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Narayan G, Ronima K R, Agrawal A, Thummer RP. An Insight into Vital Genes Responsible for β-cell Formation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1450:1-27. [PMID: 37432546 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells, when disturbed, will result in diabetes mellitus. Replacement of dysfunctional or lost β-cells with fully functional ones can tackle the problem of β-cell generation in diabetes mellitus. Various pancreatic-specific genes are expressed during different stages of development, which have essential roles in pancreatogenesis and β-cell formation. These factors play a critical role in cellular-based studies like transdifferentiation or de-differentiation of somatic cells to multipotent or pluripotent stem cells and their differentiation into functional β-cells. This work gives an overview of crucial transcription factors expressed during various stages of pancreas development and their role in β-cell specification. In addition, it also provides a perspective on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ronima K R
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Akriti Agrawal
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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2
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Song SH, Han D, Park K, Um JE, Kim S, Ku M, Yang J, Yoo TH, Yook JI, Kim NH, Kim HS. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 attenuates pancreatic damage under diabetic conditions and prevents progression to diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of ferroptosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1172199. [PMID: 37293506 PMCID: PMC10244744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 30% of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy, a representative microvascular complication. Although the etiological mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, renal tubular damage by hyperglycemia-induced expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to be involved. Recently, a new type of cell death by iron metabolism called ferroptosis was reported to be involved in kidney damage in animal models of diabetic nephropathy, which could be induced by TGF-β. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) is a well-known antagonist of TGF-β inhibiting TGF-β-induced fibrosis in many organs. Further, BMP7 has been reported to play a role in the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells in diabetic animal models. Methods We used protein transduction domain (PTD)-fused BMP7 in micelles (mPTD-BMP7) for long-lasting in vivo effects and effective in vitro transduction and secretion. Results mPTD-BMP7 successfully accelerated the regeneration of diabetic pancreas and impeded progression to diabetic nephropathy. With the administration of mPTD-BMP7, clinical parameters and representative markers of pancreatic damage were alleviated in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. It not only inhibited the downstream genes of TGF-β but also attenuated ferroptosis in the kidney of the diabetic mouse and TGF-β-stimulated rat kidney tubular cells. Conclusion BMP7 impedes the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the canonical TGF-β pathway, attenuating ferroptosis, and helping regenerate diabetic pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawool Han
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonghui Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Eun Um
- R&D Center, MET Life Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, MET Life Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Narayan G, Ronima K R, Thummer RP. Direct Reprogramming of Somatic Cells into Induced β-Cells: An Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:171-189. [PMID: 36515866 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistent shortage of insulin-producing islet mass or β-cells for transplantation in the ever-growing diabetic population worldwide is a matter of concern. To date, permanent cure to this medical complication is not available and soon after the establishment of lineage-specific reprogramming, direct β-cell reprogramming became a viable alternative for β-cell regeneration. Direct reprogramming is a straightforward and powerful technique that can provide an unlimited supply of cells by transdifferentiating terminally differentiated cells toward the desired cell type. This approach has been extensively used by multiple groups to reprogram non-β-cells toward insulin-producing β-cells. The β-cell identity has been achieved by various studies via ectopic expression of one or more pancreatic-specific transcription factors in somatic cells, bypassing the pluripotent state. This work highlights the importance of the direct reprogramming approaches (both integrative and non-integrative) in generating autologous β-cells for various applications. An in-depth understanding of the strategies and cell sources could prove beneficial for the efficient generation of integration-free functional insulin-producing β-cells for diabetic patients lacking endogenous β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ronima K R
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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4
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Ebrahim N, Shakirova K, Dashinimaev E. PDX1 is the cornerstone of pancreatic β-cell functions and identity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1091757. [PMID: 36589234 PMCID: PMC9798421 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1091757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has been a worldwide healthcare problem for many years. Current methods of treating diabetes are still largely directed at symptoms, aiming to control the manifestations of the pathology. This creates an overall need to find alternative measures that can impact on the causes of the disease, reverse diabetes, or make it more manageable. Understanding the role of key players in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the related β-cell functions is of great importance in combating diabetes. PDX1 is a master regulator in pancreas organogenesis, the maturation and identity preservation of β-cells, and of their role in normal insulin function. Mutations in the PDX1 gene are correlated with many pancreatic dysfunctions, including pancreatic agenesis (homozygous mutation) and MODY4 (heterozygous mutation), while in other types of diabetes, PDX1 expression is reduced. Therefore, alternative approaches to treat diabetes largely depend on knowledge of PDX1 regulation, its interaction with other transcription factors, and its role in obtaining β-cells through differentiation and transdifferentiation protocols. In this article, we review the basic functions of PDX1 and its regulation by genetic and epigenetic factors. Lastly, we summarize different variations of the differentiation protocols used to obtain β-cells from alternative cell sources, using PDX1 alone or in combination with various transcription factors and modified culture conditions. This review shows the unique position of PDX1 as a potential target in the genetic and cellular treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ebrahim
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ksenia Shakirova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erdem Dashinimaev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russia,*Correspondence: Erdem Dashinimaev,
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5
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Har-Zahav A, Lixandru D, Cheishvili D, Matei IV, Florea IR, Aspritoiu VM, Blus-Kadosh I, Meivar-Levy I, Serban AM, Popescu I, Szyf M, Ferber S, Dima SO. The role of DNA demethylation in liver to pancreas transdifferentiation. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:476. [PMID: 36114514 PMCID: PMC9482206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin producing cells generated by liver cell transdifferentiation, could serve as an attractive source for regenerative medicine. The present study assesses the relationship between DNA methylation pTFs induced liver to pancreas transdifferentiation. Results The transdifferentiation process is associated with DNA demethylation, mainly at gene regulatory sites, and with increased expression of these genes. Active inhibition of DNA methylation promotes the pancreatic transcription factor-induced transdifferentiation process, supporting a causal role for DNA demethylation in this process. Conclusions Transdifferentiation is associated with global DNA hypomethylation, and with increased expression of specific demethylated genes. A combination of epigenetic modulators may be used to increase chromatin accessibility of the pancreatic transcription factors, thus promoting the efficiency of the developmental process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03159-6.
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6
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Pancreatic Transdifferentiation Using β-Cell Transcription Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142145. [PMID: 35883588 PMCID: PMC9315695 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic illness in which the native beta (β)-cell population responsible for insulin release has been the subject of autoimmune destruction. This condition requires patients to frequently measure their blood glucose concentration and administer multiple daily exogenous insulin injections accordingly. Current treatments fail to effectively treat the disease without significant side effects, and this has led to the exploration of different approaches for its treatment. Gene therapy and the use of viral vectors has been explored extensively and has been successful in treating a range of diseases. The use of viral vectors to deliver β-cell transcription factors has been researched in the context of type 1 diabetes to induce the pancreatic transdifferentiation of cells to replace the β-cell population destroyed in patients. Studies have used various combinations of pancreatic and β-cell transcription factors in order to induce pancreatic transdifferentiation and have achieved varying levels of success. This review will outline why pancreatic transcription factors have been utilised and how their application can allow the development of insulin-producing cells from non β-cells and potentially act as a cure for type 1 diabetes.
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7
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Molecular mechanisms of transcription factor mediated cell reprogramming: conversion of liver to pancreas. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:579-590. [PMID: 33666218 PMCID: PMC8106502 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation is a type of cellular reprogramming involving the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. This remarkable phenomenon holds enormous promise for the field of regenerative medicine. Over the last 20 years techniques used to reprogram cells to alternative identities have advanced dramatically. Cellular identity is determined by the transcriptional profile which comprises the subset of mRNAs, and therefore proteins, being expressed by a cell at a given point in time. A better understanding of the levers governing transcription factor activity benefits our ability to generate therapeutic cell types at will. One well-established example of transdifferentiation is the conversion of hepatocytes to pancreatic β-cells. This cell type conversion potentially represents a novel therapy in T1D treatment. The identification of key master regulator transcription factors (which distinguish one body part from another) during embryonic development has been central in developing transdifferentiation protocols. Pdx1 is one such example of a master regulator. Ectopic expression of vector-delivered transcription factors (particularly the triumvirate of Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA) induces reprogramming through broad transcriptional remodelling. Increasingly, complimentary cell culture techniques, which recapitulate the developmental microenvironment, are employed to coax cells to adopt new identities by indirectly regulating transcription factor activity via intracellular signalling pathways. Both transcription factor-based reprogramming and directed differentiation approaches ultimately exploit transcription factors to influence cellular identity. Here, we explore the evolution of reprogramming and directed differentiation approaches within the context of hepatocyte to β-cell transdifferentiation focussing on how the introduction of new techniques has improved our ability to generate β-cells.
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Matei IV, Meivar-Levy I, Lixandru D, Dima S, Florea IR, Ilie VM, Albulescu R, Popescu I, Ferber S. The effect of liver donors' age, gender and metabolic state on pancreatic lineage activation. Regen Med 2021; 16:19-31. [PMID: 33527839 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous cells replacement therapy by liver to pancreas transdifferentiation (TD) allows diabetic patients to be also the donors of their own therapeutic tissue. Aim: To analyze whether the efficiency of the process is affected by liver donors' heterogeneity with regard to age, gender and the metabolic state. Materials & methods: TD of liver cells derived from nondiabetic and diabetic donors at different ages was characterized at molecular and cellular levels, in vitro. Results: Neither liver cells proliferation nor the propagated cells TD efficiency directly correlate with the age (3-60 years), gender or the metabolic state of the donors. Conclusion: Human liver cells derived from a wide array of ages and metabolic states can be used for autologous cells therapies for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan V Matei
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
| | - Irit Meivar-Levy
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell & Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5262100, Israel
- Orgenesis Ltd, Ness Ziona, 7414002, Israel
| | - Daniela Lixandru
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, 022328, Romania
- University of Medicine & Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Bucharest, 050474, Romania
| | - Simona Dima
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, 022328, Romania
| | - Ioana R Florea
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, 022328, Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Bucharest, 050663, Romania
| | - Veronica M Ilie
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, 022328, Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Bucharest, 050663, Romania
| | - Radu Albulescu
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D, Bucharest,031299, Romania
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, 022328, Romania
| | - Sarah Ferber
- Dia-Cure, Acad. Nicolae Cajal Institute of Medical Scientific Research, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, 040441, Romania
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell & Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5262100, Israel
- Orgenesis Ltd, Ness Ziona, 7414002, Israel
- ,Department of Human Genetics, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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La QT, Ren B, Logan GJ, Cunningham SC, Khandekar N, Nassif NT, O’Brien BA, Alexander IE, Simpson AM. Use of a Hybrid Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Transposon System to Deliver the Insulin Gene to Diabetic NOD Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E2227. [PMID: 33023100 PMCID: PMC7600325 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we used a lentiviral vector to deliver furin-cleavable human insulin (INS-FUR) to the livers in several animal models of diabetes using intervallic infusion in full flow occlusion (FFO), with resultant reversal of diabetes, restoration of glucose tolerance and pancreatic transdifferentiation (PT), due to the expression of beta (β)-cell transcription factors (β-TFs). The present study aimed to determine whether we could similarly reverse diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse using an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) to deliver INS-FUR ± the β-TF Pdx1 to the livers of diabetic mice. The traditional AAV8, which provides episomal expression, and the hybrid AAV8/piggyBac that results in transgene integration were used. Diabetic mice that received AAV8-INS-FUR became hypoglycaemic with abnormal intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs). Expression of β-TFs was not detected in the livers. Reversal of diabetes was not achieved in mice that received AAV8-INS-FUR and AAV8-Pdx1 and IPGTTs were abnormal. Normoglycaemia and glucose tolerance were achieved in mice that received AAV8/piggyBac-INS-FUR/FFO. Definitive evidence of PT was not observed. This is the first in vivo study using the hybrid AAV8/piggyBac system to treat Type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, further development is required before the system can be used for gene therapy of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que T. La
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Binhai Ren
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Grant J. Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Sharon C. Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. O’Brien
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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10
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Navarro-Tableros V, Gai C, Gomez Y, Giunti S, Pasquino C, Deregibus MC, Tapparo M, Pitino A, Tetta C, Brizzi MF, Ricordi C, Camussi G. Islet-Like Structures Generated In Vitro from Adult Human Liver Stem Cells Revert Hyperglycemia in Diabetic SCID Mice. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:93-111. [PMID: 30191384 PMCID: PMC6510809 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A potential therapeutic strategy for diabetes is the transplantation of induced-insulin secreting cells. Based on the common embryonic origin of liver and pancreas, we studied the potential of adult human liver stem-like cells (HLSC) to generate in vitro insulin-producing 3D spheroid structures (HLSC-ILS). HLSC-ILS were generated by a one-step protocol based on charge dependent aggregation of HLSC induced by protamine. 3D aggregation promoted the spontaneous differentiation into cells expressing insulin and several key markers of pancreatic β cells. HLSC-ILS showed endocrine granules similar to those seen in human β cells. In static and dynamic in vitro conditions, such structures produced C-peptide after stimulation with high glucose. HLSC-ILS significantly reduced hyperglycemia and restored a normo-glycemic profile when implanted in streptozotocin-diabetic SCID mice. Diabetic mice expressed human C-peptide and very low or undetectable levels of murine C-peptide. Hyperglycemia and a diabetic profile were restored after HLSC-ISL explant. The gene expression profile of in vitro generated HLSC-ILS showed a differentiation from HLSC profile and an endocrine commitment with the enhanced expression of several markers of β cell differentiation. The comparative analysis of gene expression profiles after 2 and 4 weeks of in vivo implantation showed a further β-cell differentiation, with a genetic profile still immature but closer to that of human islets. In conclusion, protamine-induced spheroid aggregation of HLSC triggers a spontaneous differentiation to an endocrine phenotype. Although the in vitro differentiated HLSC-ILS were immature, they responded to high glucose with insulin secretion and in vivo reversed hyperglycemia in diabetic SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 2i3T - Scarl.-Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Gai
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Giunti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, MBC, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T - Scarl.-Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriana Pitino
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, MBC, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maria Felice Brizzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy. .,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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11
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Ruzittu S, Willnow D, Spagnoli FM. Direct Lineage Reprogramming: Harnessing Cell Plasticity between Liver and Pancreas. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035626. [PMID: 31767653 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming of abundant and accessible cells into therapeutically useful cell types holds tremendous potential in regenerative medicine. To date, a number of different cell types have been generated by lineage reprogramming methods, including cells from the neural, cardiac, hepatic, and pancreatic lineages. The success of this strategy relies on developmental biology and the knowledge of cell-fate-defining transcriptional networks. Hepatocytes represent a prime target for β cell conversion for numerous reasons, including close developmental origin, accessibility, and regenerative potential. We present here an overview of pancreatic and hepatic development, with a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying the divergence between the two cell lineages. Additionally, we discuss to what extent this lineage relationship can be exploited in efforts to reprogram one cell type into the other and whether such an approach may provide a suitable strategy for regenerative therapies of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ruzittu
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Willnow
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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12
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Thakur G, Lee HJ, Jeon RH, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Small Molecule-Induced Pancreatic β-Like Cell Development: Mechanistic Approaches and Available Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2388. [PMID: 32235681 PMCID: PMC7178115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease which affects not only glucose metabolism but also lipid and protein metabolism. It encompasses two major types: type 1 and 2 diabetes. Despite the different etiologies of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively), the defining features of the two forms are insulin deficiency and resistance, respectively. Stem cell therapy is an efficient method for the treatment of diabetes, which can be achieved by differentiating pancreatic β-like cells. The consistent generation of glucose-responsive insulin releasing cells remains challenging. In this review article, we present basic concepts of pancreatic organogenesis, which intermittently provides a basis for engineering differentiation procedures, mainly based on the use of small molecules. Small molecules are more auspicious than any other growth factors, as they have unique, valuable properties like cell-permeability, as well as a nonimmunogenic nature; furthermore, they offer immense benefits in terms of generating efficient functional beta-like cells. We also summarize advances in the generation of stem cell-derived pancreatic cell lineages, especially endocrine β-like cells or islet organoids. The successful induction of stem cells depends on the quantity and quality of available stem cells and the efficient use of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitika Thakur
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Ryoung-Hoon Jeon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
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HORISAWA K, SUZUKI A. Direct cell-fate conversion of somatic cells: Toward regenerative medicine and industries. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:131-158. [PMID: 32281550 PMCID: PMC7247973 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms have diverse characteristics despite having the same genetic identity. The distinctive phenotype of each cell is determined by molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic changes that occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. Recently, technologies that enable modification of the fate of somatic cells have been developed, and the number of studies using these technologies has increased drastically in the last decade. Various cell types, including neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, have been generated using these technologies. Although most direct reprogramming methods employ forced transduction of a defined sets of transcription factors to reprogram cells in a manner similar to induced pluripotent cell technology, many other strategies, such as methods utilizing chemical compounds and microRNAs to change the fate of somatic cells, have also been developed. In this review, we summarize transcription factor-based reprogramming and various other reprogramming methods. Additionally, we describe the various industrial applications of direct reprogramming technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi HORISAWA
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi SUZUKI
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: A. Suzuki, Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
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Abstract
Diabetes is a major worldwide health problem which results from the loss and/or dysfunction of pancreatic insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Therefore, there is great interest in understanding the endogenous capacity of β cells to regenerate under normal or pathological conditions, with the goal of restoring functional β cell mass in patients with diabetes. Here, we summarize the current status of β cell regeneration research, which has been broadly divided into three in vivo mechanisms: 1. proliferation of existing β cells; 2. neogenesis of β cells from adult ductal progenitors; and 3. transdifferentiation of other cell types into β cells. We discuss the evidence and controversies for each mechanism in mice and humans, as well as the prospect of using these approaches for the treatment of diabetes.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Here, we review recent findings in the field of generating insulin-producing cells by pancreatic transcription factor (pTF)-induced liver transdifferentiation (TD). TD is the direct conversion of functional cell types from one lineage to another without passing through an intermediate stage of pluripotency. We address potential reasons for the restricted efficiency of TD and suggest modalities to overcome these challenges, to bring TD closer to its clinical implementation in autologous cell replacement therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Liver to pancreas TD is restricted to cells that are a priori predisposed to undergo the developmental process. In vivo, the predisposition of liver cells is affected by liver zonation and hepatic regeneration. The TD propensity of liver cells is related to permissive epigenome which could be extended to TD-resistant cells by specific soluble factors. An obligatory role for active Wnt signaling in continuously maintaining a "permissive" epigenome is suggested. Moreover, the restoration of the pancreatic niche and vasculature promotes the maturation of TD cells along the β cell function. Future studies on liver to pancreas TD should include the maturation of TD cells by 3D culture, the restoration of vasculature and the pancreatic niche, and the extension of TD propensity to TD-resistant cells by epigenetic modifications. Liver to pancreas TD is expected to result in the generation of custom-made "self" surrogate β cells for curing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, 56261, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, 56261, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pancreatic β-cells play a critical role in whole-body glucose homeostasis by regulating the release of insulin in response to minute by minute alterations in metabolic demand. As such, β-cells are staunchly resilient but there are circumstances where they can become functionally compromised or physically lost due to pathophysiological changes which culminate in overt hyperglycemia and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS In humans, β-cell mass appears to be largely defined in the postnatal period and this early replicative and generative phase is followed by a refractory state which persists throughout life. Despite this, efforts to identify physiological and pharmacological factors which might re-initiate β-cell replication (or cause the replenishment of β-cells by neogenesis or transdifferentiation) are beginning to bear fruit. Controlled manipulation of β-cell mass in humans still represents a holy grail for therapeutic intervention in diabetes, but progress is being made which may lead to ultimate success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Basile
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Noel G. Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
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Sarkar S, Munshi C, Chatterjee S, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S. Vector-free in vivo trans-determination of adult hepatic stem cells to insulin-producing cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5501-5509. [PMID: 31102150 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in the number of functional β-cells is the central pathological event in diabetes. Liver and ventral pancreas differentiates simultaneously in the same general domain of cells within embryonic endoderm. In addition, the precursor cell population being bi-potential may be targeted for either pancreas or liver development. Hepatic stem cells were redirected in vivo to functional insulin producing cells in a acetylaminofluorene-partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH) adult male rat model with/without GLP-1 treatment. In routine H&E histology and immunohistochemistry, stem cells resembled β cells in GLP-1 injected rats. Immunoblots revealed involvement of adenylate cyclase, TLR4 and PDX1 in insulin synthesis. Expression of genes (GLP-1R, MAFA, PDX1, INS1 and INS2) augmented in the GLP-1 treated regenerated liver. Results strongly indicated the key role of GLP-1 in the induction of insulin secretion in trans-determined reprogrammed cell in vivo. The present method being vector free poses no risk of vector spillover in the host and holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvasree Sarkar
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Chayan Munshi
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Sarmishtha Chatterjee
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.,, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Shelley Bhattacharya
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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18
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19
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Meivar-Levy I, Zoabi F, Nardini G, Manevitz-Mendelson E, Leichner GS, Zadok O, Gurevich M, Mor E, Dima S, Popescu I, Barzilai A, Ferber S, Greenberger S. The role of the vasculature niche on insulin-producing cells generated by transdifferentiation of adult human liver cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30760321 PMCID: PMC6373031 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-dependent diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that could be theoretically cured by functional pancreatic islets and insulin-producing cell (IPC) implantation. Regenerative medicine approaches include the potential for growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and transplanting them when the body cannot heal itself. However, several obstacles remain to be overcome in order to bring regenerative medicine approach for diabetes closer to its clinical implementation; the cells generated in vitro are typically of heterogenic and immature nature and the site of implantation should be readily vascularized for the implanted cells to survive in vivo. The present study addresses these two limitations by analyzing the effect of co-implanting IPCs with vasculature promoting cells in an accessible site such as subcutaneous. Secondly, it analyzes the effects of reconstituting the in vivo environment in vitro on the maturation and function of insulin-producing cells. Methods IPCs that are generated by the transdifferentiation of human liver cells are exposed to the paracrine effects of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are the “building blocks” of the blood vessels. The role of the vasculature on IPC function is analyzed upon subcutaneous implantation in vivo in immune-deficient rodents. The paracrine effects of vasculature on IPC maturation are analyzed in culture. Results Co-implantation of MSCs and ECFCs with IPCs led to doubling the survival rates and a threefold increase in insulin production, in vivo. ECFC and MSC co-culture as well as conditioned media of co-cultures resulted in a significant increased expression of pancreatic-specific genes and an increase in glucose-regulated insulin secretion, compared with IPCs alone. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ECFC and MSC co-culture increases the expression of CTGF and ACTIVINβα, which play a key role in pancreatic differentiation. Conclusions Vasculature is an important player in generating regenerative medicine approaches for diabetes. Vasculature displays a paracrine effect on the maturation of insulin-producing cells and their survival upon implantation. The reconstitution of the in vivo niche is expected to promote the liver-to-pancreas transdifferentiation and bringing this cell therapy approach closer to its clinical implementation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1157-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Fatima Zoabi
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Nardini
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Gil S Leichner
- The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Oranit Zadok
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michael Gurevich
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Eytan Mor
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Simona Dima
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aviv Barzilai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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20
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Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H. (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1143-1167. [PMID: 29717931 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus results from disturbed glucose homeostasis due to an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin, a peptide hormone almost exclusively produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas in a tightly regulated manner. Current therapy only delays disease progression through insulin injection and/or oral medications that increase insulin secretion or sensitivity, decrease hepatic glucose production, or promote glucosuria. These drugs have turned diabetes into a chronic disease as they do not solve the underlying beta cell defects or entirely prevent the long-term complications of hyperglycemia. Beta cell replacement through islet transplantation is a more physiological therapeutic alternative but is severely hampered by donor shortage and immune rejection. A curative strategy should combine newer approaches to immunomodulation with beta cell replacement. Success of this approach depends on the development of practical methods for generating beta cells, either in vitro or in situ through beta cell replication or beta cell differentiation. This review provides an overview of human beta cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Baeyens
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Michael S German
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
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21
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Cohen H, Barash H, Meivar-Levy I, Molakandov K, Ben-Shimon M, Gurevich M, Zoabi F, Har-Zahav A, Gebhardt R, Gaunitz F, Gurevich M, Mor E, Ravassard P, Greenberger S, Ferber S. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway determines the predisposition and efficiency of liver-to-pancreas reprogramming. Hepatology 2018; 68:1589-1603. [PMID: 29394503 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transdifferentiation (TD) is the direct reprogramming of adult cells into cells of alternate fate and function. We have previously shown that liver cells can be transdifferentiated into beta-like, insulin-producing cells through ectopic expression of pancreatic transcription factors (pTFs). However, the efficiency of the process was consistently limited to <15% of the human liver cells treated in culture. The data in the current study suggest that liver-to-pancreas TD is restricted to a specific population of liver cells that is predisposed to undergo reprogramming. We isolated TD-predisposed subpopulation of liver cells from >15 human donors using a lineage tracing system based on the Wnt response element, part of the pericentral-specific promoter of glutamine synthetase. The cells, that were propagated separately, consistently exhibited efficient fate switch and insulin production and secretion in >60% of the cells upon pTF expression. The rest of the cells, which originated from 85% of the culture, resisted TD. Both populations expressed the ectopic pTFs with similar efficiencies, followed by similar repression of hepatic genes. Our data suggest that the TD-predisposed cells originate from a distinct population of liver cells that are enriched for Wnt signaling, which is obligatory for efficient TD. In TD-resistant populations, Wnt induction is insufficient to induce TD. An additional step of chromatin opening enables TD of these cells. CONCLUSION Liver-to-pancreas TD occurs in defined predisposed cells. These cells' predisposition is maintained by Wnt signaling that endows the cells with the plasticity needed to alter their transcriptional program and developmental fate when triggered by ectopic pTFs. These results may have clinical implications by drastically increasing the efficacy of TD in future clinical uses. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helit Cohen
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hila Barash
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kfir Molakandov
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Ben-Shimon
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Gurevich
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Fatima Zoabi
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Har-Zahav
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Gaunitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Gurevich
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Eytan Mor
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy Group, Centre de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMRS795, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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22
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Pesaresi M, Sebastian-Perez R, Cosma MP. Dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation and cell fusion: in vivo reprogramming strategies for regenerative medicine. FEBS J 2018; 286:1074-1093. [PMID: 30103260 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative capacities vary enormously across the animal kingdom. In contrast to most cold-blooded vertebrates, mammals, including humans, have very limited regenerative capacity when it comes to repairing damaged or degenerating tissues. Here, we review the main mechanisms of tissue regeneration, underlying the importance of cell dedifferentiation and reprogramming. We discuss the significance of cell fate and identity changes in the context of regenerative medicine, with a particular focus on strategies aiming at the promotion of the body's self-repairing mechanisms. We also introduce some of the most recent advances that have resulted in complete reprogramming of cell identity in vivo. Lastly, we discuss the main challenges that need to be addressed in the near future to develop in vivo reprogramming approaches with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pesaresi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | - Ruben Sebastian-Perez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Ren B, La QT, O'Brien BA, Nassif NT, Tan Y, Gerace D, Martiniello-Wilks R, Torpy F, Dane AP, Alexander IE, Simpson AM. Partial pancreatic transdifferentiation of primary human hepatocytes in the livers of a humanised mouse model. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3017. [PMID: 29578255 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy is one treatment that may ultimately cure type 1 diabetes. We have previously shown that the introduction of furin-cleavable human insulin (INS-FUR) to the livers in several animal models of diabetes resulted in the reversal of diabetes and partial pancreatic transdifferentiation of liver cells. The present study investigated whether streptozotocin-diabetes could be reversed in FRG mice in which chimeric mouse-human livers can readily be established and, in addition, whether pancreatic transdifferentiation occurred in the engrafted human hepatocytes. METHODS Engraftment of human hepatocytes was confirmed by measuring human albumin levels. Following delivery of the empty vector or the INS-FUR vector to diabetic FRG mice, mice were monitored for weight and blood glucose levels. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs) were performed. Expression levels of pancreatic hormones and transcription factors were determined by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Diabetes was reversed for a period of 60 days (experimental endpoint) after transduction with INS-FUR. IPGTTs of the insulin-transduced animals were not significantly different from nondiabetic animals. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the expression of human albumin and insulin in transduced liver samples. Quantitative RT-PCR showed expression of human and mouse endocrine hormones and β-cell transcription factors, indicating partial pancreatic transdifferentiation of mouse and human hepatocytes. Nonfasting human C-peptide levels were significantly higher than mouse levels, suggesting that transdifferentiated human hepatocytes made a significant contribution to the reversal of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These data show that human hepatocytes can be induced to undergo partial pancreatic transdifferentiation in vivo, indicating that the technology holds promise for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhai Ren
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Que T La
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Najah T Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yi Tan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dario Gerace
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosetta Martiniello-Wilks
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fraser Torpy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Allison P Dane
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ann M Simpson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Cito M, Pellegrini S, Piemonti L, Sordi V. The potential and challenges of alternative sources of β cells for the cure of type 1 diabetes. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R114-R125. [PMID: 29555660 PMCID: PMC5861368 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The experience in the field of islet transplantation shows that it is possible to replace β cells in a patient with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but this cell therapy is limited by the scarcity of organ donors and by the danger associated to the immunosuppressive drugs. Stem cell therapy is becoming a concrete opportunity to treat various diseases. In particular, for a disease like T1D, caused by the loss of a single specific cell type that does not need to be transplanted back in its originating site to perform its function, a stem cell-based cell replacement therapy seems to be the ideal cure. New and infinite sources of β cells are strongly required. In this review, we make an overview of the most promising and advanced β cell production strategies. Particular hope is placed in pluripotent stem cells (PSC), both embryonic (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The first phase 1/2 clinical trials with ESC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells are ongoing in the United States and Canada, but a successful strategy for the use of PSC in patients with diabetes has still to overcome several important hurdles. Another promising strategy of generation of new β cells is the transdifferentiation of adult cells, both intra-pancreatic, such as alpha, exocrine and ductal cells or extra-pancreatic, in particular liver cells. Finally, new advances in gene editing technologies have given impetus to research on the production of human organs in chimeric animals and on in situ reprogramming of adult cells through in vivo target gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Cito
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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25
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Wang Y, Dorrell C, Naugler WE, Heskett M, Spellman P, Li B, Galivo F, Haft A, Wakefield L, Grompe M. Long-Term Correction of Diabetes in Mice by In Vivo Reprogramming of Pancreatic Ducts. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1327-1342. [PMID: 29550076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming can convert readily available cells in the body into desired cell types for cell replacement therapy. This is usually achieved through forced activation or repression of lineage-defining factors or pathways. In particular, reprogramming toward the pancreatic β cell fate has been of great interest in the search for new diabetes therapies. It has been suggested that cells from various endodermal lineages can be converted to β-like cells. However, it is unclear how closely induced cells resemble endogenous pancreatic β cells and whether different cell types have the same reprogramming potential. Here, we report in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic ductal cells through intra-ductal delivery of an adenoviral vector expressing the transcription factors Pdx1, Neurog3, and Mafa. Induced β-like cells are mono-hormonal, express genes essential for β cell function, and correct hyperglycemia in both chemically and genetically induced diabetes models. Compared with intrahepatic ducts and hepatocytes treated with the same vector, pancreatic ducts demonstrated more rapid activation of β cell transcripts and repression of donor cell markers. This approach could be readily adapted to humans through a commonly performed procedure, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and provides potential for cell replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Heskett
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; CEDAR Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Feorillo Galivo
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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26
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Jordan EJ, Basturk O, Shia J, Klimstra DS, Alago W, D'Angelica MI, Abou-Alfa GK, O'Reilly EM, Lowery MA. Case report: primary acinar cell carcinoma of the liver treated with multimodality therapy. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:E65-E72. [PMID: 29184698 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.06.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of primary acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) originating in the liver in a 54-year-old female, diagnosed following persistent abnormal elevated liver function. Imaging revealed two masses, one dominant lesion in the right hepatic lobe and another in segment IVA. A right hepatectomy was performed to remove the larger lesion, while the mass in segment IVA was unresectable due to its proximity to the left hepatic vein. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for trypsin and chymotrypsin. Postoperatively the patient underwent hepatic arterial embolization of the other unresectable lesion followed by FOLFOX chemotherapy. At 20 months from diagnosis the patient is currently under observation with a decreasing necrotic mass and no other disease evident. Based on histology, immunohistochemistry and radiological findings a diagnosis of primary ACC of the liver was made. Genomic assessment of somatic mutations within the patient's tumor was also performed through next generation sequencing and findings were consistent with an acinar malignancy. This case highlights a rare tumor subtype treated with a combination of therapeutic modalities through a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet J Jordan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Alago
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael I D'Angelica
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maeve A Lowery
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Ulasov AV, Rosenkranz AA, Sobolev AS. Transcription factors: Time to deliver. J Control Release 2017; 269:24-35. [PMID: 29113792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are at the center of the broad regulatory network orchestrating gene expression programs that elicit different biological responses. For a long time, TFs have been considered as potent drug targets due to their implications in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. At the same time, TFs, located at convergence points of cellular regulatory pathways, are powerful tools providing opportunities both for cell type change and for managing the state of cells. This task formulation requires the TF modulation problem to come to the fore. We review several ways to manage TF activity (small molecules, transfection, nanocarriers, protein-based approaches), analyzing their limitations and the possibilities to overcome them. Delivery of TFs could revolutionize the biomedical field. Whether this forecast comes true will depend on the ability to develop convenient technologies for targeted delivery of TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Ulasov
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Rosenkranz
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskiye Gory St., 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Sobolev
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskiye Gory St., 119234 Moscow, Russia.
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28
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Abstract
The pancreas is a complex organ with exocrine and endocrine components. Many pathologies impair exocrine function, including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Conversely, when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin, patients develop diabetes mellitus. Pathology in either the endocrine or exocrine pancreas results in devastating economic and personal consequences. The current standard therapy for treating patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is daily exogenous insulin injections, but cell sources of insulin provide superior glycaemic regulation and research is now focused on the goal of regenerating or replacing β cells. Stem-cell-based models might be useful to study exocrine pancreatic disorders, and mesenchymal stem cells or secreted factors might delay disease progression. Although the standards that bioengineered cells must meet before being considered as a viable therapy are not yet established, any potential therapy must be acceptably safe and functionally superior to current therapies. Here, we describe progress and challenges in cell-based methods to restore pancreatic function, with a focus on optimizing the site for cell delivery and decreasing requirements for immunosuppression through encapsulation. We also discuss the tools and strategies being used to generate exocrine pancreas and insulin-producing β-cell surrogates in situ and highlight obstacles to clinical application.
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29
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Yang XF, Ren LW, Yang L, Deng CY, Li FR. In vivo direct reprogramming of liver cells to insulin producing cells by virus-free overexpression of defined factors. Endocr J 2017; 64:291-302. [PMID: 28100871 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of autologous cells from diabetes patients to insulin producing cells is a new method for pancreatic cell replacement therapy. At present, transdifferentiation among mature cells is achieved mainly by introducing foreign genes into the starting tissue with viral vector, but there are potentical safety problems. In the present study, we delivered plasmids carrying Pdx1, Neurog3 and MafA genes (PNM) into mouse hepatocytes by hydrodynamics tail vein injection, investigated islet β cells markers in transfected cells from protein and mRNA level, and then observed the long-term control of blood glucose in diabetic mice. We found that hepatocytes could be directly reprogrammed into insulin-producing cells after PNM gene transfection by non-viral hydrodynamics injection, and fasting blood glucose was reduced to normal, and lasted until 100 days after transfection. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed that glucose regulation ability was improved gradually and the serum insulin level approached to the level of normal mice with time. Insulin-positive cells were found in the liver tissue, and the expression of various islet β-cell-specific genes were detected at the mRNA level, including islet mature marker gene Ucn3. In conclusion, we provide a new approach for the treatment of diabetes by in vivo direct reprogramming of liver cells to insulin producing cells through non-viral methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cellular Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Ji'nan University, Shenzhen, China
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30
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Abstract
Changes in cell identity occur in adult mammalian organisms but are rare and often linked to disease. Research in the last few decades has thrown light on how to manipulate cell fate, but the conversion of a particular cell type into another within a living organism (also termed in vivo transdifferentiation) has only been recently achieved in a limited number of tissues. Although the therapeutic promise of this strategy for tissue regeneration and repair is exciting, important efficacy and safety concerns will need to be addressed before it becomes a reality in the clinical practice. Here, we review the most relevant in vivo transdifferentiation studies in adult mammalian animal models, offering a critical assessment of this potentially powerful strategy for regenerative medicine.
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31
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Benthuysen JR, Carrano AC, Sander M. Advances in β cell replacement and regeneration strategies for treating diabetes. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3651-3660. [PMID: 27694741 DOI: 10.1172/jci87439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, new approaches have been explored that are aimed at restoring functional β cell mass as a treatment strategy for diabetes. The two most intensely pursued strategies are β cell replacement through conversion of other cell types and β cell regeneration by enhancement of β cell replication. The approach closest to clinical implementation is the replacement of β cells with human pluripotent stem cell-derived (hPSC-derived) cells, which are currently under investigation in a clinical trial to assess their safety in humans. In addition, there has been success in reprogramming developmentally related cell types into β cells. Reprogramming approaches could find therapeutic applications by inducing β cell conversion in vivo or by reprogramming cells ex vivo followed by implantation. Finally, recent studies have revealed novel pharmacologic targets for stimulating β cell replication. Manipulating these targets or the pathways they regulate could be a strategy for promoting the expansion of residual β cells in diabetic patients. Here, we provide an overview of progress made toward β cell replacement and regeneration and discuss promises and challenges for clinical implementation of these strategies.
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32
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Vieira A, Courtney M, Druelle N, Avolio F, Napolitano T, Hadzic B, Navarro-Sanz S, Ben-Othman N, Collombat P. β-Cell replacement as a treatment for type 1 diabetes: an overview of possible cell sources and current axes of research. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:137-43. [PMID: 27615143 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To efficiently treat type 1 diabetes, exogenous insulin injections currently represent the main approach to counter chronic hyperglycaemia. Unfortunately, such a therapeutic approach does not allow for perfectly maintained glucose homeostasis and, in time, cardiovascular complications may arise. Therefore, seeking alternative/improved treatments has become a major health concern as an increasing proportion of type 2 diabetes patients also require insulin supplementation. Towards this goal, numerous laboratories have focused their research on β-cell replacement therapies. Herein, we will review the current state of this research area and describe the cell sources that could potentially be used to replenish the depleted β-cell mass in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vieira
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - M Courtney
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - N Druelle
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - F Avolio
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - T Napolitano
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - B Hadzic
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | | | - N Ben-Othman
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - P Collombat
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France.
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33
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Okere B, Lucaccioni L, Dominici M, Iughetti L. Cell therapies for pancreatic beta-cell replenishment. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:62. [PMID: 27400873 PMCID: PMC4940879 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment approach for type 1 diabetes is based on daily insulin injections, combined with blood glucose monitoring. However, administration of exogenous insulin fails to mimic the physiological activity of the islet, therefore diabetes often progresses with the development of serious complications such as kidney failure, retinopathy and vascular disease. Whole pancreas transplantation is associated with risks of major invasive surgery along with side effects of immunosuppressive therapy to avoid organ rejection. Replacement of pancreatic beta-cells would represent an ideal treatment that could overcome the above mentioned therapeutic hurdles. In this context, transplantation of islets of Langerhans is considered a less invasive procedure although long-term outcomes showed that only 10 % of the patients remained insulin independent five years after the transplant. Moreover, due to shortage of organs and the inability of islet to be expanded ex vivo, this therapy can be offered to a very limited number of patients. Over the past decade, cellular therapies have emerged as the new frontier of treatment of several diseases. Furthermore the advent of stem cells as renewable source of cell-substitutes to replenish the beta cell population, has blurred the hype on islet transplantation. Breakthrough cellular approaches aim to generate stem-cell-derived insulin producing cells, which could make diabetes cellular therapy available to millions. However, to date, stem cell therapy for diabetes is still in its early experimental stages. This review describes the most reliable sources of stem cells that have been developed to produce insulin and their most relevant experimental applications for the cure of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Okere
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy
| | - Laura Lucaccioni
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy.,Child Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena Policlinic, Modena, 41100, Italy.
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34
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Ravnskjaer K, Madiraju A, Montminy M. Role of the cAMP Pathway in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 233:29-49. [PMID: 26721678 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) was first described in 1957 as an intracellular second messenger mediating the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic glycogenolysis (Berthet et al., J Biol Chem 224(1):463-475, 1957). Since this initial characterization, cAMP has been firmly established as a versatile molecular signal involved in both central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis and nutrient partitioning. Many of these effects appear to be mediated at the transcriptional level, in part through the activation of the transcription factor CREB and its coactivators. Here we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cAMP signaling pathway triggers metabolic programs in insulin-responsive tissues.
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35
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Ren B, Tao C, Swan MA, Joachim N, Martiniello-Wilks R, Nassif NT, O'Brien BA, Simpson AM. Pancreatic Transdifferentiation and Glucose-Regulated Production of Human Insulin in the H4IIE Rat Liver Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:534. [PMID: 27070593 PMCID: PMC4848990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of current treatment regimes, gene therapy is a promising strategy being explored to correct blood glucose concentrations in diabetic patients. In the current study, we used a retroviral vector to deliver either the human insulin gene alone, the rat NeuroD1 gene alone, or the human insulin gene and rat NeuroD1 genes together, to the rat liver cell line, H4IIE, to determine if storage of insulin and pancreatic transdifferentiation occurred. Stable clones were selected and expanded into cell lines: H4IIEins (insulin gene alone), H4IIE/ND (NeuroD1 gene alone), and H4IIEins/ND (insulin and NeuroD1 genes). The H4IIEins cells did not store insulin; however, H4IIE/ND and H4IIEins/ND cells stored 65.5 ± 5.6 and 1475.4 ± 171.8 pmol/insulin/5 × 106 cells, respectively. Additionally, several β cell transcription factors and pancreatic hormones were expressed in both H4IIE/ND and H4IIEins/ND cells. Electron microscopy revealed insulin storage vesicles in the H4IIE/ND and H4IIEins/ND cell lines. Regulated secretion of insulin to glucose (0–20 mmol/L) was seen in the H4IIEins/ND cell line. The H4IIEins/ND cells were transplanted into diabetic immunoincompetent mice, resulting in normalization of blood glucose. This data shows that the expression of NeuroD1 and insulin in liver cells may be a useful strategy for inducing islet neogenesis and reversing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhai Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Chang Tao
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret Anne Swan
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nichole Joachim
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rosetta Martiniello-Wilks
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Najah T Nassif
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bronwyn A O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ann M Simpson
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, 2007 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wei R, Hong T. Lineage Reprogramming: A Promising Road for Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:163-176. [PMID: 26811208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising method to restore pancreatic β cell function and cure diabetes. Distantly related cells (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and muscle cells) and developmentally related cells (hepatocytes, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic exocrine cells) have been successfully reprogrammed into β cells in vitro and in vivo. However, while some reprogrammed β cells bear similarities to bona fide β cells, others do not develop into fully functional β cells. Here we review various strategies currently used for β cell reprogramming, including ectopic expression of specific transcription factors associated with islet development, repression of maintenance factors of host cells, regulation of epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental changes. Development of simple and efficient reprogramming methods is a key priority for developing fully functional β cells suitable for cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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Abstract
The nature of cells in early embryos may be respecified simply by exposure to inducing factors. In later stage embryos, determined cell populations do not respond to inducing factors but may be respecified by other stimuli, especially the introduction of specific transcription factors. Fully differentiated cell types are hard to respecify by any method, but some degree of success can be achieved using selected combinations of transcription factors, and this may have clinical significance in the future.
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Abstract
Tissue replacement is a promising direction for the treatment of diabetes, which will become widely available only when islets or insulin-producing cells that will not be rejected by the diabetic recipients are available in unlimited amounts. The present review addresses the research in the field of generating functional insulin-producing cells by transdifferentiation of adult liver cells both in vitro and in vivo. It presents recent knowledge of the mechanisms which underlie the process and assesses the challenges which should be addressed for its efficient implementation as a cell based replacement therapy for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
| | - Sarah Ferber
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Israel.
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Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Tahamtani Y, Basiri M, Montazeri L, Khalooghi K, Kazemi Ashtiani M, Farrokhi A, Aghdami N, Sadr Hashemi Nejad A, Larijani MB, De Leu N, Heimberg H, Luo X, Baharvand H. THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes: so close and yet so far away. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R165-83. [PMID: 26036437 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, tremendous efforts have been made to establish pancreatic islet transplantation as a standard therapy for type 1 diabetes. Recent advances in islet transplantation have resulted in steady improvements in the 5-year insulin independence rates for diabetic patients. Here we review the key challenges encountered in the islet transplantation field which include islet source limitation, sub-optimal engraftment of islets, lack of oxygen and blood supply for transplanted islets, and immune rejection of islets. Additionally, we discuss possible solutions for these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Leila Montazeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Keynoosh Khalooghi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Ashtiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Anavasadat Sadr Hashemi Nejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Bagher Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Nico De Leu
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research CenterDepartment of Regenerative Medicine at Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDiabetes Research CenterVrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, BelgiumDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionDepartment of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USADepartment of Developmental BiologyUniversity of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran 148-16635, Iran
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Bâlici Ş, Şuşman S, Rusu D, Nicula GZ, Soriţău O, Rusu M, Biris AS, Matei H. Differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells under the influence of nanostructural polyoxometalates. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:373-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ştefana Bâlici
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca România
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; Cluj-Napoca România
| | - Sergiu Şuşman
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca România
- Imogen Research Centre - Department of Pathology; Cluj-Napoca România
- Radiotherapy, Tumor and Radiobiology Laboratory; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”; Cluj-Napoca România
| | - Dan Rusu
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca România
| | - Gheorghe Zsolt Nicula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca România
| | - Olga Soriţău
- Radiotherapy, Tumor and Radiobiology Laboratory; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”; Cluj-Napoca România
| | - Mariana Rusu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; “Babeş-Bolyai” University; Cluj-Napoca România
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Horea Matei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca România
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Progenitor potential of nkx6.1-expressing cells throughout zebrafish life and during beta cell regeneration. BMC Biol 2015; 13:70. [PMID: 26329351 PMCID: PMC4556004 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to mammals, the zebrafish has the remarkable capacity to regenerate its pancreatic beta cells very efficiently. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration in the zebrafish and the differences with mammals will be fundamental to discovering molecules able to stimulate the regeneration process in mammals. To identify the pancreatic cells able to give rise to new beta cells in the zebrafish, we generated new transgenic lines allowing the tracing of multipotent pancreatic progenitors and endocrine precursors. Results Using novel bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic nkx6.1 and ascl1b reporter lines, we established that nkx6.1-positive cells give rise to all the pancreatic cell types and ascl1b-positive cells give rise to all the endocrine cell types in the zebrafish embryo. These two genes are initially co-expressed in the pancreatic primordium and their domains segregate, not as a result of mutual repression, but through the opposite effects of Notch signaling, maintaining nkx6.1 expression while repressing ascl1b in progenitors. In the adult zebrafish, nkx6.1 expression persists exclusively in the ductal tree at the tip of which its expression coincides with Notch active signaling in centroacinar/terminal end duct cells. Tracing these cells reveals that they are able to differentiate into other ductal cells and into insulin-expressing cells in normal (non-diabetic) animals. This capacity of ductal cells to generate endocrine cells is supported by the detection of ascl1b in the nkx6.1:GFP ductal cell transcriptome. This transcriptome also reveals, besides actors of the Notch and Wnt pathways, several novel markers such as id2a. Finally, we show that beta cell ablation in the adult zebrafish triggers proliferation of ductal cells and their differentiation into insulin-expressing cells. Conclusions We have shown that, in the zebrafish embryo, nkx6.1+ cells are bona fide multipotent pancreatic progenitors, while ascl1b+ cells represent committed endocrine precursors. In contrast to the mouse, pancreatic progenitor markers nkx6.1 and pdx1 continue to be expressed in adult ductal cells, a subset of which we show are still able to proliferate and undergo ductal and endocrine differentiation, providing robust evidence of the existence of pancreatic progenitor/stem cells in the adult zebrafish. Our findings support the hypothesis that nkx6.1+ pancreatic progenitors contribute to beta cell regeneration. Further characterization of these cells will open up new perspectives for anti-diabetic therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0179-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Reversal of diabetes following transplantation of an insulin-secreting human liver cell line: Melligen cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15011. [PMID: 26029722 PMCID: PMC4445011 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative to the transplantation of islets, a human liver cell line has been genetically engineered to reverse type 1 diabetes (TID). The initial liver cell line (Huh7ins) commenced secretion of insulin in response to a glucose concentration of 2.5 mmol/l. After transfection of the Huh7ins cells with human islet glucokinase, the resultant Melligen cells secreted insulin in response to glucose within the physiological range; commencing at 4.25 mmol/l. Melligen cells exhibited increased glucokinase enzymatic activity in response to physiological glucose concentrations, as compared with Huh7ins cells. When transplanted into diabetic immunoincompetent mice, Melligen cells restored normoglycemia. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that both cell lines expressed a range of β-cell transcription factors and pancreatic hormones. Exposure of Melligen and Huh7ins cells to proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) affected neither their viability nor their ability to secrete insulin to glucose. Gene expression (microarray and qRT-PCR) analyses indicated the survival of Melligen cells in the presence of known β-cell cytotoxins was associated with the expression of NF-κB and antiapoptotic genes (such as BIRC3). This study describes the successful generation of an artificial β-cell line, which, if encapsulated to avoid allograft rejection, may offer a clinically applicable cure for T1D.
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43
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PDX1 binds and represses hepatic genes to ensure robust pancreatic commitment in differentiating human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:578-90. [PMID: 25843046 PMCID: PMC4400640 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox 1 (PDX1) gene causes pancreatic agenesis, which places PDX1 high atop the regulatory network controlling development of this indispensable organ. However, little is known about the identity of PDX1 transcriptional targets. We simulated pancreatic development by differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into early pancreatic progenitors and subjected this cell population to PDX1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). We identified more than 350 genes bound by PDX1, whose expression was upregulated on day 17 of differentiation. This group included known PDX1 targets and many genes not previously linked to pancreatic development. ChIP-seq also revealed PDX1 occupancy at hepatic genes. We hypothesized that simultaneous PDX1-driven activation of pancreatic and repression of hepatic programs underlie early divergence between pancreas and liver. In HepG2 cells and differentiating hESCs, we found that PDX1 binds and suppresses expression of endogenous liver genes. These findings rebrand PDX1 as a context-dependent transcriptional repressor and activator within the same cell type. Early pancreatic progenitor (ePP) cells are efficiently derived from hESCs High levels of the homeobox transcription factor PDX1 label ePP cells PDX1 binds a battery of foregut/midgut and early pancreatic genes in ePP cells PDX1 binds and represses hepatic genes
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Cavelti-Weder C, Li W, Zumsteg A, Stemann M, Yamada T, Bonner-Weir S, Weir G, Zhou Q. Direct Reprogramming for Pancreatic Beta-Cells Using Key Developmental Genes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:57-65. [PMID: 26998407 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming is a promising approach for regenerative medicine whereby one cell type is directly converted into another without going through a multipotent or pluripotent stage. This reprogramming approach has been extensively explored for the generation of functional insulin-secreting cells from non-beta-cells with the aim of developing novel cell therapies for the treatment of people with diabetes lacking sufficient endogenous beta-cells. A common approach for such conversion studies is the introduction of key regulators that are important in controlling beta-cell development and maintenance. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the field of beta-cell reprogramming and discuss the challenges of creating functional and long-lasting beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weida Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marianne Stemann
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Gerace D, Martiniello-Wilks R, O'Brien BA, Simpson AM. The use of β-cell transcription factors in engineering artificial β cells from non-pancreatic tissue. Gene Ther 2014; 22:1-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Conrad E, Stein R, Hunter CS. Revealing transcription factors during human pancreatic β cell development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:407-14. [PMID: 24831984 PMCID: PMC4167784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing cell-based diabetes therapies requires examining transcriptional mechanisms underlying human β cell development. However, increased knowledge is hampered by low availability of fetal pancreatic tissue and gene targeting strategies. Rodent models have elucidated transcription factor roles during islet organogenesis and maturation, but differences between mouse and human islets have been identified. The past 5 years have seen strides toward generating human β cell lines, the examination of human transcription factor expression, and studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and human embryonic stem (hES) cells to generate β-like cells. Nevertheless, much remains to be resolved. We present current knowledge of developing human β cell transcription factor expression, as compared to rodents. We also discuss recent studies employing transcription factor or epigenetic modulation to generate β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Conrad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Orlando G, Gianello P, Salvatori M, Stratta RJ, Soker S, Ricordi C, Domínguez-Bendala J. Cell replacement strategies aimed at reconstitution of the β-cell compartment in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:1433-44. [PMID: 24757193 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies in regenerative medicine have the potential to restore the β-cell compartment in diabetic patients, thereby overcoming the inadequacies of current treatment strategies and organ supply. Novel approaches include: 1) Encapsulation technology that protects islet transplants from host immune surveillance; 2) stem cell therapies and cellular reprogramming, which seek to regenerate the depleted β-cell compartment; and 3) whole-organ bioengineering, which capitalizes on the innate properties of the pancreas extracellular matrix to drive cellular repopulation. Collaborative efforts across these subfields of regenerative medicine seek to ultimately produce a bioengineered pancreas capable of restoring endocrine function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Phillips N, Kay MA. Characterization of vector-based delivery of neurogenin-3 in murine diabetes. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:651-61. [PMID: 24635696 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of type 1 diabetes with gene transfer-induced cellular reprogramming requires a pancreatic transcription factor such as Neurogenin-3 (Ngn3) and as of yet unknown component of the adenoviral particle. Despite intensive study, there are many unsolved processes related to the mechanisms and physiological parameters related to diabetes correction using this approach. While we confirm that systemic delivery of adenovirus (Ad)-Ngn3 provides long-lasting correction of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia and restoration of growth curves, we found that insulin levels and glucose tolerance tests are not fully restored. By altering the innate and antigen-specific immune responses, we establish that the former likely plays some role in the reprogramming process. Interestingly, Ad-hNgn3 therapy in diabetic animals appeared to protect them from secondary STZ challenge. The resistance to secondary STZ response was more pronounced at later time points, indicating that a period of cell maturation and/or expansion may be required in order to promote lasting correction. More importantly, these results suggest that the long-term reprogrammed cells are not fully reprogrammed into β-cells, which in the case of autoimmune diabetes may be advantageous in a long-term treatment strategy. Finally, we show that the prophylactic administration of Ad-hNgn3 before diabetic induction protected mice from developing hyperglycemia, demonstrating the potential for reducing or eliminating disease progression should treatment be initiated early or before onset of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Phillips
- 1 Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305
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Berneman-Zeitouni D, Molakandov K, Elgart M, Mor E, Fornoni A, Domínguez MR, Kerr-Conte J, Ott M, Meivar-Levy I, Ferber S. The temporal and hierarchical control of transcription factors-induced liver to pancreas transdifferentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87812. [PMID: 24504462 PMCID: PMC3913675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) display instructive roles in directly reprogramming adult cells into alternate developmental fates, in a process known as transdifferentiation. The present study analyses the hypothesis that despite being fast, transdifferentiation does not occur in one step but is rather a consecutive and hierarchical process. Using ectopic expression of Pdx1 in human liver cells, we demonstrate that while glugacon and somatostatin expression initiates within a day, insulin gene expression becomes evident only 2–3 days later. To both increase transdifferentiation efficiency and analyze whether the process indeed display consecutive and hierarchical characteristics, adult human liver cells were treated by three pancreatic transcription factors, Pdx1, Pax4 and Mafa (3pTFs) that control distinct hierarchical stages of pancreatic development in the embryo. Ectopic expression of the 3pTFs in human liver cells, increased the transdifferentiation yield, manifested by 300% increase in the number of insulin positive cells, compared to each of the ectopic factors alone. However, only when the 3pTFs were sequentially supplemented one day apart from each other in a direct hierarchical manner, the transdifferentiated cells displayed increased mature β-cell-like characteristics. Ectopic expression of Pdx1 followed by Pax4 on the 2nd day and concluded by Mafa on the 3rd day resulted in increased yield of transdifferentiation that was associated by increased glucose regulated c-peptide secretion. By contrast, concerted or sequential administration of the ectopic 3pTFs in an indirect hierarchical mode resulted in the generation of insulin and somatostatin co-producing cells and diminished glucose regulated processed insulin secretion. In conclusion transcription factors induced liver to pancreas transdifferentiation is a progressive and hierarchical process. It is reasonable to assume that this characteristic is general to wide ranges of tissues. Therefore, our findings could facilitate the development of cell replacement therapy modalities for many degenerative diseases including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Berneman-Zeitouni
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem cells and Tissue engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kfir Molakandov
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem cells and Tissue engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Elgart
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem cells and Tissue engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Mor
- Rabin Medical Ctr., Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Miriam Ramírez Domínguez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Ott
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irit Meivar-Levy
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem cells and Tissue engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem cells and Tissue engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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