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Wu Z, Wu Y, Zhu C, Wu X, Zhai S, Wang X, Su Z, Duan H. Efficient Computational Framework for Target-Specific Active Peptide Discovery: A Case Study on IL-17C Targeting Cyclic Peptides. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7655-7668. [PMID: 38049371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of potentially active peptides for specific targets is critical for the modern pharmaceutical industry's growth. In this study, we present an efficient computational framework for the discovery of active peptides targeting a specific pharmacological target, which combines a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) and a classifier named TCPP based on the Transformer and convolutional neural network. In our example scenario, we constructed an active cyclic peptide library targeting interleukin-17C (IL-17C) through a library-based in vitro selection strategy. The CVAE model is trained on the preprocessed peptide data sets to generate potentially active peptides and the TCPP further screens the generated peptides. Ultimately, six candidate peptides predicted by the model were synthesized and assayed for their activity, and four of them exhibited promising binding affinity to IL-17C. Our study provides a one-stop-shop for target-specific active peptide discovery, which is expected to boost up the process of peptide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wu
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yejian Wu
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Silong Zhai
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinqiao Wang
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhihao Su
- Artificial Intelligence Aided Drug Discovery Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongliang Duan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
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2
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Sengkhui S, Klubthawee N, Aunpad R. A novel designed membrane-active peptide for the control of foodborne Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3507. [PMID: 36864083 PMCID: PMC9981719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main cause of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection in humans is ingestion of contaminated animal-derived foods such as eggs, poultry and dairy products. These infections highlight the need to develop new preservatives to increase food safety. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the potential to be further developed as food preservative agents and join nisin, the only AMP currently approved, for use as a preservative in food. Acidocin J1132β, a bacteriocin produced by probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, displays no toxicity to humans, however it exhibits only low and narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Accordingly, four peptide derivatives (A5, A6, A9, and A11) were modified from acidocin J1132β by truncation and amino acid substitution. Among them, A11 showed the most antimicrobial activity, especially against S. Typhimurium, as well as a favorable safety profile. It tended to form an α-helix structure upon encountering negatively charged-mimicking environments. A11 caused transient membrane permeabilization and killed bacterial cells through membrane depolarization and/or intracellular interactions with bacterial DNA. A11 maintained most of its inhibitory effects when heated, even when exposed to temperatures up to 100 °C. Notably, it inhibited drug-resistant S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant strains. Furthermore, the combination of A11 and nisin was synergistic against drug-resistant strains in vitro. Taken together, this study indicated that a novel antimicrobial peptide derivative (A11), modified from acidocin J1132β, has the potential to be a bio-preservative to control S. Typhimurium contamination in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Sengkhui
- grid.412434.40000 0004 1937 1127Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Natthaporn Klubthawee
- grid.444093.e0000 0004 0398 9950Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Pathumthani University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Ratchaneewan Aunpad
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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3
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10-mer and 9-mer WALK Peptides with Both Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111588. [PMID: 36358242 PMCID: PMC9686928 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are multifunctional host defense peptides (HDPs) that are valuable for various therapeutic applications. In particular, natural and artificial AMPs with dual antibacterial immunomodulatory functions emerged as promising candidates for the development of therapeutic agents to treat infectious inflammation. In an effort to develop useful AMP variants with short lengths and simple amino acid composition, we devised a de novo design strategy to generate a series of model peptide isomer sequences, named WALK peptides, i.e., tryptophan (W)-containing amphipathic-helical (A) leucine (L)/lysine (K) peptides. Here, we generated two groups of WALK peptide isomers: W2L4K4 (WALK244.01~WALK244.10) and W2L4K3 (WALK243.01~WALK243.09). Most showed apparent antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at a concentration of approximately 4 μg/mL along with varied hemolytic activities against human red blood cells. In addition, some exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities without any significant cytotoxicity in macrophages. Collectively, these results suggest that the two selected peptides, WALK244.04 and WALK243.04, showed promise for the development of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Targeted Modification and Structure-Activity Study of GL-29, an Analogue of the Antimicrobial Peptide Palustrin-2ISb. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081048. [PMID: 36009917 PMCID: PMC9405102 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered as promising antimicrobial agents due to their potent bioactivity. Palustrin-2 peptides were previously found to exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with low haemolytic activity. Therefore, GL-29 was used as a template for further modification and study. Firstly, the truncated analogue, GL-22, was designed to examine the function of the ‘Rana box’, which was confirmed to have no impact on antimicrobial activity. The results of antimicrobial activity assessment against seven microorganisms demonstrated GL-22 to have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but weak potency against Candida albicans (C. albicans). These data were similar to those of GL-29, but GL-22 showed much lower haemolysis and lower cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells. Moreover, GL-22 exhibited potent in vivo activity at 4 × MIC against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-infected larvae. Several short analogues, from the C-terminus and N-terminus of GL-22, were modified to identify the shortest functional motif. However, the results demonstrated that the shorter peptides did not exhibit potent antimicrobial activity, and the factors that affect the bioactive potency of these short analogues need to be further studied.
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5
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Li C, Sutherland D, Hammond SA, Yang C, Taho F, Bergman L, Houston S, Warren RL, Wong T, Hoang LMN, Cameron CE, Helbing CC, Birol I. AMPlify: attentive deep learning model for discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides effective against WHO priority pathogens. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:77. [PMID: 35078402 PMCID: PMC8788131 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern prompting researchers to seek alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are attracting attention again as therapeutic agents with promising utility in this domain, and using in silico methods to discover novel AMPs is a strategy that is gaining interest. Such methods can sift through large volumes of candidate sequences and reduce lab screening costs. RESULTS Here we introduce AMPlify, an attentive deep learning model for AMP prediction, and demonstrate its utility in prioritizing peptide sequences derived from the Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana (bullfrog) genome. We tested the bioactivity of our predicted peptides against a panel of bacterial species, including representatives from the World Health Organization's priority pathogens list. Four of our novel AMPs were active against multiple species of bacteria, including a multi-drug resistant isolate of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the utility of deep learning based tools like AMPlify in our fight against antibiotic resistance. We expect such tools to play a significant role in discovering novel candidates of peptide-based alternatives to classical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Li
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darcy Sutherland
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S Austin Hammond
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Chen Yang
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Figali Taho
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lauren Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C3, Canada
| | - Simon Houston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C3, Canada
| | - René L Warren
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Titus Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Linda M N Hoang
- Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Caroline E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C3, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C3, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada.
- Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
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6
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Kim MI, Pham TK, Kim D, Park M, Kim BO, Cho YH, Kim YW, Lee C. Identification of brevinin-1EMa-derived stapled peptides as broad-spectrum virus entry blockers. Virology 2021; 561:6-16. [PMID: 34089997 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the previously reported 13-residue antibacterial peptide analog, brevinin-1EMa (FLGWLFKVASKVL, peptide B), we attempted to design a novel class of antiviral peptides. For this goal, we synthesized three peptides with different stapling positions (B-2S, B-8S, and B-5S). The most active antiviral peptide with the specific stapling position (B-5S) was further modified in combination with either cysteine (B-5S3C, B-5S7C, and B-5S10C) or hydrophilic amino acid substitution (Bsub and Bsub-5S). Overall, B, B-5S, and Bsub-5S peptides showed superior antiviral activities against enveloped viruses such as retrovirus, lentivirus, hepatitis C virus, and herpes simplex virus with EC50 values of 1-5 μM. Murine norovirus, a non-enveloped virus, was not susceptible to the virucidal actions of these peptides, suggesting the virus membrane disruption as their main antiviral mechanisms of action. We believe that these three novel peptides could serve as promising candidates for further development of membrane-targeting antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh K Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bi-O Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Divyashree M, Mani MK, Reddy D, Kumavath R, Ghosh P, Azevedo V, Barh D. Clinical Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): Where do we Stand Now? Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:120-134. [PMID: 31553285 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190925152957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this era of multi-drug resistance (MDR), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the most promising classes of potential drug candidates to combat communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases such as cancers and diabetes. AMPs show a wide spectrum of biological activities which include antiviral, antifungal, anti-mitogenic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Apart from these prospective therapeutic potentials, the AMPs can act as food preservatives and immune modulators. Therefore, AMPs have the potential to replace conventional drugs and may gain a significant global drug market share. Although several AMPs have shown therapeutic potential in vitro or in vivo, in most cases they have failed the clinical trial owing to various issues. In this review, we discuss in brief (i) molecular mechanisms of AMPs in various diseases, (ii) importance of AMPs in pharmaceutical industries, (iii) the challenges in using AMPs as therapeutics and how to overcome, (iv) available AMP therapeutics in market, and (v) AMPs under clinical trials. Here, we specifically focus on the therapeutic AMPs in the areas of dermatology, surgery, oncology and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithoor Divyashree
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore - 575018, Karnataka,India
| | - Madhu K Mani
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore - 575018, Karnataka,India
| | - Dhanasekhar Reddy
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O) Kasaragod, Kerala-671316,India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O) Kasaragod, Kerala-671316,India
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284,United States
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de GenéticaCelular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduaçãoemBioinformática, Instituto de CiênciasBiológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore - 575018, Karnataka,India.,Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, PurbaMedinipur, West Bengal, India
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8
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Amabili P, Biavasco F, Brenciani A, Citterio B, Corbisiero D, Ferrazzano L, Fioriti S, Guerra G, Orena M, Rinaldi S. Simple amphiphilic α-hydrazido acids: Rational design, synthesis, and in vitro bioactivity profile of a novel class of potential antimicrobial compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Malik E, Phoenix DA, Badiani K, Snape TJ, Harris F, Singh J, Morton LHG, Dennison SR. Biophysical studies on the antimicrobial activity of linearized esculentin 2EM. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183141. [PMID: 31790693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Linearized esculentin 2 EM (E2EM-lin) from the frog, Glandirana emeljanovi was highly active against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum lethal concentration ≤ 5.0 μM) and strongly α-helical in the presence of lipid mimics of their membranes (>55.0%). The N-terminal α-helical structure adopted by E2EM-lin showed the potential to form a membrane interactive, tilted peptide with an hydrophobicity gradient over residues 9 to 23. E2EM-lin inserted strongly into lipid mimics of membranes from Gram-positive bacteria (maximal surface pressure changes ≥5.5 mN m-1), inducing increased rigidity (Cs-1 ↑), thermodynamic instability (ΔGmix < 0 → ΔGmix > 0) and high levels of lysis (>50.0%). These effects appeared to be driven by the high anionic lipid content of membranes from Gram-positive bacteria; namely phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) species. The high levels of α-helicity (60.0%), interaction (maximal surface pressure change = 6.7 mN m-1) and lysis (66.0%) shown by E2EM-lin with PG species was a major driver in the ability of the peptide to lyse and kill Gram-positive bacteria. E2EM-lin also showed high levels of α-helicity (62.0%) with CL species but only low levels of interaction (maximal surface pressure change = 2.9 mN m-1) and lysis (21.0%) with the lipid. These combined data suggest that E2EM-lin has a specificity for killing Gram-positive bacteria that involves the formation of tilted structure and appears to be primarily driven by PG-mediated membranolysis. These structure/function relationships are used to help explain the pore forming process proposed to describe the membranolytic, antibacterial action of E2EM-lin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Malik
- School of Forensic and Applied Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - David A Phoenix
- Office of the Vice Chancellor, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Kamal Badiani
- Pepceuticals Limited, 4 Feldspar Close, Warrens Park, Enderby, Leicestershire LE19 4JS, UK
| | - Timothy J Snape
- School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Frederick Harris
- School of Forensic and Applied Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Applied Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Leslie Hugh Glyn Morton
- School of Forensic and Applied Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sarah R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
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10
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Datta LP, Dutta D, Chakraborty A, Das TK. Tyrosine based cationic acrylates as potent antimicrobial agents against shigellosis. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2611-2622. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design of tyrosine-based cationic polymers with antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Priya Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Kalyani-741235
- India
| | - Debanjan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Kalyani-741235
- India
| | - Arpita Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Kalyani-741235
- India
| | - Tapan Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of Kalyani
- Kalyani-741235
- India
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11
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Konai MM, Bhattacharjee B, Ghosh S, Haldar J. Recent Progress in Polymer Research to Tackle Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1888-1917. [PMID: 29718664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Global health is increasingly being threatened by the rapid emergence of drug-resistant microbes. The ability of these microbes to form biofilms has further exacerbated the scenario leading to notorious infections that are almost impossible to treat. For addressing this clinical threat, various antimicrobial polymers, polymer-based antimicrobial hydrogels and polymer-coated antimicrobial surfaces have been developed in the recent past. This review aims to discuss such polymer-based antimicrobial strategies with a focus on their current advancement in the field. Antimicrobial polymers, whose designs are inspired from antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are described with an emphasis on structure-activity analysis. Additionally, antibiofilm activity and in vivo efficacy are delineated to elucidate the real potential of these antimicrobial polymers as possible therapeutics. Antimicrobial hydrogels, prepared from either inherently antimicrobial polymers or biocide-loaded into polymer-derived hydrogel matrix, are elaborated followed by various strategies to engineer polymer-coated antimicrobial surfaces. In the end, the current challenges are accentuated along with future directions for further expansion of the field toward tackling infections and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Mohan Konai
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064 , Karnataka , India
| | - Brinta Bhattacharjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064 , Karnataka , India
| | - Sreyan Ghosh
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064 , Karnataka , India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064 , Karnataka , India
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12
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Feng Y, Zhang YY, Li K, Tian N, Wang WB, Zhou QX, Wang XS. Photocleavable antimicrobial peptide mimics for precluding antibiotic resistance. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV-cleavable antimicrobial peptide mimics were synthesized to address environmental accumulation issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Wei-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qian-Xiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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13
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Chu WC, Bai PY, Yang ZQ, Cui DY, Hua YG, Yang Y, Yang QQ, Zhang E, Qin S. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel cationic chalcone derivatives possessing broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:905-921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Zhang M, Wei W, Sun Y, Jiang X, Ying X, Tao R, Ni L. Pleurocidin congeners demonstrate activity against Streptococcus and low toxicity on gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 70:79-87. [PMID: 27341459 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fish epidermal antimicrobial peptides, such as pleurocidin, are cathelicidins with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as fungi. In the current study, we attempted to optimize peptide bioactivity by sequence modification and assess the antimicrobial activities. METHODS Fifteen pleurocidin analogues were designed, and the efficacy of pleurocidin congeners against common cariogenic microorganisms was tested; furthermore, we performed a preliminary study of the antimicrobial mechanism. We assayed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericide concentration (MBC) and bactericidal kinetics to determine the cell killing activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the bacterial membrane after treatment with congeners' peptides. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were also used in toxicity studies. RESULTS The MIC and MBC results indicated that peptide congeners had different antimicrobial activities against the tested oral strains. Toxicity studies indicated that several congener peptides had little effect on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with 5min of in vitro treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that several pleurocidin congeners had the antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus sobrinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The 101 Military Hospital, Wuxi 214000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The 101 Military Hospital, Wuxi 214000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Jiang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Ying
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Stomatology, The 101 Military Hospital, Wuxi 214000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxing Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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15
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A synthetic antimicrobial peptide BTD-S expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana confers enhanced resistance to Verticillium dahliae. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1647-61. [PMID: 27138919 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BTD-S is a synthetic non-cyclic θ-defensin derivative which was previously designed in our laboratory based on baboon θ-defensins (BTDs). It shows robust antimicrobial activity against economically important phytopathogen, Verticillium dahliae. Here, we deduced the coding nucleotide sequence of BTD-S and introduced the gene into wild-type (ecotype Columbia-0) Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Results demonstrated that BTD-S-transgenic lines displayed in bioassays inhibitory effects on the growth of V. dahliae in vivo and in vitro. Based on symptom severity, enhanced resistance was found in a survey of BTD-S-transgenic lines. Besides, crude protein extracts from root tissues of BTD-S-transformed plants significantly restricted the growth of fungal hyphae and the germination of conidia. Also, fungal biomass over time determined by real-time PCR demonstrated the overgrowth of V. dahliae in wild-type plants 2-3 weeks after inoculation, while almost no fungal DNA was detected in aerial tissues of their transgenic progenitors. The result suggested that fungus failed to invade and progress acropetally up to establish a systemic infection in BTD-S-transgenic plants. Moreover, the assessment of basal defense responses was performed in the leaves of WT and BTD-S-transgenic plants. The mitigated oxidative stress and low antioxidase level in BTD-S-transgenic plants revealed that BTD-S acts via permeabilizing target microbial membranes, which is in a category different from hypersensitive response-dependent defense. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BTD-S is a promising gene to be explored for transgenic engineering for plant protection against Verticillium wilt.
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16
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Xie Y, Yang L. Calcium and Magnesium Ions Are Membrane-Active against Stationary-Phase Staphylococcus aureus with High Specificity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20628. [PMID: 26865182 PMCID: PMC4749956 DOI: 10.1038/srep20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is notorious for its ability to acquire antibiotic-resistance, and antibiotic-resistant S. aureus has become a wide-spread cause of high mortality rate. Novel antimicrobials capable of eradicating S. aureus cells including antibiotic-resistant ones are thus highly desired. Membrane-active bactericides and species-specific antimicrobials are two promising sources of novel anti-infective agents for fighting against bacterial antibiotic-resistance. We herein show that Ca2+ and Mg2+, two alkaline-earth-metal ions physiologically essential for diverse living organisms, both disrupt model S. aureus membranes and kill stationary-phase S. aureus cells, indicative of membrane-activity. In contrast to S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis exhibit unaffected survival after similar treatment with these two cations, indicative of species-specific activity against S. aureus. Moreover, neither Ca2+ nor Mg2+ lyses mouse red blood cells, indicative of hemo-compatibility. This works suggests that Ca2+ and Mg2+ may have implications in targeted eradication of S. aureus pathogen including the antibiotic-resistant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China.,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
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17
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Piao JG, Gao F, Yang L. Acid-Responsive Therapeutic Polymer for Prolonging Nanoparticle Circulation Lifetime and Destroying Drug-Resistant Tumors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:936-944. [PMID: 26654626 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
How to destroy drug-resistant tumor cells remains an ongoing challenge for cancer treatment. We herein report on a therapeutic nanoparticle, aHLP-PDA, which has an acid-activated hemolytic polymer (aHLP) grafted onto photothermal polydopamine (PDA) nanosphere via boronate ester bond, in efforts to ablate drug-resistant tumors. Upon exposure to oxidative stress and/or near-infrared laser irradiation, aHLP-PDA nanoparticle responsively releases aHLP, likely via responsive cleavage of boronate ester bond, and thus responsively exhibits acid-facilitated mammalian-membrane-disruptive activity. In vitro cell studies with drug-resistant and/or thermo-tolerant cancer cells show that the aHLP-PDA nanoparticle demonstrates preferential cytotoxicity at acidic pH over physiological pH. When administered intravenously, the aHLP-PDA nanoparticle exhibits significantly prolonged blood circulation lifetime and enhanced tumor uptake compared to bare PDA nanosphere, likely owing to aHLP's stealth effects conferred by its zwitterionic nature at blood pH. As a result, the aHLP-PDA nanoparticle effectively ablates drug-resistant tumors, leading to 100% mouse survival even on the 32nd day after suspension of photothermal treatment, as demonstrated with the mouse model. This work suggests that a combination of nanotechnology with lessons learned in bacterial antibiotic resistance may offer a feasible and effective strategy for treating drug-resistant cancers often found in relapsing patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Gang Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Feng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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18
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Dinh TTT, Kim DH, Nguyen TQ, Lee BJ, Kim YW. N-Capping Effects of Stapled Heptapeptides on Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T. T. Dinh
- College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Thang Q. Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University; Seoul 100-715 Republic of Korea
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19
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Osipovitch DC, Griswold KE. Fusion with a cell wall binding domain renders autolysin LytM a potent anti-Staphylococcus aureus agent. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 362:1-7. [PMID: 25670705 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intense efforts by the medical and pharmaceutical communities, Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a pervasive pathogen that causes a myriad of diseases and a high level of morbidity and mortality among infected patients. Thus, discovering or designing novel therapeutics able to kill both drug-resistant and drug-sensitive S. aureus remains a top priority. Bacteriolytic enzymes, mostly from phage, have shown great promise in preclinical studies, but little consideration has been given to cis-acting autolytic enzymes derived from the pathogen itself. Here, we use the S. aureus autolysin LytM as a proof of principal to demonstrate the antibacterial potential of endogenous peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes. While native LytM is only marginally bactericidal, fusion of LytM to the lysostaphin cell wall binding domain enhances its anti-staphylococcal activity approximately 540-fold, placing it on par with many phage lysins currently in preclinical development. The potential to therapeutically co-opt a pathogen's endogenous peptidoglycan recycling machinery opens the door to a previously untapped reservoir of antibacterial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Osipovitch
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Karl E Griswold
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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20
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Konai MM, Ghosh C, Yarlagadda V, Samaddar S, Haldar J. Membrane Active Phenylalanine Conjugated Lipophilic Norspermidine Derivatives with Selective Antibacterial Activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9409-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5013566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohini M. Konai
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New
Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandradhish Ghosh
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New
Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Yarlagadda
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New
Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New
Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal
Chemistry Laboratory, New
Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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21
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Wang Y, Chen J, Zheng X, Yang X, Ma P, Cai Y, Zhang B, Chen Y. Design of novel analogues of short antimicrobial peptide anoplin with improved antimicrobial activity. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:945-51. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Agronomy; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xin Zheng
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Panpan Ma
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Ying Cai
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University; Yantai 264100 China
| | - Bangzhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Agronomy; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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22
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Yang X, Hu K, Hu G, Shi D, Jiang Y, Hui L, Zhu R, Xie Y, Yang L. Long Hydrophilic-and-Cationic Polymers: A Different Pathway toward Preferential Activity against Bacterial over Mammalian Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3267-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5006596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Kan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Guantai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Danyao Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Liwei Hui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Yuntao Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, ¶Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, #Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, ⊥CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China
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23
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Padhi A, Sengupta M, Sengupta S, Roehm KH, Sonawane A. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins in mycobacterial therapy: Current status and future prospects. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:363-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Lee MW, Chakraborty S, Schmidt NW, Murgai R, Gellman SH, Wong GCL. Two interdependent mechanisms of antimicrobial activity allow for efficient killing in nylon-3-based polymeric mimics of innate immunity peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2269-79. [PMID: 24743021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides have been developed to exhibit structural properties and antimicrobial activity similar to those of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the innate immune system. These molecules have a number of potential advantages over conventional antibiotics, including reduced bacterial resistance, cost-effective preparation, and customizable designs. In this study, we investigate a family of nylon-3 polymer-based antimicrobials. By combining vesicle dye leakage, bacterial permeation, and bactericidal assays with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we find that these polymers are capable of two interdependent mechanisms of action: permeation of bacterial membranes and binding to intracellular targets such as DNA, with the latter necessarily dependent on the former. We systemically examine polymer-induced membrane deformation modes across a range of lipid compositions that mimic both bacteria and mammalian cell membranes. The results show that the polymers' ability to generate negative Gaussian curvature (NGC), a topological requirement for membrane permeation and cellular entry, in model Escherichia coli membranes correlates with their ability to permeate membranes without complete membrane disruption and kill E. coli cells. Our findings suggest that these polymers operate with a concentration-dependent mechanism of action: at low concentrations permeation and DNA binding occur without membrane disruption, while at high concentrations complete disruption of the membrane occurs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Saswata Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Rajan Murgai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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25
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Ghosh C, Manjunath GB, Akkapeddi P, Yarlagadda V, Hoque J, Uppu DSSM, Konai MM, Haldar J. Small Molecular Antibacterial Peptoid Mimics: The Simpler the Better! J Med Chem 2014; 57:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandradhish Ghosh
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Goutham B. Manjunath
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Padma Akkapeddi
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Yarlagadda
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jiaul Hoque
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakara S. S. M. Uppu
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohini M. Konai
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 5600064, Karnataka, India
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26
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Jiang Y, Yang X, Zhu R, Hu K, Lan WW, Wu F, Yang L. Acid-Activated Antimicrobial Random Copolymers: A Mechanism-Guided Design of Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of
Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of
Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Rui Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of
Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Kan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of
Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wang-Wei Lan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Fang Wu
- National Engineering Research
Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of
Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
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27
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Kim SJ, Kim JS, Lee YS, Sim DW, Lee SH, Bahk YY, Lee KH, Kim EH, Park SJ, Lee BJ, Won HS. Structural characterization of de novo designed L5K5W model peptide isomers with potent antimicrobial and varied hemolytic activities. Molecules 2013; 18:859-76. [PMID: 23344198 PMCID: PMC6270530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to develop short antimicrobial peptides with simple amino acid compositions, we generated a series of undecapeptide isomers having the L5K5W formula. Amino acid sequences were designed to be perfectly amphipathic when folded into a helical conformation by converging leucines onto one side and lysines onto the other side of the helical axis. The single tryptophans, whose positions were varied in the primary structures, were located commonly at the critical amphipathic interface in the helical wheel projection. Helical conformations and the tryptophanyl environments of the 11 L5K5W peptides were confirmed and characterized by circular dichroism, fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All of the isomers exhibited a potent, broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity with just a slight variance in individual potency, whereas their hemolytic activities against human erythrocytes were significantly diversified. Interestingly, helical dispositions and fluorescence blue shifts of the peptides in aqueous trifluoroethanol solutions, rather than in detergent micelles, showed a marked linear correlation with their hemolytic potency. These results demonstrate that our de novo design strategy for amphipathic helical model peptides is effective for developing novel antimicrobial peptides and their hemolytic activities can be estimated in correlation with structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Jin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sup Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Won Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Young-Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Sung-Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 534-2 Yeonsu 3-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3589; Fax: +82-43-852-3616
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Hu K, Schmidt NW, Zhu R, Jiang Y, Lai GH, Wei G, Palermo EF, Kuroda K, Wong GCL, Yang L. A critical evaluation of random copolymer mimesis of homogeneous antimicrobial peptides. Macromolecules 2013; 46:1908-1915. [PMID: 23750051 PMCID: PMC3671498 DOI: 10.1021/ma302577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) have recently demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity as natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from innate immunity. This is surprising, since polymeric SMAMPs are heterogeneous in terms of chemical structure (random sequence) and conformation (random coil), in contrast to defined amino acid sequence and intrinsic secondary structure. To understand this better, we compare AMPs with a 'minimal' mimic, a well characterized family of polydisperse cationic methacrylate-based random copolymer SMAMPs. Specifically, we focus on a comparison between the quantifiable membrane curvature generating capacity, charge density, and hydrophobicity of the polymeric SMAMPs and AMPs. Synchrotron small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) results indicate that typical AMPs and these methacrylate SMAMPs generate similar amounts of membrane negative Gaussian curvature (NGC), which is topologically necessary for a variety of membrane-destabilizing processes. Moreover, the curvature generating ability of SMAMPs is more tolerant of changes in the lipid composition than that of natural AMPs with similar chemical groups, consistent with the lower specificity of SMAMPs. We find that, although the amount of NGC generated by these SMAMPs and AMPs are similar, the SMAMPs require significantly higher levels of hydrophobicity and cationic charge to achieve the same level of membrane deformation. We propose an explanation for these differences, which has implications for new synthetic strategies aimed at improved mimesis of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Nathan W. Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Rui Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yunjiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ghee Hwee Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States
| | - Gerard C. L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Lihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 China
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Seo MD, Won HS, Kim JH, Mishig-Ochir T, Lee BJ. Antimicrobial peptides for therapeutic applications: a review. Molecules 2012; 17:12276-86. [PMID: 23079498 PMCID: PMC6268056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as potential therapeutic sources of future antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum activities and different mechanisms of action compared to conventional antibiotics. Although AMPs possess considerable benefits as new generation antibiotics, their clinical and commercial development still have some limitations, such as potential toxicity, susceptibility to proteases, and high cost of peptide production. In order to overcome those obstacles, extensive efforts have been carried out. For instance, unusual amino acids or peptido-mimetics are introduced to avoid the proteolytic degradation and the design of short peptides retaining antimicrobial activities is proposed as a solution for the cost issue. In this review, we focus on small peptides, especially those with less than twelve amino acids, and provide an overview of the relationships between their three-dimensional structures and antimicrobial activities. The efforts to develop highly active AMPs with shorter sequences are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Duk Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kim
- Center for Structural Biology and Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7869; Fax: +82-2-872-3632
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Identification of synthetic host defense peptide mimics that exert dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1784-91. [PMID: 22956655 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00291-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A group of synthetic antimicrobial oligomers, inspired by naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides, were analyzed for the ability to modulate innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. These synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) specifically reduced cytokine production in response to Staphylococcus aureus and the S. aureus component lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a TLR2 agonist. Anti-inflammatory SMAMPs prevented the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in response to S. aureus or LTA, but no other TLR2 ligands. We show that these SMAMPs bind specifically to LTA in vitro and prevent its interaction with TLR2. Importantly, the SMAMP greatly reduced the induction of TNF and IL-6 in vivo in mice acutely infected with S. aureus while simultaneously reducing bacterial loads dramatically (4 log(10)). Thus, these SMAMPs can eliminate the damage induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) while simultaneously eliminating infection in vivo. They are the first known SMAMPs to demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities in vivo.
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A non-cyclic baboon θ-defensin derivative exhibiting antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogen Verticillium dahliae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2043-52. [PMID: 22903319 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
θ-Defensins are the only natural cyclic proteins found in primates. They have strong antimicrobial activity related to their trisulfide ladders and macrocyclic conformation. A non-cyclic baboon θ-defensin (BTD) was synthesized by substituting valine with phenylalanine at position 17, at the C-terminal end of the BTD; this was termed "BTD-S." The antimicrobial activities of this synthetic peptide were investigated against Escherichia coli and two cotton phytopathogens: Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BTD-S for E. coli was 10 μg/mL and for V. dahliae was 5 μg/mL, significantly lower than that for F. oxysporum (40.0 μg/mL). A time course analysis of fungal cultures indicated that the growth of V. dahliae was completely inhibited after 96 h of BTD-S treatment. Furthermore, hemolysis assays revealed that BTD-S was not toxic to mammalian cells as it could not induce lysis of sheep red blood cells even at ten times the MIC (50 μg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy and double-stained (calcofluor white and propidium iodide binding) fluorescence microscopy showed that exposure of spores of V. dahliae to BTD-S either disabled normal germination or disintegrated the spores. The size of cells exposed to BTD-S was significantly reduced compared with controls, and their number increased in a dose-dependent curve when measured by flow cytometry. These findings suggest that BTD-S has great potential to inhibit the growth of V. dahliae and can be utilized as an effective remedy to control economic losses caused by Verticillium wilt in the development of wilt-resistant cotton.
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Kang SJ, Ji HY, Lee BJ. Anticancer activity of undecapeptide analogues derived from antimicrobial peptide, Brevinin-1EMa. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:791-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wei G, Liu X, Yuan L, Ju XJ, Chu LY, Yang L. Lipid Composition Influences the Membrane-Disrupting Activity of Antimicrobial Methacrylate Co-polymers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:2041-61. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x530982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- a School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- b School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, P. R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- c School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- d School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- e School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Yang
- f School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610065, P. R. China.
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Lee YS, Ryu KS, Kim SJ, Ko HS, Sim DW, Jeon YH, Kim EH, Choi WS, Won HS. Verification of the interdomain contact site in the inactive monomer, and the domain-swapped fold in the active dimer of Hsp33 in solution. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:411-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wang H, Ran R, Yu H, Yu Z, Hu Y, Zheng H, Wang D, Yang F, Liu R, Liu J. Identification and characterization of antimicrobial peptides from skin of Amolops ricketti (Anura: Ranidae). Peptides 2012; 33:27-34. [PMID: 22100518 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As one of large amphibian group, there are a total of 45 species of Amolops in the world. However, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) existing in this genus has not been extensively studied. In this study, cDNAs encoding five novel AMP precursors were cloned by screening the skin-derived cDNA library of Amolops ricketti, a frog species that exists in southern and western parts of China. Protein sequence analysis led to the identification of five deduced peptides, three belonging to the brevinin-1 family and two belonging to the brevinin-2 family of amphibian AMPs. Thus, they were named as brevinin-1RTa (FLPLLAGVVANFLPQIICKIARKC), brevinin-1RTb (FLGSLLGLVGKVVPTLFCKISKKC), brevinin-1RTc (FLGSLLGLVGKIVPTLICKISKKC), brevinin-2RTa (GLMSTLKDFGKTAAKEIAQSLLSTASCKLAKTC), and brevinin-2RTb (GILDTLKEFGKTAAKGIAQSLLSTASCKLAKTC), respectively. The purification of brevinin-1RTa, brevinin-1RTb, and brevinin-2RTb was carried out by RP-HPLC, and confirmed by the LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. All of the peptides displayed different antimicrobial potency against a variety of microorganisms. In addition, brevinin-2RTa and brevinin-2RTb were found to have relatively low hemolytic activity (>400μg/ml) against mammalian red blood cells in vitro, which could potentially be as candidates for developing novel anti-infection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China
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36
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Lee SH, Kim SJ, Lee YS, Song MD, Kim IH, Won HS. De novo generation of short antimicrobial peptides with simple amino acid composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 166:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Won HS, Kang SJ, Choi WS, Lee BJ. Activity optimization of an undecapeptide analogue derived from a frog-skin antimicrobial peptide. Mol Cells 2011; 31:49-54. [PMID: 21110126 PMCID: PMC3906872 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While natural antimicrobial peptides are potential therapeutic agents, their physicochemical properties and bioactivity generally need to be enhanced for clinical and commercial development. We have previously developed a cationic, amphipathic α-helical, 11-residue peptide (named herein GA-W2: FLGWLFKWASK-NH₂) with potent antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, which was derived from a 24-residue, natural antimicrobial peptide isolated from frog skin. Here, we attempted to optimize peptide bioactivity by a rational approach to sequence modification. Seven analogues were generated from GA-W2, and their activities were compared with that of a 12-residue peptide, omiganan, which is being developed for clinical and commercial applications. Most of the modifications reported here improved antimicrobial activity. Among them, the GA-K4AL (FAKWAFKWLKK-NH₂) peptide displayed the most potent antimicrobial activity with negligible hemolytic activity, superior to that of omiganan. The therapeutic index of GA-K4AL was improved more than 53- and more than 31-fold against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, compared to that of the starting peptide, GA-W2. Given its relatively shorter length and simpler amino acid composition, our sequence-optimized GA-K4AL peptide may thus be a potentially useful antimicrobial peptide agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Won
- Structural Research Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Wahn-Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Structural Research Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Promeditech Inc., Seoul 151-011, Korea
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38
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Domadia PN, Bhunia A, Ramamoorthy A, Bhattacharjya S. Structure, interactions, and antibacterial activities of MSI-594 derived mutant peptide MSI-594F5A in lipopolysaccharide micelles: role of the helical hairpin conformation in outer-membrane permeabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18417-28. [PMID: 21128620 DOI: 10.1021/ja1083255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provides a well-organized permeability barrier at the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Host defense cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) need to disrupt the outer membrane before gaining access to the inner cytoplasmic membrane or intracellular targets. Several AMPs are largely inactive against Gram-negative pathogens due to the restricted permeation through the LPS layer of the outer membrane. MSI-594 (GIGKFLKKAKKGIGAVLKVLTTG) is a highly active AMP with a broad-spectrum of activities against bacteria, fungi, and virus. In the context of LPS, MSI-594 assumes a hairpin helical structure dictated by packing interactions between two helical segments. Residue Phe5 of MSI-594 has been found to be engaged in important interhelical interactions. In order to understand plausible structural and functional inter-relationship of the helical hairpin structure of MSI-594 with outer membrane permeabilization, a mutant peptide, termed MSI-594F5A, containing a replacement of Phe5 with Ala has been prepared. We have compared antibacterial activities, outer and inner membrane permeabilizations, LPS binding affinity, perturbation of LPS micelles structures by MSI-594 and MSI-594F5A peptides. Our results demonstrated that the MSI-594F5A has lower activities against Gram-negative bacteria, due to limited permeabilization through the LPS layer, however, retains Gram-positive activity, akin to MSI-594. The atomic-resolution structure of MSI-594F5A has been determined in LPS micelles by NMR spectroscopy showing an amphipathic curved helix without any packing interactions. The 3D structures, interactions, and activities of MSI-594 and its mutant MSI-594F5A in LPS provide important mechanistic insights toward the requirements of LPS specific conformations and outer membrane permeabilization by broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna N Domadia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore-637551
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Kang SJ, Son WS, Han KD, Mishig-Ochir T, Kim DW, Kim JI, Lee BJ. Solution structure of antimicrobial peptide esculentin-1c from skin secretion of Rana esculenta. Mol Cells 2010; 30:435-41. [PMID: 20848230 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Granular glands in the skins of frogs synthesize and secrete a remarkably diverse range of peptides capable of antimicrobial activity. These anuran skin antimicrobial peptides are commonly hydrophobic, cationic and form an amphipathic α-helix in a membrane mimetic solution. Recently, they have been considered as useful target molecules for developing new antibiotics drugs. Esculentin-1c is a 46-amino acid residue peptide isolated from skin secretions of the European frog, Rana esculenta. It displays the most potent antimicrobial activity among bioactive molecules. Esculentin-1c has the longest amino acids among all antimicrobial peptides. The present study solved the solution structure of esculentin-1c in TFE/water by NMR, for the first time. We conclude that this peptide is comprised of three α-helices with each helix showing amphipathic characteristics, which seems to be a key part for permeating into bacterial membranes, thus presenting antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Lienkamp K, Tew GN. Synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides--a versatile ring-opening metathesis polymerization based platform for the synthesis of selective antibacterial and cell-penetrating polymers. Chemistry 2010; 15:11784-800. [PMID: 19798714 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural macromolecules exhibit an extensive arsenal of properties, many of which have proven difficult to recapitulate in simpler synthetic systems. Over the last couple of years, foldamers have emerged as one important step toward increased functionality in synthetic systems. While the great majority of work in this area has focused on folded structures, hence the name, more recent progress has centered on polymers that mimic protein function. These efforts have resulted in the design of relatively simple macromolecules; one example are the synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) that capture the central physicochemical features of their natural archetypes irrespective of the specific folded form. Here we present our recent efforts to create polymers which display biological activity similar to natural proteins, including antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lienkamp
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Antibacterial Peptidomimetics: Polymeric Synthetic Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides. POLYMER COMPOSITES – POLYOLEFIN FRACTIONATION – POLYMERIC PEPTIDOMIMETICS – COLLAGENS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kang SJ, Won HS, Choi WS, Lee BJ. De novo generation of antimicrobial LK peptides with a single tryptophan at the critical amphipathic interface. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:583-8. [PMID: 19544481 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
De novo design of amphipathic model peptides has been successful for generating many antimicrobial peptides with various lengths and amino acid compositions. Here, we suggest a very simple strategy to design antimicrobial peptides with a short length and a simple amino acid composition. Amphipathic helical properties were conferred by using only leucines and lysines and a single tryptophan was positioned at the critical amphipathic interface between the hydrophilic ending side and the hydrophobic starting side, in the helical wheel projection. According to this rule, the model peptides with 7 to 13 residues exhibited antimicrobial activity. Among them, the most potent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, covering all of the nine bacterial strains tested in this study, was found for the 11-mer sequences having a 1:1 (L(5)K(5)W(6)) or a 3:2 (L(6)K(4)W(6)) ratio of leucines to lysines. In particular, the former peptide L(5)K(5)W(6) could be evaluated as the most useful agent, as it showed no significant hemolytic activity with a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Rathinakumar R, Walkenhorst WF, Wimley WC. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides by rational combinatorial design and high-throughput screening: the importance of interfacial activity. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7609-17. [PMID: 19445503 PMCID: PMC2935846 DOI: 10.1021/ja8093247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently described 10 peptides selected from a 16,384-member combinatorial library based on their ability to permeabilize synthetic lipid vesicles in vitro. These peptides did not share a common sequence motif, length, or net charge; nonetheless, they shared a mechanism of action that is similar to the natural membrane permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides (AMP). To characterize the selected peptides and to compare the activity of AMPs in vivo and in vitro, we report on the biological activity of the same selected peptides in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells. Each of the peptides has sterilizing activity against all classes of microbes tested, at 2-8 microM peptide, with only slight hemolytic or cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Similar to many natural AMPs, bacteria are killed within a few minutes of peptide addition, and the lethal step in vivo is membrane permeabilization. Single D-amino acid substitutions eliminated or diminished the secondary structure of the peptides, and yet, they retained activity against some microbes. Thus, secondary structure and biological activity are not coupled, consistent with the hypothesis that AMPs do not form pores of well-defined structure in membranes but rather destabilize membranes by partitioning into membrane interfaces and disturbing the organization of the lipids, a property that we have called "interfacial activity". The observation that broad-spectrum activity, but not all antimicrobial activity, is lost by small changes to the peptides suggests that the in vitro screen is specifically selecting for the rare peptides that have broad-spectrum activity. We put forth the hypothesis that methods focusing on screening peptide libraries in vitro for members with the appropriate interfacial activity can enable the design, selection, and discovery of novel, potent, and broad-spectrum membrane-active antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Rathinakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA, 70112
| | | | - William C. Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA, 70112
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Structural overview on the allosteric activation of cyclic AMP receptor protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1299-308. [PMID: 19439203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) is a prokaryotic global transcription regulator that controls the expression of nearly 200 genes. The protein, allosterically activated by cAMP binding, binds to DNA and interacts with RNA polymerase. Current understanding on the allosteric process of the Escherichia coli CRP activation can be summarized into a rigid-body movement that involves subunit realignment and domain rearrangement. The main consequence of that overall transition is protrusion and adjustment of F-helices that recognize specific DNA sites. Although physicochemical and structural studies during the past decades have contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the CRP allostery, a paucity of structural information about the cAMP-free form (apo-CRP) has precluded a definite elucidation of the allosterism. In this respect, recent achievements of structures on other CRP-family proteins provide useful information to fill in the details of the allosteric transition of CRP. Thus, in this paper, accomplishments of CRP-family structures are summarized and inspected comparatively with new findings. This review not only provides a structural overview on the allosteric conformational change of CRP but also suggests a thoughtful discussion about unsolved issues or conflicting arguments. Solving those issues and the apo-CRP structure would enable us to finally define the CRP allostery.
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45
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De novo design and in vivo activity of conformationally restrained antimicrobial arylamide foldamers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6968-73. [PMID: 19359494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811818106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has compromised the use of many conventional antibiotics, leading to heightened interest in a variety of antimicrobial peptides. Although these peptides have attractive potential as antibiotics, their size, stability, tissue distribution, and toxicity have hampered attempts to harness these capabilities. To address such issues, we have developed small (molecular mass <1,000 Da) arylamide foldamers that mimic antimicrobial peptides. Hydrogen-bonded restraints in the arylamide template rigidify the conformation via hydrogen bond formation and increase activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The designed foldamers are highly active against S. aureus in an animal model. These results demonstrate the application of foldamer templates as therapeutics.
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Abstract
This tutorial review aims to introduce a new kind of biomaterials-molecular hydrogels of therapeutic agents. Based on the molecular self-assembly in water, it is possible to transform therapeutic agents into analogues that form hydrogels without compromising their pharmacological efficacy. This transformation can be beneficial in three aspects: (i) the therapeutic agents become "self-deliverable" in the form of hydrogels; (ii) the self-assembly of hydrogelators of drugs might confer new and useful properties such as multivalency or high local densities; (iii) the exploration of molecular hydrogels of drugs may ultimately lead to bioactive molecules that have dual or multiple roles. By summarizing the reports on the molecular hydrogels made from clinical used drugs or other bioactive molecules, this article presents representative molecular hydrogels of therapeutics and outlines the promises and challenges for developing this new class of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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47
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Colak S, Nelson CF, Nüsslein K, Tew GN. Hydrophilic modifications of an amphiphilic polynorbornene and the effects on its hemolytic and antibacterial activity. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:353-9. [PMID: 19138065 PMCID: PMC4036528 DOI: 10.1021/bm801129y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the modification of an amphiphilic antibacterial polynorbornene, Poly3, via incorporation of hydrophilic, biocompatible groups. The sugar, zwitterionic, and polyethylene glycol based moieties were incorporated in varying ratios by copolymerization and postpolymerization techniques. Well-defined copolymers with molecular weights of 3 kDa and narrow polydispersity indices ranging from 1.08 to 1.15 were obtained. The effects of these modifications on the biological activity of these polymers were analyzed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and their hemolytic activities (HC50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Colak
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 01003
| | - Christopher F. Nelson
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 01003
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 01003
| | - Klaus Nüsslein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 01003
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA 01003
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48
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Abstract
Amphibians have been found to be a source of agents with anticancer properties. Bufalin, for example, is an anticancer agent that may induce apoptosis by its interaction with other genes and cellular components. Certain peptides with anticancer activities have been found in amphibian skin; they include magainins, aureins, citropin 1.1 and gaegurins. These peptides may exert a cytotoxic effect on human cancer cells through various mechanisms. Onconase, amphinase, cSBL (sialic acid-binding lectin purified from Rana catesbeiana eggs) and jSBL (sialic acid-binding lectin purified from Rana japonica eggs), which belong to the RNase A family, were purified from the oocyte cells and eggs of three amphibians, and they induce cytotoxicity by degrading cellular RNA. This paper discusses the medical and pharmaceutical significance of products derived from amphibians.
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Mechanism of a prototypical synthetic membrane-active antimicrobial: Efficient hole-punching via interaction with negative intrinsic curvature lipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:20595-600. [PMID: 19106303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806456105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylene ethynylenes comprise a prototypical class of synthetic antimicrobial compounds that mimic antimicrobial peptides produced by eukaryotes and have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. We show unambiguously that bacterial membrane permeation by these antimicrobials depends on the presence of negative intrinsic curvature lipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids, found in high concentrations within bacterial membranes. Plate-killing assays indicate that a PE-knockout mutant strain of Escherichia coli drastically out-survives the wild type against the membrane-active phenylene ethynylene antimicrobials, whereas the opposite is true when challenged with traditional metabolic antibiotics. That the PE deletion is a lethal mutation in normative environments suggests that resistant bacterial strains do not evolve because a lethal mutation is required to gain immunity. PE lipids allow efficient generation of negative curvature required for the circumferential barrel of an induced membrane pore; an inverted hexagonal H(II) phase, which consists of arrays of water channels, is induced by a small number of antimicrobial molecules. The estimated antimicrobial occupation in these water channels is nonlinear and jumps from approximately 1 to 3 per 4 nm of induced water channel length as the global antimicrobial concentration is increased. By comparing to exactly solvable 1D spin models for magnetic systems, we quantify the cooperativity of these antimicrobials.
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50
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Won HS, Kang SJ, Lee BJ. Action mechanism and structural requirements of the antimicrobial peptides, gaegurins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:1620-9. [PMID: 19059199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gaegurins (GGNs) are a family of cationic, alpha-helical, antimicrobial peptides that were isolated from a Korean frog, Glandirana emeljanovi (formerly classified as Rana rugosa) and represent one of the structurally well-characterized groups. Among six gaegurins, gaegurin 4 (renamed herein esculentin-2EM), gaegurin 5 (brevinin-1EMa), and gaegurin 6 (brevinin-1EMb) have been investigated comprehensively in terms of structure-activity relationships. In this paper, we first suggest renaming of gaegurins according to a recently raised rule of systematic nomenclature. Then, the current understanding of gaegurins is reviewed by summarizing their structure-activity relationships. In particular competing arguments on gaegurins are synthetically inspected. Finally their action mechanism and structural requirements will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, South Korea.
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