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Grose C, Putman Z, Esposito D. A review of alternative promoters for optimal recombinant protein expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 186:105924. [PMID: 34087362 PMCID: PMC8266756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Generating recombinant proteins in insect cells has been made possible via the use of the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). Despite the success of many proteins via this platform, some targets remain a challenge due to issues such as cytopathic effects, the unpredictable nature of co-infection and co-expressions, and baculovirus genome instability. Many promoters have been assayed for the purpose of expressing diverse proteins in insect cells, and yet there remains a lack of implementation of those results when reviewing the landscape of commercially available baculovirus vectors. In advancing the platform to produce a greater variety of proteins and complexes, the development of such constructs cannot be avoided. A better understanding of viral gene regulation and promoter options including viral, synthetic, and insect-derived promoters will be beneficial to researchers looking to utilize BEVS by recruiting these intricate mechanisms of gene regulation for heterologous gene expression. Here we summarize some of the developments that could be utilized to improve the expression of recombinant proteins and multi-protein complexes in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Grose
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Zoe Putman
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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2
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Furukawa H, Simorowski N, Michalski K. Effective production of oligomeric membrane proteins by EarlyBac-insect cell system. Methods Enzymol 2021; 653:3-19. [PMID: 34099177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in methodologies for membrane protein production over the last two decades, there remain challenging protein complexes that are technically difficult to yield by conventional recombinant expression methods. A large number of these proteins are multimeric membrane proteins from eukaryotic species, which are required to pass through stringent quality control mechanisms of host cells for proper folding and complex assembly. Here, we describe the development procedure to improve the production efficiency of multi-oligomeric membrane protein complexes in insect cells and recombinant baculovirus, which involves screening of promoters, enhancers, and untranslated regions for expression levels, using calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) proteins as examples. We demonstrate that our insect cell expression strategy is effective in expression of both multi-homomeric CALHM proteins and multi-heteromeric NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States.
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Michalski
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
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3
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Goswami R, Subramanian G, Silayeva L, Newkirk I, Doctor D, Chawla K, Chattopadhyay S, Chandra D, Chilukuri N, Betapudi V. Gene Therapy Leaves a Vicious Cycle. Front Oncol 2019; 9:297. [PMID: 31069169 PMCID: PMC6491712 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genetic code encrypted in thousands of genes holds the secret for synthesis of proteins that drive all biological processes necessary for normal life and death. Though the genetic ciphering remains unchanged through generations, some genes get disrupted, deleted and or mutated, manifesting diseases, and or disorders. Current treatment options—chemotherapy, protein therapy, radiotherapy, and surgery available for no more than 500 diseases—neither cure nor prevent genetic errors but often cause many side effects. However, gene therapy, colloquially called “living drug,” provides a one-time treatment option by rewriting or fixing errors in the natural genetic ciphering. Since gene therapy is predominantly a viral vector-based medicine, it has met with a fair bit of skepticism from both the science fraternity and patients. Now, thanks to advancements in gene editing and recombinant viral vector development, the interest of clinicians and pharmaceutical industries has been rekindled. With the advent of more than 12 different gene therapy drugs for curing cancer, blindness, immune, and neuronal disorders, this emerging experimental medicine has yet again come in the limelight. The present review article delves into the popular viral vectors used in gene therapy, advances, challenges, and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Goswami
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Liliya Silayeva
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Isabelle Newkirk
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Doctor
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Karan Chawla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nageswararao Chilukuri
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Venkaiah Betapudi
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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4
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Escasa SR, Harrison RL, Mowery JD, Bauchan GR, Cory JS. The complete genome sequence of an alphabaculovirus from Spodoptera exempta, an agricultural pest of major economic significance in Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209937. [PMID: 30735528 PMCID: PMC6368282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpexNPV) is a viral pathogen of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a significant agricultural pest of cereal crops in Africa. SpexNPV has been evaluated as a potential insecticide for control of this pest and has served as the subject of research on baculovirus pathology and transmission. Occlusion bodies (OBs) of SpexNPV isolate 244.1 were examined, and the nucleotide sequence of the genome was determined and characterized. SpexNPV-244.1 OBs consisted of irregular polyhedra with a size and appearance typical for alphabaculoviruses. Virions within the polyhedra contained 1–8 nucleocapsids per unit envelope. The SpexNPV-244.1 genome was comprised of a 129,528 bp circular sequence, in which 139 ORFs were annotated. Five homologous regions (hrs) consisting of a variable number of 28-bp imperfect palindromes were identified in the genome. The genome sequence contained the 38 core genes of family Baculoviridae, as well as three ORFs unique to the SpexNPV sequence and one ORF that was apparently acquired by horizontal gene transfer with a betabaculovirus ancestor. Phylogenetic inference with core gene amino acid sequence alignments placed SpexNPV-244.1 in a lineage containing alphabaculoviruses of Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodopotera exigua which in turn is part of a larger group of alphabaculoviruses from the subfamily Noctuinae in the lepidopteran family Noctuidae. Kimura-2-parameter pairwise nucleotide distances indicated that SpexNPV-244.1 represented a different and previously unlisted species in the genus Alphabaculovirus. Gene parity plots indicated that the gene order of SpexNPV-244.l was extensively collinear with that of Spodoptera exigua NPV (SeMNPV). These plots also revealed a group of 17 core genes whose order was conserved in other alpha- and betabaculoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R. Escasa
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre and Biology Department, Algoma University, Sault Ste, Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert L. Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLH); (JSC)
| | - Joseph D. Mowery
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jenny S. Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, University Boulevard, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (RLH); (JSC)
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5
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Zhang XF, Xie Y, Wang H, Wang J, Chen H, Zeng T, Zhao Y, Wei T. Exploration of an Actin Promoter-Based Transient Expression Vector to Trace the Cellular Localization of Nucleorhabdovirus Proteins in Leafhopper Cultured Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3034. [PMID: 30619126 PMCID: PMC6306041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuously cultured cell lines derived from planthopper and leafhopper have greatly facilitated the investigation of rice viruses transmitted by these insects. However, the lack of a suitable transient expression vector has limited their utility. Here, by cloning and analyzing the promoter sequence of the gene encoding cytoplasmic actin from the leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps, we successfully developed the first efficient transient expression vector for cultured leafhopper cells, which can also be used to express exogenous proteins in other insect culture cell lines, including those derived from Recilia dorsalis leafhopper and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9). Furthermore, insertion of the Hr5 viral enhancer element and knockdown of the endogenous Dicer2 gene notably improved the vector's expression efficiency in leafhopper cells. Using the optimized vector, we have for the first time traced the cellular localization of the proteins encoded by rice yellow stunt virus (RYSV) in cells of its insect vector and demonstrated that P6 protein is a component of the viroplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou,China
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6
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Bossert M, Carstens EB. Sequential deletion of AcMNPV homologous regions leads to reductions in budded virus production and late protein expression. Virus Res 2018; 256:125-133. [PMID: 30121325 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Homologous regions (hrs) have been predicted to act as origins of baculovirus DNA replication. Hrs have also been shown to function as enhancers of virus transcription. Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) carries eight hrs. In order to assess the role of hrs in virus replication in vivo, we applied a two-step RED recombination system for site-specific mutagenesis to sequentially delete each hr from a bacmid copy of AcMNPV. We then characterized the ability of the bacmids carrying different numbers of hrs or no hr to produce polyhedra and budded virus in transfected cells. We also investigated the ability of virus supernatants from transfected cells to produce budded virus and polyhedra when used to infect cells. We also characterized the expression of specific early and late virus proteins in transfected cells. The results demonstrated that removal of five hrs had little or no effect on virus infection but deleting all eight hrs compromised budded virus production and delayed early and late gene expression but did not completely eliminate assembly of infectious virus. We conclude that multiple hrs ensure an effective virus infection cycle with production of high titers of budded virus and polyhedra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Bossert
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3Y6, Canada
| | - Eric B Carstens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3Y6, Canada.
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7
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Lin SY, Yeh CT, Li WH, Yu CP, Lin WC, Yang JY, Wu HL, Hu YC. Enhanced enterovirus 71 virus-like particle yield from a new baculovirus design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2005-15. [PMID: 25997678 PMCID: PMC7161748 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Asia‐Pacific region. To produce the virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine, we previously constructed recombinant baculoviruses to co‐express EV71 P1 polypeptide and 3CD protease using the Bac‐to‐Bac® vector system. The recombinant baculoviruses resulted in P1 cleavage by 3CD and subsequent VLP assembly in infected insect cells, but caused either low VLP yield or excessive VLP degradation. To tackle the problems, here we explored various expression cassette designs and flashBAC GOLD™ vector system which was deficient in v‐cath and chiA genes. We found that the recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD™ system was insufficient to improve the EV71 VLP yield. Nonetheless, BacF‐P1‐C3CD, a recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLDTM system to express P1 under the polh promoter and 3CD under the CMV promoter, dramatically improved the VLP yield while alleviating the VLP degradation. Infection of High FiveTM cells with BacF‐P1‐C3CD enhanced the total and extracellular VLP yield to ≈268 and ≈171 mg/L, respectively, which enabled the release of abundant VLP into the supernatant and simplified the downstream purification. Intramuscular immunization of mice with 5 μg purified VLP induced cross‐protective humoral responses and conferred protection against lethal virus challenge. Given the significantly improved extracellular VLP yield (≈171 mg/L) and the potent immunogenicity conferred by 5 μg VLP, one liter High FiveTM culture produced ≈12,000 doses of purified vaccine, thus rendering the EV71 VLP vaccine economically viable and able to compete with inactivated virus vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2005–2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yeh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tsui Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hua Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Yu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yuan Yang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Wu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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8
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Identification of a high-efficiency baculovirus DNA replication origin that functions in insect and mammalian cells. J Virol 2014; 88:13073-85. [PMID: 25187548 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01713-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The p143 gene from Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) has been found to increase the expression of luciferase, which is driven by the polyhedrin gene promoter, in a plasmid with virus coinfection. Further study indicated that this is due to the presence of a replication origin (ori) in the coding region of this gene. Transient DNA replication assays showed that a specific fragment of the p143 coding sequence, p143-3, underwent virus-dependent DNA replication in Spodoptera frugiperda IPLB-Sf-21 (Sf-21) cells. Deletion analysis of the p143-3 fragment showed that subfragment p143-3.2a contained the essential sequence of this putative ori. Sequence analysis of this region revealed a unique distribution of imperfect palindromes with high AT contents. No sequence homology or similarity between p143-3.2a and any other known ori was detected, suggesting that it is a novel baculovirus ori. Further study showed that the p143-3.2a ori can replicate more efficiently in infected Sf-21 cells than baculovirus homologous regions (hrs), the major baculovirus ori, or non-hr oris during virus replication. Previously, hr on its own was unable to replicate in mammalian cells, and for mammalian viral oris, viral proteins are generally required for their proper replication in host cells. However, the p143-3.2a ori was, surprisingly, found to function as an efficient ori in mammalian cells without the need for any viral proteins. We conclude that p143 contains a unique sequence that can function as an ori to enhance gene expression in not only insect cells but also mammalian cells. IMPORTANCE Baculovirus DNA replication relies on both hr and non-hr oris; however, so far very little is known about the latter oris. Here we have identified a new non-hr ori, the p143 ori, which resides in the coding region of p143. By developing a novel DNA replication-enhanced reporter system, we have identified and located the core region required for the p143 ori. This ori contains a large number of imperfect inverted repeats and is the most active ori in the viral genome during virus infection in insect cells. We also found that it is a unique ori that can replicate in mammalian cells without the assistance of baculovirus gene products. The identification of this ori should contribute to a better understanding of baculovirus DNA replication. Also, this ori is very useful in assisting with gene expression in mammalian cells.
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Jiang L, Xia Q. The progress and future of enhancing antiviral capacity by transgenic technology in the silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 48:1-7. [PMID: 24561307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is a common lepidopteran model and an important economic insect for silk production. B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a typical pathogenic baculovirus that causes serious economic losses in sericulture. B. mori and BmNPV are a model of insect host and pathogen interaction including invasion of the host by the pathogen, host response, and enhancement of host resistance. The antiviral capacity of silkworms can be improved by transgenic technology such as overexpression of an endogenous or exogenous antiviral gene, RNA interference of the BmNPV gene, or regulation of the immune pathway to inhibit BmNPV at different stages of infection. Antiviral capacity could be further increased by combining different methods. We discuss the future of an antiviral strategy in silkworm, including possible improvement of anti-BmNPV, the feasibility of constructing transgenic silkworms with resistance to multiple viruses, and the safety of transgenic silkworms. The silkworm model could provide a reference for disease control in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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10
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Jiang L, Cheng T, Zhao P, Yang Q, Wang G, Jin S, Lin P, Xiao Y, Xia Q. Resistance to BmNPV via overexpression of an exogenous gene controlled by an inducible promoter and enhancer in transgenic silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41838. [PMID: 22870254 PMCID: PMC3411602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The hycu-ep32 gene of Hyphantria cunea NPV can inhibit Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) multiplication in co-infected cells, but it is not known whether the overexpression of the hycu-ep32 gene has an antiviral effect in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Thus, we constructed four transgenic vectors, which were under the control of the 39 K promoter of BmNPV (39 KP), Bombyx mori A4 promoter (A4P), hr3 enhancer of BmNPV combined with 39 KP, and hr3 combined with A4P. Transgenic lines were created via embryo microinjection using practical diapause silkworm. qPCR revealed that the expression level of hycu-ep32 could be induced effectively after BmNPV infection in transgenic lines where hycu-ep32 was controlled by hr3 combined with 39 KP (i.e., HEKG). After oral inoculation of BmNPV with 3 × 105 occlusion bodies per third instar, the mortality with HEKG-B was approximately 30% lower compared with the non-transgenic line. The economic characteristics of the transgenic lines remained unchanged. These results suggest that overexpression of an exogenous antiviral gene controlled by an inducible promoter and enhancer is a feasible method for breeding silkworms with a high antiviral capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericulture and Farm Product Processing Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shengkai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Sericulture and Farm Product Processing Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Li SF, Wang HL, Hu ZH, Deng F. Genetic modification of baculovirus expression vectors. Virol Sin 2012; 27:71-82. [PMID: 22491998 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a protein expression vector, the baculovirus demonstrates many advantages over other vectors. With the development of biotechnology, baculoviral vectors have been genetically modified to facilitate high level expression of heterologous proteins in both insect and mammalian cells. These modifications include utilization of different promoters and signal peptides, deletion or replacement of viral genes for increasing protein secretion, integration of polycistronic expression cassette for producing protein complexes, and baculovirus pseudotyping, promoter accommodation or surface display for enhancing mammalian cell targeting gene delivery. This review summarizes the development and the current state of art of the baculovirus expression system. Further development of baculovirus expression systems will make them even more feasible and accessible for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-fen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint-Lab of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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12
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Nagai S, Alves CAF, Kobayashi M, Ikeda M. Comparative transient expression assay analysis of hycu-hr6- and IE1-dependent regulation of baculovirus gp64 early promoters in three insect cell lines. Virus Res 2010; 155:83-90. [PMID: 20837073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the Hyphantria cunea multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HycuMNPV) gp64 gene (hycu-gp64) is uniquely localized on the viral genome with a large homologous region of 1582bp, hycu-hr6, immediately upstream of the hycu-gp64 gene. In the present study, we compared the regulation of gp64 early promoters from HycuMNPV, Autographa californica multicapsid NPV (AcMNPV) and Bombyx mori NPV (BmNPV) by cis-acting hycu-hr6 and trans-acting IE1s in three cell lines (Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9, Bombyx mori BM-N and Spilosoma imparilis SpIm). A transient expression assay with plasmids harboring a reporter luciferase gene demonstrated that the gp64 early promoters are positively regulated by hycu-hr6, independent of virus and cell types. In contrast, gp64 early promoters were regulated positively or negatively by trans-acting IE1s, in a cell- and virus-type dependent manner, indicating that cellular factors, as well as viral factors, are responsible for IE1-dependent regulation of gp64 early promoters. However, hycu-gp64 early promoter activity was consistently suppressed by HycuMNPV IE1 (Hycu-IE1), irrespective of the cell lines used. Analysis of the hycu-gp64 early promoter region revealed two novel sequence elements that were involved in Hycu-IE1-dependent negative regulation of the hycu-gp64 early promoter. These two novel regulatory sequence elements could compensate for each other but could not be substituted with AcMNPV IE1 binding motif (Ac-IBM). These results suggest that IE1 regulates gp64 early promoters to produce the proper amount of GP64 protein, depending upon NPV-insect cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Nagai
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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13
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Lin X, Chen Y, Yi Y, Zhang Z. Baculovirus immediately early 1, a mediator for homologous regions enhancer function in trans. Virol J 2010; 7:32. [PMID: 20144239 PMCID: PMC2834656 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancers are DNA sequences that serve as binding sites for regulatory proteins, and stimulate transcriptional activity independent of their positions and orientations with respect to the transcriptional initiation site. Previous studies considered that baculovirus homologous regions (hrs) function as enhancers in cis. In our study, a plasmid containing homologous region 3 (hr3) enhancer from Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) failed to enhance transcription of promoter in other plasmid in co-transfection assays, but strong stimulation occurred when cells were infected by BmNPV. RESULTS The cotransfection results of each BmNPV genomic library plasmid, hr3 plasmid and reporter plasmid showed that there were eight library plasmids stimulated the luciferase gene expression remarkably. Sequencing these plasmids revealed that each of them contained the ie-1 gene. Transfected plasmids, containing ie-1, hr3 and various origin promoter drove reporter gene showed the function was even retained. Cotransfection of hr3 functional dissected fragment and ie-1 revealed that the 30-bp imperfect palindrome destroyed fragment can't enhance reporter gene expression even though transfected with ie-1. CONCLUSION IE-1 was the only early factor of BmNPV that could act as a mediator for hr enhancer function in trans and the trans-function was achieved with a broad-spectrum of promoters. The 30-bp imperfect palindrome was the elementary molecular structure by which IE-1 participated in the enhancer function in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu'ai Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Trans-complementation of polyhedrin by a stably transformed Sf9 insect cell line allows occ- baculovirus occlusion and larval per os infectivity. J Biotechnol 2009; 145:199-205. [PMID: 19896510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral infection of insect larvae with baculovirus is an advantageous methodology for producing high levels of recombinant proteins and for achieving plague control. However, many recombinant baculoviruses express a foreign protein in lieu of the polyhedrin and hence do not form occlusion bodies (occ-), resulting in extremely reduced per os infectivity in larvae. To overcome this limitation, stably transformed insect cell lines expressing polyhedrin capable of occluding occ- recombinant baculovirus by trans-complementation were developed to obtain oral inoculum for insect larvae infection. First, the optimum regulatory region of polyhedrin promoter was determined utilizing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) as the reporter gene. After infection with occ- baculovirus, the higher expression levels of CAT were achieved when a region of 2735bp that contained sequences known to have transcriptional enhancer functions were present upstream the polyhedrin coding sequence. This regulatory region was selected to drive polyhedrin expression in insect cell lines. Transfection of Sf9 cells with plasmid carrying polyhedrin gene and stable cell lines established by selection with blasticidin showed polyhedrin expression and, moreover, crystalline polyhedron-like structures were visualized by optic microscopy. Oral infectivity was demonstrated by fluorescence detection in Rachiplusia nu larvae infected with occluded AcGFPpolh- baculovirus obtained using the system presented here.
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15
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hycu-hr6, A large homologous region of the Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus genome, as a powerful and versatile enhancer in insect expression systems. Virus Genes 2009; 39:403-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Rasheedi S, Suragani M, Haq SK, Ghosh S, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Characterization of LEF4 ligand binding property and its role as part of baculoviral transcription machinery. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 333:83-9. [PMID: 19633819 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Late expression factor 4 (LEF4) is one of the four identified subunits of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) encoded RNA polymerase that carries out transcription from viral late and very late promoters. This 464-amino acid baculovirus-encoded protein also harbors 5' mRNA capping activity that includes RNA 5' triphosphatase, nucleoside triphosphatase, and guanylyltransferase activities. Hydrolysis of 5' triphosphate RNA and free NTPs is metal ion dependent property of the protein. In the present communication, we describe the structural changes in the recombinant LEF4 protein following ligand binding. Metal ion binding causes some alteration in the conformation around aromatic amino acids whereas there is no effect on tryptophan fluorescence on GTP binding in absence and presence of metal ion. It is found that GTP and divalent cation cofactor produce some prominent changes in the secondary structure of the protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) shows that LEF4 is the probable factor that acts as anchor to dock the viral RNA polymerase on the very late polyhedrin promoter (Ppolh) facilitated by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Rasheedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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17
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Kumar MS, Ramachandran A, Hasnain SE, Bashyam MD. Octamer and heat shock elements regulate transcription from the AcMNPV polyhedrin gene promoter. Arch Virol 2009; 154:445-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Wu CP, Wang JY, Huang TY, Lo HR, Chao YC. Identification of baculoviral factors required for the activation of enhancer-like polyhedrin upstream (pu) sequence. Virus Res 2008; 138:7-16. [PMID: 18760315 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we identified a novel enhancer-like element, the polyhedrin upstream (pu) sequence, in the genome of the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), which activates several early promoters. The activation requires co-infection of AcMNPV, suggesting that viral gene products are needed for pu-mediated promoter activation. DNA replication assay showed that the pu sequence did not assist in DNA replication and suggested its involvement in activated transcription from target promoters. In order to identify the viral genes responsible for pu-dependent activation of early promoters, a set of overlapping cosmid clones covering the entire 134-kb AcMNPV genome were constructed and screened. Our results identified three viral genes ie1, ie2, and pe38, which function in concert with pu to activate target promoters. In addition, these three viral factors can substitute for the entire virus for the synergistic promoter activation mediated by pu and the known baculovirus enhancer, the homologous region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Rasheedi S, Ramachandran A, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Biochemical characterization of Sf9 Sp-family-like protein factors reveals interesting features. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1819-28. [PMID: 17653621 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We earlier documented the involvement of novel Sp-family-like protein factors in transcription from the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) polyhedrin (polh) gene promoter [Ramachandran et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 23440-23449]. These zinc-dependent Sp-like factors bind to two putative Sp-factor-binding motifs, present within the AcSp sequence upstream of the polh promoter, with very high affinity (K(d) = 2.1 x 10(-12) M). Like other polh-promoter-associated host transcription factors, these Sp-like factors display tolerance to high ion concentrations up to even 3 M NaCl. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated a probable cross-talk between the Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) Sp-family-like proteins and the TFIID complex. In complementary experiments, specific replacements of the Sp-factor-binding motifs with TATA-like elements resulted in expression of a luciferase reporter gene to almost the same level as that obtained with a wild-type native construct. Our results point to the possibility of the involvement of TFIID and Sf9 Sp protein interaction in transcription from the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rasheedi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
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21
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Hilton S, Winstanley D. Identification and functional analysis of the origins of DNA replication in the Cydia pomonella granulovirus genome. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1496-1504. [PMID: 17412979 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire genome of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) was systematically screened for origins of DNA replication, using an infection-dependent DNA replication assay in the granulovirus-permissive Cydia pomonella cell line, Cp14R. All seven cosmids in an overlapping library that covered the CpGV genome were found to replicate in the assay. A genomic library of 32 overlapping plasmids was subsequently screened. Plasmids that replicated were in turn subcloned into 1-2 kbp overlapping fragments. Eleven subclones replicated, each containing at least one of the 13 single-copy 74-76 bp imperfect palindromes, previously identified in the CpGV genome as possible origins of replication. Genome fragments of 156 bp, each containing one of the 13 palindromes, were cloned to verify replication and provided confirmation that these 13 palindromes are the only origins of replication in the genome. A real-time PCR method was developed for the quantification of DNA replication, which eliminated the need for Southern blotting and hybridization. A set of deletion clones allowed further quantitative characterization of one of the palindromes. The previously proposed non-homologous region origin of replication did not replicate in the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hilton
- Warwick HRI, The University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Doreen Winstanley
- Warwick HRI, The University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
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Mähönen AJ, Airenne KJ, Purola S, Peltomaa E, Kaikkonen MU, Riekkinen MS, Heikura T, Kinnunen K, Roschier MM, Wirth T, Ylä-Herttuala S. Post-transcriptional regulatory element boosts baculovirus-mediated gene expression in vertebrate cells. J Biotechnol 2007; 131:1-8. [PMID: 17617485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses can express transgenes in a wide range of vertebrate cells. However, in some cells transgene expression is weak. To enhance transgene expression, we studied the effect of the Woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) on baculovirus (BV)-mediated gene expression of several transgenes. A significant increase in BV-mediated gene expression was detected in several cell lines. A 10-fold increase in transgene expression was observed with the WPRE as determined by the percentage of positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Furthermore, a combination of optimized cell culture medium and WPRE virus led to more than a 60-fold increase in gene expression. In accordance, elevated mRNA and protein levels were detected in WPRE-virus transduced cells. In HepG2 and RaaSMC, WPRE-mediated enhancement was comparable to the previously shown positive effect of sodium butyrate on BV-mediated gene expression. Thus, inclusion of the WPRE into a baculovirus vector provides a simple means to improve BV-mediated gene expression in vertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi J Mähönen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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Tomita M, Hino R, Ogawa S, Iizuka M, Adachi T, Shimizu K, Sotoshiro H, Yoshizato K. A germline transgenic silkworm that secretes recombinant proteins in the sericin layer of cocoon. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:449-65. [PMID: 17415674 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A silk thread of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is composed of the insoluble inner fibroin and the hydrophilic outer sericin layer, which are synthesized in the posterior and middle silk gland (MSG), respectively. This study aimed to develop a novel sericin 1 gene (ser1) promoter-driven recombinant expression system using transgenic silkworms, in which recombinant proteins are synthesized in MSG and secreted into the sericin layer. To obtain a high level of gene expression, we tested whether a baculovirus-derived enhancer, hr3, and a trans-regulator, IE1, are capable of stimulating the transcriptional activity of the ser1 promoter, using a transient gene expression system. The results showed that hr3 and IE1 cooperatively increased the ser1 promoter activity more than 30-fold. Then, transgenic silkworms were generated which expressed the EGFP with the signal peptide in MSG under the control of the hr3-linked ser1 promoter and IE1 gene. The silkworms exclusively secreted the EGFP into the sericin layer of cocoons as predicted. The expressed EGFP was extractable from cocoons through a simple procedure with neutral pH buffer solution. The expression system developed in this study enables us to produce recombinant proteins in bulk that can be easily extracted and purified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tomita
- Yoshizato Project, Cooperative Link of Unique Science and Technology for Economy Revitalization, Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-10-32 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
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24
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Baculovirus-mediated gene transfer and recombinant protein expression do not interfere with insulin dependent phosphorylation of PKB/Akt in human SHSY-5Y and C3A cells. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:6. [PMID: 17309805 PMCID: PMC1808450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adenovirus vectors and transfection agents comprising cationic lipids are widely used as gene delivery vehicles for functional expression in cultured cells. Consequently, these tools are utilized to investigate the effects of functional over-expression of proteins on insulin mediated events. However, we have previously reported that cationic lipid reagents cause a state of insulin unresponsiveness in cell cultures. In addition, we have found that cultured cells often do not respond to insulin stimulation following adenovirus treatment. Infection with adenovirus compromises vital functions of the host cell leading to the activation of protein kinases central to insulin signalling, such as protein kinase B/Akt. Therefore, we investigated the effect of adenovirus infection on insulin unresponsiveness by means of Akt activation in cultured cells. Moreover, we investigated the use of baculovirus as a heterologous viral gene delivery vehicle to circumvent these phenomena. Since the finding that baculovirus can efficiently transduce mammalian cells, the applications of this viral system in gene delivery has greatly expanded and one advantage is the virtual absence of cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. RESULTS We show that infection of human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y and liver C3A cells with recombinant adenovirus results in the activation of Akt in a dose dependent manner. In addition, this activation makes treated cells unresponsive to insulin stimulation as determined by an apparent lack of differential phosphorylation of Akt on serine-473. Our data further indicate that the use of recombinant baculovirus does not increase the phosphorylation of Akt in SHSY-5Y and C3A cells. Moreover, following infection with baculovirus, SHSY-5Y and C3A cells respond to insulin by means of phosphorylation of Akt on serine-473 in the same manner as uninfected cells. CONCLUSION Widely-used adenovirus vectors for gene delivery cause a state of insulin unresponsiveness in human SHSY-5Y and C3A cells in culture due to the activation of central protein kinases of the insulin signalling pathway. This phenomenon can be avoided when studying insulin signalling by using recombinant baculovirus as a heterologous viral expression system. In addition, our data may contribute to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying baculovirus infection of human cells.
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25
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Duffy SP, Young AM, Morin B, Lucarotti CJ, Koop BF, Levin DB. Sequence analysis and organization of the Neodiprion abietis nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Virol 2006; 80:6952-63. [PMID: 16809301 PMCID: PMC1489044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00187-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 30 baculovirus genomes that have been sequenced to date, the only nonlepidopteran baculoviruses include the dipteran Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus and two hymenopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses that infect the sawflies Neodiprion lecontei (NeleNPV) and Neodiprion sertifer (NeseNPV). This study provides a complete sequence and genome analysis of the nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects the balsam fir sawfly Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Diprionidae). The N. abietis nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeabNPV) is 84,264 bp in size, with a G+C content of 33.5%, and contains 93 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Eleven predicted ORFs are unique to this baculovirus, 10 ORFs have a putative sequence homologue in the NeleNPV genome but not the NeseNPV genome, and 1 ORF (neab53) has a putative sequence homologue in the NeseNPV genome but not the NeleNPV genome. Specific repeat sequences are coincident with major genome rearrangements that distinguish NeabNPV and NeleNPV. Genes associated with these repeat regions encode a common amino acid motif, suggesting that they are a family of repeated contiguous gene clusters. Lepidopteran baculoviruses, similarly, have a family of repeated genes called the bro gene family. However, there is no significant sequence similarity between the NeabNPV and bro genes. Homologues of early-expressed genes such as ie-1 and lef-3 were absent in NeabNPV, as they are in the previously sequenced hymenopteran baculoviruses. Analyses of ORF upstream sequences identified potential temporally distinct genes on the basis of putative promoter elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Duffy
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
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26
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Berretta MF, Passarelli AL. Function of Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus late gene expression factors in the insect cell line SF-21. Virology 2006; 355:82-93. [PMID: 16901524 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We used a well established transient expression assay to test the ability of the baculovirus Spodoptera exigua M nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) homologs of Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) late expression factors (lefs) to activate a late promoter-reporter gene cassette in SF-21 cells. This insect-derived cell line is fully permissive for AcMNPV infection but not for SeMNPV. In the assay, 19 AcMNPV lefs stimulate optimal levels of late gene promoter activity. SeMNPV lef-5 successfully replaced the corresponding AcMNPV gene in the context of the remaining set of AcMNPV lefs, whereas SeMNPV dnapol and 39k exhibited partial activity. When all the SeMNPV lefs were assayed together or in the presence of four lefs encoded only in AcMNPV, it resulted in background levels of late promoter-driven reporter gene activity. However, SeMNPV genomic DNA and the four AcMNPV-specific lefs stimulated low levels of reporter gene activity. Moreover, SeMNPV IE-1, but not AcMNPV IE-1, further stimulated late gene expression in the presence of SeMNPV DNA. AcMNPV IE-1 was able to mediate early gene expression cis-linked to homologous regions (hrs) derived from AcMNPV and SeMNPV. In contrast, SeMNPV IE-1 was more specific for SeMNPV-derived hr elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo F Berretta
- Division of Biology, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
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Douris V, Swevers L, Labropoulou V, Andronopoulou E, Georgoussi Z, Iatrou K. Stably Transformed Insect Cell Lines: Tools for Expression of Secreted and Membrane‐anchored Proteins and High‐throughput Screening Platforms for Drug and Insecticide Discovery. Adv Virus Res 2006; 68:113-56. [PMID: 16997011 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)68004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect cell-based expression systems are prominent amongst current expression platforms for their ability to express virtually all types of heterologous recombinant proteins. Stably transformed insect cell lines represent an attractive alternative to the baculovirus expression system, particularly for the production of secreted and membrane-anchored proteins. For this reason, transformed insect cell systems are receiving increased attention from the research community and the biotechnology industry. In this article, we review recent developments in the field of insect cell-based expression from two main perspectives, the production of secreted and membrane-anchored proteins and the establishment of novel methodological tools for the identification of bioactive compounds that can be used as research reagents and leads for new pharmaceuticals and insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Douris
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biology National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, GR 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis (Athens), Greece
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Abstract
Since the discovery that baculoviruses can efficiently transduce mammalian cells, baculoviruses have been extensively studied as potential vectors for both in vitro and in vivo gene therapy. This chapter reviews the history of this research area, cells permissive to baculovirus transduction, factors influencing transduction and transgene expression, efforts to improve transduction, mechanisms of virus entry and intracellular trafficking, applications for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy, as well as advantages, limitations, and safety issues concerning use of baculoviruses as gene therapy vectors. Recent progress and efforts directed toward overcoming existing bottlenecks are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
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29
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Landais I, Vincent R, Bouton M, Devauchelle G, Duonor-Cerutti M, Ogliastro M. Functional analysis of evolutionary conserved clustering of bZIP binding sites in the baculovirus homologous regions (hrs) suggests a cooperativity between host and viral transcription factors. Virology 2005; 344:421-31. [PMID: 16198391 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the Autographa californica Multinucleocapsid Polyhedrosis Virus (AcMNPV) contains nine interspersed homologous regions (hrs) that function as potent enhancer sequences when linked in cis to either viral or heterologous RNA polymerase II-dependent promoters. Their activity is strongly increased by the binding of the major immediate early viral transregulator IE1 on 28-mer palindromic sites present in hrs. We show that hrs of AcMNPV additionally carry, in the interpalindromic sequences, a large number of cAMP response elements (CRE) and TPA response elements (TRE), known to bind ubiquitous cellular transcription factors of the bZIP family. Moreover, these clusters of CRE and TRE motifs are concentrated in hrs. Analysis of the 25 baculovirus genomes sequenced so far reveals that these motifs are evolutionary conserved in Lepidoptera NPVs, suggesting a functional role in the hr enhancer function. Consistently, EMSA experiments indicate that CRE and on a lesser extent TRE sites specifically bind insect host factors. Moreover, reporter assays reveal that these CRE sites have an additive stimulatory effect on RNAPol II-dependent transcription in Sf9 cells and are potentially able to synergize with the IE1-binding palindrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Landais
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, UMR 5087, 30380 Saint Christol-les-Alès, France
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Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:567-75. [PMID: 15877075 PMCID: PMC3610534 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Today, many thousands of recombinant proteins, ranging from cytosolic enzymes to membrane-bound proteins, have been successfully produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Yet, in addition to its value in producing recombinant proteins in insect cells and larvae, this viral vector system continues to evolve in new and unexpected ways. This is exemplified by the development of engineered insect cell lines to mimic mammalian cell glycosylation of expressed proteins, baculovirus display strategies and the application of the virus as a mammalian-cell gene delivery vector. Novel vector design and cell engineering approaches will serve to further enhance the value of baculovirus technology.
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31
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Wang KC, Wu JC, Chung YC, Ho YC, Chang MDT, Hu YC. Baculovirus as a highly efficient gene delivery vector for the expression of hepatitis delta virus antigens in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 89:464-73. [PMID: 15609271 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus has been employed for a wide variety of applications. In this study, we further expanded the application to the high-level expression of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) antigens and the formation of virus-like particles (VLP) in transduced mammalian cells. To this end, two recombinant baculoviruses were constructed to express large hepatitis delta antigen (L-HDAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) under mammalian promoters. With a simplified transduction protocol using unconcentrated virus, high transduction efficiencies were achieved in hepatoma cells, in which L-HDAg and HBsAg were expressed abundantly, allowing for easy colorimetric detection in Western blots. L-HDAg alone was nucleus-bound and HBsAg alone was secreted; formation and secretion of HDV-like particles were readily detected upon coexpression, indicating that the baculovirus-expressed proteins were processed correctly as the authentic proteins. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) analyses quantitatively revealed that baculovirus transduction was more efficient than plasmid transfection with respect to DNA uptake and DNA transport to the nucleus. Furthermore, superinfection introduced more baculovirus DNA into cells in the long-term culture as revealed by Q-PCR, thereby enhancing and prolonging the expression. In summary, baculovirus transduction can be an attractive method as an alternative to the plasmid transfection commonly employed for HDV research thanks to the significantly higher gene delivery efficiencies as well as the abundant expression and proper processing. Baculovirus can also be envisaged as a useful tool for investigating protein-cell interactions and virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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32
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Hu YC. Baculovirus as a highly efficient expression vector in insect and mammalian cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:405-16. [PMID: 15780188 PMCID: PMC7091893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus has been widely used for the production of recombinant proteins in insect cells. Since the finding that baculovirus can efficiently transduce mammalian cells, the applications of baculovirus have been greatly expanded. The prospects and drawbacks of baculovirus-mediated gene expression, either in insect or in mammalian cells, are reviewed. Recent progresses in expanding the applications to studies of gene regulation, viral vector preparation, in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy studies, generation of vaccine vectors, etc are discussed and the efforts directed towards overcoming the existing bottlenecks are particularly emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, China.
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Chen Y, Yao B, Zhu Z, Yi Y, Lin X, Zhang Z, Shen G. A constitutive super-enhancer: homologous region 3 of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:1039-44. [PMID: 15147978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient expression assays were carried out to assess the transcriptional enhancement from the immediate-early gene (ie-1) promoters by cis-linked Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) homologous region-3 (hr3). The ie-1 promoters were derived from Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and BmNPV. Hr3 was placed downstream of the luciferase (luc) gene, the resulting plasmids were used to transfect the Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-21), Bombyx mori (Bm-5, Bm-N) cell lines and 5th instar silkworm larvae mediated by lipofectin. The results revealed that hr3 could stimulate the transcription of homologous BmNPV ie-1 promoter 1970, 2421, 683, and 1059 folds, and the heterologous AcMNPV ie-1 promoter 6462, 4046, 6980, and 605 folds, respectively. These results implied that hr3 was a super enhancer which could function both in vitro and in vivo. The 30-bp imperfect palindrome in hr3 was proved to be the essential structure for enhancing function of hr3. The utilizing of this promoter-enhancer combination in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) was also carried out to further confirm the function of hr3 enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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