1
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Demby T, Gross PS, Mandelblatt J, Huang JK, Rebeck GW. The chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin induces brain senescence, with modulation by APOE genotype. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114609. [PMID: 37944881 PMCID: PMC11302516 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer patients experience serious cognitive problems related to their treatment, which can greatly affect their quality of life. The molecular mechanisms of this cancer chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) are unknown, thus slowing the development of preventative approaches. We hypothesized that cancer chemotherapies could induce cellular senescence in the brain, creating a pro-inflammatory environment and damaging normal brain communication. We tested this hypothesis using the common chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in two independent mouse models. In the first model, we used mice that express tdTomato under the pdkn2a (p16) promoter; p16 is a regulator of cellular senescence, and its upregulation is denoted by the presence of fluorescently tagged cells. Two weeks after exposure to three doses of 5 mg/kg doxorubicin, the number of tdTomato positive cells were increased nearly three-fold in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. tdTomato staining co-localized with neurons, microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and endothelial cells, but not astrocytes. In the second model, we used APOE knock-in mice, since the APOE4 allele is a risk factor for CICI in humans and mouse models. We isolated RNA from the cerebral cortex of APOE3 and APOE4 mice from one to 21 days after a single dose of 10 mg/kg doxorubicin. Using NanoString analysis of over 700 genes related to neuroinflammation and RT-qPCR analysis of cerebral cortex transcripts, we found two-fold induction of four senescence-related genes at three weeks in the APOE4 mice compared to the APOE3 control mice: p21(cdkn1a), p16, Gadd45a, and Egr1. We conclude that doxorubicin promotes cellular senescence pathways in the brain, supporting the hypothesis that drugs to eliminate senescent cells could be useful in preventing CICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Demby
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Phillip S Gross
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Mandelblatt
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Georgetown Lombardi Institute for Cancer and Aging Research, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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2
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Stoddart A, Fernald AA, Davis EM, McNerney ME, Le Beau MM. EGR1 Haploinsufficiency Confers a Fitness Advantage to Hematopoietic Stem Cells Following Chemotherapy. Exp Hematol 2022; 115:54-67. [PMID: 35995095 PMCID: PMC10617250 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) share many clinical and molecular characteristics with AML de novo in the elderly. One common factor is that they arise in the setting of chronic inflammation, likely because of advanced age or chemotherapy-induced senescence. Here, we examined the effect of haploinsufficient loss of the del(5q) tumor suppressor gene, EGR1, commonly deleted in high-risk MNs. In mice, under the exogenous stress of either serial transplant or successive doses of the alkylating agent N-ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU), Egr1-haploinsufficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) exhibit a clonal advantage. Complete loss of EGR1 function is incompatible with transformation; mutations of EGR1 are rare and are not observed in the remaining allele in del(5q) patients, and complete knockout of Egr1 in mice leads to HSC exhaustion. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we identified EGR1 binding sites in human CD34+ cord blood-derived stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and found that EGR1 binds genes critical for stem cell differentiation, inflammatory signaling, and the DNA damage response. Notably, in the chromosome 5 sequences frequently deleted in patients, there is a significant enrichment of innate and inflammatory genes, which may confer a fitness advantage in an inflammatory environment. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of EGR1 biases HSPCs toward a self-renewal transcriptional signature. In the absence of EGR1, HSPCs are characterized by upregulated MYC-driven proliferative signals, downregulated CDKN1A (p21), disrupted DNA damage response, and downregulated inflammation-adaptations anticipated to confer a relative fitness advantage for stem cells especially in an environment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
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3
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Crawford NT, McIntyre AJ, McCormick A, D'Costa ZC, Buckley NE, Mullan PB. TBX2 interacts with heterochromatin protein 1 to recruit a novel repression complex to EGR1-targeted promoters to drive the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5971-5986. [PMID: 31253870 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1) is a stress response transcription factor with multiple tumour suppressor roles in breast tissue, whose expression is often lost in breast cancers. We have previously shown that the breast cancer oncogene TBX2 (T-BOX2) interacts with EGR1 to co-repress EGR1-target genes including the breast tumour suppressor NDRG1. Here, we show the mechanistic basis of this TBX2 repression complex. We show that siRNA knockdown of TBX2, EGR1, Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) isoforms and the generic HP1-associated corepressor protein KAP1 all resulted in growth inhibition of TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells. We show that TBX2 interacts with HP1 through a conserved HP1-binding motif in its N-terminus, which in turn leads to the recruitment of KAP1 and other associated proteins. Mutation of the TBX2 HP1 binding domain abrogates the TBX2-HP1 interaction and loss of repression of target genes such as NDRG1. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that TBX2 establishes a repressive chromatin mark, specifically H3K9me3, around the NDRG1 proximal promoter coincident with the recruitment of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B and histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex components (G9A, Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) and Suppressor of Zeste 12 (SUZ12)). Knockdown of G9A, EZH2 or SUZ12 resulted in upregulation of TBX2/EGR1 co-regulated targets accompanied by a dramatic inhibition of cell proliferation. We show that a generic inhibitor of HMT activity, DzNep, phenocopies expression of an inducible dominant negative TBX2. Knockdown of TBX2, KAP1 or HP1 inhibited NDRG1 promoter decoration specifically with the H3K9me3 repression mark. Correspondingly, treatment with a G9A inhibitor effectively reversed TBX2 repression of NDRG1 and synergistically downregulated cell proliferation following TBX2 functional inhibition. These data demonstrate that TBX2 promotes suppression of normal growth control mechanisms through recruitment of a large repression complex to EGR1-responsive promoters leading to the uncontrolled proliferation of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Crawford
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - A J McIntyre
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - A McCormick
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Z C D'Costa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - N E Buckley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - P B Mullan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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4
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Zhao C, Wang M, Liu Y, Liang Y, Han L, Chen C. Effects of the combination of As 2O 3 and AZT on proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction of hepatoma HepG2 cells following silencing of Egr-1. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3293-3301. [PMID: 29910624 PMCID: PMC5987793 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s155169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Previous studies have demonstrated that 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3), traditional chemotherapy agents, can synergically inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying As2O3 and AZT anti-hepatoma activity are unknown. Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) in the process of As2O3 combined with AZT inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and explore the possible mechanism. Materials and methods The expression of Egr-1 was silenced using siRNA, and then HepG2 cells were treated with As2O3 (2 μM) and AZT (20 μM). The rates of cell inhibition and apoptosis were determined by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) method and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of p53, caspase-3, and Egr-1 were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Results The inhibitory rate of As2O3 (2 μM) combined with AZT (20 μM) on proliferation of HepG2 cells was significantly higher than that of As2O3 alone. The combination index (CI) values were 0.2<CI<0.4, showing strong synergic effect. After silencing Egr-1, the proliferation inhibition and proapoptotic ability of As2O3 combined with AZT on HepG2 cells were decreased, and the CI value was greater than 1, showing antagonistic effect. In addition, the expression of p53 and caspase-3 mRNA/protein was also significantly decreased. Conclusion The present results show that AZT could increase the sensitization of As2O3 for inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of HepG2 cells through regulating the expression of Egr-1, which may control the expression of p53 and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Biology, Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Biology, Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Biology, Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongjuan Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Biology, Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li Han
- Emergency Research Institution, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Che Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Biology, Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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5
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Yeh CC, Chang CJ, Twu YC, Hung ST, Tsai YJ, Liao JC, Huang JT, Kao YH, Lin SW, Yu LC. The differential expression of the blood group P1
-A4GALT
and P2
-A4GALT
alleles is stimulated by the transcription factor early growth response 1. Transfusion 2018; 58:1054-1064. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Yeh
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jin Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ching Twu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine; School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Hung
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jui Tsai
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ching Liao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ji-Ting Huang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Kao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Yu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
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6
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The IRX1/HOXA connection: insights into a novel t(4;11)- specific cancer mechanism. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35341-52. [PMID: 27175594 PMCID: PMC5085233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of MLL-r leukemia is the highly specific gene expression signature indicative for commonly deregulated target genes. An usual read-out for this transcriptional deregulation is the HOXA gene cluster, where upregulated HOXA genes are detected in MLL-r AML and ALL patients. In case of t(4;11) leukemia, this simple picture becomes challenged, because these patients separate into HOXAhi- and HOXAlo-patients. HOXAlo-patients showed a reduced HOXA gene transcription, but instead overexpressed the homeobox gene IRX1. This transcriptional pattern was associated with a higher relapse rate and worse outcome. Here, we demonstrate that IRX1 binds to the MLL-AF4 complex at target gene promotors and counteract its promotor activating function. In addition, IRX1 induces transcription of HOXB4 and EGR family members. HOXB4 is usually a downstream target of c-KIT, WNT and TPO signaling pathways and necessary for maintaining and expanding in hematopoietic stem cells. EGR proteins control a p21-dependent quiescence program for hematopoietic stem cells. Both IRX1-dependend actions may help t(4;11) leukemia cells to establish a stem cell compartment. We also demonstrate that HDACi administration is functionally interfering with IRX1 and MLL-AF4, a finding which could help to improve new treatment options for t(4;11) patients.
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7
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Oxytocin inhibits head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell migration by early growth response-1 upregulation. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:613-622. [PMID: 28452807 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of oxytocin (OXT) on cancer invasion is controversial. Few studies have examined the effect of early growth response-1 (EGR1) on the invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Here, we evaluated how EGR1 affects HNSCC cell migration through the molecular mechanism of OXT in exerting anti-invasion activity. Matrigel invasion and wound-healing assays were used to measure the in-vitro cell migration. The molecular mechanism of OXT was assessed by knockdown or overexpression of EGR1 in HNSCC cells. Three-dimensional (3-D) spheroids formation, followed by the image analysis for quantification was performed. OXT at 500 nmol/l increased mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin without cytotoxicity. OXT upregulated mRNA and protein expression of EGR1 in 6 h. p53, phosphatase and tensin, and p21 expression was increased in an EGR1-dependent manner with OXT treatment. In addition, OXT significantly downregulated 3-D spheroids' formation according to spheroids' number and size. Our data showed that OXT downregulated HNSCC cell migration by EGR1 upregulation. OXT inhibited spheroids' formation of HNSCC cells under 3-D culture conditions.
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8
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Upregulation of CISD2 augments ROS homeostasis and contributes to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11893. [PMID: 28928421 PMCID: PMC5605537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CISD2 is a redox-sensitive gene critical for normal development and mitochondrial integrity. CISD2 was known to have aberrant expression in several types of human cancers. However, its relation with lung cancer is still not clear. In this study we found CISD2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) samples, compared with their adjacent normal counterparts, and was correlated with tumor stage, grade, and prognosis based on analysis of clinical specimens-derived expression data in public domain and our validation assay. Cell based assay indicated that CISD2 expression regulated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), polarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as cell viability, apoptosis, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity. In addition, CISD2 expression was found significantly correlated with stress response/redox signaling genes such as EGR1 and GPX3, while such correlations were also found valid in many public domain data. Taken together, upregulation of CISD2 is involved in an increased antioxidant capacity in response to elevated ROS levels during the formation and progression of lung ADC. The molecular mechanism underlying how CISD2 regulates ROS homeostasis and augments malignancy of lung cancer warrants further investigations.
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9
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Thiel G, Rössler OG. Resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Borriello A, Naviglio S, Bencivenga D, Caldarelli I, Tramontano A, Speranza MC, Stampone E, Sapio L, Negri A, Oliva A, Sinisi AA, Spina A, Della Ragione F. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Increase p27(Kip1) by Affecting Its Ubiquitin-Dependent Degradation through Skp2 Downregulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:2481865. [PMID: 26682002 PMCID: PMC4670678 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2481865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) represent an intriguing class of pharmacologically active compounds. Currently, some HDACIs are FDA approved for cancer therapy and many others are in clinical trials, showing important clinical activities at well tolerated doses. HDACIs also interfere with the aging process and are involved in the control of inflammation and oxidative stress. In vitro, HDACIs induce different cellular responses including growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here, we evaluated the effects of HDACIs on p27(Kip1), a key cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). We observed that HDACI-dependent antiproliferative activity is associated with p27(Kip1) accumulation due to a reduced protein degradation. p27(Kip1) removal requires a preliminary ubiquitination step due to the Skp2-SCF E3 ligase complex. We demonstrated that HDACIs increase p27(Kip1) stability through downregulation of Skp2 protein levels. Skp2 decline is only partially due to a reduced Skp2 gene expression. Conversely, the protein decrease is more profound and enduring compared to the changes of Skp2 transcript. This argues for HDACIs effects on Skp2 protein posttranslational modifications and/or on its removal. In summary, we demonstrate that HDACIs increase p27(Kip1) by hampering its nuclear ubiquitination/degradation. The findings might be of relevance in the phenotypic effects of these compounds, including their anticancer and aging-modulating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Borriello
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvio Naviglio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Bencivenga
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caldarelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata Tramontano
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Speranza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Stampone
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sapio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Aide Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Adriana Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiotoraciche e Respiratorie, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Spina
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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11
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Ko H, Kim JM, Kim SJ, Shim SH, Ha CH, Chang HI. Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4191-6. [PMID: 26283511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds are becoming important candidates in cancer therapy due to their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells by inducing various types of programmed cell deaths. In this study, we investigated whether genipin induces programmed cell deaths and mediates in Egr1/p21 signaling pathways in gastric cancer cells. Effects of genipin in AGS cancer cell lines were observed via evaluation of cell viability, ROS generation, cell cycle arrest, and protein and RNA levels of p21, Egr1, as well as apoptotic marker genes. The cell viability of AGS cells reduced by genipin treatment via induction of the caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2/M phase along with induction of p21 and p21-dependent cyclins. As an upstream mediator of p21, the transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr1) upregulated p21 through nuclear translocation and binding to the p21 promoter site. Silencing Egr1 expression inhibited the expression of p21 and downstream molecules involved in apoptosis. We demonstrated that genipin treatment in AGS human gastric cancer cell line induces apoptosis via p53-independent Egr1/p21 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Ko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Min Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joong Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Department of Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 86 Asanbyeoungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Ihl Chang
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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12
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CArG-driven GADD45α activated by resveratrol inhibits lung cancer cells. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:220-30. [PMID: 26124921 PMCID: PMC4482243 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report anticarcinogenic effects of suicide gene therapy that relies on the use of resveratrol-responsive CArG elements from the Egr-1 promoter to induce GADD45α. In A549 lung cancer cells, endogenous GADD45α was not induced upon resveratrol treatment. Therefore, induction of exogenous GADD45α resulted in growth inhibition. Resveratrol transiently induced Egr-1 through ERK/JNK-ElK-1. Hence, we cloned natural or synthetic Egr-1 promoter upstream of GADD45α cDNA to create a suicide gene therapy vector. Since natural promoter may have antagonized effects, we tested synthetic promoter that contains either five, six or nine repeats of CArG elements essential in the Egr-1 promoter to drive the expression of GADD45α upon resveratrol treatment. Further analysis confirmed that both synthetic promoter and natural Egr-1 promoter were able to “turn on” the expression of GADD45α when combined with resveratrol, and subsequently led to suppression of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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13
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Zhang QS, Deater M, Schubert K, Marquez-Loza L, Pelz C, Sinclair DA, Grompe M. The Sirt1 activator SRT3025 expands hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and improves hematopoiesis in Fanconi anemia mice. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:130-40. [PMID: 26046330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetic bone marrow failure syndrome. The current treatment options are suboptimal and do not prevent the eventual onset of aplastic anemia requiring bone marrow transplantation. We previously showed that resveratrol, an antioxidant and an activator of the protein deacetylase Sirt1, enhanced hematopoiesis in Fancd2 mutant mice and improved the impaired stem cell quiescence observed in this disease. Given that Sirt1 is important for the function of hematopoietic stem cells, we hypothesized that Sirt1 activation may improve hematopoiesis. Indeed, Fancd2(-/-) mice and wild-type mice treated with the selective Sirt1 activator SRT3025 had increased numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, platelets and white blood cells. SRT3025 was also protective against acetaldehyde-induced hematopoietic damage. Unlike resveratrol, however, SRT3025 did not affect stem cell quiescence, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action. Conditional deletion of Sirt1 in hematopoietic cells did not abrogate the beneficial effects of SRT3025, indicating that the drug did not act by directly stimulating Sirt1 in stem cells, but must be acting indirectly via extra-hematopoietic effects. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis revealed the down-regulation of Egr1-p21 expression, providing a potential mechanism for improved hematopoiesis. Overall, our data indicate that SRT3025 or related compounds may be beneficial in Fanconi anemia and other bone marrow failure syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shuo Zhang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Matthew Deater
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kathryn Schubert
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura Marquez-Loza
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Rössler OG, Glatzel D, Thiel G. Resveratrol upregulates Egr-1 expression and activity involving extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and ternary complex factors. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:116-27. [PMID: 25645941 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many intracellular functions have been attributed to resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes and in other plants. Here, we show that resveratrol induces the expression of the transcription factor Egr-1 in human embryonic kidney cells. Using a chromosomally embedded Egr-1-responsive reporter gene, we show that the Egr-1 activity was significantly elevated in resveratrol-treated cells, indicating that the newly synthesized Egr-1 protein was biologically active. Stimulus-transcription coupling leading to the resveratrol-induced upregulation of Egr-1 expression and activity requires the protein kinases Raf and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase ERK, while MAP kinase phosphatase-1 functions as a nuclear shut-off device that interrupts the signaling cascade connecting resveratrol stimulation with enhanced Egr-1 expression. On the transcriptional level, Elk-1, a key transcriptional regulator of serum response element-driven gene transcription, connects the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by resveratrol with transcription of the Egr-1 gene. These data were corroborated by the observation that stimulation of the cells with resveratrol increased the transcriptional activation potential of Elk-1. The SRE as well as the GC-rich DNA binding site of Egr-1 function as resveratrol-responsive elements. Thus, resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of the stimulus-regulated protein kinases Raf and ERK and the stimulus-responsive transcription factors TCF and Egr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Glatzel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
Peanuts are important dietary food source of resveratrol with potent antioxidant properties implicated in reducing risk of cancer, cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease, and delaying aging. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene phytoalexin phenolic compound produced in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper is a review of trans-resveratrol and related stilbenes from peanuts--their chemical structures, mechanisms for their biosynthesis, and concentrations in comparison with other major food sources. It will also discuss trans-resveratrol's absorption, bioavailability, and major health benefits; processes to enhance their biosynthesis in peanuts by biotic and abiotic stresses; process optimization for enhanced levels in peanuts and their potential food applications; and methods used for its extraction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Sales
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia , Griffin , GA , 30223-1797 , USA
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Kim SJ, Kim JM, Shim SH, Chang HI. Shikonin induces cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer (AGS) by early growth response 1 (Egr1)-mediated p21 gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:1064-1071. [PMID: 24384380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lithospermum erythrorhizon, a naphthoquinone compound derived from a shikonin, has long been used as traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of various diseases, including cancer. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of shikonin on AGS gastric cancer cells via induction of cell cycle arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS We observed the effects of 12.5-100 ng/mL dosage of shikonin treatment on AGS cancer cell line with the incubation time of 6h. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by measuring the changes in the intracellular ROS, appearance of senescence phenotype, cell cycle progression, CDK and cyclins expression levels upon shikonin treatment. We also examined upon the activation of Egr1-mediated p21 expression, by siRNA transfection, Luciferase assay, and ChIP assay. RESULTS In this study, we found that shikonin inhibits cell proliferation by arresting cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase via modulation of p21 in AGS cells. Also, our results revealed that the p21 gene was transactivated by early growth response1 (Egr1) in response to the shikonin treatment. Transient Egr1 expression enhanced shikonin-induced p21 promoter activity, whereas the suppression of Egr1 expression by small interfering RNA attenuated the ability of shikonin to induce p21 promoter activity. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the anti-proliferative activity of shikonin was due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest via Egr1-p21 signaling pathway. Thus, the work stated here validates the traditional use of shikonin in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joong Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd Unit 108, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jee Min Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ihl Chang
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Banning A, Regenbrecht CR, Tikkanen R. Increased activity of mitogen activated protein kinase pathway in flotillin-2 knockout mouse model. Cell Signal 2014; 26:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Lao CD, Demierre MF, Sondak VK. Targeting events in melanoma carcinogenesis for the prevention of melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:1559-68. [PMID: 17134361 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.11.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the few tumors that have increased in incidence over the last few decades. Strategies devoted solely to protecting against ultraviolet radiation have, at best, had a modest impact on the development of melanoma. Chemoprevention is an under-explored approach that could significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality from this deadly cancer. However, the scientific and logistical challenges of performing clinical studies in chemoprevention require innovative approaches to prove the effectiveness of putative preventive agents. There are several pharmacological and nutriceutical agents that are mechanistically linked to events in melanoma carcinogenesis that are candidates for advanced human studies. We will review the data for several promising agents, including statins, curcumin, resveratrol, silymarin and green tea, and discuss some importance issues and concepts that should be considered in any melanoma chemoprevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Lao
- University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center DriveAnn Arbor, MI 48109-0848, USA.
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Borriello A, Bencivenga D, Caldarelli I, Tramontano A, Borgia A, Zappia V, Della Ragione F. Resveratrol: from basic studies to bedside. Cancer Treat Res 2014; 159:167-184. [PMID: 24114480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a remarkable amount of low molecular mass natural products endowed with a large array of pivotal biological activities. Among these molecules, resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) has been identified as an important modulator of cell phenotype with a complex and pleiotropic mode of action. Extensive literature regarding its activity, mainly employing cellular models, suggests that this polyphenol controls cell proliferation, induces differentiation, and activates apoptosis and autophagy. The compound also modulates angiogenesis and inflammation. Similarly, studies on implanted cancers and chemical-induced tumors confirm the potential chemotherapeutical interest of the compound. Likewise, several reports clearly demonstrated, in animal models, that the compound might positively affect the development and evolution of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurogenerative pathologies. Finally, a number of investigations stated that the toxicity of the molecule is scarce. Despite these promising observations, few clinical trials have yet been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the molecule both in prevention and treatment of human chronic disease. Preliminary findings therefore suggest the need for more extensive clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Borriello
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
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20
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Franco SS, De Falco L, Ghaffari S, Brugnara C, Sinclair DA, Matte' A, Iolascon A, Mohandas N, Bertoldi M, An X, Siciliano A, Rimmelé P, Cappellini MD, Michan S, Zoratti E, Anne J, De Franceschi L. Resveratrol accelerates erythroid maturation by activation of FoxO3 and ameliorates anemia in beta-thalassemic mice. Haematologica 2013; 99:267-75. [PMID: 23975182 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.090076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic-stilbene, has received increased attention in the last decade due to its wide range of biological activities. Beta(β)-thalassemias are inherited red cell disorders, found worldwide, characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and red cell oxidative damage with reduced survival. We evaluated the effects of low-dose-resveratrol (5 μM) on in vitro human erythroid differentiation of CD34(+) from normal and β-thalassemic subjects. We found that resveratrol induces accelerated erythroid-maturation, resulting in the reduction of colony-forming units of erythroid cells and increased intermediate and late erythroblasts. In sorted colony-forming units of erythroid cells resveratrol activates Forkhead-box-class-O3, decreases Akt activity and up-regulates anti-oxidant enzymes as catalase. In an in vivo murine model for β-thalassemia, resveratrol (2.4 mg/kg) reduces ineffective erythropoiesis, increases hemoglobin levels, reduces reticulocyte count and ameliorates red cell survival. In both wild-type and β-thalassemic mice, resveratrol up-regulates scavenging enzymes such as catalase and peroxiredoxin-2 through Forkhead-box-class-O3 activation. These data indicate that resveratrol inhibits Akt resulting in FoxO3 activation with upregulation of cytoprotective systems enabling the pathological erythroid precursors to resist the oxidative damage and continue to differentiate. Our data suggest that the dual effect of resveratrol on erythropoiesis through activation of FoxO3 transcriptional factor combined with the amelioration of oxidative stress in circulating red cells may be considered as a potential novel therapeutic strategy in treating β-thalassemia.
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Ju JH, Yang W, Lee KM, Oh S, Nam K, Shim S, Shin SY, Gye MC, Chu IS, Shin I. Regulation of cell proliferation and migration by keratin19-induced nuclear import of early growth response-1 in breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4335-46. [PMID: 23833298 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Keratin19 (KRT19) is the smallest known type I intermediate filament and is used as a marker for reverse transcriptase PCR-mediated detection of disseminated tumors. In this study, we investigated the functional analysis of KRT19 in human breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a short hairpin RNA system, we silenced KRT19 in breast cancer cells. KRT19 silencing was verified by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. We further examined the effect of KRT19 silencing on breast cancer cells by cell proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation assay, cell-cycle analysis, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and mouse xenograft assay. RESULTS Silencing of KRT19 resulted in increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. These effects were mediated by upregulation of Akt signaling as a result of reduced PTEN mRNA expression. Silencing of KRT19 decreased the nuclear import of early growth response-1 (Egr1), a transcriptional factor for PTEN transcription, through reduced association between Egr1 and importin-7. We also confirmed that silencing of KRT19 increased tumor formation in a xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS KRT19 is a potential tumor suppressor that negatively regulates Akt signaling through modulation of Egr1 nuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Parra E, Gutiérrez L, Ferreira J. Increased expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and JNK with costimulation of prostate cancer cell activation by an siRNA Egr-1 inhibitor. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:911-6. [PMID: 23715767 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21Waf1/Cip1 protein (hereafter, p21) and the c‑Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are two well-characterized cell modulators that play a crucial role in cell differentiation, senescence and apoptosis. Here, we report that transcription of the p21Waf1/Cip1 and JNK-1 genes is affected by inhibition of the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in response to a small interfering RNA [siRNA)-Egr-1] in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell lines. The expression levels of protein were determined by western blotting, and apoptosis was measured by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Inhibition of Egr-1, p21 and JNK-1 was carried out by siRNAs. LNCaP and PC-3 cells exhibited readily detectable Egr-1, JNK and p21, even in low serum medium without the addition of other exogenous agents. The expression of Egr-1, p21 and JNK was strongly increased after treatment of the cells with TPA, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or arsenite. Suppression of Egr-1 expression by siRNA abrogated the ability of TPA to induce Egr-1 and JNK-1 activities, moderately increasing the p21 activity and abrogating the anti-apoptotic effect of Egr-1 observed in the prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, blockade of p21 and JNK was unable to decrease the activity of Egr-1, while siRNA against p21 abrogated the pro‑apoptotic effect of p21. The results demonstrated that Egr-1 acts as a key player in prostate tumor cell growth and survival, while p21 plays a key pro‑apoptotic role in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parra
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Tarapaca, Campus Esmeralda, Iquique, Chile.
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Han MH, Kim GY, Yoo YH, Choi YH. Sanguinarine induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells through ROS-mediated Egr-1 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol Lett 2013; 220:157-66. [PMID: 23660334 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the association of these effects with apoptotic cell death in a human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cell line. Sanguinarine generated ROS, which was followed by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the activation of caspase-9 and -3, and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl2, XIAP and cIAP-1. Sanguinarine also promoted the activation of caspase-8 and truncation of Bid (tBid). However, the quenching of ROS generation by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a scavenger of ROS, reversed the sanguinarine-induced apoptosis effects via inhibition of the MMP collapse, tBid expression, and activation of caspases. Sanguinarine also markedly induced the expression of the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) during the early period, after which expression level was decreased. In addition, HCT-116 cells transfected with Egr-1 siRNA displayed significant blockage of sanguinarine-induced apoptotic activity in a ROS-dependent manner. These observations clearly indicate that ROS, which are key mediators of Egr-1 activation and MMP collapse, are involved in the early molecular events in the sanguinarine-induced apoptotic pathway acting in HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Department of Biomaterial Control (BK21 Program), Graduate School, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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24
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Zhou LQ, Wu J, Wang WT, Yu W, Zhao GN, Zhang P, Xiong J, Li M, Xue Z, Wang X, Xie XM, Guo ZC, Lv X, Liu DP. The AT-rich DNA-binding protein SATB2 promotes expression and physical association of human (G)γ- and (A)γ-globin genes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30641-52. [PMID: 22825848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix attachment region (MAR)-binding protein (MARBP) has profound influence on gene transcriptional control by tethering genes to the nuclear scaffold. MARBP SATB2 is recently known as a versatile regulator functioning in the differentiation of multiple cell types including embryonic stem cells, osteoblasts and immunocytes. Roles of SATB2 in erythroid cells and its working mechanism in orchestrating target gene expression are largely unexplored. We show here that SATB2 is expressed in erythroid cells and activates γ-globin genes by binding to MARs in their promoters and recruiting histone acetylase PCAF. Further analysis in higher-order chromatin structure shows that SATB2 affects physical proximity of human (G)γ- and (A)γ-globin promoters via self-association. We also found that SATB2 interacts with SATB1, which specifically activates ε-globin gene expression. Our results establish SATB2 as a novel γ-globin gene regulator and provide a glimpse of the differential and cooperative roles of SATB family proteins in modulating clustered genes transcription and mediating higher-order chromatin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Quan Zhou
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
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Nuclear factor-kappaB as a switch in regulation of resveratrol-mediated apoptosis and erythrocytic differentiation in human leukaemia cells. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Utreras E, Terse A, Keller J, Iadarola MJ, Kulkarni AB. Resveratrol inhibits Cdk5 activity through regulation of p35 expression. Mol Pain 2011; 7:49. [PMID: 21736731 PMCID: PMC3212955 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) participates in the regulation of nociceptive signaling. Through activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) induces expression of Egr-1. This results in the sustained and robust expression of p35, a coactivator of Cdk5, in PC12 cells, thereby increasing Cdk5 kinase activity. The aim of our present study was to test whether resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound with known analgesic activity, can regulate Cdk5/p35 activity. Results Here we used a cell-based assay in which a p35 promoter-luciferase construct was stably transfected in PC12 cells. Our studies demonstrate that resveratrol inhibits p35 promoter activity and also blocks the TNF-α mediated increase in Cdk5 activity in PC12 cells. Resveratrol also inhibits p35 expression and blocks the TNF-α mediated increase in Cdk5 activity in DRG neurons. In the presence of resveratrol, the MEK inhibitor decreased p35 promoter activity, whereas the inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK and NF-κB increased p35 promoter activity, indicating that these pathways regulate p35 expression differently. The TNF-α-mediated increase in Egr-1 expression was decreased by resveratrol treatment with a concomitant reduction in p35 expression and protein levels, resulting in reduced Cdk5 kinase activity. Conclusions We demonstrate here that resveratrol regulates p35 promoter activity in PC12 cells and DRG neurons. Most importantly, resveratrol blocks the TNF-α-mediated increase in p35 promoter activity, thereby reducing p35 expression and subsequent Cdk5 kinase activity. This new molecular mechanism adds to the known analgesic effects of resveratrol and confirms the need for identifying new analgesics based on their ability to inhibit Cdk5 activity for effective treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Utreras
- Functional Genomic Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Shin SY, Kim CG, Lim Y, Lee YH. The ETS family transcription factor ELK-1 regulates induction of the cell cycle-regulatory gene p21(Waf1/Cip1) and the BAX gene in sodium arsenite-exposed human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26860-72. [PMID: 21642427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKN1A), often referred to as p21(Waf1/Cip1) (p21), is induced by a variety of environmental stresses. Transcription factor ELK-1 is a member of the ETS oncogene superfamily. Here, we show that ELK-1 directly trans-activates the p21 gene, independently of p53 and EGR-1, in sodium arsenite (NaASO(2))-exposed HaCaT cells. Promoter deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis identified the presence of an ELK-1-binding core motif between -190 and -170 bp of the p21 promoter that confers inducibility by NaASO(2). Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift analyses confirmed the specific binding of ELK-1 to its putative binding sequence within the p21 promoter. In addition, NaASO(2)-induced p21 promoter activity was enhanced by exogenous expression of ELK-1 and reduced by expression of siRNA targeted to ELK-1 mRNA. The importance of ELK-1 in response to NaASO(2) was further confirmed by the observation that stable expression of ELK-1 siRNA in HaCaT cells resulted in the attenuation of NaASO(2)-induced p21 expression. Although ELK-1 was activated by ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK in response to NaASO(2), ELK-1-mediated activation of the p21 promoter was largely dependent on ERK. In addition, EGR-1 induced by ELK-1 seemed to be involved in NaASO(2)-induced expression of BAX. This supports the view that the ERK/ELK-1 cascade is involved in p53-independent induction of p21 and BAX gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
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28
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Abe R, Beckett J, Abe R, Nixon A, Rochier A, Yamashita N, Sumpio B. Olive Oil Polyphenol Oleuropein Inhibits Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41:814-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Xu D, Meyer F, Ehlers E, Blasnitz L, Zhang L. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) targets IRF-5 to regulate Epstein-Barr virus transformation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18261-7. [PMID: 21454650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4), which is a member of IRF family, is involved in the development of multiple myeloma and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-mediated transformation of B lymphocytes. However, the molecular mechanism of IRF-4 in cellular transformation is unknown. We have found that knockdown of IRF-4 leads to high expression of IRF-5, a pro-apoptotic member in the IRF family. Overexpression of IRF-4 represses IRF-5 expression. Reduction of IRF-4 leads to growth inhibition, and the restoration of IRF-4 by exogenous plasmids correlates with the growth recovery and reduces IRF-5 expression. In addition, IRF-4 negatively regulates IRF-5 promoter reporter activities and binds to IRF-5 promoters in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of IRF-5 rescues IRF-4 knockdown-mediated growth inhibition, and IRF-5 overexpression alone is sufficient to induce cellular growth inhibition of EBV-transformed cells. Therefore, IRF-5 is one of the targets of IRF-4, and IRF-4 regulates the growth of EBV-transformed cells partially through IRF-5. This work provides insight on how IRFs interact with one another to participate in viral pathogenesis and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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30
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Calogero A, Porcellini A, Lombari V, Fabbiano C, Arcella A, Miscusi M, Ponti D, Ragona G. Sensitivity to cisplatin in primary cell lines derived from human glioma correlates with levels of EGR-1 expression. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:5. [PMID: 21366897 PMCID: PMC3059282 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Less than 30% of malignant gliomas respond to adjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we have asked whether variations in the constitutive expression of early-growth response factor 1 (EGR-1) predicted acute cytotoxicity and clonogenic cell death in vitro, induced by six different chemotherapics. Materials and methods Cytotoxicity assays were performed on cells derived from fresh tumor explants of 18 human cases of malignant glioma. In addition to EGR-1, tumor cultures were investigated for genetic alterations and the expression of cancer regulating factors, related to the p53 pathway. Results We found that sensitivity to cisplatin correlates significantly with levels of EGR-1 expression in tumors with wild-type p53/INK4a/p16 status. Conclusion Increased knowledge of the mechanisms regulating EGR-1 expression in wild-type p53/INK4a/p16 cases of glioma may help in the design of new chemotherapeutic strategies for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medical-surgical Science and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.
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Burnett JC, Lim KI, Calafi A, Rossi JJ, Schaffer DV, Arkin AP. Combinatorial latency reactivation for HIV-1 subtypes and variants. J Virol 2010; 84:5958-74. [PMID: 20357084 PMCID: PMC2876650 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00161-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The eradication of HIV-1 will likely require novel clinical approaches to purge the reservoir of latently infected cells from a patient. We hypothesize that this therapy should target a wide range of latent integration sites, act effectively against viral variants that have acquired mutations in their promoter regions, and function across multiple HIV-1 subtypes. By using primary CD4(+) and Jurkat cell-based in vitro HIV-1 latency models, we observe that single-agent latency reactivation therapy is ineffective against most HIV-1 subtypes. However, we demonstrate that the combination of two clinically promising drugs-namely, prostratin and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)-overcomes the limitations of single-agent approaches and can act synergistically for many HIV-1 subtypes, including A, B, C, D, and F. Finally, by identifying the proviral integration position of latent Jurkat cell clones, we demonstrate that this drug combination does not significantly enhance the expression of endogenous genes nearest to the proviral integration site, indicating that its effects may be selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Burnett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Kwang-il Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Arash Calafi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - John J. Rossi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Adam P. Arkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
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Hecker RM, Amstutz RA, Wachtel M, Walter D, Niggli FK, Schäfer BW. p21 Downregulation is an important component of PAX3/FKHR oncogenicity and its reactivation by HDAC inhibitors enhances combination treatment. Oncogene 2010; 29:3942-52. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eberle I, Pless B, Braun M, Dingermann T, Marschalek R. Transcriptional properties of human NANOG1 and NANOG2 in acute leukemic cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:5384-95. [PMID: 20427424 PMCID: PMC2938211 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcripts of NANOG and OCT4 have been recently identified in human t(4;11) leukemia and in a model system expressing both t(4;11) fusion proteins. Moreover, downstream target genes of NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 were shown to be transcriptionally activated. However, the NANOG1 gene belongs to a gene family, including a gene tandem duplication (named NANOG2 or NANOGP1) and several pseudogenes (NANOGP2-P11). Thus, it was unclear which of the NANOG family members were transcribed in t(4;11) leukemia cells. 5′-RACE experiments revealed novel 5′-exons of NANOG1 and NANOG2, which could give rise to the expression of two different NANOG1 and three different NANOG2 protein variants. Moreover, a novel PCR-based method was established that allows distinguishing between transcripts deriving from NANOG1, NANOG2 and all other NANOG pseudogenes (P2–P11). By applying this method, we were able to demonstrate that human hematopoietic stem cells and different leukemic cells transcribe NANOG2. Furthermore, we functionally tested NANOG1 and NANOG2 protein variants by recombinant expression in 293 cells. These studies revealed that NANOG1 and NANOG2 protein variants are functionally equivalent and activate a regulatory circuit that activates specific stem cell genes. Therefore, we pose the hypothesis that the transcriptional activation of NANOG2 represents a ‘gain-of-stem cell function’ in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Eberle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/DCAL/ZAFES/CEF, Goethe-University, Biocenter, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Shin SY, Kim CG, Kim SH, Kim YS, Lim Y, Lee YH. Chlorpromazine activates p21Waf1/Cip1gene transcription via early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in C6 glioma cells. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:395-405. [DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.5.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chang Gun Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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36
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Choi BH, Kim CG, Lim Y, Lee YH, Shin SY. Transcriptional activation of the human Klotho gene by epidermal growth factor in HEK293 cells; role of Egr-1. Gene 2010; 450:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The polyphenolic phytoalexin resveratrol (RSV) and its analogues have received tremendous attention over the past couple of decades because of a number of reports highlighting their benefits in vitro and in vivo in a variety of human disease models, including cardio- and neuroprotection, immune regulation, and cancer chemoprevention. These studies have underscored the high degree of diversity in terms of the signaling networks and cellular effector mechanisms that are affected by RSV. The activity of RSV has been linked to cell-surface receptors, membrane signaling pathways, intracellular signal-transduction machinery, nuclear receptors, gene transcription, and metabolic pathways. The promise shown by RSV has prompted heightened interest in studies aimed at translating these observations to clinical settings. In this review, we present a comprehensive account of the basic chemistry of RSV, its bioavailability, and its multiple intracellular target proteins and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
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Kraft TE, Parisotto D, Schempp C, Efferth T. Fighting Cancer with Red Wine? Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:782-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390802248627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Okamoto M, Van Stry M, Chung L, Koyanagi M, Sun X, Suzuki Y, Ohara O, Kitamura H, Hijikata A, Kubo M, Bix M. Mina, an Il4 repressor, controls T helper type 2 bias. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:872-9. [PMID: 19561615 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T helper type 2 (T(H)2) bias, which is the propensity of naive CD4(+) T cells to differentiate into interleukin 4 (IL-4)-secreting T(H)2 cells, is a genetic trait that affects susceptibility to infectious, autoimmune and allergic diseases. T(H)2 bias correlates with the amount of IL-4 initially secreted by newly activated helper T cells that feeds back positively through the pathway of the IL-4 receptor and the transcription factors STAT6 and GATA-3 to drive T(H)2 development. Here we identify Mina, a member of the jumonji C (JmjC) protein family, as a genetic determinant of T(H)2 bias. Mina specifically bound to and repressed the Il4 promoter. Mina overexpression in transgenic mice impaired Il4 expression, whereas its knockdown in primary CD4(+) T cells led to Il4 derepression. Our findings collectively provide mechanistic insight into an Il4-regulatory pathway that controls helper T cell differentiation and genetic variation in T(H)2 bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Okamoto
- Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Japan
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Rhim JH, Jang IS, Choi JS, Kwon HJ, Yeo EJ, Park SC. Time-dependent differential gene expression in lysophosphatidic acid-treated young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:648-51. [PMID: 19563823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gene expression profiles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-treated young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) were examined using cDNA microarray analysis. The expression of some genes, including EGR 1/3 and MRRF, was controlled by LPA similarly in young and senescent cells, showing a typical time-dependent up-and-down expression profile. In contrast, some other genes, including DUSP6, CYR61, and F3, showed sustained upregulation in senescent HDFs later after LPA treatment. These genes might be involved in altered LPA responsiveness during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Heon Rhim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ageing and Apoptosis Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, South Korea
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41
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Human calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase regulates the expression of p21 via the E2A transcription factor. Biochem J 2009; 419:457-66. [PMID: 19125693 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) is a kind of scaffolding protein that recruits or organizes other proteins at the plasma membrane to co-ordinate signal transduction pathways within the cytoplasm and nucleus. We have previously found that hCASK (human CASK) binds Id1 (inhibitor of DNA binding 1) through hCASK's GUK (guanylate kinase) domain and inhibits cell growth, probably via interactions with Id1. Overexpression of hCASK resulted in a reduced rate of cell growth, although inhibition of CASK via RNAi (RNA interference) promoted cell proliferation in ECV304 cells. This study revealed that hCASK regulates the protein and mRNA level of p21(wafi/cip1) (referred to throughout as p21), and activated the expression of p21 in a time-dependent manner. Two E-boxes in the proximal region at the TSS (transcription start site) play key roles in regulating hCASK-mediated p21 expression. We suggest that E2A (E12 and E47), a representative of the E proteins that binds the E-box elements, is a participant in the mediation of p21 expression by hCASK. The results of the present study suggest that hCASK regulation of cell growth might involve p21 expression, and that the bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor E2A probably participates in hCASK regulation of p21 expression. From these findings, we propose a novel proliferation signalling pathway mediated by hCASK.
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42
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Guida L, Annunziata M, Passaro I, Buonaiuto C, Rullo R, Tetè S, Della Ragione F, Oliva A. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits proliferation of human bone marrow stromal cells and matrix mineralization. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 21:921-8. [PMID: 19144277 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to potentially inhibit bone healing and bone formation in both animal and clinical studies. Due to the extensive diffusion of ASA-based long-term therapies, the implications of such a side-effect are of interest in all types of bone surgery, including bone grafting procedures and dental implant placement. In this study, we investigate the effect of ASA at therapeutic concentrations on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Primary cultures of BMSCs were isolated and expanded. Their proliferation in response to ASA 50, 100 and 200 microg/ml was evaluated by MTT assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Cell cycle machinery was also investigated by FACS and analysis of inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKIs). ASA inhibited BMSC proliferation and DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner down to 60% of control (ASA 200 mcg/ml) at 72 h. Cell cycle analysis showed a decrease of BMSCs in the S and G2/M phases with a concomitant accumulation in G0/1 in ASA treated cells. The finding was associated to increased levels of some CDKIs, namely p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1), whereas ASA did not affected p16(Ink4A) level at any of the concentrations employed. The matrix mineralization, that represents the major feature of the osteogenic commitment, was assessed by a specific staining procedure (von Kossa) and by calcium content determination. Both the methods demonstrated an extensive reduction (greater than 90 percent) of extracellular calcification at 200 microg/ml ASA. On the basis of our results, we can hypothesize that the widely reported inhibition of bone healing by ASA might be sustained both by a direct anti-proliferative effect on BMSCs and by an alteration of the extracellular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guida
- Department of Odontostomatological, Orthodontic and Surgical Disciplines, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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43
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Kramer EL, Mushaben EM, Pastura PA, Acciani TH, Deutsch GH, Khurana Hershey GK, Korfhagen TR, Hardie WD, Whitsett JA, Le Cras TD. Early growth response-1 suppresses epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and lung remodeling in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:415-25. [PMID: 19188657 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0470oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and its receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor, are induced after lung injury and are associated with remodeling in chronic pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. Expression of TGF-alpha in the lungs of adult mice causes fibrosis, pleural thickening, and pulmonary hypertension, in addition to increased expression of a transcription factor, early growth response-1 (Egr-1). Egr-1 was increased in airway smooth muscle (ASM) and the vascular adventitia in the lungs of mice conditionally expressing TGF-alpha in airway epithelium (Clara cell secretory protein-rtTA(+/-)/[tetO](7)-TGF-alpha(+/-)). The goal of this study was to determine the role of Egr-1 in TGF-alpha-induced lung disease. To accomplish this, TGF-alpha-transgenic mice were crossed to Egr-1 knockout (Egr-1(ko/ko)) mice. The lack of Egr-1 markedly increased the severity of TGF-alpha-induced pulmonary disease, dramatically enhancing airway muscularization, increasing pulmonary fibrosis, and causing greater airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Smooth muscle hyperplasia, not hypertrophy, caused the ASM thickening in the absence of Egr-1. No detectable increases in pulmonary inflammation were found. In addition to the airway remodeling disease, vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension were also more severe in Egr-1(ko/ko) mice. Thus, Egr-1 acts to suppress epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated airway and vascular muscularization, fibrosis, and airway hyperresponsiveness in the absence of inflammation. This provides a unique model to study the processes causing pulmonary fibrosis and ASM thickening without the complicating effects of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Kramer
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Gibbs JD, Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. Leukemia suppressor function of Egr-1 is dependent on transforming oncogene. Leukemia 2008; 22:1909-16. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Choi BH, Kim CG, Bae YS, Lim Y, Lee YH, Shin SY. p21 Waf1/Cip1 expression by curcumin in U-87MG human glioma cells: role of early growth response-1 expression. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1369-77. [PMID: 18316600 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural compound, is a well-known chemopreventive agent with potent anticarcinogenic activity in a wide variety of tumor cells. Curcumin inhibits cancer cell proliferation in part by suppressing cyclin D1 and inducing expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1). Both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms regulate p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression, but the mechanism by which curcumin regulates p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression remains unknown. Here, we report that transcription of the p21(Waf1/Cip1) gene is activated by early growth response-1 (Egr-1) independently of p53 in response to curcumin treatment in U-87MG human glioblastoma cells. Egr-1 is a transcription factor that helps regulate differentiation, growth, and apoptosis in many cell types. Egr-1 expression is induced by curcumin through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), but not the p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which mediate the transactivation of Elk-1. Transient expression of Egr-1 enhanced curcumin-induced p21(Waf1/Cip1) promoter activity, whereas suppression of Egr-1 expression by small interfering RNA abrogated the ability of curcumin to induce p21(Waf1/Cip1) promoter activity. In addition, stable knockdown of Egr-1 expression in U-87MG cells suppressed curcumin-induced p21 expression. Our results indicate that ERK and JNK MAPK/Elk-1/Egr-1 signal cascade is required for p53-independent transcriptional activation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) in response to curcumin in U-87MG human glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Li H, Costantini C, Scrable H, Weindruch R, Puglielli L. Egr-1 and Hipk2 are required for the TrkA to p75(NTR) switch that occurs downstream of IGF1-R. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:2010-20. [PMID: 18378044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aging program mediated by IGF1-R is responsible for a naturally occurring TrkA to p75(NTR) switch that leads to activation of the second messenger ceramide and increased production of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-peptide. Biochemical and genetic approaches that target IGF1-R signaling, p75(NTR), or ceramide are able to block the above events. Here, we show that the transcription factors Egr-1 and Hipk2 are required elements for the TrkA to p75(NTR) switch downstream of IGF1-R signaling. Specifically, Egr-1 is required for the upregulation of p75(NTR), whereas Hipk2 is required for the downregulation of TrkA. In fact, gene silencing of Egr-1 abolished the ability of IGF1 to upregulate p75(NTR), whereas similar approaches directed against Hipk2 blocked the downregulation of TrkA. In addition, IGF1 treatment favored binding of Egr-1 and Hipk2 to the promoter of p75(NTR) and TrkA, respectively. Finally, the expression levels of both Egr-1 and Hipk2 are upregulated in an age-dependent fashion. Such an event is opposed by caloric restriction, a model of delayed aging, and favored by the p44 transgene in p44(+/+) animals, a model of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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47
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Blancafort P, Tschan MP, Bergquist S, Guthy D, Brachat A, Sheeter DA, Torbett BE, Erdmann D, Barbas CF. Modulation of drug resistance by artificial transcription factors. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:688-97. [PMID: 18319335 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of chemotherapeutic treatments in cancer patients is often impaired by the acquisition of drug resistance. Cancer cells develop drug resistance through dysregulation of one or more genes or cellular pathways. To isolate efficient regulators of drug resistance in tumor cells, we have adopted a genome-wide scanning approach based on the screening of large libraries of artificial transcription factors (ATFs) made of three and six randomly assembled zinc finger domains. Zinc finger libraries were linked to a VP64 activation domain and delivered into a paclitaxel-sensitive tumor cell line. Following drug treatment, several ATFs were isolated that promoted drug resistance. One of these ATFs, 3ZF-1-VP, promoted paclitaxel resistance in cell lines having mutated or inactivated p53, such as MDA-MB-435 and Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines. 3ZF-1-VP also induced strong resistance to etoposide, vincristine, and cisplatinum. Linkage of a repression domain to the selected ATF resulted in enhanced sensitivity to multiple drugs, particularly vincristine, cisplatinum, and 5-fluorouracil. Small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of p53 revealed that 3ZF-1-VP activated both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms to promote survival, whereas other ATF required intact p53. Real-time expression analysis and DNA microarrays showed that several ATFs up-regulated targets of p53, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), and genes participating in the p14(ARF)-MDM2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway, such as hDMP1. Thus, ATF can be used to map genes and pathways involved in drug resistance phenotypes and have potential as novel therapeutic agents to inhibit drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blancafort
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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48
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Manea A, Manea SA, Gafencu AV, Raicu M, Simionescu M. AP-1-dependent transcriptional regulation of NADPH oxidase in human aortic smooth muscle cells: role of p22phox subunit. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:878-85. [PMID: 18309110 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.163592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NADPH oxidase (NADPHox) is the major source of reactive oxygen species in vascular diseases; the mechanisms of enzyme activation are not completely elucidated. AP-1 controls the expression of many genes linked to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dysfunction. In this study we searched for the role of AP-1 in the regulation of NADPHox expression and function in human aortic SMCs exposed to proinflammatory conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured SMCs were exposed to either angiotensin II (Ang II) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AP-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors reduced both Ang II or TNF-alpha-dependent upregulation of NADPHox activity and mRNA expression (NOX1, NOX4, p67(phox), p47(phox), p22(phox)). Inhibitors of AP-1 significantly diminished the Ang II or TNF-alpha-stimulated p22(phox) promoter activity and protein level. Transient overexpression of c-Jun/c-Fos upregulated p22(phox) promoter activity. Transcription factor pull-down assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated the physical interaction of c-Jun protein with predicted AP-1-binding sites in the p22(phox) gene promoter. CONCLUSIONS In SMCs exposed to Ang II or TNF-alpha, inhibition of AP-1-related pathways reduces NADPHox expression and the O(2)(-) production. The physical interaction of AP-1 with p22(phox) gene promoter facilitates NADPHox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Manea
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, Bucharest, P.O. Box 35-14, Romania
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Bickenbach KA, Veerapong J, Shao MY, Mauceri HJ, Posner MC, Kron SJ, Weichselbaum RR. Resveratrol is an effective inducer of CArG-driven TNF-alpha gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 15:133-9. [PMID: 18157146 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the anticarcinogenic, anti-aging polyphenol resveratrol activates the radio- and chemo-inducible cancer gene therapy vector Ad.Egr.TNF, a replication-deficient adenovirus that expresses human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) under control of the Egr-1 promoter. Like ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic agents previously shown to activate Ad.Egr.TNF, resveratrol also induces Egr-1 expression from its chromosomal locus with a possible role for Egr-1 promoter CC(A+T)richGG sequences in the expression of TNF-alpha. Resveratrol induction of TNF-alpha in Ad.Egr.TNF-infected tumor xenografts demonstrated antitumor response in human and rat tumor models comparable to that of radio- or chemotherapy-induced TNF-alpha. Although sirtuins are known targets of resveratrol, in vitro inhibition of SIRT1 activity did not abrogate resveratrol induction of Egr-1 expression. This suggests that SIRT1 is not essential to mediate resveratrol induction of Egr-1. Nevertheless, control of transgene expression via resveratrol activation of Egr-1 may extend use of Ad.Egr.TNF to patients intolerant of radiation or cytotoxic therapy and offer a novel tool for development of other inducible gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bickenbach
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mohan M, Aye PP, Borda JT, Alvarez X, Lackner AA. Gastrointestinal disease in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques is characterized by proinflammatory dysregulation of the interleukin-6-Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription3 pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1952-65. [PMID: 18055558 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease and inflammation are common sequelae of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that lead to gastrointestinal dysfunction remain unclear. We investigated regulation of the interleukin (IL)-6-JAK-STAT3 pathway in jejunum and colon, collected at necropsy, from 10 SIV-infected macaques with diarrhea (group 1), 10 non-SIV-infected macaques with diarrhea (group 2), and 7 control uninfected macaques (group 3). All group 1 and 2 macaques had chronic diarrhea, wasting, and colitis, but group 1 animals had more frequent and severe lesions in the jejunum. A significant increase in IL-6 and SOCS-3 gene expression along with constitutive STAT3 activation was observed in the colon of all group 1 and 2 macaques and in the jejunum of only group 1 macaques compared to controls. Further, in colon, histopathology severity scores correlated significantly with IL-6 (groups 1 and 2) and SOCS-3 (group 2) gene expression. In jejunum, a similar correlation was observed only in group 1 animals. Phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) was localized to lymphocytes (CD3+) and macrophages (CD68+), with fewer CD3+ lymphocytes expressing p-STAT3 in group 1 macaques. Despite high SOCS-3 expression, STAT3 remained constitutively active, providing a possible explanation for persistent intestinal inflammation and immune activation that may favor viral replication and disease pro-gression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA
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