1
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Zhang Y, Kim DK, Jung YS, Kim YH, Lee YS, Kim J, Jeong WI, Lee IK, Cho SJ, Dooley S, Lee CH, Choi HS. Inverse agonist of ERRγ reduces cannabinoid receptor type 1-mediated induction of fibrinogen synthesis in mice with a high-fat diet-intoxicated liver. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2885-2896. [PMID: 30019168 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon liver intoxication with malnutrition or high-fat diet feeding, fibrinogen is synthesized by hepatocytes and secreted into the blood in human and mouse. Its primary function is to occlude blood vessels upon damage and thereby stop excessive bleeding. High fibrinogen levels may contribute to the development of pathological thrombosis, which is one mechanism linking fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease. Our previous results present ERRγ as key regulator of hepatocytic fibrinogen gene expression in human. In a therapeutic approach, we now tested ERRγ inverse agonist GSK5182 as regulator of fibrinogen levels in mouse hyperfibrinogenemia caused by diet-induced obesity and in mouse hepatocytes. ACEA, a CB1R agonist, up-regulated transcription of mouse fibrinogen via induction of ERRγ, whereas knockdown of ERRγ attenuated the effect of ACEA (10 µM) on fibrinogen expression in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. Deletion analyses of the mouse fibrinogen γ (FGG) gene promoter and ChIP assays revealed binding sites for ERRγ on the mouse FGG promoter. ACEA or adenovirus ERRγ injection induced FGA, FGB and FGG mRNA and protein expression in mouse liver, while ERRγ knockdown with Ad-shERRγ attenuated ACEA-mediated induction of fibrinogen gene expression. Moreover, mice maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) expressed higher levels of fibrinogen, whereas cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R)-KO mice fed an HFD had nearly normal fibrinogen levels. Finally, GSK5182 (40 mg/kg) strongly inhibits the ACEA (10 mg/kg) or HFD-mediated induction of fibrinogen level in mice. Taken together, targeting ERRγ with its inverse agonist GSK5182 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for ameliorating hyperfibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zhang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Ishihara A, Matsumoto E, Horikawa K, Kudo T, Sakao E, Nemoto A, Iwase K, Sugiyama H, Tamura Y, Shibata S, Takiguchi M. Multifactorial Regulation of Daily Rhythms in Expression of the Metabolically Responsive Gene Spot14 in the Mouse Liver. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 22:324-34. [PMID: 17660449 DOI: 10.1177/0748730407302107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spot14 is a putative transcriptional regulator for genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. The Spot14 gene is activated in response to lipogenic stimuli such as dietary carbohydrate and is also under circadian regulation. The authors investigated factors responsible for daily oscillation of Spot14 expression. If mice were kept under a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle with ad libitum feeding, Spot14 mRNA levels in the liver reached a peak at an early dark period when mice, as nocturnal animals, start feeding. Under fasting, while Spot14 mRNA levels were generally decreased, the rhythmicity was still maintained, suggesting contribution of both nutritional elements and circadian clock factors on robust rhythmicity of Spot14 expression. Effects of circadian clock factors were confirmed by the observations that the circadian rhythm of Spot14 expression was seen also under the constant darkness and that the rhythmicity was lost in Clock mutant mice. When mice were housed in short-photoperiod (6-h light/18-h dark) and long-photoperiod (18-h light/6-h dark) cycles, rhythms of Spot14 mRNA levels were phase advanced and phase delayed, respectively, being concordant with the notion that Spot14 expression is under the control of the light-entrainable oscillator. As for nutritional mediators, in the liver of db/ db mice exhibiting hyperinsulinemia-accompanied hyperglycemia, Spot14 mRNA levels were constantly high without apparent rhythmicity, consistent with previous observations for strong activation of the Spot14 gene by glucose and insulin. Restricted feeding during the 4-h mid-light period caused a phase advance of the Spot14 expression rhythm. On the other hand, restricted feeding during the 4-h mid-dark period led to damping of the rhythmicity, apparently resulting from the separation of phases between effects of the light/dark cycle and feeding on Spot14 expression. Thus, the daily rhythm of Spot14 expression in the liver is under the control of the light-entrainable oscillator, food-entrainable oscillator, and food-derived nutrients, in a separate or cooperative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Ishihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Fish RJ, Neerman-Arbez M. Fibrinogen gene regulation. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:419-26. [PMID: 22836683 DOI: 10.1160/th12-04-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Aα, Bβ and γ polypeptide chains of fibrinogen are encoded by a three gene cluster on human chromosome four. The fibrinogen genes (FGB-FGA-FGG) are expressed almost exclusively in hepatocytes where their output is coordinated to ensure a sufficient mRNA pool for each chain and maintain an abundant plasma fibrinogen protein level. Fibrinogen gene expression is controlled by the activity of proximal promoters which contain binding sites for hepatocyte transcription factors, including proteins which influence fibrinogen transcription in response to acute-phase inflammatory stimuli. The fibrinogen gene cluster also contains cis regulatory elements; enhancer sequences with liver activities identified by sequence conservation and functional genomics. While the transcriptional control of this gene cluster is fascinating biology, the medical impetus to understand fibrinogen gene regulation stems from the association of cardiovascular disease risk with high level circulating fibrinogen. In the general population this level varies from about 1.5 to 3.5 g/l. This variation between individuals is influenced by genotype, suggesting there are genetic variants contributing to fibrinogen levels which reside in fibrinogen regulatory loci. A complete picture of how fibrinogen genes are regulated will therefore point towards novel sources of regulatory variants. In this review we discuss regulation of the fibrinogen genes from proximal promoters and enhancers, the influence of acute-phase stimulation, post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs and functional regulatory variants identified in genetic studies. Finally, we discuss the fibrinogen locus in light of recent advances in understanding chromosomal architecture and suggest future directions for researching the mechanisms that control fibrinogen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Matsumoto E, Ishihara A, Tamai S, Nemoto A, Iwase K, Hiwasa T, Shibata S, Takiguchi M. Time of day and nutrients in feeding govern daily expression rhythms of the gene for sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 in the mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33028-33036. [PMID: 20720008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) plays a central role in transcriptional regulation of genes for hepatic lipid synthesis that utilizes diet-derived nutrients such as carbohydrates and amino acids, and expression of SREBP-1 exhibits daily rhythms with a peak in the nocturnal feeding period under standard housing conditions of mice. Here, we report that the Srebp-1 expression rhythm shows time cue-independent and Clock mutation-sensitive circadian nature, and is synchronized with varied photoperiods apparently through entrainment of locomotor activity and food intake. Fasting caused diminution of Srebp-1 expression, while diabetic db/db and ob/ob mice showed constantly high expression with loss of rhythmicity. Time-restricted feedings during mid-light and mid-dark periods exhibited differential effects, the latter causing more severe damping of the oscillation. Therefore, "when to eat in a day (the light/dark cycle)," rather than "whenever to eat in a day," is a critical determinant to shape the daily rhythm of Srebp-1 expression. We further found that a high-carbohydrate diet and a high-protein diet, as well as a high-fat diet, cause phase shifts of the oscillation peak into the light period, underlining the importance of "what to eat." Daily rhythms of SREBP-1 protein levels and Akt phosphorylation levels also exhibited nutrient-responsive changes. Taken together, these findings provide a model for mechanisms by which time of day and nutrients in feeding shape daily rhythms of the Srebp-1 expression and possibly a number of other physiological functions with interindividual and interdaily differences in human beings and wild animals subjected to day-by-day changes in dietary timing and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Matsumoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Akinori Ishihara
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Saki Tamai
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Ayako Nemoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Katsuro Iwase
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Wakamatsu-cho 2-2, Shinjuku-ku 162-8480, Japan
| | - Masaki Takiguchi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba 260-8670.
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5
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Abstract
Elevated levels of fibrinogen are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas low fibrinogen can lead to a bleeding disorder. We investigated whether microRNAs (miRNAs), known to act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, regulate fibrinogen production. Using transfection of a library of 470 annotated human miRNA precursor molecules in HuH7 hepatoma cells and quantitative measurements of fibrinogen production, we identified 23 miRNAs with down-regulating (up to 64% decrease) and 4 with up-regulating effects (up to 129% increase) on fibrinogen production. Among the down-regulating miRNAs, we investigated the mechanism of action of 3 hsa-miR-29 family members and hsa-miR-409-3p. Overexpression of hsa-miR-29 members led to decreased steady-state levels of all fibrinogen gene (FGA, FGB, and FGG) transcripts in HuH7 cells. Luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated that this was independent of miRNA-fibrinogen 3'-untranslated region interactions. In contrast, overexpression of hsa-miR-409-3p specifically lowered fibrinogen Bβ mRNA levels, and this effect was dependent on a target site in the fibrinogen Bβ mRNA 3'-untranslated region. This study adds to the known mechanisms that control fibrinogen production, points toward a potential cause of variable circulating fibrinogen levels, and demonstrates that a screening approach can identify miRNAs that regulate clinically important proteins.
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Luna-Moreno D, Aguilar-Roblero R, Díaz-Muñoz M. RESTRICTED FEEDING ENTRAINS RHYTHMS OF INFLAMMATION-RELATED FACTORS WITHOUT PROMOTING AN ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26:1409-29. [DOI: 10.3109/07420520903417003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mansuy V, Risold PY, Glauser M, Fraichard A, Pralong FP. Expression of the GABAA receptor associated protein Gec1 is circadian and dependent upon the cellular clock machinery in GnRH secreting GnV-3 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 307:68-76. [PMID: 19524128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The timely regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion requires a GABAergic signal. We hypothesized that GEC1, a protein promoting the transport of GABA(A) receptors, could represent a circadian effector in GnRH neurons. First, we demonstrated that gec1 is co-expressed with the GABA(A) receptor in hypothalamic rat GnRH neurons. We also confirmed that the clock genes per1, cry1 and bmal1 are expressed and oscillate in GnRH secreting GnV-3 cells. Then we could show that gec1 is expressed in GnV-3 cells, and oscillates in a manner temporally related to the oscillations of the clock transcription factors. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that these oscillations depend upon Per1 expression. Finally, we observed that GABA(A) receptor levels at the GnV-3 cell membrane are timely modulated following serum shock. Together, these data demonstrate that gec1 expression is dependent upon the circadian clock machinery in GnRH-expressing neurons, and suggest for the first time that the level of GABA(A) receptor at the cell membrane may be under timely regulation. Overall, they provide a potential mechanism for the circadian regulation of GnRH secretion by GABA, and may also be relevant to the general understanding of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mansuy
- Services of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism of the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Ohkura N, Oishi K, Sakata T, Kadota K, Kasamatsu M, Fukushima N, Kurata A, Tamai Y, Shirai H, Atsumi GI, Ishida N, Matsuda J, Horie S. Circadian variations in coagulation and fibrinolytic factors among four different strains of mice. Chronobiol Int 2007; 24:651-69. [PMID: 17701678 DOI: 10.1080/07420520701534673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined circadian variation in coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters among Jcl:ICR, C3H/HeN, BALB/cA, and C57BL/6J strains of mice. Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels fluctuated in a circadian manner and peaked in accordance with the mRNA levels at the start of the active phase in all strains. Fibrinogen mRNA levels peaked at the start of rest periods in all strains, although plasma fibrinogen levels remained constant. Strain differences in plasma antithrombin (AT) activity and protein C (PC) levels were then identified. Plasma AT activity was circadian rhythmic only in Jcl:ICR, but not in other strains, although the mRNA levels remained constant in all strains. Levels of plasma PC and its mRNA fluctuated in a circadian manner only in Jcl:ICR mice, whereas those of plasma prothrombin, factor X, factor VII, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thrombin time (APTT) remained constant in all strains. These results suggest that genetic heterogeneity underlies phenotypic variations in the circadian rhythmicity of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. The circadian onset of thrombotic events might be due in part to the rhythmic gene expression of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. The present study provides fundamental information about mouse strains that will help to understand the circadian variation in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ohkura
- Clinical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Suarashi, Sagamiko, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-0195, Japan.
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9
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Liu TL, Shimada H, Ochiai T, Shiratori T, Lin SE, Kitagawa M, Harigaya K, Maki M, Oka M, Abe T, Takiguchi M, Hiwasa T. Enhancement of chemosensitivity toward peplomycin by calpastatin-stabilized NF-kappaB p65 in esophageal carcinoma cells: possible involvement of Fas/Fas-L synergism. Apoptosis 2007; 11:1025-37. [PMID: 16547594 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-6353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensitivity to anticancer drugs was compared between two human esophageal carcinoma cell lines, T.Tn and YES-6 cells. T.Tn cells were more resistant than YES-6 cells to peplomycin (PEP) but not to the other anticancer drugs such as camptothecin, mitomycin C and cytosine arabinoside. Western blot analysis showed higher expression levels of m-calpain and activated mu-calpain in T.Tn cells than in YES-6 cells. On the other hand, YES-6 cells showed a high expression level of calpastatin, which is a calpain-specific endogenous inhibitor. To investigate whether calpain activity was involved in the chemosensitivity, T.Tn cells were transfected with calpastatin cDNA in an inducible expression vector. The induction of calpastatin was accompanied by increased chemosensitivity to PEP. The increases in calpastatin levels were followed by serial increases in the expression levels of NF-kappaB p65 and Fas. Since purified m- or mu-calpain degraded NF-kappaB p65 in vitro, it is possible that calpastatin suppressed calpain-mediated degradation of NF-kappaB p65. Fas ligand (Fas-L) protein levels increased after treatment of the parental T.Tn and calpastatin-transfected cells with PEP, suggesting the synergism between calpastatin-induced Fas and PEP-induced Fas-L. These results suggest that calpain/calpastatin expression levels are effective markers for predicting the sensitivity of human esophageal carcinoma cells to PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-L Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Reilly DF, Westgate EJ, FitzGerald GA. Peripheral Circadian Clocks in the Vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1694-705. [PMID: 17541024 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.144923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have adapted to the daily rotation of the earth and regular changes in the light environment. Life forms anticipate environmental transitions, adapt their own physiology, and perform activities at behaviorally advantageous times during the day. This is achieved by means of endogenous circadian clocks that can be synchronized to the daily changes in external cues, most notably light and temperature. For many years it was thought that neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) uniquely controlled circadian rhythmicity of peripheral tissues via neural and humoral signals. The cloning and characterization of mammalian clock genes revealed that they are expressed in a circadian manner throughout the body. It is now accepted that peripheral cells, including those of the cardiovascular system, contain a circadian clock similar to that in the SCN. Many aspects of cardiovascular physiology are subject to diurnal variation, and serious adverse cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke occur with a frequency conditioned by time of day. This has raised the possibility that biological responses under the control of the molecular clock might interact with environmental cues to influence the phenotype of human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot F Reilly
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, 153 Johnson Pavilion, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Abstract
This review examines the connections between circadian and metabolic rhythms. Examples from a wide variety of well-studied organisms are used to illustrate some of the genetic and molecular pathways linking circadian timekeeping to metabolism. The principles underlying biological timekeeping by intrinsic circadian clocks are discussed briefly. Genetic and molecular studies have unambiguously identified the importance of gene expression feedback circuits to the generation of overt circadian rhythms. This is illustrated particularly well by the results of genome-wide expression studies, which have uncovered hundreds of clock-controlled genes in cyanobacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The potential connections between circadian oscillations in gene expression and circadian oscillations in metabolic activity are a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Wijnen
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4328, USA.
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12
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Holko M, Williams BRG. Functional annotation of IFN-alpha-stimulated gene expression profiles from sensitive and resistant renal cell carcinoma cell lines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:534-47. [PMID: 16881864 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiproliferative, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties of interferons (IFNs) have led to its therapeutic implementation. IFNs effects are mediated by a complex network of signal transducers, culminating in IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) induction. This complexity leads to diverse clinical responses to IFN, from no response to complete regression of disease. Elucidation of ISG induction patterns is, therefore, essential to understand and maximize its therapeutic potential. To correlate ISG expression profiles with IFN responsiveness, two renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines differing in antiviral and apoptotic response to IFN were treated with IFN-alpha for different times, and expression profiles were analyzed using a customized microarray containing 850 unique putative ISGs. Genes with similar kinetics of induction in both cell lines were clustered and analyzed for gene function. Seven sets of coordinately regulated genes were identified by k-means cluster analysis, and significant functional similarities were identified for five of the seven sets. Strikingly, expression of genes associated with transcription temporally preceded expression of those involved in signal transduction. Enhanced antiviral sensitivity to IFN was coincident with sustained expression of ISGs involved in transcriptional regulation. However, no difference in Stat1 activation was observed between the cell lines. Analysis of ISG expression patterns suggests that subtle differences in transcription profiles contribute to differences in IFN responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Holko
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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13
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Wang Y, Dun SL, Huang P, Chen C, Chen Y, Unterwald EM, Dun NJ, Van Bockstaele EJ, Liu-Chen LY. Distribution and ultrastructural localization of GEC1 in the rat CNS. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1265-76. [PMID: 16650615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that GEC1 interacts with the kappa opioid receptor and GEC1 expression enhances cell surface expression of the receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In this study, we generated an antiserum (PA629) directed against GEC1 in rabbits, characterized its specificity, and investigated distribution of GEC1 in tissues and in brain regions and spinal cord and its subcellular localization in hypothalamic neurons in the rat. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that PA629 recognized HA-GEC1 transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, but not HA-GABARAP or HA-GATE-16, although the three share high homology. Pre-incubation of PA629 with GST-GEC1, but not GST, abolished the staining. In immunoblotting, affinity-purified PA629 (PA629p) recognized GEC1, GABARAP and GATE-16. GEC1 migrated slower than GABARAP and GATE-16, with a M(r) of 16 kDa for GEC1 and M(r) of 14 kDa for GABARAP and GATE-16. Immunoblotting results showed that GEC1 level was higher in liver and brain than in lung and heart, and very low in kidney and skeletal muscle. GEC1 was present in all rat brain regions examined and spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that GEC1 immunoreactivity was distributed ubiquitously in the rat CNS with highly intense immunoreactivity in various brain nuclei and motor neurons of the spinal cord. Ultrastructural examination of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus showed that GEC1 was associated with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and distributed along plasma membranes and in cytosol. Coupled with our previous observation that GEC1 interacts with N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, these findings strongly suggest that GEC1 functions in intracellular trafficking in the biosynthesis pathway and perhaps also the endocytic pathway. The widespread distribution of GEC1 suggests that GEC1 may be associated with many proteins, in addition to the kappa opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple University, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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14
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Chauvet C, Bois-Joyeux B, Fontaine C, Gervois P, Bernard MA, Staels B, Danan JL. The Gene Encoding Fibrinogen-β Is a Target for Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor α. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:2517-26. [PMID: 15941850 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a plasma protein synthesized by the liver. It is composed of three chains (alpha, beta, gamma). In addition to its main function as a coagulation factor, this acute phase protein is also a risk marker for atherosclerosis. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)alpha is a nuclear receptor modulating physiopathological processes such as cerebellar ataxia, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. In this study, we identified RORalpha as a regulator of fibrinogen-beta gene expression in human hepatoma cells and in mouse liver. A putative RORalpha response element (RORE) was identified in the human fibrinogen-beta promoter. EMSA showed that RORalpha binds specifically to this RORE, and cotransfection experiments in HepG2 hepatoma cells indicated that this RORE confers RORalpha-dependent transcriptional activation to both the human fibrinogen-beta and the thymidine kinase promoters. Stable transfection experiments in HepG2 and Hep3B hepatoma cells demonstrated that overexpression of RORalpha specifically increases endogenous fibrinogen-beta mRNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the fibrinogen-beta RORE is occupied by RORalpha in HepG2 cells. Thus, the human fibrinogen-beta gene is a direct target for RORalpha. Furthermore, fibrinogen-beta mRNA levels in liver and plasma fibrinogen concentrations are specifically decreased in staggerer mice, which are homozygous for a deletion invalidating the Rora gene. Taken together, these data add further evidence for an important role of RORalpha in the control of liver gene expression with potential pathophysiological consequences on coagulation and cardiovascular risk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Line
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- Fibrinogen/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chauvet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR9078, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes Paris 5, site Necker, 75015 Paris, France
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Bertolucci C, Pinotti M, Colognesi I, Foà A, Bernardi F, Portaluppi F. Circadian rhythms in mouse blood coagulation. J Biol Rhythms 2005; 20:219-24. [PMID: 15851528 DOI: 10.1177/0748730405275654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock, influencing many biological processes, has been demonstrated to modulate levels of specific coagulation factors, but its impact on the coagulation efficiency is unknown. In a mouse model, the authors evaluated the temporal variations in the initial rate of activated factor X (FXa) and thrombin generation. Upon coagulation activation through the FVIIa-TF pathway (extrinsic activation), both parameters showed rhythmic variations with a significant peak at ZT 12, the light-to-dark transition. In mice subjected to a 6-h delayed light-dark cycle, the peak was shifted as expected. These cyclic oscillations were also observed in constant darkness, thus demonstrating, for the first time, the existence of strong circadian rhythms of the initial rate of either FXa or thrombin generation activity levels. These circadian variations overlapped with those that have been recently described in factor VII (FVII) activity. The peak of FXa generation activity was simulated by the addition of purified human FVII, thus indicating that circadian variations in FVII activity are important determinants of the circadian rhythm of the procoagulant cascade efficiency. These findings help to elucidate the complex control on the coagulation process and might contribute in explaining the temporal variations in the frequency of cardiovascular events observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Pinotti M, Bertolucci C, Portaluppi F, Colognesi I, Frigato E, Foà A, Bernardi F. Daily and Circadian Rhythms of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and Factor VII Activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:646-9. [PMID: 15604416 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000153140.13148.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Diurnal variations in levels of factor VII (FVII), FVIII, proteins C and S, antithrombin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, prothrombin fragment F
1+2
, and D-dimers in healthy humans point to the existence of circadian rhythms of coagulation factors. We sought for temporal fluctuations of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) activity in human and mouse plasma.
Methods and Results—
TFPI activity showed significant daily variations with highest levels in the morning in healthy men (+11%) and in mice at the light-to-dark transition (+63%), the beginning of the physically active period. Variations in FVII activity paralleled those in TFPI. In mice, the feeding schedule had a strong impact on these rhythms. Although restricted feeding and fasting shifted the peak of TFPI, the FVII peak disappeared. Investigation of temporal fluctuations in constant darkness indicated the existence of daily rhythms for TFPI and of true circadian rhythms for FVII.
Conclusions—
For the first time, we report, both in humans and mice, temporal variations in TFPI activity. The coherent variations in FVII and TFPI activity could interplay to maintain the coagulation equilibrium. The chronobiological patterns should be considered to analyze activity levels of these factors. Moreover, the mouse model could be exploited to investigate modifiers of coagulation rhythms potentially associated to morning peaks of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Pinotti
- Deparment of di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italia.
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