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Norambuena-Soto I, Deng Y, Brenner C, Lavandero S, Wang ZV. NAD in pathological cardiac remodeling: Metabolic regulation and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167038. [PMID: 38281710 PMCID: PMC10922927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) coenzymes are carriers of high energy electrons in metabolism and also play critical roles in numerous signaling pathways. NAD metabolism is decreased in various cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, stimulation of NAD biosynthesis protects against heart disease under different pathological conditions. In this review, we describe pathways for both generation and catabolism of NAD coenzymes and the respective changes of these pathways in the heart under cardiac diseases, including pressure overload, myocardial infarction, cardiometabolic disease, cancer treatment cardiotoxicity, and heart failure. We next provide an update on the strategies and treatments to increase NAD levels, such as supplementation of NAD precursors, in the heart that prevent or reverse cardiomyopathy. We also introduce the approaches to manipulate NAD consumption enzymes to ameliorate cardiac disease. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms associated with improvements in cardiac function by NAD coenzymes, differentiating between mitochondria-dependent effects and those independent of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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2
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Szot JO, Cuny H, Martin EM, Sheng DZ, Iyer K, Portelli S, Nguyen V, Gereis JM, Alankarage D, Chitayat D, Chong K, Wentzensen IM, Vincent-Delormé C, Lermine A, Burkitt-Wright E, Ji W, Jeffries L, Pais LS, Tan TY, Pitt J, Wise CA, Wright H, Andrews ID, Pruniski B, Grebe TA, Corsten-Janssen N, Bouman K, Poulton C, Prakash S, Keren B, Brown NJ, Hunter MF, Heath O, Lakhani SA, McDermott JH, Ascher DB, Chapman G, Bozon K, Dunwoodie SL. A metabolic signature for NADSYN1-dependent congenital NAD deficiency disorder. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174824. [PMID: 38357931 PMCID: PMC10866660 DOI: 10.1172/jci174824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is essential for embryonic development. To date, biallelic loss-of-function variants in 3 genes encoding nonredundant enzymes of the NAD de novo synthesis pathway - KYNU, HAAO, and NADSYN1 - have been identified in humans with congenital malformations defined as congenital NAD deficiency disorder (CNDD). Here, we identified 13 further individuals with biallelic NADSYN1 variants predicted to be damaging, and phenotypes ranging from multiple severe malformations to the complete absence of malformation. Enzymatic assessment of variant deleteriousness in vitro revealed protein domain-specific perturbation, complemented by protein structure modeling in silico. We reproduced NADSYN1-dependent CNDD in mice and assessed various maternal NAD precursor supplementation strategies to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. While for Nadsyn1+/- mothers, any B3 vitamer was suitable to raise NAD, preventing embryo loss and malformation, Nadsyn1-/- mothers required supplementation with amidated NAD precursors (nicotinamide or nicotinamide mononucleotide) bypassing their metabolic block. The circulatory NAD metabolome in mice and humans before and after NAD precursor supplementation revealed a consistent metabolic signature with utility for patient identification. Our data collectively improve clinical diagnostics of NADSYN1-dependent CNDD, provide guidance for the therapeutic prevention of CNDD, and suggest an ongoing need to maintain NAD levels via amidated NAD precursor supplementation after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O. Szot
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hartmut Cuny
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ella M.M.A. Martin
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Delicia Z. Sheng
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kavitha Iyer
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Portelli
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vivien Nguyen
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Gereis
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dimuthu Alankarage
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Chitayat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, and
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Chong
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Alban Lermine
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multisites SeqOIA, FMG2025, Paris, France
| | - Emma Burkitt-Wright
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Weizhen Ji
- Yale University School of Medicine, Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lauren Jeffries
- Yale University School of Medicine, Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lynn S. Pais
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tiong Y. Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Pitt
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolic Laboratory, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheryl A. Wise
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Wright
- General Paediatric Department, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Rural Clinical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Brianna Pruniski
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Theresa A. Grebe
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Nicole Corsten-Janssen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Katelijne Bouman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cathryn Poulton
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Supraja Prakash
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Natasha J. Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew F. Hunter
- Monash Genetics, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Heath
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saquib A. Lakhani
- Yale University School of Medicine, Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John H. McDermott
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Ascher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kayleigh Bozon
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally L. Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Ghanem MS, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Inhibitors of NAD + Production in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2092. [PMID: 38396769 PMCID: PMC10889166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The addiction of tumors to elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Obstructing NAD+ biosynthesis in tumors is a new and promising antineoplastic strategy. Inhibitors developed against nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the main enzyme in NAD+ production from nicotinamide, elicited robust anticancer activity in preclinical models but not in patients, implying that other NAD+-biosynthetic pathways are also active in tumors and provide sufficient NAD+ amounts despite NAMPT obstruction. Recent studies show that NAD+ biosynthesis through the so-called "Preiss-Handler (PH) pathway", which utilizes nicotinate as a precursor, actively operates in many tumors and accounts for tumor resistance to NAMPT inhibitors. The PH pathway consists of three sequential enzymatic steps that are catalyzed by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), and NAD+ synthetase (NADSYN1). Here, we focus on these enzymes as emerging targets in cancer drug discovery, summarizing their reported inhibitors and describing their current or potential exploitation as anticancer agents. Finally, we also focus on additional NAD+-producing enzymes acting in alternative NAD+-producing routes that could also be relevant in tumors and thus become viable targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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4
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Duncan JD, Setati ME, Divol B. Nicotinic acid availability impacts redox cofactor metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during alcoholic fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae015. [PMID: 38637306 PMCID: PMC11055565 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation, particularly in high-sugar environments, presents metabolic challenges for yeasts. Crabtree-positive yeasts, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, prefer fermentation even in the presence of oxygen. These yeasts rely on internal NAD+ recycling and extracellular assimilation of its precursor, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), rather than de novo NAD+ production. Surprisingly, nicotinic acid assimilation is poorly characterized, even in S. cerevisiae. This study elucidated the timing of nicotinic acid uptake during grape juice-like fermentation and its impact on NAD(H) levels, the NAD+/NADH ratio, and metabolites produced. Complete uptake of extracellular nicotinic acid occurred premid-exponential phase, thereafter small amounts of vitamin B3 were exported back into the medium. Suboptimal levels of nicotinic acid were correlated with slower fermentation and reduced biomass, disrupting redox balance and impeding NAD+ regeneration, thereby affecting metabolite production. Metabolic outcomes varied with nicotinic acid concentrations, linking NAD+ availability to fermentation efficiency. A model was proposed encompassing rapid nicotinic acid uptake, accumulation during cell proliferation, and recycling with limited vitamin B3 export. This research enhances the understanding of nicotinic acid uptake dynamics during grape juice-like fermentation. These insights contribute to advancing yeast metabolism research and have profound implications for the enhancement of biotechnological practices and the wine-making industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Duncan
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Mathabatha E Setati
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Benoit Divol
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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5
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Groth B, Lee YC, Huang CC, McDaniel M, Huang K, Lee LH, Lin SJ. The Histone Deacetylases Hst1 and Rpd3 Integrate De Novo NAD + Metabolism with Phosphate Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098047. [PMID: 37175754 PMCID: PMC10179157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical cofactor essential for various cellular processes. Abnormalities in NAD+ metabolism have also been associated with a number of metabolic disorders. The regulation and interconnection of NAD+ metabolic pathways are not yet completely understood. By employing an NAD+ intermediate-specific genetic system established in the model organism S. cerevisiae, we show that histone deacetylases (HDACs) Hst1 and Rpd3 link the regulation of the de novo NAD+ metabolism-mediating BNA genes with certain aspects of the phosphate (Pi)-sensing PHO pathway. Our genetic and gene expression studies suggest that the Bas1-Pho2 and Pho2-Pho4 transcription activator complexes play a role in this co-regulation. Our results suggest a model in which competition for Pho2 usage between the BNA-activating Bas1-Pho2 complex and the PHO-activating Pho2-Pho4 complex helps balance de novo activity with PHO activity in response to NAD+ or phosphate depletion. Interestingly, both the Bas1-Pho2 and Pho2-Pho4 complexes appear to also regulate the expression of the salvage-mediating PNC1 gene negatively. These results suggest a mechanism for the inverse regulation between the NAD+ salvage pathways and the de novo pathway observed in our genetic models. Our findings help provide a molecular basis for the complex interplay of two different aspects of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chi-Chun Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matilda McDaniel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lan-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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6
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Groth B, Huang CC, Lin SJ. The histone deacetylases Rpd3 and Hst1 antagonistically regulate de novo NAD + metabolism in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102410. [PMID: 36007612 PMCID: PMC9486569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a cellular redox cofactor involved in many essential processes. The regulation of NAD+ metabolism and the signaling networks reciprocally interacting with NAD+-producing metabolic pathways are not yet fully understood. The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) Hst1 has been shown to inhibit de novo NAD+ synthesis by repressing biosynthesis of nicotinic acid (BNA) gene expression. Here, we alternatively identify HDAC Rpd3 as a positive regulator of de novo NAD+ metabolism in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We reveal that deletion of RPD3 causes marked decreases in the production of de novo pathway metabolites, in direct contrast to deletion of HST1. We determined the BNA expression profiles of rpd3Δ and hst1Δ cells to be similarly opposed, suggesting the two HDACs may regulate the BNA genes in an antagonistic fashion. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Rpd3 and Hst1 mutually influence each other’s binding distribution at the BNA2 promoter. We demonstrate Hst1 to be the main deacetylase active at the BNA2 promoter, with hst1Δ cells displaying increased acetylation of the N-terminal tail lysine residues of histone H4, H4K5, and H4K12. Conversely, we show that deletion of RPD3 reduces the acetylation of these residues in an Hst1-dependent manner. This suggests that Rpd3 may function to oppose spreading of Hst1-dependent heterochromatin and represents a unique form of antagonism between HDACs in regulating gene expression. Moreover, we found that Rpd3 and Hst1 also coregulate additional targets involved in other branches of NAD+ metabolism. These findings help elucidate the complex interconnections involved in effecting the regulation of NAD+ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chi-Chun Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Cercillieux A, Ciarlo E, Canto C. Balancing NAD + deficits with nicotinamide riboside: therapeutic possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:463. [PMID: 35918544 PMCID: PMC9345839 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have been observed in multiple lifestyle and age-related medical conditions. This has led to the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors, or vitamin B3s, could exert health benefits. Among the different molecules that can act as NAD+ precursors, Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) has gained most attention due to its success in alleviating and treating disease conditions at the pre-clinical level. However, the clinical outcomes for NR supplementation strategies have not yet met the expectations generated in mouse models. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive view on NAD+ biology, what causes NAD+ deficits and the journey of NR from its discovery to its clinical development. We also discuss what are the current limitations in NR-based therapies and potential ways to overcome them. Overall, this review will not only provide tools to understand NAD+ biology and assess its changes in disease situations, but also to decide which NAD+ precursor could have the best therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Cercillieux
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Ciarlo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD + Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686412. [PMID: 34095234 PMCID: PMC8171187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite with wide-ranging and significant roles in the cell. Defects in NAD+ metabolism have been associated with many human disorders; it is therefore an emerging therapeutic target. Moreover, NAD+ metabolism is perturbed during colonization by a variety of pathogens, either due to the molecular mechanisms employed by these infectious agents or by the host immune response they trigger. Three main biosynthetic pathways, including the de novo and salvage pathways, contribute to the production of NAD+ with a high degree of conservation from bacteria to humans. De novo biosynthesis, which begins with l-tryptophan in eukaryotes, is also known as the kynurenine pathway. Intermediates of this pathway have various beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular health in different contexts. For example, dysregulation of this pathway is linked to neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. Activation of the de novo pathway is also implicated in various infections and inflammatory signaling. Given the dynamic flexibility and multiple roles of NAD+ intermediates, it is important to understand the interconnections and cross-regulations of NAD+ precursors and associated signaling pathways to understand how cells regulate NAD+ homeostasis in response to various growth conditions. Although regulation of NAD+ homeostasis remains incompletely understood, studies in the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may help provide some molecular basis for how NAD+ homeostasis factors contribute to the maintenance and regulation of cellular function and how they are regulated by various nutritional and stress signals. Here we present a brief overview of recent insights and discoveries made with respect to the relationship between NAD+ metabolism and selected human disorders and infections, with a particular focus on the de novo pathway. We also discuss how studies in budding yeast may help elucidate the regulation of NAD+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Padmaja Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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9
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Pinkerton M, Ruetenik A, Bazylianska V, Nyvltova E, Barrientos A. Salvage NAD+ biosynthetic pathway enzymes moonlight as molecular chaperones to protect against proteotoxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:672-686. [PMID: 33749726 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative proteinopathies are disorders associated with abnormal protein depositions in brain neurons. They include polyglutamine (polyQ) conditions such as Huntington's disease (HD) and α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Overexpression of NMNAT/Nma1, an enzyme in the NAD+ biosynthetic salvage pathway, acts as an efficient suppressor of proteotoxicities in yeast, fly and mouse models. Screens in yeast models of HD and PD allowed us to identify three additional enzymes of the same pathway that achieve similar protection against proteotoxic stress: Npt1, Pnc1 and Qns1. The mechanism by which these proteins maintain proteostasis has not been identified. Here, we report that their ability to maintain proteostasis in yeast models of HD and PD is independent of their catalytic activity and does not require cellular protein quality control systems such as the proteasome or autophagy. Furthermore, we show that, under proteotoxic stress, the four proteins are recruited as molecular chaperones with holdase and foldase activities. The NAD+ salvage proteins act by preventing misfolding and, together with the Hsp90 chaperone, promoting the refolding of extended polyQ domains and α-synuclein (α-Syn). Our results illustrate the existence of an evolutionarily conserved strategy of repurposing or moonlighting housekeeping enzymes under stress conditions to maintain proteostasis. We conclude that the entire salvage NAD+ biosynthetic pathway links NAD+ metabolism and proteostasis and emerges as a target for therapeutics to combat age-associated neurodegenerative proteotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Pinkerton
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrea Ruetenik
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,MS in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine. Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Eva Nyvltova
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Miami, FL 33136, USA
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10
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Nam TS, Park DR, Rah SY, Woo TG, Chung HT, Brenner C, Kim UH. Interleukin-8 drives CD38 to form NAADP from NADP + and NAAD in the endolysosomes to mobilize Ca 2+ and effect cell migration. FASEB J 2020; 34:12565-12576. [PMID: 32717131 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001249r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is the most potent Ca2+ mobilizing second messenger whose formation has remained elusive. In vitro, CD38-mediated NAADP synthesis requires an acidic pH and a nonphysiological concentration of nicotinic acid (NA). We discovered that CD38 catalyzes synthesis of NAADP by exchanging the nicotinamide moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ ) for the NA group of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) inside endolysosomes of interleukin 8 (IL8)-treated lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Upon IL8 stimulation, cytosolic NADP+ is transported to acidified endolysosomes via connexin 43 (Cx43) and gated by cAMP-EPAC-RAP1-PP2A signaling. CD38 then performs a base-exchange reaction with the donor NA group deriving from NAAD, produced by newly described endolysosomal activities of NA phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) and NMN adenyltransferase (NMNAT) 3. Thus, the membrane organization of endolysosomal CD38, a signal-mediated transport system for NADP+ and luminal NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes integrate signals from a chemokine and cAMP to specify the spatiotemporal mobilization of Ca2+ to drive cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sik Nam
- Department of Biochemistry & National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae-Ryoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry & National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - So-Young Rah
- Department of Biochemistry & National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Woo
- Department of Biochemistry & National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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11
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Croft T, Venkatakrishnan P, James Theoga Raj C, Groth B, Cater T, Salemi MR, Phinney B, Lin SJ. N-terminal protein acetylation by NatB modulates the levels of Nmnats, the NAD + biosynthetic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7362-7375. [PMID: 32299909 PMCID: PMC7247314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is an essential metabolite participating in cellular biochemical processes and signaling. The regulation and interconnection among multiple NAD+ biosynthesis pathways are incompletely understood. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells lacking the N-terminal (Nt) protein acetyltransferase complex NatB exhibit an approximate 50% reduction in NAD+ levels and aberrant metabolism of NAD+ precursors, changes that are associated with a decrease in nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (Nmnat) protein levels. Here, we show that this decrease in NAD+ and Nmnat protein levels is specifically due to the absence of Nt-acetylation of Nmnat (Nma1 and Nma2) proteins and not of other NatB substrates. Nt-acetylation critically regulates protein degradation by the N-end rule pathways, suggesting that the absence of Nt-acetylation may alter Nmnat protein stability. Interestingly, the rate of protein turnover (t½) of non-Nt-acetylated Nmnats did not significantly differ from those of Nt-acetylated Nmnats. Accordingly, deletion or depletion of the N-end rule pathway ubiquitin E3 ligases in NatB mutants did not restore NAD+ levels. Next, we examined whether the status of Nt-acetylation would affect the translation of Nmnats, finding that the absence of Nt-acetylation does not significantly alter the polysome formation rate on Nmnat mRNAs. However, we observed that NatB mutants have significantly reduced Nmnat protein maturation. Our findings indicate that the reduced Nmnat levels in NatB mutants are mainly due to inefficient protein maturation. Nmnat activities are essential for all NAD+ biosynthesis routes, and understanding the regulation of Nmnat protein homeostasis may improve our understanding of the molecular basis and regulation of NAD+ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Croft
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Padmaja Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Christol James Theoga Raj
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Benjamin Groth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Timothy Cater
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michelle R Salemi
- Proteomic Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomic Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
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12
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Croft T, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD + Metabolism and Regulation: Lessons From Yeast. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E330. [PMID: 32092906 PMCID: PMC7072712 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite involved in various cellular processes. The cellular NAD+ pool is maintained by three biosynthesis pathways, which are largely conserved from bacteria to human. NAD+ metabolism is an emerging therapeutic target for several human disorders including diabetes, cancer, and neuron degeneration. Factors regulating NAD+ homeostasis have remained incompletely understood due to the dynamic nature and complexity of NAD+ metabolism. Recent studies using the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified novel NAD+ homeostasis factors. These findings help provide a molecular basis for how may NAD+ and NAD+ homeostasis factors contribute to the maintenance and regulation of cellular function. Here we summarize major NAD+ biosynthesis pathways, selected cellular processes that closely connect with and contribute to NAD+ homeostasis, and regulation of NAD+ metabolism by nutrient-sensing signaling pathways. We also extend the discussions to include possible implications of NAD+ homeostasis factors in human disorders. Understanding the cross-regulation and interconnections of NAD+ precursors and associated cellular pathways will help elucidate the mechanisms of the complex regulation of NAD+ homeostasis. These studies may also contribute to the development of effective NAD+-based therapeutic strategies specific for different types of NAD+ deficiency related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.C.); (P.V.)
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13
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Chuenchor W, Doukov TI, Chang KT, Resto M, Yun CS, Gerratana B. Different ways to transport ammonia in human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD + synthetases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 31911602 PMCID: PMC6946656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ synthetase is an essential enzyme of de novo and recycling pathways of NAD+ biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not in humans. This bifunctional enzyme couples the NAD+ synthetase and glutaminase activities through an ammonia tunnel but free ammonia is also a substrate. Here we show that the Homo sapiens NAD+ synthetase (hsNadE) lacks substrate specificity for glutamine over ammonia and displays a modest activation of the glutaminase domain compared to tbNadE. We report the crystal structures of hsNadE and NAD+ synthetase from M. tuberculosis (tbNadE) with synthetase intermediate analogues. Based on the observed exclusive arrangements of the domains and of the intra- or inter-subunit tunnels we propose a model for the inter-domain communication mechanism for the regulation of glutamine-dependent activity and NH3 transport. The structural and mechanistic comparison herein reported between hsNadE and tbNadE provides also a starting point for future efforts in the development of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watchalee Chuenchor
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tzanko I Doukov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kai-Ti Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Melissa Resto
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chang-Soo Yun
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Barbara Gerratana
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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14
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Bi-allelic Mutations in NADSYN1 Cause Multiple Organ Defects and Expand the Genotypic Spectrum of Congenital NAD Deficiency Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:129-136. [PMID: 31883644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects occur in up to 3% of all live births and are the leading cause of infant death. Here we present five individuals from four unrelated families, individuals who share similar phenotypes with disease-causal bi-allelic variants in NADSYN1, encoding NAD synthetase 1, the final enzyme of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) de novo synthesis pathway. Defects range from the isolated absence of both kidneys to multiple malformations of the vertebrae, heart, limbs, and kidney, and no affected individual survived for more than three months postnatally. NAD is an essential coenzyme for numerous cellular processes. Bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in genes required for the de novo synthesis of NAD were previously identified in individuals with multiple congenital abnormalities affecting the heart, kidney, vertebrae, and limbs. Functional assessments of NADSYN1 missense variants, through a combination of yeast complementation and enzymatic assays, show impaired enzymatic activity and severely reduced NAD levels. Thus, NADSYN1 represents an additional gene required for NAD synthesis during embryogenesis, and NADSYN1 has bi-allelic missense variants that cause NAD deficiency-dependent malformations. Our findings expand the genotypic spectrum of congenital NAD deficiency disorders and further implicate mutation of additional genes involved in de novo NAD synthesis as potential causes of complex birth defects.
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15
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James Theoga Raj C, Lin SJ. Cross-talk in NAD + metabolism: insights from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1113-1119. [PMID: 30993413 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential metabolite involved in a myriad of cellular processes. The NAD+ pool is maintained by three biosynthesis pathways, which are largely conserved from bacteria to human with some species-specific differences. Studying the regulation of NAD+ metabolism has been difficult due to the dynamic flexibility of NAD+ intermediates, the redundancy of biosynthesis pathways, and the complex interconnections among them. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides an efficient genetic model for the isolation and study of factors that regulate specific NAD+ biosynthesis pathways. A recent study has uncovered a putative cross-regulation between the de novo NAD+ biosynthesis and copper homeostasis mediated by a copper-sensing transcription factor Mac1. Mac1 appears to work with the Hst1-Sum1-Rfm1 complex to repress the expression of de novo NAD+ biosynthesis genes. Here, we extend the discussions to include additional nutrient- and stress-sensing pathways that have been associated with the regulation of NAD+ homeostasis. NAD+ metabolism is an emerging therapeutic target for several human diseases. NAD+ preservation also helps ameliorate age-associated metabolic disorders. Recent findings in yeast contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis underlying the cross-regulation of NAD+ metabolism and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christol James Theoga Raj
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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16
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James Theoga Raj C, Croft T, Venkatakrishnan P, Groth B, Dhugga G, Cater T, Lin SJ. The copper-sensing transcription factor Mac1, the histone deacetylase Hst1, and nicotinic acid regulate de novo NAD + biosynthesis in budding yeast. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5562-5575. [PMID: 30760525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADH (NAD+) is an essential metabolite involved in various cellular biochemical processes. The regulation of NAD+ metabolism is incompletely understood. Here, using budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), we established an NAD+ intermediate-specific genetic system to identify factors that regulate the de novo branch of NAD+ biosynthesis. We found that a mutant strain (mac1Δ) lacking Mac1, a copper-sensing transcription factor that activates copper transport genes during copper deprivation, exhibits increases in quinolinic acid (QA) production and NAD+ levels. Similar phenotypes were also observed in the hst1Δ strain, deficient in the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Hst1, which inhibits de novo NAD+ synthesis by repressing BNA gene expression when NAD+ is abundant. Interestingly, the mac1Δ and hst1Δ mutants shared a similar NAD+ metabolism-related gene expression profile, and deleting either MAC1 or HST1 de-repressed the BNA genes. ChIP experiments with the BNA2 promoter indicated that Mac1 works with Hst1-containing repressor complexes to silence BNA expression. The connection of Mac1 and BNA expression suggested that copper stress affects de novo NAD+ synthesis, and we show that copper stress induces both BNA expression and QA production. Moreover, nicotinic acid inhibited de novo NAD+ synthesis through Hst1-mediated BNA repression, hindered the reuptake of extracellular QA, and thereby reduced de novo NAD+ synthesis. In summary, we have identified and characterized novel NAD+ homeostasis factors. These findings will expand our understanding of the molecular basis and regulation of NAD+ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christol James Theoga Raj
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Trevor Croft
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Padmaja Venkatakrishnan
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Benjamin Groth
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Gagandeep Dhugga
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Timothy Cater
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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17
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Liu HW, Smith CB, Schmidt MS, Cambronne XA, Cohen MS, Migaud ME, Brenner C, Goodman RH. Pharmacological bypass of NAD + salvage pathway protects neurons from chemotherapy-induced degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10654-10659. [PMID: 30257945 PMCID: PMC6196523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809392115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration, a hallmark of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), is thought to be caused by a loss of the essential metabolite nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) via the prodegenerative protein SARM1. Some studies challenge this notion, however, and suggest that an aberrant increase in a direct precursor of NAD+, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), rather than loss of NAD+, is responsible. In support of this idea, blocking NMN accumulation in neurons by expressing a bacterial NMN deamidase protected axons from degeneration. We hypothesized that protection could similarly be achieved by reducing NMN production pharmacologically. To achieve this, we took advantage of an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation that goes through the intermediate nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), rather than NMN. We discovered that nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), a precursor of NAMN, administered in combination with FK866, an inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase that produces NMN, protected dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons against vincristine-induced degeneration as well as NMN deamidase. Introducing a different bacterial enzyme that converts NAMN to NMN reversed this protection. Collectively, our data indicate that maintaining NAD+ is not sufficient to protect DRG neurons from vincristine-induced axon degeneration, and elevating NMN, by itself, is not sufficient to cause degeneration. Nonetheless, the combination of FK866 and NAR, which bypasses NMN formation, may provide a therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Liu
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Chadwick B Smith
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 55242
| | - Xiaolu A Cambronne
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 33604
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 55242;
| | - Richard H Goodman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
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18
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Katsyuba E, Auwerx J. Modulating NAD + metabolism, from bench to bedside. EMBO J 2017; 36:2670-2683. [PMID: 28784597 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in the beginning of the 20th century, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has evolved from a simple oxidoreductase cofactor to being an essential cosubstrate for a wide range of regulatory proteins that include the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent protein deacylases, widely recognized regulators of metabolic function and longevity. Altered NAD+ metabolism is associated with aging and many pathological conditions, such as metabolic diseases and disorders of the muscular and neuronal systems. Conversely, increased NAD+ levels have shown to be beneficial in a broad spectrum of diseases. Here, we review the fundamental aspects of NAD+ biochemistry and metabolism and discuss how boosting NAD+ content can help ameliorate mitochondrial homeostasis and as such improve healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Katsyuba
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Fletcher RS, Ratajczak J, Doig CL, Oakey LA, Callingham R, Da Silva Xavier G, Garten A, Elhassan YS, Redpath P, Migaud ME, Philp A, Brenner C, Canto C, Lavery GG. Nicotinamide riboside kinases display redundancy in mediating nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:819-832. [PMID: 28752046 PMCID: PMC5518663 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Augmenting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) availability may protect skeletal muscle from age-related metabolic decline. Dietary supplementation of NAD+ precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) appear efficacious in elevating muscle NAD+. Here we sought to identify the pathways skeletal muscle cells utilize to synthesize NAD+ from NMN and NR and provide insight into mechanisms of muscle metabolic homeostasis. Methods We exploited expression profiling of muscle NAD+ biosynthetic pathways, single and double nicotinamide riboside kinase 1/2 (NRK1/2) loss-of-function mice, and pharmacological inhibition of muscle NAD+ recycling to evaluate NMN and NR utilization. Results Skeletal muscle cells primarily rely on nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), NRK1, and NRK2 for salvage biosynthesis of NAD+. NAMPT inhibition depletes muscle NAD+ availability and can be rescued by NR and NMN as the preferred precursors for elevating muscle cell NAD+ in a pathway that depends on NRK1 and NRK2. Nrk2 knockout mice develop normally and show subtle alterations to their NAD+ metabolome and expression of related genes. NRK1, NRK2, and double KO myotubes revealed redundancy in the NRK dependent metabolism of NR to NAD+. Significantly, these models revealed that NMN supplementation is also dependent upon NRK activity to enhance NAD+ availability. Conclusions These results identify skeletal muscle cells as requiring NAMPT to maintain NAD+ availability and reveal that NRK1 and 2 display overlapping function in salvage of exogenous NR and NMN to augment intracellular NAD+ availability. NRK1 and NRK2 are expressed in skeletal muscle and display redundancy in converting NR and NMN to NAD+. NRK1 and NRK2 are dispensable for maintaining basal skeletal muscle cell NAD+. Exogenous NMN salvage to NAD+ is NRK dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Joanna Ratajczak
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Lucy A Oakey
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Rebecca Callingham
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gabriella Da Silva Xavier
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antje Garten
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Leipzig University, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Liebigstrasse 19-21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Philip Redpath
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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20
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Trammell SAJ, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, Redpath P, Jaksch F, Dellinger RW, Li Z, Abel ED, Migaud ME, Brenner C. Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12948. [PMID: 27721479 PMCID: PMC5062546 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is in wide use as an NAD+ precursor vitamin. Here we determine the time and dose-dependent effects of NR on blood NAD+ metabolism in humans. We report that human blood NAD+ can rise as much as 2.7-fold with a single oral dose of NR in a pilot study of one individual, and that oral NR elevates mouse hepatic NAD+ with distinct and superior pharmacokinetics to those of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. We further show that single doses of 100, 300 and 1,000 mg of NR produce dose-dependent increases in the blood NAD+ metabolome in the first clinical trial of NR pharmacokinetics in humans. We also report that nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), which was not thought to be en route for the conversion of NR to NAD+, is formed from NR and discover that the rise in NAAD is a highly sensitive biomarker of effective NAD+ repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. J. Trammell
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Mark S. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Weidemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Philip Redpath
- John King Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Frank Jaksch
- ChromaDex, Inc., 10005 Muirlands Blvd, Suite G, Irvine, California 92618, USA
| | - Ryan W. Dellinger
- ChromaDex, Inc., 10005 Muirlands Blvd, Suite G, Irvine, California 92618, USA
| | - Zhonggang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- John King Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Hu L, Ibrahim K, Stucki M, Frapolli M, Shahbeck N, Chaudhry FA, Görg B, Häussinger D, Penberthy WT, Ben-Omran T, Häberle J. Secondary NAD+ deficiency in the inherited defect of glutamine synthetase. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:1075-83. [PMID: 25896882 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) deficiency is an ultra-rare inborn error of amino acid metabolism that has been described in only three patients so far. The disease is characterized by neonatal onset of severe encephalopathy, low levels of glutamine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, chronic moderate hyperammonemia, and an overall poor prognosis in the absence of an effective treatment. Recently, enteral glutamine supplementation was shown to be a safe and effective therapy for this disease but there are no data available on the long-term effects of this intervention. The amino acid glutamine, severely lacking in this disorder, is central to many metabolic pathways in the human organism and is involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) starting from tryptophan or niacin as nicotinate, but not nicotinamide. Using fibroblasts, leukocytes, and immortalized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from a patient carrying a GLUL gene point mutation associated with impaired GS activity, we tested whether glutamine deficiency in this patient results in NAD(+) depletion and whether it can be rescued by supplementation with glutamine, nicotinamide or nicotinate. The present study shows that congenital GS deficiency is associated with NAD(+) depletion in fibroblasts, leukocytes and PBSC, which may contribute to the severe clinical phenotype of the disease. Furthermore, it shows that NAD(+) depletion can be rescued by nicotinamide supplementation in fibroblasts and leukocytes, which may open up potential therapeutic options for the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hu
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Khalid Ibrahim
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Martin Stucki
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Michele Frapolli
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Noora Shahbeck
- Section of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Farrukh A Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Section of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weil-Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weil-Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Abstract
Universal and ubiquitous redox cofactors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphorylated analog (NADP), collectively contribute to approximately 12% of all biochemical reactions included in the metabolic model of Escherichia coli K-12. A homeostasis of the NAD pool faithfully maintained by the cells results from a dynamic balance in a network of NAD biosynthesis, utilization, decomposition, and recycling pathways that is subject to tight regulation at various levels. A brief overview of NAD utilization processes is provided in this review, including some examples of nonredox utilization. The review focuses mostly on those aspects of NAD biogenesis and utilization in E. coli and Salmonella that emerged within the past 12 years. The first pyridine nucleotide cycle (PNC) originally identified in mammalian systems and termed the Preiss-Handler pathway includes a single-step conversion of niacin (Na) to NaMN by nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (PncB). In E. coli and many other prokaryotes, this enzyme, together with nicotinamide deamidase (PncA), compose the major pathway for utilization of the pyridine ring in the form of amidated (Nm) or deamidated (Na) precursors. The existence of various regulatory mechanisms and checkpoints that control the NAD biosynthetic machinery reflects the importance of maintaining NAD homeostasis in a variety of growth conditions. Among the most important regulatory mechanisms at the level of individual enzymes are a classic feedback inhibition of NadB, the first enzyme of NAD de novo biosynthesis, by NAD and a metabolic regulation of NadK by reduced cofactors.
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23
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Tsang F, Lin SJ. Less is more: Nutrient limitation induces cross-talk of nutrient sensing pathways with NAD + homeostasis and contributes to longevity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:333-357. [PMID: 27683589 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing pathways and their regulation grant cells control over their metabolism and growth in response to changing nutrients. Factors that regulate nutrient sensing can also modulate longevity. Reduced activity of nutrient sensing pathways such as glucose-sensing PKA, nitrogen-sensing TOR and S6 kinase homolog Sch9 have been linked to increased life span in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and higher eukaryotes. Recently, reduced activity of amino acid sensing SPS pathway was also shown to increase yeast life span. Life span extension by reduced SPS activity requires enhanced NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and nicotinamide riboside (NR, a NAD+ precursor) homeostasis. Maintaining adequate NAD+ pools has been shown to play key roles in life span extension, but factors regulating NAD+ metabolism and homeostasis are not completely understood. Recently, NAD+ metabolism was also linked to the phosphate (Pi)-sensing PHO pathway in yeast. Canonical PHO activation requires Pi-starvation. Interestingly, NAD+ depletion without Pi-starvation was sufficient to induce PHO activation, increasing NR production and mobilization. Moreover, SPS signaling appears to function in parallel with PHO signaling components to regulate NR/NAD+ homeostasis. These studies suggest that NAD+ metabolism is likely controlled by and/or coordinated with multiple nutrient sensing pathways. Indeed, cross-regulation of PHO, PKA, TOR and Sch9 pathways was reported to potentially affect NAD+ metabolism; though detailed mechanisms remain unclear. This review discusses yeast longevity-related nutrient sensing pathways and possible mechanisms of life span extension, regulation of NAD+ homeostasis, and cross-talk among nutrient sensing pathways and NAD+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Tsang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Laxman S, Sutter BM, Shi L, Tu BP. Npr2 inhibits TORC1 to prevent inappropriate utilization of glutamine for biosynthesis of nitrogen-containing metabolites. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra120. [PMID: 25515537 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells must be capable of switching between growth and autophagy in unpredictable nutrient environments. The conserved Npr2 protein complex (comprising Iml1, Npr2, and Npr3; also called SEACIT) inhibits target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) kinase signaling, which inhibits autophagy in nutrient-rich conditions. In yeast cultured in media with nutrient limitations that promote autophagy and inhibit growth, loss of Npr2 enables cells to bypass autophagy and proliferate. We determined that Npr2-deficient yeast had a metabolic state distinct from that of wild-type yeast when grown in minimal media containing ammonium as a nitrogen source and a nonfermentable carbon source (lactate). Unlike wild-type yeast, which accumulated glutamine, Npr2-deficient yeast metabolized glutamine into nitrogen-containing metabolites and maintained a high concentration of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Moreover, in wild-type yeast grown in these nutrient-limited conditions, supplementation with methionine stimulated glutamine consumption for synthesis of nitrogenous metabolites, demonstrating integration of a sulfur-containing amino acid cue and nitrogen utilization. These data revealed the metabolic basis by which the Npr2 complex regulates cellular homeostasis and demonstrated a key function for TORC1 in regulating the synthesis and utilization of glutamine as a nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Laxman
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Benjamin M Sutter
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA.
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25
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Mori V, Amici A, Mazzola F, Di Stefano M, Conforti L, Magni G, Ruggieri S, Raffaelli N, Orsomando G. Metabolic profiling of alternative NAD biosynthetic routes in mouse tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113939. [PMID: 25423279 PMCID: PMC4244216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD plays essential redox and non-redox roles in cell biology. In mammals, its de novo and recycling biosynthetic pathways encompass two independent branches, the "amidated" and "deamidated" routes. Here we focused on the indispensable enzymes gating these two routes, i.e. nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), which in mammals comprises three distinct isozymes, and NAD synthetase (NADS). First, we measured the in vitro activity of the enzymes, and the levels of all their substrates and products in a number of tissues from the C57BL/6 mouse. Second, from these data, we derived in vivo estimates of enzymes'rates and quantitative contributions to NAD homeostasis. The NMNAT activity, mainly represented by nuclear NMNAT1, appears to be high and nonrate-limiting in all examined tissues, except in blood. The NADS activity, however, appears rate-limiting in lung and skeletal muscle, where its undetectable levels parallel a relative accumulation of the enzyme's substrate NaAD (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide). In all tissues, the amidated NAD route was predominant, displaying highest rates in liver and kidney, and lowest in blood. In contrast, the minor deamidated route showed higher relative proportions in blood and small intestine, and higher absolute values in liver and small intestine. Such results provide the first comprehensive picture of the balance of the two alternative NAD biosynthetic routes in different mammalian tissues under physiological conditions. This fills a gap in the current knowledge of NAD biosynthesis, and provides a crucial information for the study of NAD metabolism and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Mori
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Adolfo Amici
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Mazzola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Di Stefano
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Conforti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio Magni
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Silverio Ruggieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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26
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Sobol RW. Preface. NAD metabolism and signaling: Critical pathways in bacteria, yeast and mammals influencing genome stability, cell survival and disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 23:1-3. [PMID: 25454703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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27
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Quantification of protein copy number in yeast: the NAD+ metabolome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106496. [PMID: 25188219 PMCID: PMC4154715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is calorie-restricted by lowering glucose from 2% to 0.5%. Under low glucose conditions, replicative lifespan is extended in a manner that depends on the NAD+-dependent protein lysine deacetylase Sir2 and NAD+ salvage enzymes. Because NAD+ is required for glucose utilization and Sir2 function, it was postulated that glucose levels alter the levels of NAD+ metabolites that tune Sir2 function. Though NAD+ precursor vitamins, which increase the levels of all NAD+ metabolites, can extend yeast replicative lifespan, glucose restriction does not significantly change the levels or ratios of intracellular NAD+ metabolites. To test whether glucose restriction affects protein copy numbers, we developed a technology that combines the measurement of Urh1 specific activity and quantification of relative expression between Urh1 and any other protein. The technology was applied to obtain the protein copy numbers of enzymes involved in NAD+ metabolism in rich and synthetic yeast media. Our data indicated that Sir2 and Pnc1, two enzymes that sequentially convert NAD+ to nicotinamide and then to nicotinic acid, are up-regulated by glucose restriction in rich media, and that Pnc1 alone is up-regulated in synthetic media while levels of all other enzymes are unchanged. These data suggest that production or export of nicotinic acid might be a connection between NAD+ and calorie restriction-mediated lifespan extension in yeast.
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28
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Kato M, Lin SJ. Regulation of NAD+ metabolism, signaling and compartmentalization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 23:49-58. [PMID: 25096760 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine nucleotides are essential coenzymes in many cellular redox reactions in all living systems. In addition to functioning as a redox carrier, NAD(+) is also a required co-substrate for the conserved sirtuin deacetylases. Sirtuins regulate transcription, genome maintenance and metabolism and function as molecular links between cells and their environment. Maintaining NAD(+) homeostasis is essential for proper cellular function and aberrant NAD(+) metabolism has been implicated in a number of metabolic- and age-associated diseases. Recently, NAD(+) metabolism has been linked to the phosphate-responsive signaling pathway (PHO pathway) in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Activation of the PHO pathway is associated with the production and mobilization of the NAD(+) metabolite nicotinamide riboside (NR), which is mediated in part by PHO-regulated nucleotidases. Cross-regulation between NAD(+) metabolism and the PHO pathway has also been reported; however, detailed mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The PHO pathway also appears to modulate the activities of common downstream effectors of multiple nutrient-sensing pathways (Ras-PKA, TOR, Sch9/AKT). These signaling pathways were suggested to play a role in calorie restriction-mediated beneficial effects, which have also been linked to Sir2 function and NAD(+) metabolism. Here, we discuss the interactions of these pathways and their potential roles in regulating NAD(+) metabolism. In eukaryotic cells, intracellular compartmentalization facilitates the regulation of enzymatic functions and also concentrates or sequesters specific metabolites. Various NAD(+)-mediated cellular functions such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are compartmentalized. Therefore, we also discuss several key players functioning in mitochondrial, cytosolic and vacuolar compartmentalization of NAD(+) intermediates, and their potential roles in NAD(+) homeostasis. To date, it remains unclear how NAD(+) and NAD(+) intermediates shuttle between different cellular compartments. Together, these studies provide a molecular basis for how NAD(+) homeostasis factors and the interacting signaling pathways confer metabolic flexibility and contribute to maintaining cell fitness and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kato
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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29
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Dong WR, Sun CC, Zhu G, Hu SH, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. New function for Escherichia coli xanthosine phophorylase (xapA): genetic and biochemical evidences on its participation in NAD(+) salvage from nicotinamide. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:29. [PMID: 24506841 PMCID: PMC3923242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to reconstitute the NAD(+) synthetic pathway in Escherichia coli (E. coli), we produced a set of gene knockout mutants with deficiencies in previously well-defined NAD(+)de novo and salvage pathways. Unexpectedly, the mutant deficient in NAD(+) de novo and salvage pathway I could grow in M9/nicotinamide medium, which was contradictory to the proposed classic NAD(+) metabolism of E. coli. Such E. coli mutagenesis assay suggested the presence of an undefined machinery to feed nicotinamide into the NAD(+) biosynthesis. We wanted to verify whether xanthosine phophorylase (xapA) contributed to a new NAD(+) salvage pathway from nicotinamide. RESULTS Additional knockout of xapA further slowed down the bacterial growth in M9/nicotinamide medium, whereas the complementation of xapA restored the growth phenotype. To further validate the new function of xapA, we cloned and expressed E. coli xapA as a recombinant soluble protein. Biochemical assay confirmed that xapA was capable of using nicotinamide as a substrate for nicotinamide riboside formation. CONCLUSIONS Both the genetic and biochemical evidences indicated that xapA could convert nicotinamide to nicotinamide riboside in E. coli, albeit with relatively weak activity, indicating that xapA may contribute to a second NAD(+) salvage pathway from nicotinamide. We speculate that this xapA-mediated NAD(+) salvage pathway might be significant in some bacteria lacking NAD(+) de novo and NAD(+) salvage pathway I or II, to not only use nicotinamide riboside, but also nicotinamide as precursors to synthesize NAD(+). However, this speculation needs to be experimentally tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Wierman MB, Smith JS. Yeast sirtuins and the regulation of aging. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:73-88. [PMID: 24164855 PMCID: PMC4365911 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins are a phylogenetically conserved family of NAD(+) -dependent protein deacetylases that consume one molecule of NAD(+) for every deacetylated lysine side chain. Their requirement for NAD(+) potentially makes them prone to regulation by fluctuations in NAD(+) or biosynthesis intermediates, thus linking them to cellular metabolism. The Sir2 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the founding sirtuin family member and has been well characterized as a histone deacetylase that functions in transcriptional silencing of heterochromatin domains and as a pro-longevity factor for replicative life span (RLS), defined as the number of times a mother cell divides (buds) before senescing. Deleting SIR2 shortens RLS, while increased gene dosage causes extension. Furthermore, Sir2 has been implicated in mediating the beneficial effects of caloric restriction (CR) on life span, not only in yeast, but also in higher eukaryotes. While this paradigm has had its share of disagreements and debate, it has also helped rapidly drive the aging research field forward. S. cerevisiae has four additional sirtuins, Hst1, Hst2, Hst3, and Hst4. This review discusses the function of Sir2 and the Hst homologs in replicative aging and chronological aging, and also addresses how the sirtuins are regulated in response to environmental stresses such as CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Wierman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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31
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Trammell SA, Brenner C. Targeted, LCMS-based Metabolomics for Quantitative Measurement of NAD(+) Metabolites. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 4:e201301012. [PMID: 24688693 PMCID: PMC3962138 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme for hydride transfer reactions and a substrate for sirtuins and other NAD+-consuming enzymes. The abundance of NAD +, NAD+ biosynthetic intermediates, and related nucleotides reflects the metabolic state of cells and tissues. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic analysis of NAD+ metabolites does not offer the specificity and sensitivity necessary for robust quantification of complex samples. Thus, we developed a targeted, quantitative assay of the NAD+ metabolome with the use of HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. Here we discuss NAD+ metabolism as well as the technical challenges required for reliable quantification of the NAD+ metabolites. The new method incorporates new separations and improves upon a previously published method that suffered from the problem of ionization suppression for particular compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Aj Trammell
- Department of Biochemistry ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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32
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Secretion of quinolinic acid, an intermediate in the kynurenine pathway, for utilization in NAD+ biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:648-53. [PMID: 23457190 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00339-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NAD(+) is synthesized from tryptophan either via the kynurenine (de novo) pathway or via the salvage pathway by reutilizing intermediates such as nicotinic acid or nicotinamide ribose. Quinolinic acid is an intermediate in the kynurenine pathway. We have discovered that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretes quinolinic acid into the medium and also utilizes extracellular quinolinic acid as a novel NAD(+) precursor. We provide evidence that extracellular quinolinic acid enters the cell via Tna1, a high-affinity nicotinic acid permease, and thereby helps to increase the intracellular concentration of NAD(+). Transcription of genes involved in the kynurenine pathway and Tna1 was increased, responding to a low intracellular NAD(+) concentration, in cells bearing mutations of these genes; this transcriptional induction was suppressed by supplementation with quinolinic acid or nicotinic acid. Our data thus shed new light on the significance of quinolinic acid, which had previously been recognized only as an intermediate in the kynurenine pathway.
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33
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Gong B, Pan Y, Vempati P, Zhao W, Knable L, Ho L, Wang J, Sastre M, Ono K, Sauve AA, Pasinetti GM. Nicotinamide riboside restores cognition through an upregulation of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α regulated β-secretase 1 degradation and mitochondrial gene expression in Alzheimer's mouse models. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1581-8. [PMID: 23312803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)(+), a coenzyme involved in redox activities in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, has been identified as a key regulator of the lifespan-extending effects, and the activation of NAD(+) expression has been linked with a decrease in beta-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a NAD(+) precursor, it promotes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 (PGC)-1α expression in the brain. Evidence has shown that PGC-1α is a crucial regulator of Aβ generation because it affects β-secretase (BACE1) degradation. In this study we tested the hypothesis that NR treatment in an AD mouse model could attenuate Aβ toxicity through the activation of PGC-1α-mediated BACE1 degradation. Using the Tg2576 AD mouse model, using in vivo behavioral analyses, biochemistry assays, small hairpin RNA (shRNA) gene silencing and electrophysiological recording, we found (1) dietary treatment of Tg2576 mice with 250 mg/kg/day of NR for 3 months significantly attenuates cognitive deterioration in Tg2576 mice and coincides with an increase in the steady-state levels of NAD(+) in the cerebral cortex; (2) application of NR to hippocampal slices (10 μM) for 4 hours abolishes the deficits in long-term potentiation recorded in the CA1 region of Tg2576 mice; (3) NR treatment promotes PGC-1α expression in the brain coinciding with enhanced degradation of BACE1 and the reduction of Aβ production in Tg2576 mice. Further in vitro studies confirmed that BACE1 protein content is decreased by NR treatment in primary neuronal cultures derived from Tg2576 embryos, in which BACE1 degradation was prevented by PGC-1α-shRNA gene silencing; and (4) NR treatment and PGC-1α overexpression enhance BACE1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Our studies suggest that dietary treatment with NR might benefit AD cognitive function and synaptic plasticity, in part by promoting PGC-1α-mediated BACE1 ubiquitination and degradation, thus preventing Aβ production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- Department of Neurology, Center of Excellence for Novel Approaches to Neurotherapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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De Ingeniis J, Kazanov MD, Shatalin K, Gelfand MS, Osterman AL, Sorci L. Glutamine versus ammonia utilization in the NAD synthetase family. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39115. [PMID: 22720044 PMCID: PMC3376133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD is a ubiquitous and essential metabolic redox cofactor which also functions as a substrate in certain regulatory pathways. The last step of NAD synthesis is the ATP-dependent amidation of deamido-NAD by NAD synthetase (NADS). Members of the NADS family are present in nearly all species across the three kingdoms of Life. In eukaryotic NADS, the core synthetase domain is fused with a nitrilase-like glutaminase domain supplying ammonia for the reaction. This two-domain NADS arrangement enabling the utilization of glutamine as nitrogen donor is also present in various bacterial lineages. However, many other bacterial members of NADS family do not contain a glutaminase domain, and they can utilize only ammonia (but not glutamine) in vitro. A single-domain NADS is also characteristic for nearly all Archaea, and its dependence on ammonia was demonstrated here for the representative enzyme from Methanocaldococcus jannaschi. However, a question about the actual in vivo nitrogen donor for single-domain members of the NADS family remained open: Is it glutamine hydrolyzed by a committed (but yet unknown) glutaminase subunit, as in most ATP-dependent amidotransferases, or free ammonia as in glutamine synthetase? Here we addressed this dilemma by combining evolutionary analysis of the NADS family with experimental characterization of two representative bacterial systems: a two-subunit NADS from Thermus thermophilus and a single-domain NADS from Salmonella typhimurium providing evidence that ammonia (and not glutamine) is the physiological substrate of a typical single-domain NADS. The latter represents the most likely ancestral form of NADS. The ability to utilize glutamine appears to have evolved via recruitment of a glutaminase subunit followed by domain fusion in an early branch of Bacteria. Further evolution of the NADS family included lineage-specific loss of one of the two alternative forms and horizontal gene transfer events. Lastly, we identified NADS structural elements associated with glutamine-utilizing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica De Ingeniis
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marat D. Kazanov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- A. A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Shatalin
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Mikhail S. Gelfand
- A. A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei L. Osterman
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LS); (ALO)
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (ALO)
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Regulation of the intersubunit ammonia tunnel in Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase. Biochem J 2012; 443:417-26. [PMID: 22280445 DOI: 10.1042/bj20112210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase is an essential enzyme and a validated drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtuNadE). It catalyses the ATP-dependent formation of NAD+ from NaAD+ (nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide) at the synthetase active site and glutamine hydrolysis at the glutaminase active site. An ammonia tunnel 40 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) long allows transfer of ammonia from one active site to the other. The enzyme displays stringent kinetic synergism; however, its regulatory mechanism is unclear. In the present paper, we report the structures of the inactive glutaminase C176A variant in an apo form and in three synthetase-ligand complexes with substrates (NaAD+/ATP), substrate analogue {NaAD+/AMP-CPP (adenosine 5'-[α,β-methylene]triphosphate)} and intermediate analogues (NaAD+/AMP/PPi), as well as the structure of wild-type mtuNadE in a product complex (NAD+/AMP/PPi/glutamate). This series of structures provides snapshots of the ammonia tunnel during the catalytic cycle supported also by kinetics and mutagenesis studies. Three major constriction sites are observed in the tunnel: (i) at the entrance near the glutaminase active site; (ii) in the middle of the tunnel; and (iii) at the end near the synthetase active site. Variation in the number and radius of the tunnel constrictions is apparent in the crystal structures and is related to ligand binding at the synthetase domain. These results provide new insight into the regulation of ammonia transport in the intermolecular tunnel of mtuNadE.
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Belenky P, Stebbins R, Bogan KL, Evans CR, Brenner C. Nrt1 and Tna1-independent export of NAD+ precursor vitamins promotes NAD+ homeostasis and allows engineering of vitamin production. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19710. [PMID: 21589930 PMCID: PMC3092764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD(+) is both a co-enzyme for hydride transfer enzymes and a substrate of sirtuins and other NAD(+) consuming enzymes. NAD(+) biosynthesis is required for two different regimens that extend lifespan in yeast. NAD(+) is synthesized from tryptophan and the three vitamin precursors of NAD(+): nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and nicotinamide riboside. Supplementation of yeast cells with NAD(+) precursors increases intracellular NAD(+) levels and extends replicative lifespan. Here we show that both nicotinamide riboside and nicotinic acid are not only vitamins but are also exported metabolites. We found that the deletion of the nicotinamide riboside transporter, Nrt1, leads to increased export of nicotinamide riboside. This discovery was exploited to engineer a strain to produce high levels of extracellular nicotinamide riboside, which was recovered in purified form. We further demonstrate that extracellular nicotinamide is readily converted to extracellular nicotinic acid in a manner that requires intracellular nicotinamidase activity. Like nicotinamide riboside, export of nicotinic acid is elevated by the deletion of the nicotinic acid transporter, Tna1. The data indicate that NAD(+) metabolism has a critical extracellular element in the yeast system and suggest that cells regulate intracellular NAD(+) metabolism by balancing import and export of NAD(+) precursor vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Belenky
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and
Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,
United States of America
| | - Rebecca Stebbins
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and
Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,
United States of America
| | - Katrina L. Bogan
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and
Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,
United States of America
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal
Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,
United States of America
| | - Charles R. Evans
- Molecular Phenotyping Core, University of
Michigan Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United
States of America
| | - Charles Brenner
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and
Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire,
United States of America
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal
Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,
United States of America
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Sorci L, Blaby I, De Ingeniis J, Gerdes S, Raffaelli N, de Crécy Lagard V, Osterman A. Genomics-driven reconstruction of acinetobacter NAD metabolism: insights for antibacterial target selection. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39490-9. [PMID: 20926389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes involved in the last steps of NAD biogenesis, nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NadD) and NAD synthetase (NadE), are conserved and essential in most bacterial species and are established targets for antibacterial drug development. Our genomics-based reconstruction of NAD metabolism in the emerging pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii revealed unique features suggesting an alternative targeting strategy. Indeed, genomes of all analyzed Acinetobacter species do not encode NadD, which is functionally replaced by its distant homolog NadM. We combined bioinformatics with genetic and biochemical techniques to elucidate this and other important features of Acinetobacter NAD metabolism using a model (nonpathogenic) strain Acinetobacter baylyi sp. ADP1. Thus, a comparative kinetic characterization of PncA, PncB, and NadV enzymes allowed us to suggest distinct physiological roles for the two alternative, deamidating and nondeamidating, routes of nicotinamide salvage/recycling. The role of the NiaP transporter in both nicotinate and nicotinamide salvage was confirmed. The nondeamidating route was shown to be transcriptionally regulated by an ADP-ribose-responsive repressor NrtR. The NadM enzyme was shown to possess dual substrate specificity toward both nicotinate and nicotinamide mononucleotide substrates, which is consistent with its essential role in all three routes of NAD biogenesis, de novo synthesis as well as the two salvage pathways. The experimentally confirmed unconditional essentiality of nadM provided support for the choice of the respective enzyme as a drug target. In contrast, nadE, encoding a glutamine-dependent NAD synthetase, proved to be dispensable when the nondeamidating salvage pathway functioned as the only route of NAD biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sorci
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Thiamine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Hst1. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:3329-41. [PMID: 20439498 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01590-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding thiamine biosynthesis enzymes in microorganisms are tightly regulated such that low environmental thiamine concentrations activate transcription and high concentrations are repressive. We have determined that multiple thiamine (THI) genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are also regulated by the intracellular NAD(+) concentration via the NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) Hst1 and, to a lesser extent, Sir2. Both of these HDACs associate with a distal region of the affected THI gene promoters that does not overlap with a previously defined enhancer region bound by the thiamine-responsive Thi2/Thi3/Pdc2 transcriptional activators. The specificity of histone H3 and/or H4 deacetylation carried out by Hst1 and Sir2 at the distal promoter region depends on the THI gene being tested. Hst1/Sir2-mediated repression of the THI genes occurs at the level of basal expression, thus representing the first set of transcription factors shown to actively repress this gene class. Importantly, lowering the NAD(+) concentration and inhibiting the Hst1/Sum1 HDAC complex elevated the intracellular thiamine concentration due to increased thiamine biosynthesis and transport, implicating NAD(+) in the control of thiamine homeostasis.
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Evans C, Bogan KL, Song P, Burant CF, Kennedy RT, Brenner C. NAD+ metabolite levels as a function of vitamins and calorie restriction: evidence for different mechanisms of longevity. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:2. [PMID: 20175898 PMCID: PMC2834649 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAD+ is a coenzyme for hydride transfer enzymes and a substrate for sirtuins and other NAD+-dependent ADPribose transfer enzymes. In wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae, calorie restriction accomplished by glucose limitation extends replicative lifespan in a manner that depends on Sir2 and the NAD+ salvage enzymes, nicotinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase and nicotinamidase. Though alterations in the NAD+ to nicotinamide ratio and the NAD+ to NADH ratio are anticipated by models to account for the effects of calorie restriction, the nature of a putative change in NAD+ metabolism requires analytical definition and quantification of the key metabolites. RESULTS Hydrophilic interaction chromatography followed by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry were used to identify the 12 compounds that constitute the core NAD+ metabolome and 6 related nucleosides and nucleotides. Whereas yeast extract and nicotinic acid increase net NAD+ synthesis in a manner that can account for extended lifespan, glucose restriction does not alter NAD+ or nicotinamide levels in ways that would increase Sir2 activity. CONCLUSIONS The results constrain the possible mechanisms by which calorie restriction may regulate Sir2 and suggest that provision of vitamins and calorie restriction extend lifespan by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katrina L Bogan
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Biochemistry Graduate Program, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Gazzaniga F, Stebbins R, Chang SZ, McPeek MA, Brenner C. Microbial NAD metabolism: lessons from comparative genomics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 73:529-41, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19721089 PMCID: PMC2738131 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00042-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD is a coenzyme for redox reactions and a substrate of NAD-consuming enzymes, including ADP-ribose transferases, Sir2-related protein lysine deacetylases, and bacterial DNA ligases. Microorganisms that synthesize NAD from as few as one to as many as five of the six identified biosynthetic precursors have been identified. De novo NAD synthesis from aspartate or tryptophan is neither universal nor strictly aerobic. Salvage NAD synthesis from nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide riboside, and nicotinic acid riboside occurs via modules of different genes. Nicotinamide salvage genes nadV and pncA, found in distinct bacteria, appear to have spread throughout the tree of life via horizontal gene transfer. Biochemical, genetic, and genomic analyses have advanced to the point at which the precursors and pathways utilized by a microorganism can be predicted. Challenges remain in dissecting regulation of pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gazzaniga
- Department of Genetics and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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41
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Regulation of active site coupling in glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:421-9. [PMID: 19270703 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NAD(+) is an essential metabolite both as a cofactor in energy metabolism and redox homeostasis and as a regulator of cellular processes. In contrast to humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD(+) biosynthesis is absolutely dependent on the activity of a multifunctional glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase, which catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of NAD(+) at the synthetase domain using ammonia derived from L-glutamine in the glutaminase domain. Here we report the kinetics and structural characterization of M. tuberculosis NAD(+) synthetase. The kinetics data strongly suggest tightly coupled regulation of the catalytic activities. The structure, the first of a glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase, reveals a homooctameric subunit organization suggesting a tight dependence of catalysis on the quaternary structure, a 40-A intersubunit ammonia tunnel and structural elements that may be involved in the transfer of information between catalytic sites.
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42
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide synthetase is the key enzyme for an alternative route of NAD biosynthesis in Francisella tularensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3083-8. [PMID: 19204287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811718106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes involved in the last 2 steps of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cofactor biosynthesis, which catalyze the adenylylation of the nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) precursor to nicotinic acid dinucleotide (NaAD) followed by its amidation to NAD, constitute promising drug targets for the development of new antibiotics. These enzymes, NaMN adenylyltransferase (gene nadD) and NAD synthetase (gene nadE), respectively, are indispensable and conserved in nearly all bacterial pathogens. However, a comparative genome analysis of Francisella tularensis allowed us to predict the existence of an alternative route of NAD synthesis in this category A priority pathogen, the causative agent of tularaemia. In this route, the amidation of NaMN to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) occurs before the adenylylation reaction, which converts this alternative intermediate to the NAD cofactor. The first step is catalyzed by NMN synthetase, which was identified and characterized in this study. A crystal structure of this enzyme, a divergent member of the NadE family, was solved at 1.9-A resolution in complex with reaction products, providing a rationale for its unusual substrate preference for NaMN over NaAD. The second step is performed by NMN adenylyltransferase of the NadM family. Here, we report validation of the predicted route (NaMN --> NMN --> NAD) in F. tularensis including mathematical modeling, in vitro reconstitution, and in vivo metabolite analysis in comparison with a canonical route (NaMN --> NaAD --> NAD) of NAD biosynthesis as represented by another deadly bacterial pathogen, Bacillus anthracis.
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43
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Barglow KT, Saikatendu KS, Bracey MH, Huey R, Morris GM, Olson AJ, Stevens RC, Cravatt BF. Functional proteomic and structural insights into molecular recognition in the nitrilase family enzymes. Biochemistry 2009; 47:13514-23. [PMID: 19053248 DOI: 10.1021/bi801786y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrilases are a large and diverse family of nonpeptidic C-N hydrolases. The mammalian genome encodes eight nitrilase enzymes, several of which remain poorly characterized. Prominent among these are nitrilase-1 (Nit1) and nitrilase-2 (Nit2), which, despite having been shown to exert effects on cell growth and possibly serving as tumor suppressor genes, are without known substrates or selective inhibitors. In previous studies, we identified several nitrilases, including Nit1 and Nit2, as targets for dipeptide-chloroacetamide activity-based proteomics probes. Here, we have used these probes, in combination with high-resolution crystallography and molecular modeling, to systematically map the active site of Nit2 and identify residues involved in molecular recognition. We report the 1.4 A crystal structure of mouse Nit2 and use this structure to identify residues that discriminate probe labeling between the Nit1 and Nit2 enzymes. Interestingly, some of these residues are conserved across all vertebrate Nit2 enzymes and, conversely, not found in any vertebrate Nit1 enzymes, suggesting that they are key discriminators of molecular recognition between these otherwise highly homologous enzymes. Our findings thus point to a limited set of active site residues that establish distinct patterns of molecular recognition among nitrilases and provide chemical probes to selectively perturb the function of these enzymes in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Barglow
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Belenky P, Christensen KC, Gazzaniga F, Pletnev AA, Brenner C. Nicotinamide riboside and nicotinic acid riboside salvage in fungi and mammals. Quantitative basis for Urh1 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase function in NAD+ metabolism. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:158-164. [PMID: 19001417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807976200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a co-enzyme for hydride transfer enzymes and an essential substrate of ADP-ribose transfer enzymes and sirtuins, the type III protein lysine deacetylases related to yeast Sir2. Supplementation of yeast cells with nicotinamide riboside extends replicative lifespan and increases Sir2-dependent gene silencing by virtue of increasing net NAD+ synthesis. Nicotinamide riboside elevates NAD+ levels via the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway and by a pathway initiated by splitting the nucleoside into a nicotinamide base followed by nicotinamide salvage. Genetic evidence has established that uridine hydrolase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and methylthioadenosine phosphorylase are required for Nrk-independent utilization of nicotinamide riboside in yeast. Here we show that mammalian purine nucleoside phosphorylase but not methylthioadenosine phosphorylase is responsible for mammalian nicotinamide riboside kinase-independent nicotinamide riboside utilization. We demonstrate that so-called uridine hydrolase is 100-fold more active as a nicotinamide riboside hydrolase than as a uridine hydrolase and that uridine hydrolase and mammalian purine nucleoside phosphorylase cleave nicotinic acid riboside, whereas the yeast phosphorylase has little activity on nicotinic acid riboside. Finally, we show that yeast nicotinic acid riboside utilization largely depends on uridine hydrolase and nicotinamide riboside kinase and that nicotinic acid riboside bioavailability is increased by ester modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Belenky
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Kathryn C Christensen
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Francesca Gazzaniga
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Alexandre A Pletnev
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Charles Brenner
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756.
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45
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Knepper A, Schleicher M, Klauke M, Weuster-Botz D. Enhancement of the NAD(P)(H) Pool inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Eng Life Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200800031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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46
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Mouilleron S, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. Conformational changes in ammonia-channeling glutamine amidotransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2007; 17:653-64. [PMID: 17951049 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine amidotransferases (GATs), which catalyze the synthesis of different aminated products, channel ammonia over 10-40 A from a glutamine substrate at the glutaminase site to an acceptor substrate at the synthase site. Ammonia production usually uses a cysteine-histidine-glutamate triad or a N-terminal cysteine residue. Crystal structures of several amidotransferase ligand complexes, mimicking intermediates along the catalytic cycle, have now been determined. In most cases, acceptor binding triggers glutaminase activation through domain-hinged movements and other conformational changes. Structural information shows how flexible loops of the synthase and glutaminase domains move to shield the two catalytic sites and anchor the substrates, and how the ammonia channel forms and opens or closes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouilleron
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie structurales, CNRS Bâtiment 34, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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47
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Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, Belenky P, Wojcik M, Seidle HF, Nedyalkova L, Yang T, Sauve AA, Park HW, Brenner C. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e263. [PMID: 17914902 PMCID: PMC1994991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic nicotinamide riboside kinase (Nrk) pathway, which is induced in response to nerve damage and promotes replicative life span in yeast, converts nicotinamide riboside to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by phosphorylation and adenylylation. Crystal structures of human Nrk1 bound to nucleoside and nucleotide substrates and products revealed an enzyme structurally similar to Rossmann fold metabolite kinases and allowed the identification of active site residues, which were shown to be essential for human Nrk1 and Nrk2 activity in vivo. Although the structures account for the 500-fold discrimination between nicotinamide riboside and pyrimidine nucleosides, no enzyme feature was identified to recognize the distinctive carboxamide group of nicotinamide riboside. Indeed, nicotinic acid riboside is a specific substrate of human Nrk enzymes and is utilized in yeast in a novel biosynthetic pathway that depends on Nrk and NAD+ synthetase. Additionally, nicotinic acid riboside is utilized in vivo by Urh1, Pnp1, and Preiss-Handler salvage. Thus, crystal structures of Nrk1 led to the identification of new pathways to NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Tempel
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katrina L Bogan
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Peter Belenky
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Marzena Wojcik
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Heather F Seidle
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Lyudmila Nedyalkova
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianle Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony A Sauve
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles Brenner
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
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48
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Abstract
The yeast pathogen Candida glabrata is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) auxotroph and its growth depends on the environmental supply of vitamin precursors of NAD(+). C. glabrata salvage pathways defined in this article allow NAD(+) to be synthesized from three compounds - nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR). NA is salvaged through a functional Preiss-Handler pathway. NAM is first converted to NA by nicotinamidase and then salvaged by the Preiss-Handler pathway. Salvage of NR in C. glabrata occurs via two routes. The first, in which NR is phosphorylated by the NR kinase Nrk1, is independent of the Preiss-Handler pathway. The second is a novel pathway in which NR is degraded by the nucleosidases Pnp1 and Urh1, with a minor role for Meu1, and ultimately converted to NAD(+) via the nicotinamidase Pnc1 and the Preiss-Handler pathway. Using C. glabrata mutants whose growth depends exclusively on the external NA or NR supply, we also show that C. glabrata utilizes NR and to a lesser extent NA as NAD(+) sources during disseminated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Hunterian 617, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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49
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Belenky P, Racette FG, Bogan KL, McClure JM, Smith JS, Brenner C. Nicotinamide riboside promotes Sir2 silencing and extends lifespan via Nrk and Urh1/Pnp1/Meu1 pathways to NAD+. Cell 2007; 129:473-84. [PMID: 17482543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although NAD(+) biosynthesis is required for Sir2 functions and replicative lifespan in yeast, alterations in NAD(+) precursors have been reported to accelerate aging but not to extend lifespan. In eukaryotes, nicotinamide riboside is a newly discovered NAD(+) precursor that is converted to nicotinamide mononucleotide by specific nicotinamide riboside kinases, Nrk1 and Nrk2. In this study, we discovered that exogenous nicotinamide riboside promotes Sir2-dependent repression of recombination, improves gene silencing, and extends lifespan without calorie restriction. The mechanism of action of nicotinamide riboside is totally dependent on increased net NAD(+) synthesis through two pathways, the Nrk1 pathway and the Urh1/Pnp1/Meu1 pathway, which is Nrk1 independent. Additionally, the two nicotinamide riboside salvage pathways contribute to NAD(+) metabolism in the absence of nicotinamide-riboside supplementation. Thus, like calorie restriction in the mouse, nicotinamide riboside elevates NAD(+) and increases Sir2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Belenky
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Rubin 733-HB7937, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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50
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Osterman AL, Begley TP. A subsystems-based approach to the identification of drug targets in bacterial pathogens. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2007; 64:131, 133-70. [PMID: 17195474 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7567-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes a three-stage approach to target identification based upon subsystem analysis. Subsystems analysis focuses on related metabolic pathways as a unit and is a biochemically-informed approach to target selection. The process involves three stages of analysis; the first stage, selection of the target subsystem, is guided by information about its essentiality and on the predicted vulnerability of the targeted pathway or enzyme to inhibition. The second stage involves analysis of the target subsystem by means of comparative genomics, including genome context analysis and metabolic reconstruction. The third stage evaluates the selection of the specific target genes within the subsystem by target prioritization and validation. The whole process allows for a careful consideration of spectrum, drugability, biological rationale and the metabolic role of the specific target within the context of an integrated circuit within a specific metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L Osterman
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, La Jolla, California, USA.
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