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Xi Y, Li X, Liu L, Xiu F, Yi X, Chen H, You X. Sneaky tactics: Ingenious immune evasion mechanisms of Bartonella. Virulence 2024; 15:2322961. [PMID: 38443331 PMCID: PMC10936683 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2322961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative Bartonella species are facultative intracellular bacteria that can survive in the harsh intracellular milieu of host cells. They have evolved strategies to evade detection and degradation by the host immune system, which ensures their proliferation in the host. Following infection, Bartonella alters the initial immunogenic surface-exposed proteins to evade immune recognition via antigen or phase variation. The diverse lipopolysaccharide structures of certain Bartonella species allow them to escape recognition by the host pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, the survival of mature erythrocytes and their resistance to lysosomal fusion further complicate the immune clearance of this species. Certain Bartonella species also evade immune attacks by producing biofilms and anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing endothelial cell apoptosis. Overall, these factors create a challenging landscape for the host immune system to rapidly and effectively eradicate the Bartonella species, thereby facilitating the persistence of Bartonella infections and creating a substantial obstacle for therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on the effects of three human-specific Bartonella species, particularly their mechanisms of host invasion and immune escape, to gain new perspectives in the development of effective diagnostic tools, prophylactic measures, and treatment options for Bartonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Feichen Xiu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinchao Yi
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Chenzhou NO.1 People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, ChenZhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Jin X, Gou Y, Xin Y, Li J, Sun J, Li T, Feng J. Advancements in understanding the molecular and immune mechanisms of Bartonella pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196700. [PMID: 37362930 PMCID: PMC10288214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonellae are considered to be emerging opportunistic pathogens. The bacteria are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, and their hosts are a wide range of mammals including humans. After a protective barrier breach in mammals, Bartonella colonizes endothelial cells (ECs), enters the bloodstream, and infects erythrocytes. Current research primarily focuses on investigating the interaction between Bartonella and ECs and erythrocytes, with recent attention also paid to immune-related aspects. Various molecules related to Bartonella's pathogenicity have been identified. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the newly described molecular and immune responses associated with Bartonella's pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuze Gou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Xin
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingrong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Taber R, Pankowski A, Ludwig AL, Jensen M, Magsamen V, Lashnits E. Bartonellosis in Dogs and Cats, an Update. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:1163-1192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thibau A, Vaca DJ, Bagowski M, Hipp K, Bender D, Ballhorn W, Linke D, Kempf VAJ. Adhesion of Bartonella henselae to Fibronectin Is Mediated via Repetitive Motifs Present in the Stalk of Bartonella Adhesin A. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0211722. [PMID: 36165788 PMCID: PMC9602544 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02117-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to host cells is the first and most crucial step in infections with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and is often mediated by trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs). Bartonella henselae targets the extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin (Fn) via the Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) attaching the bacteria to the host cell. The TAA BadA is characterized by a highly repetitive passenger domain consisting of 30 neck/stalk domains with various degrees of similarity. To elucidate the motif sequences mediating Fn binding, we generated 10 modified BadA constructs and verified their expression via Western blotting, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy. We analyzed their ability to bind human plasma Fn using quantitative whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and fluorescence microscopy. Polyclonal antibodies targeting a 15-mer amino acid motif sequence proved to reduce Fn binding. We suggest that BadA adheres to Fn in a cumulative effort with quick saturation primarily via unpaired β-strands appearing in motifs repeatedly present throughout the neck/stalk region. In addition, we demonstrated that the length of truncated BadA constructs correlates with the immunoreactivity of human patient sera. The identification of BadA-Fn binding regions will support the development of new "antiadhesive" compounds inhibiting the initial adherence of B. henselae and other TAA-expressing pathogens to host cells. IMPORTANCE Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are important virulence factors and are widely present in various pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. TAA-expressing bacteria cause a wide spectrum of human diseases, such as cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), enterocolitis (Yersinia enterocolitica), meningitis (Neisseria meningitis), and bloodstream infections (multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii). TAA-targeted antiadhesive strategies (against, e.g., Bartonella adhesin A [BadA], Yersinia adhesin A [YadA], Neisseria adhesin A [NadA], and Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter [Ata]) might represent a universal strategy to counteract such bacterial infections. BadA is one of the best characterized TAAs, and because of its high number of (sub)domains, it serves as an attractive adhesin to study the domain-function relationship of TAAs in the infection process. The identification of common binding motifs between TAAs (here, BadA) and their major binding partner (here, fibronectin) provides a basis toward the design of novel "antiadhesive" compounds preventing the initial adherence of Gram-negative bacteria in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Diana J. Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marlene Bagowski
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Bender
- Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Wibke Ballhorn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Schijns V, Majhen D, van der Ley P, Thakur A, Summerfield A, Berisio R, Nativi C, Fernández-Tejada A, Alvarez-Dominguez C, Gizurarson S, Zamyatina A, Molinaro A, Rosano C, Jakopin Ž, Gursel I, McClean S. Rational Vaccine Design in Times of Emerging Diseases: The Critical Choices of Immunological Correlates of Protection, Vaccine Antigen and Immunomodulation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:501. [PMID: 33917629 PMCID: PMC8067490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective medical intervention due to their continual success in preventing infections and improving mortality worldwide. Early vaccines were developed empirically however, rational design of vaccines can allow us to optimise their efficacy, by tailoring the immune response. Establishing the immune correlates of protection greatly informs the rational design of vaccines. This facilitates the selection of the best vaccine antigens and the most appropriate vaccine adjuvant to generate optimal memory immune T cell and B cell responses. This review outlines the range of vaccine types that are currently authorised and those under development. We outline the optimal immunological correlates of protection that can be targeted. Finally we review approaches to rational antigen selection and rational vaccine adjuvant design. Harnessing current knowledge on protective immune responses in combination with critical vaccine components is imperative to the prevention of future life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Utrecht Science Park, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
- Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), 5374 RE Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Instiute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Utrecht Science Park, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, I-80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Biscay Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio-Bilbao, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Facultativo en plantilla (Research Faculty), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland;
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Camillo Rosano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova-1, Italy;
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubiljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science Faculty, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Siobhán McClean
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Muszyński A, Zarember KA, Heiss C, Shiloach J, Berg LJ, Audley J, Kozyr A, Greenberg DE, Holland SM, Malech HL, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Gallin JI. Granulibacter bethesdensis, a Pathogen from Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Produces a Penta-Acylated Hypostimulatory Glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic Acid-Lipid A Glycolipid (Ko-Lipid A). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3303. [PMID: 33804872 PMCID: PMC8036547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulibacter bethesdensis can infect patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an immunodeficiency caused by reduced phagocyte NADPH oxidase function. Intact G. bethesdensis (Gb) is hypostimulatory compared to Escherichia coli, i.e., cytokine production in human blood requires 10-100 times more G. bethesdensis CFU/mL than E. coli. To better understand the pathogenicity of G. bethesdensis, we isolated its lipopolysaccharide (GbLPS) and characterized its lipid A. Unlike with typical Enterobacteriaceae, the release of presumptive Gb lipid A from its LPS required a strong acid. NMR and mass spectrometry demonstrated that the carbohydrate portion of the isolated glycolipid consists of α-Manp-(1→4)-β-GlcpN3N-(1→6)-α-GlcpN-(1⇿1)-α-GlcpA tetra-saccharide substituted with five acyl chains: the amide-linked N-3' 14:0(3-OH), N-2' 16:0(3-O16:0), and N-2 18:0(3-OH) and the ester-linked O-3 14:0(3-OH) and 16:0. The identification of glycero-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko) as the first constituent of the core region of the LPS that is covalently attached to GlcpN3N of the lipid backbone may account for the acid resistance of GbLPS. In addition, the presence of Ko and only five acyl chains may explain the >10-fold lower proinflammatory potency of GbKo-lipidA compared to E. coli lipid A, as measured by cytokine induction in human blood. These unusual structural properties of the G.bethesdensis Ko-lipid A glycolipid likely contribute to immune evasion during pathogenesis and resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - Kol A. Zarember
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Lars J. Berg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - John Audley
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Arina Kozyr
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - David E. Greenberg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - Russell W. Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.H.); (P.A.); (R.W.C.)
| | - John I. Gallin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.A.Z.); (L.J.B.); (J.A.); (A.K.); (D.E.G.); (S.M.H.); (H.L.M.)
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Ait Yahia S, Audousset C, Alvarez-Simon D, Vorng H, Togbe D, Marquillies P, Delacre M, Rose S, Bouscayrol H, Rifflet A, Quesniaux V, Boneca IG, Chamaillard M, Tsicopoulos A. NOD1 sensing of house dust mite-derived microbiota promotes allergic experimental asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:394-406. [PMID: 33508265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma severity has been linked to exposure to gram-negative bacteria from the environment that are recognized by NOD1 receptor and are present in house dust mite (HDM) extracts. NOD1 polymorphism has been associated with asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate whether either host or HDM-derived microbiota may contribute to NOD1-dependent disease severity. METHODS A model of HDM-induced experimental asthma was used and the effect of NOD1 deficiency was evaluated. Contribution of host microbiota was evaluated by fecal transplantation. Contribution of HDM-derived microbiota was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry analysis, and peptidoglycan depletion of the extracts. RESULTS In this model, loss of the bacterial sensor NOD1 and its adaptor RIPK2 improved asthma features. Such inhibitory effect was not related to dysbiosis caused by NOD1 deficiency, as shown by fecal transplantation of Nod1-deficient microbiota to wild-type germ-free mice. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis of HDM allergen, revealed the presence of some muropeptides from gram-negative bacteria that belong to the Bartonellaceae family. While such HDM-associated muropeptides were found to activate NOD1 signaling in epithelial cells, peptidoglycan-depleted HDM had a decreased ability to instigate asthma in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data show that NOD1-dependent sensing of HDM-associated gram-negative bacteria aggravates the severity of experimental asthma, suggesting that inhibiting the NOD1 signaling pathway may be a therapeutic approach to treating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Ait Yahia
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Audousset
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Simon
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Han Vorng
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dieudonnée Togbe
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS-Universitaire of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Philippe Marquillies
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Rose
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS-Universitaire of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Hélène Bouscayrol
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS-Universitaire of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Aline Rifflet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Quesniaux
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS-Universitaire of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 2001, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9017-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.
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Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease of domestic animals and humans. The pathogenic ability of Brucella organisms relies on their stealthy strategy and their capacity to replicate within host cells and to induce long-lasting infections. Brucella organisms barely induce neutrophil activation and survive within these leukocytes by resisting microbicidal mechanisms. Very few Brucella-infected neutrophils are found in the target organs, except for the bone marrow, early in infection. Still, Brucella induces a mild reactive oxygen species formation and, through its lipopolysaccharide, promotes the premature death of neutrophils, which release chemokines and express "eat me" signals. This effect drives the phagocytosis of infected neutrophils by mononuclear cells that become thoroughly susceptible to Brucella replication and vehicles for bacterial dispersion. The premature death of the infected neutrophils proceeds without NETosis, necrosis/oncosis, or classical apoptosis morphology. In the absence of neutrophils, the Th1 response exacerbates and promotes bacterial removal, indicating that Brucella-infected neutrophils dampen adaptive immunity. This modulatory effect opens a window for bacterial dispersion in host tissues before adaptive immunity becomes fully activated. However, the hyperactivation of immunity is not without a price, since neutropenic Brucella-infected animals develop cachexia in the early phases of the disease. The delay in the immunological response seems a sine qua non requirement for the development of long-lasting brucellosis. This property may be shared with other pathogenic alphaproteobacteria closely related to Brucella We propose a model in which Brucella-infected polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) function as "Trojan horse" vehicles for bacterial dispersal and as modulators of the Th1 adaptive immunity in infection.
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Choi YR, Kim KS, Bandu R, Kim H, Lee JE, Shin B, Cho YJ, Park JM, Lee H, Kim KP. Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry‐based Structural Analysis of Deacylated Lipooligosaccharides From Escherichia coli. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Choi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sung Kim
- R&D center, EyeGene Goyang 10551 Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and BiotechnologySejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Bandu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- R&D center, EyeGene Goyang 10551 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yang Je Cho
- R&D center, EyeGene Goyang 10551 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- College of PharmacyGachon University Incheon 21936 Republic of Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- College of PharmacyGachon University Incheon 21936 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient MaterialsKyung Hee University Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
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10
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Sorg I, Schmutz C, Lu YY, Fromm K, Siewert LK, Bögli A, Strack K, Harms A, Dehio C. A Bartonella Effector Acts as Signaling Hub for Intrinsic STAT3 Activation to Trigger Anti-inflammatory Responses. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:476-485.e7. [PMID: 32101706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronically infecting pathogens avoid clearance by the innate immune system by promoting premature transition from an initial pro-inflammatory response toward an anti-inflammatory tissue-repair response. STAT3, a central regulator of inflammation, controls this transition and thus is targeted by numerous chronic pathogens. Here, we show that BepD, an effector of the chronic bacterial pathogen Bartonella henselae targeted to infected host cells, establishes an exceptional pathway for canonical STAT3 activation, thereby impairing secretion of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and stimulating secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Tyrosine phosphorylation of EPIYA-related motifs in BepD facilitates STAT3 binding and activation via c-Abl-dependent phosphorylation of Y705. The tyrosine-phosphorylated scaffold of BepD thus represents a signaling hub for intrinsic STAT3 activation that is independent from canonical STAT3 activation via transmembrane receptor-associated Janus kinases. We anticipate that our findings on a molecular shortcut to STAT3 activation will inspire new treatment options for chronic infections and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sorg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yun-Yueh Lu
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katja Fromm
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lena K Siewert
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kathrin Strack
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Crittenden CM, Escobar EE, Williams PE, Sanders JD, Brodbelt JS. Characterization of Antigenic Oligosaccharides from Gram-Negative Bacteria via Activated Electron Photodetachment Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4672-4679. [PMID: 30844257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS), composed of hydrophilic oligosaccharides and hydrophobic lipid A domains, are found on the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report the characterization of deacylated LOS of LPS by activated-electron photodetachment mass spectrometry. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of these phosphorylated oligosaccharides produces simple MS/MS spectra with most fragment ions arising from cleavages near the reducing end of the molecule where the phosphate groups are located. In contrast, 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) generates a wide array of product ions throughout the oligosaccharide including cross-ring fragments that illuminate the branching patterns. However, there are also product ions that are redundant or uninformative, resulting in more congested spectra that complicate interpretation. In this work, a hybrid UVPD-CID approach known as activated-electron photodetachment (a-EPD) affords less congested spectra than UVPD alone and richer fragmentation patterns than CID alone. a-EPD combines UVPD of negatively charged oligosaccharides to yield abundant charge-reduced radical ions which are subsequently interrogated by collisional activation. CID of the charge-reduced precursors results in extensive fragmentation throughout the backbone of the oligosaccharide. This hybridized a-EPD approach was employed to characterize the structure and branching pattern of deacylated LOS of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin E Escobar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Peggy E Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - James D Sanders
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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12
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Deng H, Pang Q, Zhao B, Vayssier-Taussat M. Molecular Mechanisms of Bartonella and Mammalian Erythrocyte Interactions: A Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:431. [PMID: 30619777 PMCID: PMC6299047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonellosis is an infectious disease caused by Bartonella species that are distributed worldwide with animal and public health impact varying according to Bartonella species, infection phase, immunological characteristics, and geographical region. Bartonella is widely present in various mammals including cats, rodents, ruminants, and humans. At least 13 Bartonella species or subspecies are zoonotic. Each species has few reservoir animals in which it is often asymptomatic. Bartonella infection may lead to various clinical symptoms in humans. As described in the B.tribocorum-rat model, when Bartonella was seeded into the blood stream, they could escape immunity, adhered to and invaded host erythrocytes. They then replicated and persisted in the infected erythrocytes for several weeks. This review summarizes the current knowledge of how Bartonella prevent phagocytosis and complement activation, what pathogenesis factors are involved in erythrocyte adhesion and invasion, and how Bartonella could replicate and persist in mammalian erythrocytes. Current advances in research will help us to decipher molecular mechanisms of interactions between Bartonella and mammalian erythrocytes and may help in the development of biological strategies for the prevention and control of bartonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkuan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne, Maisons-Alfort, France
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13
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Scherler A, Jacquier N, Greub G. Chlamydiales, Anaplasma and Bartonella: persistence and immune escape of intracellular bacteria. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:416-423. [PMID: 29162422 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria, such as Chlamydiales, Anaplasma or Bartonella, need to persist inside their host in order to complete their developmental cycle and to infect new hosts. In order to escape from the host immune system, intracellular bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms of persistence, which can directly impact the health of their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Scherler
- Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jacquier
- Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Abstract
Since the reclassification of the genus Bartonella in 1993, the number of species has grown from 1 to 45 currently designated members. Likewise, the association of different Bartonella species with human disease continues to grow, as does the range of clinical presentations associated with these bacteria. Among these, blood-culture-negative endocarditis stands out as a common, often undiagnosed, clinical presentation of infection with several different Bartonella species. The limitations of laboratory tests resulting in this underdiagnosis of Bartonella endocarditis are discussed. The varied clinical picture of Bartonella infection and a review of clinical aspects of endocarditis caused by Bartonella are presented. We also summarize the current knowledge of the molecular basis of Bartonella pathogenesis, focusing on surface adhesins in the two Bartonella species that most commonly cause endocarditis, B. henselae and B. quintana. We discuss evidence that surface adhesins are important factors for autoaggregation and biofilm formation by Bartonella species. Finally, we propose that biofilm formation is a critical step in the formation of vegetative masses during Bartonella-mediated endocarditis and represents a potential reservoir for persistence by these bacteria.
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15
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Malgorzata-Miller G, Heinbockel L, Brandenburg K, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Bartonella quintana lipopolysaccharide (LPS): structure and characteristics of a potent TLR4 antagonist for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34221. [PMID: 27670746 PMCID: PMC5037446 DOI: 10.1038/srep34221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptor TLR4 is well known as a crucial receptor during infection and inflammation. Several TLR4 antagonists have been reported to inhibit the function of TLR4. Both natural occurring antagonists, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria as well as synthetic compounds based on the lipid A structure of LPS have been described as potent inhibitors of TLR4. Here, we have examined the characteristics of a natural TLR4 antagonist, isolated from Bartonella quintana bacterium by elucidating its chemical primary structure. We have found that this TLR4 antagonist is actually a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) instead of a LPS, and that it acts very effective, with a high inhibitory activity against triggering by the LPS-TLR4 system in the presence of a potent TLR4 agonist (E. coli LPS). Furthermore, we demonstrate that B. quintana LPS is not inactivated by polymyxin B, a classical cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic that bind the lipid A part of LPS, such as E. coli LPS. Using a murine LPS/D-galactosamine endotoxaemia model we showed that treatment with B. quintana LPS could improve the survival rate significantly. Since endogenous TLR4 ligands have been associated with several inflammatory- and immune-diseases, B. quintana LPS might be a novel therapeutic strategy for TLR4-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosia Malgorzata-Miller
- Department of Internal Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500HB, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Heinbockel
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500HB, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500HB, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Pokorny B, Kosma P. Synthesis of 5-O-oligoglucosyl extended α-(2→4)-Kdo disaccharides corresponding to inner core fragments of Moraxellaceae lipopolysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2016; 422:5-12. [PMID: 26795079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The heptose-deficient inner core of the lipopolysaccharide of several pathogenic strains of the Moraxellaceae family (Moraxella, Acinetobacter) and of Bartonella henselae, respectively, comprises an α-D-glucopyranose attached to position 5 of Kdo. In continuation of the synthesis of fragments of Acinetobacter haemolyticus LPS, the branched α-Glcp-(1 → 5)[α-Kdo-(2 → 4)]-α-Kdo trisaccharide motif was elaborated. The glycosylation of a suitably protected, α-(2 → 4)-interlinked Kdo-disaccharide was achieved in high yield and fair anomeric selectivity using a 4,6-O-benzylidene N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate glucosyl donor. Subsequent regioselective reductive benzylidene opening afforded a trisaccharide acceptor, which was extended with β-D-glucopyranosyl and isomaltosyl residues. Global deprotection provided tri- to pentasaccharide structures corresponding to the inner core region of A. haemolyticus lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pokorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Global and Targeted Lipid Analysis of Gemmata obscuriglobus Reveals the Presence of Lipopolysaccharide, a Signature of the Classical Gram-Negative Outer Membrane. J Bacteriol 2015; 198:221-36. [PMID: 26483522 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00517-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Planctomycete bacteria possess many unusual cellular properties, contributing to a cell plan long considered to be unique among the bacteria. However, data from recent studies are more consistent with a modified Gram-negative cell plan. A key feature of the Gram-negative plan is the presence of an outer membrane (OM), for which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a signature molecule. Despite genomic evidence for an OM in planctomycetes, no biochemical verification has been reported. We attempted to detect and characterize LPS in the planctomycete Gemmata obscuriglobus. We obtained direct evidence for LPS and lipid A using electrophoresis and differential staining. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) compositional analysis of LPS extracts identified eight different 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-HOFAs), 2-keto 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), glucosamine, and hexose and heptose sugars, a chemical profile unique to Gram-negative LPS. Combined with molecular/structural information collected from matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of putative intact lipid A, these data led us to propose a heterogeneous hexa-acylated lipid A structure (multiple-lipid A species). We also confirmed previous reports of G. obscuriglobus whole-cell fatty acid (FA) and sterol compositions and detected a novel polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Our confirmation of LPS, and by implication an OM, in G. obscuriglobus raises the possibility that other planctomycetes possess an OM. The pursuit of this question, together with studies of the structural connections between planctomycete LPS and peptidoglycans, will shed more light on what appears to be a planctomycete variation on the Gram-negative cell plan. IMPORTANCE Bacterial species are classified as Gram positive or negative based on their cell envelope structure. For 25 years, the envelope of planctomycete bacteria has been considered a unique exception, as it lacks peptidoglycan and an outer membrane (OM). However, the very recent detection of peptidoglycan in planctomycete species has provided evidence for a more conventional cell wall and raised questions about other elements of the cell envelope. Here, we report direct evidence of lipopolysaccharide in the planctomycete G. obscuriglobus, suggesting the presence of an OM and supporting the proposal that the planctomycete cell envelope is an extension of the canonical Gram-negative plan. This interpretation features a convoluted cytoplasmic membrane and expanded periplasmic space, the functions of which provide an intriguing avenue for future investigation.
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18
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Salvatore P, Zullo A, Sommese L, Colicchio R, Picascia A, Schiano C, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Infections and cardiovascular disease: is Bartonella henselae contributing to this matter? J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:799-809. [PMID: 26066633 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is still the major cause of death worldwide despite the remarkable progress in its prevention and treatment. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have recently emerged as key players of vascular repair and regenerative medicine applied to cardiovascular disease. A large amount of effort has been put into discovering the factors that could aid or impair the number and function of EPCs, and also into characterizing these cells at the molecular level in order to facilitate their therapeutic applications in vascular disease. Interestingly, the major cardiovascular risk factors have been associated with reduced number and function of EPCs. The bacterial contribution to cardiovascular disease represents a long-standing controversy. The discovery that Bartonella henselae can infect and damage EPCs revitalizes the enduring debate about the microbiological contribution to atherosclerosis, thus allowing the hypothesis that this infection could impair the cardiovascular regenerative potential and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the rationale suggesting that Bartonella henselae could favour atherogenesis by infecting and damaging EPCs, thus reducing their vascular repair potential. These mechanisms suggest a novel link between communicable and non-communicable human diseases, and put forward the possibility that Bartonella henselae could enhance the susceptibility and worsen the prognosis in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Zullo
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy.,Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU) and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Picascia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU) and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Foundation SDN, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU) and Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Foundation SDN, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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19
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O'Brien JP, Needham BD, Brown DB, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Top-Down Strategies for the Structural Elucidation of Intact Gram-negative Bacterial Endotoxins. Chem Sci 2014; 5:4291-4301. [PMID: 25386333 PMCID: PMC4224326 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-modelling of lipopolysaccharides, which are the primary constituent of the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, modulates pathogenesis and resistance to microbials. Reported herein is the characterization of intact Gram-negative bacterial lipooligosaccharides (LOS) via a new strategy utilizing online liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry. Compared to collision-based MS/MS methods, UVPD and UVPD/HCD promoted a greater array of cleavages within both the glycan and lipid moieties, including C-C, C-N, C-O cleavages in the acyl chains as well as glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, thus providing the most far-reaching structural characterization of LOS. This LC-MS/MS strategy affords a robust analytical method to structurally characterize complex mixtures of bacterial endotoxins that maintains the integrity of the core oligosaccharide and lipid A domains of LOS, providing direct feedback about the cell envelope architectures and LOS modification strategies involved in resistance host innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Brittany D Needham
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Dusty B Brown
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - M Stephen Trent
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX, USA 78712
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20
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Lima A, Cha BJ, Amin J, Smith LK, Anderson B. Zebrafish embryo model of Bartonella henselae infection. Zebrafish 2014; 11:434-46. [PMID: 25026365 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae (Bh) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has been associated with a variety of human diseases, including bacillary angiomatosis that is characterized by vasoproliferative tumor-like lesions on the skin of some immunosuppressed individuals. The study of Bh pathogenesis has been limited to in vitro cell culture systems due to the lack of an animal model. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether the zebrafish embryo could be used to model human infection with Bh. Our data showed that Tg(fli1:egfp)(y1) zebrafish embryos supported a sustained Bh infection for 7 days with >10-fold bacterial replication when inoculated in the yolk sac. We showed that Bh recruited phagocytes to the site of infection in the Tg(mpx:GFP)uwm1 embryos. Infected embryos showed evidence of a Bh-induced angiogenic phenotype and an increase in the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory factors and pro-angiogenic markers. However, infection of zebrafish embryos with a deletion mutant in the major adhesin (BadA) resulted in little or no bacterial replication and a diminished host response, providing the first evidence that BadA is critical for in vivo infection. Thus, the zebrafish embryo provides the first practical model of Bh infection that will facilitate efforts to identify virulence factors and define molecular mechanisms of Bh pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amorce Lima
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa, Florida
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21
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Minnick MF, Anderson BE, Lima A, Battisti JM, Lawyer PG, Birtles RJ. Oroya fever and verruga peruana: bartonelloses unique to South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2919. [PMID: 25032975 PMCID: PMC4102455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella bacilliformis is the bacterial agent of Carrión's disease and is presumed to be transmitted between humans by phlebotomine sand flies. Carrión's disease is endemic to high-altitude valleys of the South American Andes, and the first reported outbreak (1871) resulted in over 4,000 casualties. Since then, numerous outbreaks have been documented in endemic regions, and over the last two decades, outbreaks have occurred at atypical elevations, strongly suggesting that the area of endemicity is expanding. Approximately 1.7 million South Americans are estimated to be at risk in an area covering roughly 145,000 km2 of Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. Although disease manifestations vary, two disparate syndromes can occur independently or sequentially. The first, Oroya fever, occurs approximately 60 days following the bite of an infected sand fly, in which infection of nearly all erythrocytes results in an acute hemolytic anemia with attendant symptoms of fever, jaundice, and myalgia. This phase of Carrión's disease often includes secondary infections and is fatal in up to 88% of patients without antimicrobial intervention. The second syndrome, referred to as verruga peruana, describes the endothelial cell-derived, blood-filled tumors that develop on the surface of the skin. Verrugae are rarely fatal, but can bleed and scar the patient. Moreover, these persistently infected humans provide a reservoir for infecting sand flies and thus maintaining B. bacilliformis in nature. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this life-threatening, neglected bacterial pathogen and review its host-cell parasitism, molecular pathogenesis, phylogeny, sand fly vectors, diagnostics, and prospects for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Minnick
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Burt E. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amorce Lima
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - James M. Battisti
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Phillip G. Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Birtles
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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22
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Bang C, Weidenbach K, Gutsmann T, Heine H, Schmitz RA. The intestinal archaea Methanosphaera stadtmanae and Methanobrevibacter smithii activate human dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99411. [PMID: 24915454 PMCID: PMC4051749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The methanoarchaea Methanosphaera stadtmanae and Methanobrevibacter smithii are known to be part of the indigenous human gut microbiota. Although the immunomodulatory effects of bacterial gut commensals have been studied extensively in the last decade, the impact of methanoarchaea in human's health and disease was rarely examined. Consequently, we studied and report here on the effects of M. stadtmanae and M. smithii on human immune cells. Whereas exposure to M. stadtmanae leads to substantial release of proinflammatory cytokines in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), only weak activation was detected after incubation with M. smithii. Phagocytosis of M. stadtmanae by moDCs was demonstrated by confocal microscopy as well as transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and shown to be crucial for cellular activation by using specific inhibitors. Both strains, albeit to different extents, initiate a maturation program in moDCs as revealed by up-regulation of the cell-surface receptors CD86 and CD197 suggesting additional activation of adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, M. stadtmanae and M. smithii were capable to alter the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides in moDCs to different extents. Taken together, our findings strongly argue that the archaeal gut inhabitants M. stadtmanae and M. smithii are specifically recognized by the human innate immune system. Moreover, both strains are capable of inducing an inflammatory cytokine response to different extents arguing that they might have diverse immunomodulatory functions. In conclusion, we propose that the impact of intestinal methanoarchaea on pathological conditions involving the gut microbiota has been underestimated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Bang
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Weidenbach
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Holger Heine
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Ruth A. Schmitz
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Heterologous expression of Bartonella adhesin A in Escherichia coli by exchange of trimeric autotransporter adhesin domains results in enhanced adhesion properties and a pathogenic phenotype. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2155-65. [PMID: 24682330 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01461-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-pathogenic Bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders. An important pathogenicity factor of B. henselae is the trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) Bartonella adhesin A (BadA), which is modularly constructed, consisting of a head, a long and repetitive neck-stalk module, and a membrane anchor. BadA is involved in bacterial autoagglutination, binding to extracellular matrix proteins and host cells, and in proangiogenic reprogramming. The slow growth of B. henselae and limited tools for genetic manipulation are obstacles for detailed examination of BadA and its domains. Here, we established a recombinant expression system for BadA mutants in Escherichia coli allowing functional analysis of particular BadA domains. Using a BadA mutant lacking 21 neck-stalk repeats (BadA HN23), the BadA HN23 signal sequence was exchanged with that of E. coli OmpA, and the BadA membrane anchor was additionally replaced with that of Yersinia adhesin A (YadA). Constructs were cloned in E. coli, and hybrid protein expression was detected by immunoblotting, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Functional analysis revealed that BadA hybrid proteins mediate autoagglutination and binding to collagen and endothelial cells. In vivo, expression of this BadA construct correlated with higher pathogenicity of E. coli in a Galleria mellonella infection model.
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Zapata HJ, Villanueva M, Shenoi S. Initial diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in a 56-year-old man with non-healing forearm lesion. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-201184. [PMID: 24248316 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 56-year-old Hispanic man with no significant medical problems presented with a 2-month history of a non-healing right forearm lesion that progressed despite several courses of empiric antibiotics. The patient underwent incision and drainage. Warthin-Starry stain with immunohistochemistry testing diagnosed bacillary angiomatosis secondary to Bartonella quintana. Subsequently, the patient was diagnosed with HIV, with a CD4 count of 68 cells/mm(3), and a HIV viral load of 47, 914 copies/mL. The patient was treated with doxycycline and started on antiretroviral therapy. The lesion has resolved and he has had no recurrence after 16 months of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Zapata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Ben-Tekaya H, Gorvel JP, Dehio C. Bartonella and Brucella--weapons and strategies for stealth attack. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:3/8/a010231. [PMID: 23906880 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bartonella spp. and Brucella spp. are closely related α-proteobacterial pathogens that by distinct stealth-attack strategies cause chronic infections in mammals including humans. Human infections manifest by a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild to fatal disease. Both pathogens establish intracellular replication niches and subvert diverse pathways of the host's immune system. Several virulence factors allow them to adhere to, invade, proliferate, and persist within various host-cell types. In particular, type IV secretion systems (T4SS) represent essential virulence factors that transfer effector proteins tailored to recruit host components and modulate cellular processes to the benefit of the bacterial intruders. This article puts the remarkable features of these two pathogens into perspective, highlighting the mechanisms they use to hijack signaling and trafficking pathways of the host as the basis for their stealthy infection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchaima Ben-Tekaya
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
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Kilár A, Dörnyei Á, Kocsis B. Structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with mass spectrometry and on- and off-line separation techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:90-117. [PMID: 23165926 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the application of mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), also referred to as "endotoxins," because they elicit the strong immune response in infected organisms. Recently, a wide variety of MS-based applications have been implemented to the structure elucidation of LPS. Methodological improvements, as well as on- and off-line separation procedures, proved the versatility of mass spectrometry to study complex LPS mixtures. Special attention is given in the review to the tandem mass spectrometric methods and protocols for the analyses of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of LPS. We compare and evaluate the different ionization techniques (MALDI, ESI) in view of their use in intact R- and S-type LPS and lipid A studies. Methods for sample preparation of LPS prior to mass spectrometric analysis are also described. The direct identification of intrinsic heterogeneities of most intact LPS and lipid A preparations is a particular challenge, for which separation techniques (e.g., TLC, slab-PAGE, CE, GC, HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry are often necessary. A brief summary of these combined methodologies to profile LPS molecular species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kilár
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Lipopolysaccharides: from Erinyes to Charites. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:684274. [PMID: 22665953 PMCID: PMC3361297 DOI: 10.1155/2012/684274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of endotoxins by Richard Pfeiffer, such bacterial product was associated to many severe disorders produced by an overwhelming inflammatory response and often resulting in endotoxic shock and multiple organ failure. However, recent clinical and basic sciences investigations claimed some beneficial roles of typical as well as atypical endotoxins. The aim of this paper is to focus on recent data supporting a beneficial activity of both typical and atypical endotoxins. Such novel perspective looks promising for development of new drugs for prevention and therapy of several human diseases.
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Deng H, Le Rhun D, Buffet JPR, Cotté V, Read A, Birtles RJ, Vayssier-Taussat M. Strategies of exploitation of mammalian reservoirs by Bartonella species. Vet Res 2012; 43:15. [PMID: 22369683 PMCID: PMC3430587 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous mammal species, including domestic and wild animals such as ruminants, dogs, cats and rodents, as well as humans, serve as reservoir hosts for various Bartonella species. Some of those species that exploit non-human mammals as reservoir hosts have zoonotic potential. Our understanding of interactions between bartonellae and reservoir hosts has been greatly improved by the development of animal models for infection and the use of molecular tools allowing large scale mutagenesis of Bartonella species. By reviewing and combining the results of these and other approaches we can obtain a comprehensive insight into the molecular interactions that underlie the exploitation of reservoir hosts by Bartonella species, particularly the well-studied interactions with vascular endothelial cells and erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkuan Deng
- USC INRA Bartonella et Tiques, ANSES, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Pulliainen AT, Dehio C. Persistence of Bartonella spp. stealth pathogens: from subclinical infections to vasoproliferative tumor formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:563-99. [PMID: 22229763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that typically cause a long-lasting intraerythrocytic bacteremia in their mammalian reservoir hosts, thereby favoring transmission by blood-sucking arthropods. In most cases, natural reservoir host infections are subclinical and the relapsing intraerythrocytic bacteremia may last weeks, months, or even years. In this review, we will follow the infection cycle of Bartonella spp. in a reservoir host, which typically starts with an intradermal inoculation of bacteria that are superficially scratched into the skin from arthropod feces and terminates with the pathogen exit by the blood-sucking arthropod. The current knowledge of bacterial countermeasures against mammalian immune response will be presented for each critical step of the pathogenesis. The prevailing models of the still-enigmatic primary niche and the anatomical location where bacteria reside, persist, and are periodically seeded into the bloodstream to cause the typical relapsing Bartonella spp. bacteremia will also be critically discussed. The review will end up with a discussion of the ability of Bartonella spp., namely Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella bacilliformis, to induce tumor-like vascular deformations in humans having compromised immune response such as in patients with AIDS.
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Abstract
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that employ a unique stealth infection strategy comprising immune evasion and modulation, intimate interaction with nucleated cells, and intraerythrocytic persistence. Infections with Bartonella are ubiquitous among mammals, and many species can infect humans either as their natural host or incidentally as zoonotic pathogens. Upon inoculation into a naive host, the bartonellae first colonize a primary niche that is widely accepted to involve the manipulation of nucleated host cells, e.g., in the microvasculature. Consistently, in vitro research showed that Bartonella harbors an ample arsenal of virulence factors to modulate the response of such cells, gain entrance, and establish an intracellular niche. Subsequently, the bacteria are seeded into the bloodstream where they invade erythrocytes and give rise to a typically asymptomatic intraerythrocytic bacteremia. While this course of infection is characteristic for natural hosts, zoonotic infections or the infection of immunocompromised patients may alter the path of Bartonella and result in considerable morbidity. In this review we compile current knowledge on the molecular processes underlying both the infection strategy and pathogenesis of Bartonella and discuss their connection to the clinical presentation of human patients, which ranges from minor complaints to life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harms
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Bartonella infection in immunocompromised hosts: immunology of vascular infection and vasoproliferation. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:612809. [PMID: 22162717 PMCID: PMC3227422 DOI: 10.1155/2012/612809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most infections by genus Bartonella in immunocompromised patients are caused by B. henselae and B. quintana. Unlike immunocompetent hosts who usually develop milder diseases such as cat scratch disease and trench fever, immunocompromised patients, including those living with HIV/AIDS and posttransplant patients, are more likely to develop different and severe life-threatening disease. This paper will discuss Bartonella's manifestations in immunosuppressed patients and will examine Bartonella's interaction with the immune system including its mechanisms of establishing infection and immune escape. Gaps in current understanding of the immunology of Bartonella infection in immunocompromised hosts will be highlighted.
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Chafchaouni-Moussaoui I, Novikov A, Bhrada F, Perry MB, Filali-Maltouf A, Caroff M. A new rapid and micro-scale hydrolysis, using triethylamine citrate, for lipopolysaccharide characterization by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2043-2048. [PMID: 21698687 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is, in general, composed of two moieties: a hydrophilic polysaccharide linked to a hydrophobic lipid A terminal unit and forms a major surface component of gram-negative bacteria. The structural features of LPS moieties play a role in pathogenesis and also involve immunogenicity and diagnostic serology. The major toxic factor of LPS resides in the lipid A moiety, anchored in the outer layer of the bacterium, and its relative biological activity is critically related to fine structural features within the molecule. In establishing relationships between structural features and biological activities of LPS it is of the utmost importance to develop new analytical methods that can be applied to the complete unambiguous characterization of a specific LPS molecule. Herein is presented a practical rapid and sensitive analytical procedure for the mass spectral screening of LPS using triethylamine citrate as an agent for both disaggregation and mild hydrolysis of LPS. It provides improved matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra and, in particular, affords the identification of fragments retaining labile substituents present in the native macromolecular LPS structures. The methods were developed and applied using purified LPS of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, as well as more complex LPS of Actnobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chafchaouni-Moussaoui
- Equipe 'ESA: Endotoxines, Structures et Activités', UMR 8621 du CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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33
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Yamamoto Y, Harashima A, Saito H, Tsuneyama K, Munesue S, Motoyoshi S, Han D, Watanabe T, Asano M, Takasawa S, Okamoto H, Shimura S, Karasawa T, Yonekura H, Yamamoto H. Septic Shock Is Associated with Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Ligation of LPS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3248-57. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Palacios-Chaves L, Conde-Álvarez R, Gil-Ramírez Y, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Barquero-Calvo E, Chacón-Díaz C, Chaves-Olarte E, Arce-Gorvel V, Gorvel JP, Moreno E, de Miguel MJ, Grilló MJ, Moriyón I, Iriarte M. Brucella abortus ornithine lipids are dispensable outer membrane components devoid of a marked pathogen-associated molecular pattern. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16030. [PMID: 21249206 PMCID: PMC3017556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brucellae are α-Proteobacteria facultative intracellular parasites that cause an important zoonosis. These bacteria escape early detection by innate immunity, an ability associated to the absence of marked pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the cell envelope lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins and flagellin. We show here that, in contrast to the outer membrane ornithine lipids (OL) of other Gram negative bacteria, Brucella abortus OL lack a marked pathogen-associated molecular pattern activity. We identified two OL genes (olsB and olsA) and by generating the corresponding mutants found that olsB deficient B. abortus did not synthesize OL or their lyso-OL precursors. Liposomes constructed with B. abortus OL did not trigger IL-6 or TNF-α release by macrophages whereas those constructed with Bordetella pertussis OL and the olsB mutant lipids as carriers were highly active. The OL deficiency in the olsB mutant did not promote proinflammatory responses or generated attenuation in mice. In addition, OL deficiency did not increase sensitivity to polymyxins, normal serum or complement consumption, or alter the permeability to antibiotics and dyes. Taken together, these observations indicate that OL have become dispensable in the extant brucellae and are consistent within the trend observed in α-Proteobacteria animal pathogens to reduce and eventually eliminate the envelope components susceptible of recognition by innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Palacios-Chaves
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Gil-Ramírez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, INSERM U631, CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Marseille, INSERM U631, CNRS UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - María-Jesús de Miguel
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Grilló
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Kabanov DS, Prokhorenko IR. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:383-404. [PMID: 20618127 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review covers data on composition and structure of lipid A, core, and O-polysaccharide of the known lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. The relationship between the structure and biological activity of lipid A is discussed. The data on roles of core and O-polysaccharide in biological activities of lipopolysaccharides are presented. The structural homology of some oligosaccharide sequences of lipopolysaccharides to gangliosides of human cell membranes is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kabanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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36
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Innate immunity to Legionella and toll-like receptors — review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:508-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Morris HC, Monaco LA, Steele A, Wainwright N. Setting a standard: the limulus amebocyte lysate assay and the assessment of microbial contamination on spacecraft surfaces. ASTROBIOLOGY 2010; 10:845-852. [PMID: 21087163 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Historically, colony-forming units as determined by plate cultures have been the standard unit for microbiological analysis of environmental samples, medical diagnostics, and products for human use. However, the time and materials required make plate cultures expensive and potentially hazardous in the closed environments of future NASA missions aboard the International Space Station and missions to other Solar System targets. The Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay is an established method for ensuring the sterility and cleanliness of samples in the meat-packing and pharmaceutical industries. Each of these industries has verified numerical requirements for the correct interpretation of results from this assay. The LAL assay is a rapid, point-of-use, verified assay that has already been approved by NASA Planetary Protection as an alternate, molecular method for the examination of outbound spacecraft. We hypothesize that standards for molecular techniques, similar to those used by the pharmaceutical and meat-packing industries, need to be set by space agencies to ensure accurate data interpretation and subsequent decision making. In support of this idea, we present research that has been conducted to relate the LAL assay to plate cultures, and we recommend values obtained from these investigations that could assist in interpretation and analysis of data obtained from the LAL assay.
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Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are the major components on the surface of most Gram-negative bacteria, and recognized by immune cells as a pathogen-associated molecule. They can cause severe diseases like sepsis and therefore known as endotoxins. Lipopolysaccharide consists of lipid A, core oligosaccharide and O-antigen repeats. Lipid A is responsible for the major bioactivity of endotoxin. Because of their specific structure and amphipathic property, purification and analysis of lipopolysaccharides are difficult. In this chapter, we summarize the available approaches for extraction, purification and analysis of lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Banoub JH, El Aneed A, Cohen AM, Joly N. Structural investigation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:606-650. [PMID: 20589944 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric studies are now playing a leading role in the elucidation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures through the characterization of antigenic polysaccharides, core oligosaccharides and lipid A components including LPS genetic modifications. The conventional MS and MS/MS analyses together with CID fragmentation provide additional structural information complementary to the previous analytical experiments, and thus contribute to an integrated strategy for the simultaneous characterization and correct sequencing of the carbohydrate moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Banoub
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Special Projects, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5X1.
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Minnick MF, Battisti JM. Pestilence, persistence and pathogenicity: infection strategies of Bartonella. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:743-58. [PMID: 19659429 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been nearly two decades since the discovery of Bartonella as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis in AIDS patients and persistent bacteremia and 'nonculturable' endocarditis in homeless people. Since that time, the number of Bartonella species identified has increased from one to 24, and 10 of these bacteria are associated with human disease. Although Bartonella is the only genus that infects human erythrocytes and triggers pathological angiogenesis in the vascular bed, the group remains understudied compared with most other bacterial pathogens. Numerous questions regarding Bartonella's molecular pathogenesis and epidemiology remain unanswered. Virtually every mammal harbors one or more Bartonella species and their transmission typically involves a hematophagous arthropod vector. However, many details regarding epidemiology and the public health threat imposed by these animal reservoirs is unclear. A handful of studies have shown that bartonellae are highly-adapted pathogens whose parasitic strategy has evolved to cause persistent infections of the host. To this end, virulence attributes of Bartonella include the subversion of host cells with effector molecules delivered via a type IV secretion system, induction of pathological angiogenesis through various means, including inhibition of apoptosis and activation of hypoxia-inducing factor 1, use of afimbrial adhesins that are orthologs of Yersinia adhesin A, incorporation of lipopolysaccharides with low endotoxic potency in the outer membrane, and several other virulence factors that help Bartonella infect and persist in erythrocytes and endothelial cells of the host circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Minnick
- The University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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The differential interaction of Brucella and ochrobactrum with innate immunity reveals traits related to the evolution of stealthy pathogens. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5893. [PMID: 19529776 PMCID: PMC2691993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During evolution, innate immunity has been tuned to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, some α-Proteobacteria are stealthy intracellular pathogens not readily detected by this system. Brucella members follow this strategy and are highly virulent, but other Brucellaceae like Ochrobactrum are rhizosphere inhabitants and only opportunistic pathogens. To gain insight into the emergence of the stealthy strategy, we compared these two phylogenetically close but biologically divergent bacteria. Methodology/Principal Findings In contrast to Brucella abortus, Ochrobactrum anthropi did not replicate within professional and non-professional phagocytes and, whereas neutrophils had a limited action on B. abortus, they were essential to control O. anthropi infections. O. anthropi triggered proinflammatory responses markedly lower than Salmonella enterica but higher than B. abortus. In macrophages and dendritic cells, the corresponding lipopolysaccharides reproduced these grades of activation, and binding of O. anthropi lipopolysaccharide to the TLR4 co-receptor MD-2 and NF-κB induction laid between those of B. abortus and enteric bacteria lipopolysaccharides. These differences correlate with reported variations in lipopolysaccharide core sugars, sensitivity to bactericidal peptides and outer membrane permeability. Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that Brucellaceae ancestors carried molecules not readily recognized by innate immunity, so that non-drastic variations led to the emergence of stealthy intracellular parasites. They also suggest that some critical envelope properties, like selective permeability, are profoundly altered upon modification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and that this represents a further adaptation to the host. It is proposed that this adaptive trend is relevant in other intracellular α-Proteobacteria like Bartonella, Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Wolbachia.
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Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Breitschwerdt EB, Kasten RW, Vayssier-Taussat M, Birtles RJ, Koehler JE, Dehio C. Ecological fitness and strategies of adaptation of Bartonella species to their hosts and vectors. Vet Res 2009; 40:29. [PMID: 19284965 PMCID: PMC2695021 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause characteristic hostrestricted hemotropic infections in mammals and are typically transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In the mammalian reservoir, these bacteria initially infect a yet unrecognized primary niche, which seeds organisms into the blood stream leading to the establishment of a long-lasting intra-erythrocytic bacteremia as the hall-mark of infection. Bacterial type IV secretion systems, which are supra-molecular transporters ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation systems, represent crucial pathogenicity factors that have contributed to a radial expansion of the Bartonella lineage in nature by facilitating adaptation to unique mammalian hosts. On the molecular level, the type IV secretion system VirB/VirD4 is known to translocate a cocktail of different effector proteins into host cells, which subvert multiple cellular functions to the benefit of the infecting pathogen. Furthermore, bacterial adhesins mediate a critical, early step in the pathogenesis of the bartonellae by binding to extracellular matrix components of host cells, which leads to firm bacterial adhesion to the cell surface as a prerequisite for the efficient translocation of type IV secretion effector proteins. The best-studied adhesins in bartonellae are the orthologous trimeric autotransporter adhesins, BadA in Bartonella henselae and the Vomp family in Bartonella quintana. Genetic diversity and strain variability also appear to enhance the ability of bartonellae to invade not only specific reservoir hosts, but also accidental hosts, as shown for B. henselae. Bartonellae have been identified in many different blood-sucking arthropods, in which they are typically found to cause extracellular infections of the mid-gut epithelium. Adaptation to specific vectors and reservoirs seems to be a common strategy of bartonellae for transmission and host diversity. However, knowledge regarding arthropod specificity/restriction, the mode of transmission, and the bacterial factors involved in arthropod infection and transmission is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Kunz S, Oberle K, Sander A, Bogdan C, Schleicher U. Lymphadenopathy in a novel mouse model of Bartonella-induced cat scratch disease results from lymphocyte immigration and proliferation and is regulated by interferon-alpha/beta. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1005-18. [PMID: 18292236 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In immunocompetent humans, cat scratch disease (CSD) is elicited by the Gram-negative bacterium Bartonella henselae and is characterized by a benign regional lymphadenopathy, the pathogenesis of which is poorly understood. Here, we describe a novel mouse model of Bartonella-induced CSD-like disease that allowed us to investigate the mechanisms leading to lymphadenopathy in vivo. In wild-type mice, a subcutaneous inoculation of either viable or inactivated B. henselae led to a strong swelling of the draining lymph node, which was long-lasting despite the rapid elimination of the bacteria. Carboxyfluorescein- and bromodesoxyuridine-labeling experiments showed that lymph node enlargement resulted from modified immigration and enhanced proliferation of lymphocytes, preferentially of B cells. A comparative analysis of B. henselae and the rodent pathogen B. grahamii in wild-type versus interferon-alpha/beta-receptor I chain-deficient mice revealed that interferon-alpha/beta is not only differentially induced by these two Bartonella species but also exerts an inhibitory effect on the development of lymphadenopathy both in vitro and in vivo. These data demonstrate that the lymphadenopathy of human CSD can be reproduced and studied in a mouse model and provide the first insights into the underlying immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kunz
- Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, Erlangen, Germany
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Shinohara M, Nakajima N, Uehara Y. Purification and characterization of a novel esterase (beta-hydroxypalmitate methyl ester hydrolase) and prevention of the expression of virulence by Ralstonia solanacearum. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:152-62. [PMID: 17584461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To screen novel micro-organisms and enzymes capable of degrading 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester (3-OH PAME), the quorum-sensing signal molecule (quormone), which regulates the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum. METHODS AND RESULTS Ideonella sp. 0-0013, a betaproteobacterium isolated from soil using the selective-enrichment culture method, was grown on plates containing 3-OH PAME as its main carbon source. beta-Hydroxypalmitate methyl ester hydrolase (betaHPMEH) purified from the supernatant of the Ideonella sp. 0-0013 culture exhibited high hydrolysing activity towards the ester bond of 3-OH PAME and eliminated the 3-OH PAME activity, thereby reducing the virulence of R. solanacearum. An Escherichia coli transformant of the betahpmeh gene expression vector degraded 3-OH PAME, and the crude enzyme from the transformant inhibited in vitro production of the R. solanacearum exopolysaccharide (EPS). CONCLUSIONS The ability of betaHPMEH to hydrolyse 3-OH PAME inhibited the production of EPS by the R. solanacearum wild-type strain, indicating that betaHPMEH inhibits the effects of activation of virulence genes. This ability will be potentially useful for pest control of the wilt disease caused by this bacterium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This enzyme is the first protein that has been found to degrade a quormone other than N-acyl homoserine lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shinohara
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agricultural Research Organization, Chita, Aichi, Japan.
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Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LAB, Roelofs MF, Radstake TRDJ, Matera G, Popa C, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG, van den Berg WB. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 breaks the inflammatory loop in autoimmune destructive arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2957-67. [PMID: 17763416 DOI: 10.1002/art.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Degeneration of extracellular matrix of cartilage leads to the production of molecules capable of activating the immune system via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of TLR-4 activation in the development and progression of autoimmune destructive arthritis. METHODS A naturally occurring TLR-4 antagonist, highly purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bartonella quintana, was first characterized using mouse macrophages and human dendritic cells (DCs). Mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and mice with spontaneous arthritis caused by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene deficiency were treated with TLR-4 antagonist. The clinical score for joint inflammation, histologic characteristics of arthritis, and local expression of IL-1 in joints were evaluated after treatment. RESULTS The TLR-4 antagonist inhibited DC maturation induced by Escherichia coli LPS and cytokine production induced by both exogenous and endogenous TLR-4 ligands, while having no effect on these parameters by itself. Treatment of CIA using TLR-4 antagonist substantially suppressed both clinical and histologic characteristics of arthritis without influencing the adaptive anti-type II collagen immunity crucial for this model. Treatment with TLR-4 antagonist strongly reduced IL-1beta expression in articular chondrocytes and synovial tissue. Furthermore, such treatment inhibited IL-1-mediated autoimmune arthritis in IL-1Ra(-/-) mice and protected the mice against cartilage and bone pathology. CONCLUSION In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of TLR-4 suppresses the severity of experimental arthritis and results in lower IL-1 expression in arthritic joints. Our data suggest that TLR-4 might be a novel target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Popa C, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Joosten LAB, Takahashi N, Sprong T, Matera G, Liberto MC, Foca A, van Deuren M, Kullberg BJ, van den Berg WB, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG. Bartonella quintana lipopolysaccharide is a natural antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4831-7. [PMID: 17606598 PMCID: PMC2044526 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00237-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella quintana is a gram-negative microorganism that causes trench fever and chronic bacteremia. B. quintana lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was unable to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytes. Interestingly, B. quintana LPS is a potent antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as it inhibited both mRNA transcription and the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 by Escherichia coli LPS in human monocytes, at ratios ranging from 1,000:1 to 10:1 (B. quintana LPS to E. coli LPS). Likewise, B. quintana LPS blocked the interaction of E. coli LPS with TLR4 in transfected cell lines. The extent of the inhibitory effect of B. quintana LPS was demonstrated in microarray studies, which showed downregulation of practically all genes induced by LPS in monocytes. Because of the role of TLR4 in inflammation, B. quintana LPS may prove useful as a potent anti-TLR4 agent with therapeutic potential in both infections and autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin Popa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Barquero-Calvo E, Chaves-Olarte E, Weiss DS, Guzmán-Verri C, Chacón-Díaz C, Rucavado A, Moriyón I, Moreno E. Brucella abortus uses a stealthy strategy to avoid activation of the innate immune system during the onset of infection. PLoS One 2007; 2:e631. [PMID: 17637846 PMCID: PMC1910614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To unravel the strategy by which Brucella abortus establishes chronic infections, we explored its early interaction with innate immunity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Brucella did not induce proinflammatory responses as demonstrated by the absence of leukocyte recruitment, humoral or cellular blood changes in mice. Brucella hampered neutrophil (PMN) function and PMN depletion did not influence the course of infection. Brucella barely induced proinflammatory cytokines and consumed complement, and was strongly resistant to bactericidal peptides, PMN extracts and serum. Brucella LPS (BrLPS), NH-polysaccharides, cyclic glucans, outer membrane fragments or disrupted bacterial cells displayed low biological activity in mice and cells. The lack of proinflammatory responses was not due to conspicuous inhibitory mechanisms mediated by the invading Brucella or its products. When activated 24 h post-infection macrophages did not kill Brucella, indicating that the replication niche was not fusiogenic with lysosomes. Brucella intracellular replication did not interrupt the cell cycle or caused cytotoxicity in WT, TLR4 and TLR2 knockout cells. TNF-alpha-induction was TLR4- and TLR2-dependent for live but not for killed B. abortus. However, intracellular replication in TLR4, TLR2 and TLR4/2 knockout cells was not altered and the infection course and anti-Brucella immunity development upon BrLPS injection was unaffected in TLR4 mutant mice. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We propose that Brucella has developed a stealth strategy through PAMPs reduction, modification and hiding, ensuring by this manner low stimulatory activity and toxicity for cells. This strategy allows Brucella to reach its replication niche before activation of antimicrobial mechanisms by adaptive immunity. This model is consistent with clinical profiles observed in humans and natural hosts at the onset of infection and could be valid for those intracellular pathogens phylogenetically related to Brucella that also cause long lasting infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - David S. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Caterina Guzmán-Verri
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Debarry J, Garn H, Hanuszkiewicz A, Dickgreber N, Blümer N, von Mutius E, Bufe A, Gatermann S, Renz H, Holst O, Heine H. Acinetobacter lwoffii and Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from farm cowsheds possess strong allergy-protective properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1514-21. [PMID: 17481709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who grow up in a farming environment show lower levels of atopic sensitization, hay fever, and asthma than children of the same age not living in such an environment. A number of investigations provided good evidence that this is due to an early-life contact with cowsheds, farm animals, and/or consumption of products like raw milk. Also, it had been indicated that microorganisms might have an important effect on the development of allergies, and thus the question arose of which farm microbial organisms, their products, or both might induce or influence allergy-protective mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We sought to gain further insight into the potential allergy-protective properties of microbes isolated from the farming environment. METHODS Of a number of bacterial species identified in cowsheds of farms, 2 were selected, isolated, and characterized, namely Acinetobacter lwoffii F78 and Lactococcus lactis G121. The isolates were investigated with regard to their activation of pattern-recognition receptors, the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, the T(H)1-polarizing Notch ligand expression, and their influence on the allergic phenotype. RESULTS It is shown that both bacterial isolates were able to reduce allergic reactions in mice, to activate mammalian cells in vitro, and to induce a T(H)1-polarizing program in dendritic cells. CONCLUSION Our data strongly support the hygiene hypothesis, which states that an environment rich in microbiologic structures, such as a farming environment, might protect against the development of allergies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This work provides the first data on a potential application of cowshed bacteria in allergy protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Debarry
- Division of Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine, and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
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Dabo SM, Confer AW, Anderson BE, Gupta S. Bartonella henselae Pap31, an extracellular matrix adhesin, binds the fibronectin repeat III13 module. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2513-21. [PMID: 16622186 PMCID: PMC1459717 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2513-2521.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae wound-associated infections suggest involvement of extracellular matrix molecules in adhesion and invasion. Pap31 was previously identified as a hemin-binding protein. Our recent studies suggest the protein is an adhesin that is recognized by the host's immune systems. In this study we examined the interactions of B. henselae Pap31 with fibronectin (Fn), heparin (Hep), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The cloned gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified Pap31 protein elicited strong antibody responses in mice and was reactive with rabbit anti-live B. henselae and mouse anti-Pap31 antibodies by Western blotting. Pap31 bound to immobilized Fn and to HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner and to Hep. Fn fragment-binding assays identified the Hep-1 and Hep-2 binding domains of human Fn and in particular the (12-13)FnIII repeat module as primary binding sites for this adhesin. Furthermore, Pap31 binding to the above Fn fragments could be inhibited by Hep, suggesting a common binding site involving the 13FnIII repeat module on the Hep-2 domain of Fn. Adherence of intact B. henselae to HUVECs was inhibited by increasing concentrations of anti-Pap31 antibodies. In addition, purified Pap31 coprecipitated effectively with Fn and anti-Fn antibodies. Taken together, these data suggest that Pap31 is an Fn-binding protein mediating the B. henselae-host interaction(s), and they implicate the 13FnIII repeat module as an important binding site for this adhesin on the Fn molecule. These interactions may be important initial steps leading to bacterial attachment and colonization that promote the establishment of B. henselae infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dabo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Room 250 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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