOS and its related complications such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancer. Furthermore, contrasting remarks against involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in PCOS pathophysiology have also been presented. This review enhances our understanding in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of PCOS and stimulates further research to explore a clear link between mitochondrial dysfunction and PCOS pathogenesis and progression. Understanding pathogenic mechanisms underlying PCOS will open new windows to develop promising therapeutic strategies against PCOS.
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26
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Kulkarni R, Teves ME, Han AX, McAllister JM, Strauss JF. Colocalization of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Candidate Gene Products in Theca Cells Suggests Novel Signaling Pathways. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:2204-2223. [PMID: 31723719 PMCID: PMC6839531 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified loci associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including those near the LH receptor gene (LHCGR), a clathrin-binding protein (DENND1A) that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and the gene encoding RAB5B, a GTPase involved in vesicular trafficking. We proposed that these three PCOS loci could be assembled into a functional network that contributes to altered gene expression in theca cells, resulting in increased androgen synthesis. The functional significance of this network was supported by our discovery that a truncated protein splice variant of the DENND1A gene, termed DENND1A.V2, is elevated in PCOS theca cells, and that forced expression of DENND1A.V2 in normal theca cells increased CYP11A1 and CYP17A1 expression and androgen synthesis, a hallmark of PCOS. In this study, we demonstrate the colocalization of LHCGR, DENND1AV.2, and RAB5B proteins in various cellular compartments in normal and PCOS theca cells by immunofluorescence. Human chorionic gonadotropin and forskolin stimulation was shown to affect the cytoplasmic distribution of LHCGR, DENND1A.V2, and RAB5B. DENND1A.V2 accumulated in the nuclei of the theca cells. Moreover, PCOS theca cells, following forskolin treatment, had a significantly greater relative abundance of nuclear DENND1A.V2. RAB5B also accumulated in the nuclei of PCOS theca cells treated with forskolin. In contrast, LHCGR did not enter the nucleus. This cytological evidence, and the previously reported increase in androgen biosynthesis with forced expression of DENND1A.V2 in normal theca cells, raises the possibility that DENND1A.V2 and RAB5B participate in increasing transcription of genes involved in androgen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewa Kulkarni
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Angela X Han
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan M McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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27
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McAllister JM, Han AX, Modi BP, Teves ME, Mavodza GR, Anderson ZL, Shen T, Christenson LK, Archer KJ, Strauss JF. miRNA Profiling Reveals miRNA-130b-3p Mediates DENND1A Variant 2 Expression and Androgen Biosynthesis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1964-1981. [PMID: 31184707 PMCID: PMC6656421 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women involving overproduction of ovarian androgens and, in some cases, from the adrenal cortex. Family studies have established that PCOS is a complex heritable disorder with genetic and epigenetic components. Several small, noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be differentially expressed in ovarian cells and follicular fluid and in the circulation of women with PCOS. However, there are no reports of global miRNA expression and target gene analyses in ovarian theca cells isolated from normal cycling women and women with PCOS, which are key to the elucidation of the basis for the hyperandrogenemia characteristic of PCOS. With the use of small RNA deep sequencing (miR-seq), we identified 18 differentially expressed miRNAs in PCOS theca cells; of these, miR-130b-3p was predicted to target one of the PCOS genome-wide association study candidates, differentially expressed in neoplastic vs normal cells domain containing 1A (DENND1A). We previously reported that DENND1A variant 2 (DENND1A.V2), a truncated isoform of DENND1A, is upregulated in PCOS theca cells and mediates augmented androgen biosynthesis in PCOS theca cells. The comparison of miR-130b-3p in normal and PCOS theca cells demonstrated decreased miR-130b-3p expression in PCOS theca cells, which was correlated with increased DENND1A.V2, cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) mRNA and androgen biosynthesis. miR-130b-3p mimic studies established that increased miR130b-3p is correlated with decreased DENND1A.V2 and CYP17A1 expression. Thus, in addition to genetic factors, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms via miR-130b-3p underly androgen excess in PCOS. Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis Core Pathway and Network Analyses suggest a network by which miR-130b-3p, DENND1A, the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor, Ras-related protein 5B, and signaling pathways that they potentially target may mediate hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence:Jan M. McAllister, PhD, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, H083, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17036. E-mail:
| | - Angela X Han
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Bhavi P Modi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Grace R Mavodza
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary L Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lane K Christenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kellie J Archer
- Division of Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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28
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Candelaria NR, Padmanabhan A, Stossi F, Ljungberg MC, Shelly KE, Pew BK, Solis M, Rossano AM, McAllister JM, Wu S, Richards JS. VCAM1 Is Induced in Ovarian Theca and Stromal Cells in a Mouse Model of Androgen Excess. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1377-1393. [PMID: 30951142 PMCID: PMC6507908 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian theca androgen production is regulated by the pituitary LH and intrafollicular factors. Enhanced androgen biosynthesis by theca cells contributes to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women, but the ovarian consequences of elevated androgens are not completely understood. Our study documents the molecular events that are altered in the theca and stromal cells of mice exposed to high androgen levels, using the nonaromatizable androgen DHT. Changes in ovarian morphology and function were observed not only in follicles, but also in the stromal compartment. Genome-wide microarray analyses revealed marked changes in the ovarian transcriptome of DHT-treated females within 1 week. Particularly striking was the increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam1) specifically in the NR2F2/COUPTF-II lineage theca cells, not granulosa cells, of growing follicles and throughout the stroma of the androgen-treated mice. This response was mediated by androgen receptors (ARs) present in theca and stromal cells. Human theca-derived cultures expressed both ARs and NR2F2 that were nuclear. VCAM1 mRNA and protein were higher in PCOS-derived theca cells compared with control theca and reduced markedly by the AR antagonist flutamide. In the DHT-treated mice, VCAM1 was transiently induced by equine chorionic gonadotropin, when androgen and estrogen biosynthesis peak in preovulatory follicles, and was potently suppressed by a superovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin. High levels of VCAM1 in the theca and interstitial cells of DHT-treated mice and in adult Leydig cells indicate that there may be novel functions for VCAM1 in reproductive tissues, including the gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholes R Candelaria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Nicholes R. Candelaria, PhD, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
| | - Achuth Padmanabhan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Integrated Microscopy Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - M Cecilia Ljungberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurologic Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Katharine E Shelly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Braden K Pew
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Minerva Solis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ayane M Rossano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan M McAllister
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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29
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Song J, Diao F, Ma X, Xu S, Cui Y, Jiang S, Liu J. Androgen upregulates NR4A1 via the TFAP2A and ETS signaling networks. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 113:1-7. [PMID: 31146003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperandrogenism is one of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Our previous studies confirmed that nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1), as a differentially expressed gene in the ovaries of PCOS patients, was upregulated by increased androgen. However, the potential mechanism of NR4A1 upregulation remains unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in NR4A1 regulation, we cloned and characterized the promoter regions of the NR4A1 gene using a series of truncated promoter plasmids in luciferase reporter assays. We identified two unique core promoters of NR4A1 located within the +1055/+1251 and +3183/+3233 regions relative to the transcription start site. TFAP2A downregulated NR4A1 expression, while five ETS transcription factors, ETS1, ELK1, ERG, FLI1 and SPI1, could upregulate NR4A1 promoter activity in HeLa cells. Of these transcription factors, ETS1 and ELK1 were the most effective ones. Moreover, all six transcription factors were confirmed to interact directly with the NR4A1 promoter. In conclusion, this study presents the first description that TFAP2A and ETS family signaling networks are involved in the androgen-mediated transcriptional regulation of NR4A1, which contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the TFAP2A-NR4A1 and ETS-NR4A1 signaling networks in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feiyang Diao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Xiang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Siliang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yugui Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shiwen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Jiayin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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30
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Retinoic acid signaling in ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 87:32-41. [PMID: 31059772 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are essential for reproduction. Most research has focused on the role of retinoic acid signaling in the regulation of meiosis during early fetal germ cell development. However, less attention has been paid to the possible effects of retinoic acid signaling in adult female gonads. Retinoic acid, its receptors, and the key enzymes required for retinoic acid synthesis are expressed in the ovaries and they are involved in the regulation of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Exposure to compounds that can interfere with normal retinoic acid signaling is associated with adverse ovarian outcomes, including altered steroidogenesis and reduction in indicators of ovarian reserve in women and laboratory animal models. These observations call for more attention to retinoids as regulators of adult ovarian physiology and as possible targets of endocrine disruption by environmental chemicals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of retinoids in folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in post-pubertal mammalian ovaries.
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31
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Chen B, Xu P, Wang J, Zhang C. The role of MiRNA in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gene 2019; 706:91-96. [PMID: 31054362 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women. Clinical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, polycystic ovaries and being frequently accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs which are involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Altered miRNAs levels have been showed to be associated with a variety of diseases including diabetes, endometriosis and cancer. In recent years, more and more evidence suggests abnormal expression of miRNAs are detected in granulosa cells, theca cells, adipose tissue, follicular fluid, serum and peripheral blood leukocytes of women with PCOS and display vital role in the occurrence and development of PCOS. This will shed light on new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. In this paper, we will review the recent research on miRNAs with respect to PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqi Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- Second Clinical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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32
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Alciaturi J, Anesetti G, Irigoin F, Skowronek F, Sapiro R. Distribution of sperm antigen 6 (SPAG6) and 16 (SPAG16) in mouse ciliated and non-ciliated tissues. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:189-202. [PMID: 30911868 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells serve many functions, exhibiting remarkable conservation of both structure and molecular composition in widely divergent eukaryotic organisms. SPAG6 and SPAG16 are the homologous in the mice to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PF16 and PF20. Both proteins are associated with the axonemal central apparatus and are essential for ciliary and flagellar motility in mammals. Recent data derived from high-throughput studies revealed expression of these genes in tissues that do not contain motile cilia. However, the distribution of SPAG6 and SPAG16 in ciliated and non-ciliated tissues is not completely understood. In this work, we performed a quantitative analysis of the expression of Spag6 and Spag16 genes in parallel with the immune-localization of the proteins in several tissues of adult mice. Expression of mRNA was higher in the testis and tissues bearing motile cilia than in the other analyzed tissues. Both proteins were present in ciliated and non-ciliated tissues. In the testis, SPAG6 was detected in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and in the sperm flagella whereas SPAG16 was found in spermatocytes and in the sperm flagella. In addition, both proteins were detected in the cytoplasm of cells from the brain, spinal cord, and ovary. A small isoform of SPAG16 was localized in the nucleus of germ cells and some neurons. In a parallel set of experiments, we overexpressed EGFP-SPAG6 in cultured cells and observed that the protein co-localized with a subset of acetylated cytoplasmic microtubules. A role of these proteins stabilizing the cytoplasmic microtubules of eukaryotic cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Alciaturi
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Anesetti
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Irigoin
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda Skowronek
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rossana Sapiro
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Zhu W, Han B, Fan M, Wang N, Wang H, Zhu H, Cheng T, Zhao S, Song H, Qiao J. Oxidative stress increases the 17,20-lyase-catalyzing activity of adrenal P450c17 through p38α in the development of hyperandrogenism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:25-33. [PMID: 30682387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation is a main feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). P450c17 phosphorylation selectively increases 17,20-lyase activity and androgen biosynthesis but minimally affects 17α-hydroxylase. Studies have recently identified mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14, p38α) as the kinase responsible for enhancing 17,20-lyase activity through P450c17 phosphorylation. We investigated whether oxidant-induced oxidative stress increases 17,20-lyase activity through oxidant-sensitive p38α signaling pathways. NCI-H295R adrenal cells were treated with three oxidants, palmitate, H2O2 and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), to simulate the excessive oxidative stress of PCOS. Oxidant exposure significantly induced dehydroepiandrosterone production and increased p38α phosphorylation and activation, but the effect on 17α-hydroxyprogesterone production was far less clear. None of the treatments altered the expression of P450c17 or its necessary factors POR and b5. LC-MS/MS revealed increased DHEA production in NCI-H295R cells. Both p38α inhibition and siRNA-mediated silencing attenuated H2O2- or 0.45-0.75 mM PA-mediated augmentation of DHEA production with relatively stable 17OHP levels, indicating that activated p38α mediates oxidative stress-induced 17,20-lyase activation and androgen synthesis stimulation, which may underlie hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Mengxia Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuangxia Zhao
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Shaaban Z, Khoradmehr A, Jafarzadeh Shirazi MR, Tamadon A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of gonadotropins- and steroid hormones-related genes in etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:3-16. [PMID: 30944702 PMCID: PMC6437453 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.31776.7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy in women, which, unlike its impact on fertility and health of women, there is no clear understanding about the causal mechanisms of this pathogenesis. The aim of this review paper is to investigate the pathophysiological pathways affecting the PCOS etiology, based on functions of gonadotropins- and steroid hormones-related genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Due to different hormonal and metabolic signs of this complex disorder, different hypotheses are mentioned about etiology of this syndrome. Because of the heterogeneity of the reasons given for this syndrome and the spread of the effective genes in its pathophysiology, most of genes affected by sex-related hormonal imbalances are examined for discriminative diagnosis. For this purpose, published articles and reviews dealing with genetic evaluation of PCOS in women in peer-reviewed journals in PubMed and Google Scholar databases were included in this review. RESULTS In previous studies, it has been well demonstrated that PCOS in some individuals have a genetic origin. Pathophysiological functions of genes are primarily responsible for the synthesis of proteins that have role in PCOS before hyperandrogenism including GnRHR, FSHβ, FSHR, LHCGR, CYP19A1, HSD17B, AR and SHBG, and their effects in PCOS of human have been confirmed. CONCLUSION Hormonal imbalances are the first reason mentioned in PCOS etiology, and usually characterized with menstrual irregularities in PCOS women. Hyperandrogenism and gonadotropin secretion disorders are shown in PCOS condition, which are related to steroidogenesis pathways and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disturbances, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shaaban
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Perinatal exposure to di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate via parenteral route induced polycystic ovarian syndrome-like genetic and pathologic changes in F1 offspring mice. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shen H, Wang Y. Activation of TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling pathway inhibits the development of ovarian follicle in polycystic ovary syndrome by promoting apoptosis of granulosa cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11976-11985. [PMID: 30536903 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Shen
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai P.R. China
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Günalan E, Yaba A, Yılmaz B. The effect of nutrient supplementation in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome-associated metabolic dysfunctions: A critical review. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2018; 19:220-232. [PMID: 30299265 PMCID: PMC6250088 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.2018.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is complex heterogeneous disorder that has several aspects in terms of pathology such as metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological. However, the etiology of PCOS remains poorly understood. Several studies suggest that insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism play a central role in the progression of PCOS pathophysiology. Therefore, common treatment strategies of PCOS are based on lifestyle modification, which include exercise, diet, and nutrient supplementation therapy. Recent studies have recommended some nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and vitamin-like nutrients for the therapy of PCOS because each has at least one functional property in PCOS-induced pathways. Therefore, it is claimed that the cause of PCOS could be vitamin or mineral deficiency. This review aims to provide a critical literature survey on nutritional supplementation for the treatment of PCOS-associated endocrine and metabolic dysfunctions and discuss the role of nutrients in the management of PCOS in view of the clinical trials and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Günalan
- Department of Physiology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Yaba
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bayram Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Yang H, Kim HJ, Pyun BJ, Lee HW. Licorice ethanol extract improves symptoms of polycytic ovary syndrome in Letrozole-induced female rats. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:264-270. [PMID: 30271715 PMCID: PMC6160501 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Licorice (Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome, GRR) has long been used as an ingredient in Korean traditional medicinal herbal formulas for various metabolic and reproductive diseases. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. In the present study, we examined the effects of GRR extract on PCOS-like symptoms in female rats. METHODS Symptoms of PCOS were induced by Letrozole treatment for 4 weeks in 6-week-old female SD rats, after which the effects of GRR extract on recovery of normal hormonal levels and polycystic ovaries were assessed. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH ratio, and follicular cysts were evaluated, followed by the expression levels of known follicular phase markers such as Kitl, Cyp11a1, and Ptgs2. RESULTS The serum level of FSH was reduced only in the Lestrozole treatment group (PCOS), whereas significant recovery of FSH level was observed in the Letrozole and GRR co-treatment group (PCOS + GRR). Serum LH levels were not altered in any of the groups. Furthermore, the LH/FSH ratio (known biomarker for PCOS) was elevated only in the Letrozole treatment group (PCOS), whereas it was significantly reduced in the Letrozole and GRR co-treatment group (PCOS + GRR). For histological changes, follicular cysts, antral follicles, and increased thickness of the theca- and granulosa layers were observed in the PCOS group, whereas these alterations were remarkably reversed by GRR treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GRR extract inhibits the symptoms of PCOS by regulating imbalanced hormonal levels and irregular ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hye Won Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Kawai T, Richards JS, Shimada M. The Cell Type-Specific Expression of Lhcgr in Mouse Ovarian Cells: Evidence for a DNA-Demethylation-Dependent Mechanism. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2062-2074. [PMID: 29579175 PMCID: PMC5905396 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR) is expressed at low levels in mural granulosa cells and cumulus cells of antral follicles and is induced dramatically in granulosa cells but not in cumulus cells by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Therefore, we hypothesized that FSH not only activates transcription factors controlling Lhcgr expression but also alters other events to permit and enhance Lhcgr expression in granulosa cells but not in cumulus cells. In granulosa cells, the level of DNA methylation in the Lhcgr promoter region was significantly decreased by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in vivo. However, in cumulus cells, hypermethylation of the Lhcgr promoter remained after eCG stimulation. eCG induced estrogen production from testosterone (T) and retinoic acid (RA) synthesis in granulosa cells. When either T or RA in the presence or absence of FSH was added to granulosa cell cultures, the combined treatment with FSH and RA induced demethylation of Lhcgr-promoter region and Lhcgr expression. FSH-dependent RA synthesis was negatively regulated by coculture of granulosa cells with denuded oocytes, suggesting that oocyte-secreted factors downregulate RA production in cumulus cells where Lhcgr expression was not induced. Strikingly, treatment of cultured cumulus-oocyte complexes with a SMAD inhibitor, SB431542, significantly induced RA production, demethylation of Lhcgr-promoter region, and Lhcgr expression in cumulus cells. These results indicate the demethylation of the Lhcgr-promoter region is mediated, at least in part, by RA synthesis and is a key mechanism regulating the cell type-specific differentiation during follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kawai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Masayuki Shimada
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Correspondence: Masayuki Shimada, PhD, Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan. E-mail:
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Bennett-Toomey J, Stocco C. GATA Regulation and Function During the Ovarian Life Cycle. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 107:193-225. [PMID: 29544631 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GATA4 and GATA6 are the sole GATA factors expressed in the ovary during embryonic development and adulthood. Up today, GATA4 and GATA6 are the only transcription factors that have been conditionally deleted during ovarian development and at each major stage of follicle maturation. The evidence from these transgenic mice revealed that GATA4 and GATA6 are crucial for follicles assembly, granulosa cell differentiation, postnatal follicle growth, and luteinization. Thus, conditional knockdown of both factors in the granulosa cells at any stage of development leads to female infertility. GATA targets impacting female reproduction include genes involved in steroidogenesis, hormone signaling, ovarian hormones, extracellular matrix organization, and apoptosis/cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Stocco
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Richards JS, Ren YA, Candelaria N, Adams JE, Rajkovic A. Ovarian Follicular Theca Cell Recruitment, Differentiation, and Impact on Fertility: 2017 Update. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1-20. [PMID: 29028960 PMCID: PMC5807095 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The major goal of this review is to summarize recent exciting findings that have been published within the past 10 years that, to our knowledge, have not been presented in detail in previous reviews and that may impact altered follicular development in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure in women. Specifically, we will cover the following: (1) mouse models that have led to discovery of the derivation of two precursor populations of theca cells in the embryonic gonad; (2) the key roles of the oocyte-derived factor growth differentiation factor 9 on the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and theca cell functions; and (3) the impact of the HH pathway on both the specification of theca endocrine cells and theca fibroblast and smooth muscle cells in developing follicles. We will also discuss the following: (1) other signaling pathways that impact the differentiation of theca cells, not only luteinizing hormone but also insulinlike 3, bone morphogenic proteins, the circadian clock genes, androgens, and estrogens; and (2) theca-associated vascular, immune, and fibroblast cells, as well as the cytokines and matrix factors that play key roles in follicle growth. Lastly, we will integrate what is known about theca cells from mouse models, human-derived theca cell lines from patients who have PCOS and patients who do not have PCOS, and microarray analyses of human and bovine theca to understand what pathways and factors contribute to follicle growth as well as to the abnormal function of theca.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne S. Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yi A. Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Nicholes Candelaria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jaye E. Adams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Magee-Women’s Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Lei L, Ding L, Su J, Liu M, Shi Q, Zhou J, Sun H, Yan G. Attenuated expression of MTR in both prenatally androgenized mice and women with the hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187427. [PMID: 29232372 PMCID: PMC5726624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine, metabolic and heterogeneous disorder in women of reproductive age, the exact etiology of which remains unknown. To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS, prenatally androgenized (PNA) mice were used to mimic this phenotype in women with PCOS. Using microarray analysis, 1188 differentially expressed genes, including 671 upregulated and 517 downregulated genes, were identified in ovaries from PNA mice. Five differentially expressed genes (Aldh1a7, Bhmt, Mtr, Nrcam, Ptprg) were validated, and decreased MTR expression was shown in ovaries of PNA mice. In addition, results from qRT-PCR showed decreased MTR expression in granulosa cells (GCs) from women with the hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS. Serum levels of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), the downstream product of MTR, were also decreased in PNA mice and women with the hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS. Our study provides evidence that the hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS is linked to abnormal folate one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Drum Tower Clinic Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Su
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Shi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Drum Tower Clinic Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (GY)
| | - Guijun Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (GY)
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43
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Hormone-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review. Life Sci 2017; 191:259-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Volk KM, Pogrebna VV, Roberts JA, Zachry JE, Blythe SN, Toporikova N. High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet Disrupts the Preovulatory Hormone Surge and Induces Cystic Ovaries in Cycling Female Rats. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:1488-1505. [PMID: 29308444 PMCID: PMC5740526 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity has been associated with various metabolic and reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the mechanisms by which obesity influences the reproductive system are still not fully known. Studies have suggested that impairments in hormone signaling are associated with the development of symptoms such as acyclicity and ovarian cysts. However, these studies have often failed to address how these hormonal changes arise and how they might contribute to the progression of reproductive diseases. In the present study, we used a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet to induce obesity in a female rodent model to determine the changes in critical reproductive hormones that might contribute to the development of irregular estrous cycling and reproductive cycle termination. The HFHS animals exhibited impaired estradiol, progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges before ovulation. The HFHS diet also resulted in altered basal levels of testosterone (T) and LH. Furthermore, alterations in the basal P4/T ratio correlated strongly with ovarian cyst formation in HFHS rats. Thus, this model provides a method to assess the underlying etiology of obesity-related reproductive dysfunction and to examine an acyclic reproductive phenotype as it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M. Volk
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | | | - Jackson A. Roberts
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | - Jennifer E. Zachry
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | - Sarah N. Blythe
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | - Natalia Toporikova
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
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Huang Y, Gao JM, Zhang CM, Zhao HC, Zhao Y, Li R, Yu Y, Qiao J. Assessment of growth and metabolism characteristics in offspring of dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome adults. Reproduction 2017; 152:705-714. [PMID: 27798284 PMCID: PMC5097128 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder that has many characteristic features including hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance and obesity, which may have significant implications for pregnancy outcomes and long-term health of women. Daughters born to PCOS mothers constitute a high-risk group for metabolic and reproductive derangements, but no report has described potential growth and metabolic risk factors for such female offspring. Hence, we used a mouse model of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS to study the mechanisms underlying the pathology of PCOS by investigating the growth, developmental characteristics, metabolic indexes and expression profiles of key genes of offspring born to the models. We found that the average litter size was significantly smaller in the DHEA group, and female offspring had sustained higher body weight, increased body fat and triglyceride content in serum and liver; they also exhibited decreased energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and impaired glucose tolerance. Genes related to glucolipid metabolism such as Pparγ, Acot1/2, Fgf21, Pdk4 and Inhbb were upregulated in the liver of the offspring in DHEA group compared with those in controls, whereas Cyp17a1 expression was significantly decreased. However, the expression of these genes was not detected in male offspring. Our results show that female offspring in DHEA group exhibit perturbed growth and glucolipid metabolism that were not observed in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Jiang-Man Gao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Chun-Mei Zhang
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Cui Zhao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Reproductive Medical CenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted ReproductionMinistry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyBeijing, China
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Bacopoulou F, Kolias E, Efthymiou V, Antonopoulos CN, Charmandari E. Vitamin D predictors in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:746-755. [PMID: 28795765 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine differences and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with non-PCOS controls matched for body mass index. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three databases were searched (2003-2015) to retrieve studies that evaluated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in PCOS women and controls. Meta-regression analysis was performed with anthropometric and metabolic/endocrine parameters as covariates. RESULTS Fourteen studies that included 2262 women (1150 PCOS patients/1162 controls) were eligible. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, follicle-stimulating hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin were significantly lower in patients with PCOS than controls. Homoeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index, serum insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, luteinising hormone and testosterone were significantly higher in patients with PCOS compared to controls. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated significant effects of waist-to-hip ratio and glucose in PCOS women (β = -1·60, 95% CI: -2·30 to -0·90, P = 0·003; β = 0·20, 95% CI: 0·80-0·32, P = 0·004, respectively) and controls (β = -2·36, 95% CI: -3·38 to -1·33, P = 0·003; β = 0·11, 95% CI: 0·00-0·21, P = 0·05, respectively) and of total calcium and luteinising hormone in PCOS cases (β = 2·43, 95% CI: 1·67-3·19, P = 0·005; β = -0·37, 95% CI: -0·68 to -0·06, P = 0·03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D may be predicted positively by serum calcium and negatively by luteinising hormone in women with PCOS, and negatively by waist-to-hip ratio and positively by fasting glucose in both PCOS and non-PCOS women, independently of the presence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kolias
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Efthymiou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantine N Antonopoulos
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Department, General Hospital of Athens 'Evangelismos', Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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47
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Potential role of retinoids in ovarian physiology and pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 469:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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Romereim SM, Summers AF, Pohlmeier WE, Zhang P, Hou X, Talbott HA, Cushman RA, Wood JR, Davis JS, Cupp AS. Gene expression profiling of bovine ovarian follicular and luteal cells provides insight into cellular identities and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:379-394. [PMID: 27693538 PMCID: PMC6711749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After ovulation, somatic cells of the ovarian follicle (theca and granulosa cells) become the small and large luteal cells of the corpus luteum. Aside from known cell type-specific receptors and steroidogenic enzymes, little is known about the differences in the gene expression profiles of these four cell types. Analysis of the RNA present in each bovine cell type using Affymetrix microarrays yielded new cell-specific genetic markers, functional insight into the behavior of each cell type via Gene Ontology Annotations and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and evidence of small and large luteal cell lineages using Principle Component Analysis. Enriched expression of select genes for each cell type was validated by qPCR. This expression analysis offers insight into cell-specific behaviors and the differentiation process that transforms somatic follicular cells into luteal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Romereim
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science, P.O. Box 830908, C203 ANSC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA(2)
| | - Adam F Summers
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science, P.O. Box 830908, C203 ANSC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA(2).
| | - William E Pohlmeier
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science, P.O. Box 830908, C203 ANSC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA(2)
| | - Pan Zhang
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Olson Center for Women's Health, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Olson Center for Women's Health, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Heather A Talbott
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Olson Center for Women's Health, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Robert A Cushman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Nutrition and Environmental Management Research, Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Wood
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science, P.O. Box 830908, C203 ANSC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA(2)
| | - John S Davis
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Olson Center for Women's Health, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
| | - Andrea S Cupp
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science, P.O. Box 830908, C203 ANSC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA(2).
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49
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Mizukami-Murata S, Kishi-Kadota K, Nishida T. 17β-Trenbolone exposure programs metabolic dysfunction in larval medaka. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1539-1551. [PMID: 26040664 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we used physiological and transcriptomic analyses to evaluate the effects of 17β-trenbolone (TB) on metabolism during the early life stage of medaka (Oryzias latipes). In the physiological experiments, sex reversal rates increased continuously in proportion to TB concentrations (2-100 ng/L), and were 100% (all males) in the 200 ng/L treatment group. TB caused a significant increase in the gonadosomatic index of females at concentrations of 60 and 100 ng/L. These females exhibited swollen abdomens and decreased egg production and fertility. Significant increases were observed in the body mass index of these females. TB caused decreased fertility in males at concentrations >20 ng/L, but no other effects were observed. In the transcriptomic (microarray) experiments, larvae were exposed to TB for up to 7 d. Analyses using the KEGG Orthology Database revealed that predominant categories of significantly upregulated genes included "lipid metabolism" and "metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides." Thirteen genes (including those for hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic synthase, and lanosterol synthase) related to cholesterol biosynthesis via the mevalonate pathway were highlighted in these categories. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses were consistent with the microarray results, in terms of the direction and magnitude of change to gene expression. Among the downregulated genes, angiopoietin-like 4 and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, which are inversely correlated with obesity, were detected in the TB treatments. In conclusion, the results suggest that the exposure of females to TB during the early life stage may cause metabolic dysfunctions, including obesity and disrupted cholesterol synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1539-1551, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Mizukami-Murata
- Japan Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Tokodai 5-13-11, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Kishi-Kadota
- Japan Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Tokodai 5-13-11, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Japan Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Tokodai 5-13-11, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
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50
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Elevated expression of steroidogenesis pathway genes; CYP17, GATA6 and StAR in prenatally androgenized rats. Gene 2016; 593:167-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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