1
|
Guggemos J, Fuller SJ, Skarratt KK, Mayer B, Schneider EM. Loss-of-function/gain-of-function polymorphisms of the ATP sensitive P2X7R influence sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia, and survival outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352789. [PMID: 38966639 PMCID: PMC11222724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular ATP (eATP) released from damaged cells activates the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) ion channel on the surface of surrounding cells, resulting in calcium influx, potassium efflux and inflammasome activation. Inherited changes in the P2X7R gene (P2RX7) influence eATP induced responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of P2RX7 influence both function and signaling of the receptor, that in addition to ion flux includes pathogen control and immunity. Methods Subjects (n = 105) were admitted to the ICU at the University Hospital Ulm, Germany between June 2018 and August 2019. Of these, subjects with a diagnosis of sepsis (n = 75), were also diagnosed with septic shock (n = 24), and/or pneumonia (n = 42). Subjects with pneumonia (n = 43) included those without sepsis (n = 1), sepsis without shock (n = 29) and pneumonia with septic shock (n = 13). Out of the 75 sepsis/septic shock patients, 33 patients were not diagnosed with pneumonia. Controls (n = 30) were recruited to the study from trauma patients and surgical patients without sepsis, septic shock, or pneumonia. SNP frequencies were determined for 16 P2RX7 SNPs known to affect P2X7R function, and association studies were performed between frequencies of these SNPs in sepsis, septic shock, and pneumonia compared to controls. Results The loss-of-function (LOF) SNP rs17525809 (T253C) was found more frequently in patients with septic shock, and non-septic trauma patients when compared to sepsis. The LOF SNP rs2230911 (C1096G) was found to be more frequent in patients with sepsis and septic shock than in non-septic trauma patients. The frequencies of these SNPs were even higher in sepsis and septic patients with pneumonia. The current study also confirmed a previous study by our group that showed a five SNP combination that included the GOF SNPs rs208294 (C489T) and rs2230912 (Q460R) that was designated #21211 was associated with increased odds of survival in severe sepsis. Discussion The results found an association between expression of LOF P2RX7 SNPs and presentation to the ICU with sepsis, and septic shock compared to control ICU patients. Furthermore, frequencies of LOF SNPs were found to be higher in sepsis patients with pneumonia compared to those without pneumonia. In addition, a five SNP GOF combination was associated with increased odds of survival in severe sepsis. These results suggest that P2RX7 is required to control infection in pneumonia and that inheritance of LOF variants increases the risk of sepsis when associated with pneumonia. This study confirms that P2RX7 genotyping in pneumonia may identify patients at risk of developing sepsis. The study also identifies P2X7R as a target in sepsis associated with an excessive immune response in subjects with GOF SNP combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Guggemos
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Fuller
- Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristen K. Skarratt
- Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - E. Marion Schneider
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou YT, Li JY, Chai JY, Hu YS, Zhang WJ, Zhang Q. The impact of the P2X7 receptor on the tumor immune microenvironment and its effects on tumor progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 707:149513. [PMID: 38508051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health concern, and finding effective methods to treat it has been a focus of scientific research. It has been discovered that the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors are closely related to the environment in which they exist, known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The immune response interacting with the tumor occurring within the TME constitutes the tumor immune microenvironment, and the immune response can lead to anti-tumor and pro-tumor outcomes and has shown tremendous potential in immunotherapy. A channel called the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been identified within the TME. It is an ion channel present in various immune cells and tumor cells, and its activation can lead to inflammation, immune responses, angiogenesis, immunogenic cell death, and promotion of tumor development. This article provides an overview of the structure, function, and pharmacological characteristics of P2X7R. We described the concept and components of tumor immune microenvironment and the influence immune components has on tumors. We also outlined the impact of P2X7R regulation and how it affects the development of tumors and summarized the effects of drugs targeting P2X7R on tumor progression, both past and current, assisting researchers in treating tumors using P2X7R as a target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jun-Yi Chai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Yu-Shan Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Acuña-Castillo C, Escobar A, García-Gómez M, Bachelet VC, Huidobro-Toro JP, Sauma D, Barrera-Avalos C. P2X7 Receptor in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages: Implications in Antigen Presentation and T Lymphocyte Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2495. [PMID: 38473744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor, a member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, is a non-selective ion channel. Over the years, it has been associated with various biological functions, from modulating to regulating inflammation. However, its emerging role in antigen presentation has captured the scientific community's attention. This function is essential for the immune system to identify and respond to external threats, such as pathogens and tumor cells, through T lymphocytes. New studies show that the P2X7 receptor is crucial for controlling how antigens are presented and how T cells are activated. These studies focus on antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells and macrophages. This review examines how the P2X7 receptor interferes with effective antigen presentation and activates T cells and discusses the fundamental mechanisms that can affect the immune response. Understanding these P2X7-mediated processes in great detail opens up exciting opportunities to create new immunological therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Moira García-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Vivienne C Bachelet
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Av. Del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba 8580000, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zorina-Lichtenwalter K, Ase AR, Verma V, Parra AIM, Komarova S, Khadra A, Séguéla P, Diatchenko L. Characterization of Common Genetic Variants in P2RX7 and Their Contribution to Chronic Pain Conditions. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:545-556. [PMID: 37742908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated channel P2X7 is encoded by a gene enriched for common nonsynonymous variants. Many of these variants have functional cellular effects, and some have been implicated in chronic pain. In this study, we first systematically characterized all 17 common nonsynonymous variants using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. Then, we analyzed these variants for statistical association with chronic pain phenotypes using both individual P2RX7 variants as predictors and cumulative allele counts of same-direction cellular effect in univariate models. Association and validation analyses were conducted in the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) cohort (N = 3260) and in the Complex Persistent Pain Conditions (CPPC) cohort (N = 900), respectively. Our results showed an association between allele A of rs7958311 and an increased risk of chronic pelvic pain, with convergent evidence for contribution to fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome, confirmed in a meta-analysis. This allelic variant produced a unique cellular phenotype: a gain-of-function in channel opening, and a loss-of-function in pore opening. A computational study using a 12-state Markov model of ATP binding to the P2X7 receptor suggested that this cellular phenotype arises from an increased ATP binding affinity and an increased open channel conductance combined with a loss of sensitization. Cumulative allele count analysis did not provide additional insights. In conclusion, our results go beyond reproducing association for rs7958311 with chronic pain and suggest that its unique combination of gain-of-function in channel and loss-of-function in pore activity may explain why it is likely the only common P2RX7 variant with contribution to chronic pain. PERSPECTIVE: This study characterizes all common P2RX7 variants using cellular assays and statistical association analyses with chronic pain, with Markov state modeling of the most robustly associated variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zorina-Lichtenwalter
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ariel R Ase
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute/Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vivek Verma
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arturo I M Parra
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute/Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luda Diatchenko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo C, Xu YS, He PF, Zhang WJ. ATP ion channel P2X7 receptor as a regulatory molecule in the progression of colorectal cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115877. [PMID: 37857146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a natural P2X7 receptor activator, are released during colorectal carcinogenesis. P2X7 receptor activation regulates the activity of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by mediating intracellular signal transduction. Importantly, the opening and activation of membrane pores of P2X7 receptor are different, which can play a dual role in promoting or inhibiting the progression of CRC. These can also depend on P2X7 receptor to regulate the activities of immune cells in the microenvironment, play the functions of immune regulation, immune escape and immune monitoring. While the use of P2X7 receptor antagonists (such as BBG, A438079 and A740003) can play a certain inhibitory pharmacological role on the activity of CRC. Therefore, in this paper, the mechanism and immunomodulatory function of P2X7 receptor involved in the progression of CRC were discussed. Moreover, we discussed the effect of antagonizing the activity of P2X7 receptor on the progression of CRC. So P2X7 receptor may be a new pharmacological molecular target for the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zuo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Xu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Peng-Fei He
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ronning KE, Déchelle-Marquet PA, Che Y, Guillonneau X, Sennlaub F, Delarasse C. The P2X7 Receptor, a Multifaceted Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11747. [PMID: 37511507 PMCID: PMC10380278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired episodic memory and two pathological lesions: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In AD, damaged neurons and the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides cause a significant release of high amounts of extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is the main sensor of high concentrations of ATP, and P2X7 has been shown to be upregulated in the brains of AD patients, contributing to the disease's pathological processes. Further, there are many polymorphisms of the P2X7 gene that impact the risk of developing AD. P2X7 can directly modulate Aβ plaques and Tau protein lesions as well as the inflammatory response by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and the expression of several chemokines. The significant role of microglial P2X7 in AD has been well established, although other cell types may also be important in P2X7-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the different P2X7-dependent pathways involved in the development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitryn E Ronning
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Yueshen Che
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delarasse
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, F-75012 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li MY, Fang X, Ma Y, Pan XY, Dai XJ, Li XM, Li XL, Wang YP, Tao JH, Li XP. The functional change of the P2X7R containing the Ala 348 to Thr polymorphism is associated with the pathogenesis of gout. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5603. [PMID: 37020014 PMCID: PMC10076518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that ATP action on P2X7R could be the second signal to induce the onset of gouty arthritis. However, the functional changes of P2X7R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the effects of ATP-P2X7R-IL-1β signaling pathway and uric acid remained unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between the functional change of P2X7R containing the Ala348 to Thr polymorphisms (rs1718119) and the pathogenesis of gout. First, 270 gout patients and 70 hyperuricemic patients (without gout attack history in recent 5 years) were recruited for genotyping. In addition, the changes of ATP-induced pore formation were assessed in HEK-293T cells overexpressing different mutants in P2RX7, and the effects on P2X7R-NLRP3-IL-1β pathway activation were explored in P2RX7 overexpression THP-1 cells. The risk allele for gout was A at rs1718119, and the AA and AG genotypes exhibited a higher risk of gout. Furthermore, Ala348 to Thr mutants increased P2X7-dependent ethidium+ bromide uptake, upregulated IL-1β and NLRP3 levels as compared to the wild-type. We suggest that genetic polymorphisms of P2X7R containing the Ala348 to Thr are associated with the increased risk of gout, showing an enhanced gain-of-function effect on the development of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yun Li
- Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230051, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yang Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Juan Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jin-Hui Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang-Pei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
From lead to clinic: A review of the structural design of P2X7R antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115234. [PMID: 36893624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
P2X7R, which is a member of the purinergic P2 receptor family, is widely expressed in many immune cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. P2X7R is upregulated in response to proinflammatory stimulation, which is closely related to a variety of inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of P2X7 receptors has resulted in the elimination or reduction of symptoms in animal models of arthritis, depression, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of P2X7R antagonists is of great significance for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. This review classifies the reported P2X7R antagonists according to their different cores, focuses on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds, and analyzes some common substituents and strategies in the design of lead compounds, with the hope of providing valuable information for the development of new and efficient P2X7R antagonists.
Collapse
|
9
|
Beltran-Lobo P, Reid MJ, Jimenez-Sanchez M, Verkhratsky A, Perez-Nievas BG, Noble W. Astrocyte adaptation in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on astrocytic P2X7R. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:119-130. [PMID: 36449279 PMCID: PMC10011405 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic and defensive cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They undertake numerous functions during development and in adulthood to support and protect the brain through finely regulated communication with other cellular elements of the nervous tissue. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), astrocytes undergo heterogeneous morphological, molecular and functional alterations represented by reactive remodelling, asthenia and loss of function. Reactive astrocytes closely associate with amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in advanced AD. The specific contribution of astrocytes to AD could potentially evolve along the disease process and includes alterations in their signalling, interactions with pathological protein aggregates, metabolic and synaptic impairments. In this review, we focus on the purinergic receptor, P2X7R, and discuss the evidence that P2X7R activation contributes to altered astrocyte functions in AD. Expression of P2X7R is increased in AD brain relative to non-demented controls, and animal studies have shown that P2X7R antagonism improves cognitive and synaptic impairments in models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. While P2X7R activation can induce inflammatory signalling pathways, particularly in microglia, we focus here specifically on the contributions of astrocytic P2X7R to synaptic changes and protein aggregate clearance in AD, highlighting cell-specific roles of this purinoceptor activation that could be targeted to slow disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beltran-Lobo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Matthew J Reid
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Beatriz G Perez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schäfer W, Stähler T, Pinto Espinoza C, Danquah W, Knop JH, Rissiek B, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Origin, distribution, and function of three frequent coding polymorphisms in the gene for the human P2X7 ion channel. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1033135. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1033135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, is widely expressed on the plasma membrane of immune cells and plays important roles in inflammation and apoptosis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in the human P2RX7 gene. In contrast to other members of the P2X family, non-synonymous polymorphisms in P2X7 are common. Three of these occur at overall frequencies of more than 25% and affect residues in the extracellular “head”-domain of P2X7 (155 Y/H), its “lower body” (270 R/H), and its “tail” in the second transmembrane domain (348 T/A). Comparison of the P2X7 orthologues of human and other great apes indicates that the ancestral allele is Y—R—T (at 155–270–348). Interestingly, each single amino acid variant displays lower ATP-sensitivity than the ancestral allele. The originally published reference sequence of human P2X7, often referred to as “wildtype,” differs from the ancestral allele at all three positions, i.e. H—H—A. The 1,000 Genome Project determined the sequences of both alleles of 2,500 human individuals, including roughly 500 persons from each of the five major continental regions. This rich resource shows that the ancestral alleles Y155, R270, and T348 occur in all analyzed human populations, albeit at strikingly different frequencies in various subpopulations (e.g., 25%–59% for Y155, 59%–77% for R270, and 13%–47% for T348). BLAST analyses of ancient human genome sequences uncovered several homozygous carriers of variant P2X7 alleles, possibly reflecting a high degree of inbreeding, e.g., H—R—T for a 50.000 year old Neanderthal, H—R—A for a 24.000 year old Siberian, and Y—R—A for a 7,000 year old mesolithic European. In contrast, most present-day individuals co-express two copies of P2X7 that differ in one or more amino acids at positions 155, 270, and 348. Our results improve the understanding of how P2X7 structure affects its function and suggest the importance of considering P2X7 variants of participants when designing clinical trials targeting P2X7.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang ZF, Wu W, Hu HB, Li ZY, Zhong M, Zhang L. P2X7 receptor as the regulator of T-cell function in intestinal barrier disruption. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5265-5279. [PMID: 36185635 PMCID: PMC9521516 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i36.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a highly compartmentalized structure that forms a direct barrier between the host intestine and the environment, and its dysfunction could result in a serious disease. As T cells, which are important components of the mucosal immune system, interact with gut microbiota and maintain intestinal homeostasis, they may be involved in the process of intestinal barrier dysfunction. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a member of the P2X receptors family, mediates the effects of extracellular adenosine triphosphate and is expressed by most innate or adaptive immune cells, including T cells. Current evidence has demonstrated that P2X7R is involved in inflammation and mediates the survival and differentiation of T lymphocytes, indicating its potential role in the regulation of T cell function. In this review, we summarize the available research about the regulatory role and mechanism of P2X7R on the intestinal mucosa-derived T cells in the setting of intestinal barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Jiang
- Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Han-Bing Hu
- Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Huang X, Fowler C, Lim YY, Laws SM, Faux N, Doecke JD, Trounson B, Pertile K, Rumble R, Doré V, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC, Wiley JS, Maruff P, Masters CL, Gu BJ. Identification of Leukocyte Surface P2X7 as a Biomarker Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147867. [PMID: 35887215 PMCID: PMC9322488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has shown altered immune responses in the periphery. We studied P2X7 (a proinflammatory receptor and a scavenger receptor) and two integrins, CD11b and CD11c, on the surface of circulating leukocytes and analysed their associations with Aβ-PET, brain atrophy, neuropsychological assessments, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Total 287 age-matched, sex-balanced participants were recruited in a discovery cohort and two validation cohorts through the AIBL study and studied using tri-colour flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated reduced expressions of P2X7, CD11b, and CD11c on leukocytes, particularly monocytes, in Aβ +ve cases compared with Aβ -ve controls. P2X7 and integrin downregulation was observed at pre-clinical stage of AD and stayed low throughout disease course. We further constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) model based on 12 P2RX7 risk alleles to assess the genetic impact on P2X7 function in AIBL and ADNI cohorts. No significant association was identified between the P2RX7 gene and AD, indicating that P2X7 downregulation in AD is likely caused by environmental changes rather than genetic factors. In conclusion, the downregulation of P2X7 and integrins at pre-clinical stage of AD indicates altered pro-inflammatory responses, phagocytic functions, and migrating capabilities of circulating monocytes in early AD pathogenesis. Our study not only improves our understanding of peripheral immune involvement in early stage of AD but also provides more insights into novel biomarker development, diagnosis, and prognosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Xin Huang
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Christopher Fowler
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Yen Y. Lim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (Y.Y.L.); (V.D.)
| | - Simon M. Laws
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - Noel Faux
- Melbourne Data Analytics Platform, Petascale Campus Initiative, The University of Melbourne, 21 Bedford St., North Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia;
| | - James D. Doecke
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia;
| | - Brett Trounson
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Kelly Pertile
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Rebecca Rumble
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Vincent Doré
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (Y.Y.L.); (V.D.)
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia; (V.L.V.); (C.C.R.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia; (V.L.V.); (C.C.R.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia; (V.L.V.); (C.C.R.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - James S. Wiley
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
- CogState Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Ben J. Gu
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (Y.L.); (X.H.); (C.F.); (B.T.); (K.P.); (R.R.); (J.S.W.); (P.M.); (C.L.M.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9035-6317
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elhage A, Turner RJ, Cuthbertson P, Watson D, Sluyter R. Preparation of the Murine Anti-Human P2X7 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody (Clone L4). METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2510:77-98. [PMID: 35776321 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2384-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The murine anti-human P2X7 receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb) (clone L4) has been used to study the expression and function of the P2X7 receptor on primary leukocytes, keratinocytes, osteoblasts and neuronal cells, as well as various cell lines. This antibody has also been used to characterize polymorphic variants and isoforms of the P2RX7 gene and P2X7 site-directed mutations, and to identify molecules coassociated with P2X7 in the plasma membrane. This chapter describes the maintenance and cryopreservation of the L4 hybridoma cell line, as well as the generation of tissue culture supernatant containing the anti-human P2X7 mAb, and its subsequent purification by Protein A chromatography and conjugation to DyLight™ 488. Moreover, this chapter describes flow cytometric assays to assess the blocking activity and binding of the anti-human P2X7 mAb against P2X7 on human RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Elhage
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ross J Turner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Cuthbertson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren W, Rubini P, Tang Y, Engel T, Illes P. Inherent P2X7 Receptors Regulate Macrophage Functions during Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010232. [PMID: 35008658 PMCID: PMC8745241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes which derive either from blood-borne monocytes or reside as resident macrophages in peripheral (Kupffer cells of the liver, marginal zone macrophages of the spleen, alveolar macrophages of the lung) and central tissue (microglia). They occur as M1 (pro-inflammatory; classic) or M2 (anti-inflammatory; alternatively activated) phenotypes. Macrophages possess P2X7 receptors (Rs) which respond to high concentrations of extracellular ATP under pathological conditions by allowing the non-selective fluxes of cations (Na+, Ca2+, K+). Activation of P2X7Rs by still higher concentrations of ATP, especially after repetitive agonist application, leads to the opening of membrane pores permeable to ~900 Da molecules. For this effect an interaction of the P2X7R with a range of other membrane channels (e.g., P2X4R, transient receptor potential A1 [TRPA1], pannexin-1 hemichannel, ANO6 chloride channel) is required. Macrophage-localized P2X7Rs have to be co-activated with the lipopolysaccharide-sensitive toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in order to induce the formation of the inflammasome 3 (NLRP3), which then activates the pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β)-degrading caspase-1 to lead to IL-1β release. Moreover, inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, sepsis, etc.) are generated downstream of the P2X7R-induced upregulation of intracellular second messengers (e.g., phospholipase A2, p38 mitogen-activated kinase, and rho G proteins). In conclusion, P2X7Rs at macrophages appear to be important targets to preserve immune homeostasis with possible therapeutic consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ren
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China; (W.R.); (P.R.); (Y.T.)
- School of Acupunct3ure and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
P2X7 receptor in multifaceted cellular signalling and its relevance as a potential therapeutic target in different diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174235. [PMID: 34097884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor, a purinergic receptor family member, is abundantly expressed on many cells, including immune, muscle, bone, neuron, and glia. It acts as an ATP-activated cation channel that permits the influx of Ca2+, Na+ and efflux of K+ ions. The P2X7 receptor plays crucial roles in many physiological processes including cytokine and chemokine secretion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cellular growth and differentiation, locomotion, wound healing, transcription factors activation, cell death and T-lymphocyte survival. Past studies have demonstrated the up-regulation and direct association of this receptor in many pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, diabetics, arthritis, tuberculosis (TB) and inflammatory diseases. Hence, targeting this receptor is considered a worthwhile approach to lessen the afflictions associated with the disorders mentioned above by understanding the receptor architecture and downstream signalling processes. Here, in the present review, we have dissected the structural and functional aspects of the P2X7 receptor, emphasizing its role in various diseased conditions. This information will provide in-depth knowledge about the receptor and help to develop apt curative methodologies for the betterment of humanity in the coming years.
Collapse
|
16
|
Association of P2X7 receptor genetic polymorphisms and expression with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in a sample of the Iranian population: a case-control study. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3115-3126. [PMID: 33580375 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex inflammatory autoimmune disease with joint eruption, systemic manifestation, and numerous predisposing genetic factors. The P2X7 receptor is an essential ligand-gated channel that contributes to many physiological processes, especially inflammation. However, genetic variations can alter the P2X7 receptor function. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the impact of P2X7 genetic polymorphisms and expression on susceptibility to RA in a sample of the Iranian population. METHODS We enrolled 160 (145 female, 15 male) RA patients and 160 (142 female, 18 male) healthy individuals in this study. Genotyping was performed using tetra amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (TARMS-PCR) for rs1718119, rs2230912, rs2393799, rs28360457, rs35933842, and allele-specific PCR for rs1653624 and rs3751143. Furthermore, 44 new cases of RA and 48 healthy controls were recruited to investigate whether P2X7 mRNA expression is associated with RA susceptibility. RESULTS The results revealed that the rs2393799 significantly increased the risk of RA in all genetic models (p<0.05), while rs3751143 in codominant (CC vs. AA, OR=0.49, 95% CI=0.26-0.92), dominant (AC+CC, OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.94), C allele (OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.46-0.88), and rs2230912 in codominant (AG vs. AA, OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.34-0.94), dominant (AG+GG vs. AA, OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.35-0.99), and overdominant (AG vs. AA+GG, OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.33-0.98) significantly decreased the RA risk (p<0.05). Furthermore, the rs1718119 and rs1653624 were not associated with susceptibility of RA (p>0.05), and rs28360457 and rs35933842 were not polymorphic in our study. The mRNA expression level of P2X7 in both groups revealed that the P2X7 gene was significantly upregulated in RA (3.18±0.43) compared to healthy subjects (1.47±0.15, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that rs2393799, rs3751143, and rs2230912 variants of the P2X7 gene are associated with RA's susceptibility in a sample of the Iranian population. Also, P2X7 mRNA expression was higher in our new RA patients. The P2X7 receptor has been considered as a potential pharmacologic target in RA. Key Points • P2X7 variants (rs2393799, rs2230912, rs3751143) were associated with RA susceptibility in a sample of the Iranian population. • rs2393799 increases the risk of RA, while rs2230912 and rs3751143 decrease the risk of RA. • P2X7 expression was significantly upregulated in new RA patients compared to controls.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu X, Li Q, Song W, Peng X, Zhao R. P2X7 receptor: a critical regulator and potential target for breast cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:349-358. [PMID: 33486566 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Advanced breast cancer is prone to metastasis, and there is currently no drug to cure metastatic breast cancer. The purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor is an ATP-gated nonselective cation channel receptor and is involved in signal transduction, growth regulation, cytokine secretion, and tumor cell development. Recent studies have shown that upregulation of the P2X7 receptor in breast cancer can mediate AKT signaling pathways, Ca2 þ-activated SK3 potassium channels, and EMT and regulate the secretion of small extracellular vesicles to promote breast cancer invasion and migration, which are affected by factors such as hypoxia and ATP. In addition, studies have shown that microRNAs can bind to the 3' untranslated region of the P2X7 receptor, which affects the occurrence and development of breast cancer by upregulating and downregulating P2X7 receptor expression. Studies have shown that new P2X7 receptor inhibitors, such as emodin and Uncaria tomentosa, can inhibit P2X7 receptor-mediated breast cancer invasion and are expected to be used clinically. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between the P2X7 receptor and breast cancer to provide new ideas and a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zhu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Peng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP is a well-established mediator of tumoral development and progression both in solid cancers and hematological malignancies. The human P2X7 gene is highly polymorphic, and several splice variants of the receptor have been identified in time. P2X7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been broadly analyzed by studies relating them to pathologies as different as infectious, inflammatory, nervous, and bone diseases, among which cancer is included. Moreover, in the last years, an increasing number of reports concentrated on P2X7 splice variants’ different roles and their implications in pathological conditions, including oncogenesis. Here, we give an overview of established and recent literature demonstrating a role for human P2X7 gene products in oncological conditions, mainly focusing on current data emerging on P2X7 isoform B and nfP2X7. We explored the role of these and other genetic variants of P2X7 in cancer insurgence, dissemination, and progression, as well as the effect of chemotherapy on isoforms expression. The described literature strongly suggests that P2X7 variants are potential new biomarkers and therapeutical targets in oncological conditions and that their study in carcinogenesis deserves to be further pursued.
Collapse
|
19
|
The P2X7 purinergic receptor: a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2731-2741. [PMID: 32892231 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a gated ion channel for which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a ligand. Activated P2X7R is widely expressed in a variety of immune cells and tissues and is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Studies have confirmed that P2X7R is involved in the regulation of tumor cell growth, stimulating cell proliferation or inducing apoptosis. Recent studies have found that P2X7R is abnormally expressed in lung cancer and is closely related to the carcinogenesis and development of lung cancer. In this paper, we comprehensively describe the structure, function, and genetic polymorphisms of P2X7R. In particular, the role and therapeutic potential of P2X7R in lung cancer are discussed to provide new targets and new strategies for the treatment and prognosis of clinical lung cancer. METHODS The relevant literature on P2X7R and lung cancer from PubMed databases is reviewed in this article. RESULTS P2X7R regulates the function of lung cancer cells by activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways (such as the JNK, Rho, HMGB1 and EMT pathways), thereby affecting cell survival, growth, invasion, and metastasis and patient prognosis. Targeting P2X7R with inhibitors effectively suppresses the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells. CONCLUSION In summary, P2X7R is expected to become a potential target for the treatment of lung cancer, and more clinical research is needed in the future to explore the effectiveness of P2X7R antagonists as treatments.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lara R, Adinolfi E, Harwood CA, Philpott M, Barden JA, Di Virgilio F, McNulty S. P2X7 in Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32581786 PMCID: PMC7287489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a transmembrane receptor expressed in multiple cell types including neurons, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, B and T cells where it can drive a wide range of physiological responses from pain transduction to immune response. Upon activation by its main ligand, extracellular ATP, P2X7 can form a nonselective channel for cations to enter the cell. Prolonged activation of P2X7, via high levels of extracellular ATP over an extended time period can lead to the formation of a macropore, leading to depolarization of the plasma membrane and ultimately to cell death. Thus, dependent on its activation state, P2X7 can either drive cell survival and proliferation, or induce cell death. In cancer, P2X7 has been shown to have a broad range of functions, including playing key roles in the development and spread of tumor cells. It is therefore unsurprising that P2X7 has been reported to be upregulated in several malignancies. Critically, ATP is present at high extracellular concentrations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) compared to levels observed in normal tissues. These high levels of ATP should present a survival challenge for cancer cells, potentially leading to constitutive receptor activation, prolonged macropore formation and ultimately to cell death. Therefore, to deliver the proven advantages for P2X7 in driving tumor survival and metastatic potential, the P2X7 macropore must be tightly controlled while retaining other functions. Studies have shown that commonly expressed P2X7 splice variants, distinct SNPs and post-translational receptor modifications can impair the capacity of P2X7 to open the macropore. These receptor modifications and potentially others may ultimately protect cancer cells from the negative consequences associated with constitutive activation of P2X7. Significantly, the effects of both P2X7 agonists and antagonists in preclinical tumor models of cancer demonstrate the potential for agents modifying P2X7 function, to provide innovative cancer therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding of the structure and functions of P2X7 and how these impact P2X7 roles in cancer progression. We also review potential therapeutic approaches directed against P2X7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lara
- Biosceptre (UK) Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Philpott
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Bart's & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koldej RM, Perera T, Collins J, Ritchie DS. Association between P2X7 Polymorphisms and Post-Transplant Outcomes in Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113772. [PMID: 32471261 PMCID: PMC7312926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is a highly effective treatment method for haematologic malignancies. However, infection of acute organ dysfunction and graft versus host disease (GVHD) impact negatively on patient outcomes. Pre-transplant conditioning regimes are associated with high levels of immunogenic cell death and the release of extracellular ATP, which binds to the P2X7 receptor. It has been proposed that signaling through the P2X7 receptor may lead to activation of downstream effectors that influence alloSCT outcome. In this study, we examined the effect of gain-of-function (GOF) or loss-of-function (LOF) P2X7 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) in 453 paired alloSCT donors and recipients and correlated their presence or absence to the major post-transplant outcomes of acute GVHD, relapse free survival and overall survival. The allelic frequency of P2X7 SNP in recipients and donors was not different from those SNP for which there is published population data. The LOF SNP Glu496Ala was overrepresented in recipients who did not develop severe acute GVHD and was associated with improved overall survival in rare homozygous recipients, whereas the LOF SNP Ile568Asn was more common in patients with grade 1–4 GVHD but lost statistical association in patients with grade 2–4 aGVHD, and was associated with reduced overall survival in heterozygotes due to an excess of infection-related deaths. The GOF variant haplotype (homozygous Gln460Arg-Ala348Thr) had no impact on post-alloSCT outcomes. Overall, our data indicate that allelic variations in recipients or donors occurs at the same frequency as the general population and may have a minor, but clinically nominal, impact on post-alloSCT outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Koldej
- ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; (T.P.); (J.C.); (D.S.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8559-7264
| | - Travis Perera
- ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; (T.P.); (J.C.); (D.S.R.)
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jenny Collins
- ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; (T.P.); (J.C.); (D.S.R.)
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; (T.P.); (J.C.); (D.S.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tian Z, Dong S. P2X7 receptor acts as an efficient drug target in regulating bone metabolism system. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110010. [PMID: 32187957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal system is a highly dynamic system going through continuous resorption and reconstruction to maintain homeostasis, which is influenced by numerous factors. Once the balance is disrupted, various kinds of bone diseases may occur such as osteoporosis. It has been well known that ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important signaling molecule, is important in maintaining the dynamic balance of bone matrix. ATP mainly functions through P2X receptors, a kind of ATP receptors expressed by various kinds of bone cells to regulate the whole network of skeleton system. Among P2X receptors, P2X7 plays a crucial role in bone since P2X7 is widely expressed by bone cells and the mutation of P2X7 receptor is associated with kinds of bone diseases. It's acknowledged that P2X7 acts as a potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of bone-related diseases but further investigations are needed for the practical application. However, since P2X7 has a complicated effect in many aspects, the exact role of P2X7 in skeleton system is ambiguous. This review discusses the function of P2X7 in bone and other cells and their general effect on skeleton system, especially focusing on the possible clinical application for bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Battalion one of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army medical university, Chongqing, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Battalion one of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhansong Tian
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army medical university, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army medical university, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Skarratt KK, Gu BJ, Lovelace MD, Milligan CJ, Stokes L, Glover R, Petrou S, Wiley JS, Fuller SJ. A P2RX7 single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype promotes exon 7 and 8 skipping and disrupts receptor function. FASEB J 2020; 34:3884-3901. [PMID: 32003498 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901198rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 is an ATP-gated membrane ion channel that is expressed by multiple cell types. Brief exposure to ATP induces the opening of a nonselective cation channel; while repeated or prolonged exposure induces formation of a transmembrane pore. This process may be partially regulated by alternative splicing of full-length P2RX7A pre-mRNA, producing isoforms that delete or retain functional domains. Here, we report cloning and expression of a novel P2RX7 splice variant, P2RX7L, that is, characterized by skipping of exons 7 and 8. In HEK 293 cells, expression of P2RX7L produces a protein isoform, P2X7L, that forms a heteromer with P2X7A. A haplotype defined by six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs208307, rs208306, rs36144485, rs208308, rs208309, and rs373655596) promotes allele-specific alternative splicing, increasing mRNA levels of P2RX7L and another isoform, P2RX7E, which in addition has a truncated C-terminus. Skipping of exons 7 and 8 is predicted to delete critical amino acids in the ATP-binding site. P2X7L-transfected HEK 293 cells have phagocytic but not channel, pore, or membrane-blebbing function, and double-transfected P2X7L and P2X7A cells have reduced pore function. Heteromeric receptor complexes of P2X7A and P2X7L are predicted to have reduced numbers of ATP-binding sites, which potentially alters receptor function compared to homomeric P2X7A complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Skarratt
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol J Milligan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Glover
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
P2X7 is a nonselective cation channel activated by extracellular ATP. P2X7 activation contributes to the proinflammatory response to injury or bacterial invasion and mediates apoptosis. Recently, P2X7 function has been linked to chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. P2X7 may contribute to pain modulation both by effects on peripheral tissue injury underlying clinical pain states, and through alterations in central nervous system processing, as suggested by animal models. To further test its role in pain sensitivity, we examined whether variation within the P2RX7 gene, which encodes the P2X7 receptor, was associated with experimentally induced pain in human patients. Experimental pain was assessed in Tromsø 6, a longitudinal and cross-sectional population-based study (N = 3016), and the BrePainGen cohort, consisting of patients who underwent breast cancer surgery (N = 831). For both cohorts, experimental pain intensity and tolerance were assessed with the cold-pressor test. In addition, multisite chronic pain was assessed in Tromsø 6 and pain intensity 1 week after surgery was assessed in BrePainGen. We tested whether the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7958311, previously implicated in clinical pain, was associated with experimental and clinical pain phenotypes. In addition, we examined effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs208294 and rs208296, for which previous results have been equivocal. Rs7958311 was associated with experimental pain intensity in the meta-analysis of both cohorts. Significant associations were also found for multisite pain and postoperative pain. Our results strengthen the existing evidence and suggest that P2X7 and genetic variation in the P2RX7-gene may be involved in the modulation of human pain sensitivity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Adhikary SR, Geraghty NJ, Cuthbertson P, Sluyter R, Watson D. Altered donor P2X7 activity in human leukocytes correlates with P2RX7 genotype but does not affect the development of graft-versus-host disease in humanised mice. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:177-192. [PMID: 31001750 PMCID: PMC6635536 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening consequence of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a curative therapy for haematological malignancies. The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor channel is implicated in the development of GVHD. P2X7 activity on human leukocytes can be influenced by gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX7 gene. In this study, the P2RX7 gene was sequenced in 25 human donors and the P2X7 activity on subsets of peripheral blood T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes was measured using an ATP-induced dye uptake assay. GOF and LOF SNPs representing 10 of the 17 known P2RX7 haplotypes were identified, and correlated with P2X7 activity on all leukocyte subsets investigated. Notably, invariant (i) NK T cells displayed the highest P2X7 activity amongst all cell types studied. To determine if donor P2X7 activity influenced the development of GVHD, immunodeficient NOD-SCID-IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice were injected with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from donors of either GOF (hP2X7GOF mice) or LOF (hP2X7LOF mice) P2RX7 genotype. Both hP2X7GOF and hP2X7LOF mice demonstrated similar human leukocyte engraftment, and showed comparable weight loss, GVHD clinical score and overall survival. Donor P2X7 activity did not affect human leukocyte infiltration or GVHD-mediated tissue damage, or the relative expression of human P2X7 or human interferon-γ (hIFNγ) in tissues. Finally, hP2X7GOF and hP2X7LOF mice demonstrated similar concentrations of serum hIFNγ. This study demonstrates that P2X7 activity correlates with donor P2RX7 genotype on human leukocyte subsets important in GVHD development, but does not affect GVHD development in a humanised mouse model of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Adhikary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - N J Geraghty
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - P Cuthbertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - R Sluyter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - D Watson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of the intestine. Its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. It may be related to heredity, environmental triggers, infection, immune dysfunction and other factors. Purinergic receptor (P2X7R) ligand-gated ion channel is closely related to inflammation and widely expressed in intestinal cells. Previous studies have shown that ATP/P2X7R signal is involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, but its specific mechanism needs further study. This article reviews the research progress of P2X7 receptor in inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gu BJ, Wiley JS. P2X7 as a scavenger receptor for innate phagocytosis in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4195-4208. [PMID: 30098011 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor has been widely studied for its ATP-induced pro-inflammatory effect, but in the absence of a ligand, P2X7 has a second function as a scavenger receptor, which is active in the development of the human brain. The scavenger activity of P2X7 is only evident in the absence of serum but is fully active in cerebrospinal fluid. P2X7 on the cell surface is present as a membrane complex, and an attachment to non-muscle myosin of the cytoskeleton is required for particle engulfment. Selective antagonists of P2X7 pro-inflammatory function have little effect on phagocytosis, but inheritance of a variant haplotype spanning the P2RX7 and P2RX4 genes has been associated with loss of P2X7-mediated phagocytosis. Recent studies in mice suggest that the innate phagocytosis mediated by P2X7 receptors declines with ageing. Thus, defective P2X7-mediated phagocytosis may contribute to age-related neuro-degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration and primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Gu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
D'Addio F, Vergani A, Potena L, Maestroni A, Usuelli V, Ben Nasr M, Bassi R, Tezza S, Dellepiane S, El Essawy B, Iascone M, Iacovoni A, Borgese L, Liu K, Visner G, Dhe-Paganon S, Corradi D, Abdi R, Starling RC, Folli F, Zuccotti GV, Sayegh MH, Heeger PS, Chandraker A, Grigioni F, Fiorina P. P2X7R mutation disrupts the NLRP3-mediated Th program and predicts poor cardiac allograft outcomes. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3490-3503. [PMID: 30010623 DOI: 10.1172/jci94524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptor-7 (P2X7R) signaling controls Th17 and Th1 generation/differentiation, while NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3) acts as a Th2 transcriptional factor. Here, we demonstrated the existence of a P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway in T cells that is dysregulated by a P2X7R intracellular region loss-of-function mutation, leading to NLRP3 displacement and to excessive Th17 generation due to abrogation of the NLRP3-mediated Th2 program. This ultimately resulted in poor outcomes in cardiac-transplanted patients carrying the mutant allele, who showed abnormal Th17 generation. Transient NLRP3 silencing in nonmutant T cells or overexpression in mutant T cells normalized the Th profile. Interestingly, IL-17 blockade reduced Th17 skewing of human T cells in vitro and abrogated the severe allograft vasculopathy and abnormal Th17 generation observed in preclinical models in which P2X7R was genetically deleted. This P2X7R intracellular region mutation thus impaired the modulatory effects of P2X7R on NLRP3 expression and function in T cells and led to NLRP3 dysregulation and Th17 skewing, delineating a high-risk group of cardiac-transplanted patients who may benefit from personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Addio
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergani
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luciano Potena
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Program, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maestroni
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Usuelli
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Tezza
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sergio Dellepiane
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Basset El Essawy
- Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Transplantation Research Center, Nephrology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Attilio Iacovoni
- Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Program, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kaifeng Liu
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary Visner
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Domenico Corradi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Unit of Pathology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Nephrology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall C Starling
- Heart Failure Center, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Franco Folli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Peter S Heeger
- Department of Medicine and Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Nephrology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesco Grigioni
- Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Program, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Endocrinology Division, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Amiri A, Sabooteh T, Ahmadi SAY, Azargoon A, Shahsavar F. Association of P2X7 gene common polymorphisms with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lur population of Iran. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
30
|
Di Virgilio F, Dal Ben D, Sarti AC, Giuliani AL, Falzoni S. The P2X7 Receptor in Infection and Inflammation. Immunity 2017; 47:15-31. [PMID: 28723547 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. Effects of extracellular ATP are mediated by plasma membrane receptors named P2 receptors (P2Rs). The P2R most involved in inflammation and immunity is the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), expressed by virtually all cells of innate and adaptive immunity. P2X7R mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cytokine and chemokine release, T lymphocyte survival and differentiation, transcription factor activation, and cell death. Ten human P2RX7 gene splice variants and several SNPs that produce complex haplotypes are known. The P2X7R is a potent stimulant of inflammation and immunity and a promoter of cancer cell growth. This makes P2X7R an appealing target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapy. However, an in-depth knowledge of its structure and of the associated signal transduction mechanisms is needed for an effective therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ying Y, Chen Y, Li Z, Huang H, Gong Q. Investigation into the association between P2RX7 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to primary gout and hyperuricemia in a Chinese Han male population. Rheumatol Int 2017; 37:571-578. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Solini A, Simeon V, Derosa L, Orlandi P, Rossi C, Fontana A, Galli L, Di Desidero T, Fioravanti A, Lucchesi S, Coltelli L, Ginocchi L, Allegrini G, Danesi R, Falcone A, Bocci G. Genetic interaction of P2X7 receptor and VEGFR-2 polymorphisms identifies a favorable prognostic profile in prostate cancer patients. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28743-54. [PMID: 26337470 PMCID: PMC4745689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGFR-2 and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) have been described to stimulate the angiogenesis and inflammatory processes of prostate cancer. The present study has been performed to investigate the genetic interactions among VEGFR-2 and P2X7R SNPs and their correlation with overall survival (OS) in a population of metastatic prostate cancer patients. Analyses were performed on germline DNA obtained from blood samples and SNPs were investigated by real-time PCR technique. The survival dimensionality reduction (SDR) methodology was applied to investigate the genetic interaction between SNPs. One hundred patients were enrolled. The SDR software provided two genetic interaction profiles consisting of the combination between specific VEGFR-2 (rs2071559, rs11133360) and P2X7R (rs3751143, rs208294) genotypes. The median OS was 126 months (95% CI, 115.94–152.96) and 65.65 months (95% CI, 52.95–76.53) for the favorable and the unfavorable genetic profile, respectively (p < 0.0001). The genetic statistical interaction between VEGFR-2 (rs2071559, rs11133360) and P2X7R (rs3751143, rs208294) genotypes may identify a population of prostate cancer patients with a better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS - CROB Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Lisa Derosa
- Oncology Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Orlandi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Fontana
- Oncology Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Galli
- Oncology Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Di Desidero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Fioravanti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Lucchesi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pontedera Hospital, Azienda USL of Pisa, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Luigi Coltelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pontedera Hospital, Azienda USL of Pisa, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Laura Ginocchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pontedera Hospital, Azienda USL of Pisa, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giacomo Allegrini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pontedera Hospital, Azienda USL of Pisa, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Guido Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aprile-Garcia F, Metzger MW, Paez-Pereda M, Stadler H, Acuña M, Liberman AC, Senin SA, Gerez J, Hoijman E, Refojo D, Mitkovski M, Panhuysen M, Stühmer W, Holsboer F, Deussing JM, Arzt E. Co-Expression of Wild-Type P2X7R with Gln460Arg Variant Alters Receptor Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151862. [PMID: 26986975 PMCID: PMC4795689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a member of the P2X family of ligand-gated ion channels. A single-nucleotide polymorphism leading to a glutamine (Gln) by arginine (Arg) substitution at codon 460 of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been associated with mood disorders. No change in function (loss or gain) has been described for this SNP so far. Here we show that although the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant per se is not compromised in its function, co-expression of wild-type P2X7R with P2X7R-Gln460Arg impairs receptor function with respect to calcium influx, channel currents and intracellular signaling in vitro. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation and FRET studies show that the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant physically interacts with P2X7R-WT. Specific silencing of either the normal or polymorphic variant rescues the heterozygous loss of function phenotype and restores normal function. The described loss of function due to co-expression, unique for mutations in the P2RX7 gene so far, explains the mechanism by which the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant affects the normal function of the channel and may represent a mechanism of action for other mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aprile-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Matías Acuña
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana C. Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio A. Senin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Gerez
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Hoijman
- Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian Refojo
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Mišo Mitkovski
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Walter Stühmer
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Brain Health, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
ZrCl4 as a new catalyst for ester amidation: an efficient synthesis of h-P2X7R antagonists. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Zhao WS, Sun MY, Sun LF, Liu Y, Yang Y, Huang LD, Fan YZ, Cheng XY, Cao P, Hu YM, Li L, Tian Y, Wang R, Yu Y. A Highly Conserved Salt Bridge Stabilizes the Kinked Conformation of β2,3-Sheet Essential for Channel Function of P2X4 Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7990-8003. [PMID: 26865631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of crucial residues/motifs in the channel function of P2X receptors during the pre-structure era. The recent structural determination of P2X receptors allows us to reevaluate the role of those residues/motifs. Residues Arg-309 and Asp-85 (rat P2X4 numbering) are highly conserved throughout the P2X family and were involved in loss-of-function polymorphism in human P2X receptors. Previous studies proposed that they participated in direct ATP binding. However, the crystal structure of P2X demonstrated that those two residues form an intersubunit salt bridge located far away from the ATP-binding site. Therefore, it is necessary to reevaluate the role of this salt bridge in P2X receptors. Here, we suggest the crucial role of this structural element both in protein stability and in channel gating rather than direct ATP interaction and channel assembly. Combining mutagenesis, charge swap, and disulfide cross-linking, we revealed the stringent requirement of this salt bridge in normal P2X4 channel function. This salt bridge may contribute to stabilizing the bending conformation of the β2,3-sheet that is structurally coupled with this salt bridge and the α2-helix. Strongly kinked β2,3 is essential for domain-domain interactions between head domain, dorsal fin domain, right flipper domain, and loop β7,8 in P2X4 receptors. Disulfide cross-linking with directions opposing or along the bending angle of the β2,3-sheet toward the α2-helix led to loss-of-function and gain-of-function of P2X4 receptors, respectively. Further insertion of amino acids with bulky side chains into the linker between the β2,3-sheet or the conformational change of the α2-helix, interfering with the kinked conformation of β2,3, led to loss-of-function of P2X4 receptors. All these findings provided new insights in understanding the contribution of the salt bridge between Asp-85 and Arg-309 and its structurally coupled β2,3-sheet to the function of P2X receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Zhao
- From the School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng-Yang Sun
- From the School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang-Fei Sun
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Liu
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Yang
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Dong Huang
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Zhe Fan
- the Putuo District Center Hospital, Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Cheng
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Peng Cao
- the Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China, and the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - You-Min Hu
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lingyong Li
- the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yun Tian
- the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rui Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China,
| | - Ye Yu
- the Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
De Marchi E, Orioli E, Dal Ben D, Adinolfi E. P2X7 Receptor as a Therapeutic Target. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:39-79. [PMID: 27038372 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel that upon agonist interaction leads to cellular influx of Na(+) and Ca(2+) and efflux of K(+). P2X7 is expressed by a wide variety of cells and its activation mediates a large number of biological processes like inflammation, neuromodulation, cell death or cell proliferation and it has been associated to related pathological conditions including infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, neurological, and musculoskeletal disorders and, in the last years, to cancer. This chapter describes structural features of P2X7, chemical properties of its agonist, antagonist, and allosteric modulators and summarizes recent advances on P2X7 receptor as therapeutic target in the aforementioned diseases. We also give an overview on recent literature suggesting that P2X7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms could be exploited as diagnostic biomarkers for the development of tailored therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Orioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gu BJ, Field J, Dutertre S, Ou A, Kilpatrick TJ, Lechner-Scott J, Scott R, Lea R, Taylor BV, Stankovich J, Butzkueven H, Gresle M, Laws SM, Petrou S, Hoffjan S, Akkad DA, Graham CA, Hawkins S, Glaser A, Bedri SK, Hillert J, Matute C, Antiguedad A, Wiley JS. A rare P2X7 variant Arg307Gln with absent pore formation function protects against neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5644-54. [PMID: 26188005 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by oligodendrocyte damage, demyelination and neuronal death. Genetic association studies have shown a 2-fold or greater prevalence of the HLA-DRB1*1501 allele in the MS population compared with normal Caucasians. In discovery cohorts of Australasian patients with MS (total 2941 patients and 3008 controls), we examined the associations of 12 functional polymorphisms of P2X7, a microglial/macrophage receptor with proinflammatory effects when activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In discovery cohorts, rs28360457, coding for Arg307Gln was associated with MS and combined analysis showed a 2-fold lower minor allele frequency compared with controls (1.11% for MS and 2.15% for controls, P = 0.0000071). Replication analysis of four independent European MS case-control cohorts (total 2140 cases and 2634 controls) confirmed this association [odds ratio (OR) = 0.69, P = 0.026]. A meta-analysis of all Australasian and European cohorts indicated that Arg307Gln confers a 1.8-fold protective effect on MS risk (OR = 0.57, P = 0.0000024). Fresh human monocytes heterozygous for Arg307Gln have >85% loss of 'pore' function of the P2X7 receptor measured by ATP-induced ethidium uptake. Analysis shows Arg307Gln always occurred with 270His suggesting a single 307Gln-270His haplotype that confers dominant negative effects on P2X7 function and protection against MS. Modeling based on the homologous zP2X4 receptor showed Arg307 is located in a region rich in basic residues located only 12 Å from the ligand binding site. Our data show the protective effect against MS of a rare genetic variant of P2RX7 with heterozygotes showing near absent proinflammatory 'pore' function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judith Field
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sébastien Dutertre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université Montpellier 2-CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Amber Ou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Melbourne Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney Lea
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jim Stankovich
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Gresle
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis A Akkad
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Colin A Graham
- Regional Genetics Laboratories, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stanley Hawkins
- Department of Neurology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Anna Glaser
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sahl Khalid Bedri
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Matute
- CIBERNED, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain and
| | - Alfredo Antiguedad
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Basurto-Osakidetza, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - James S Wiley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gong QY, Chen Y. Correlation between P2X7 receptor gene polymorphisms and gout. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1307-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Stoffels M, Zaal R, Kok N, van der Meer JWM, Dinarello CA, Simon A. ATP-Induced IL-1β Specific Secretion: True Under Stringent Conditions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:54. [PMID: 25729382 PMCID: PMC4325933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β is a potent proinflammatory cytokine, of which processing and secretion are tightly regulated. After exposure to various stimuli, mononuclear phagocytes synthesize the inactive precursor (pro-IL-1β), which is then cleaved intracellularly by caspase-1 and secreted. A widely used method for in vitro secretion of IL-1β employs LPS-primed human peripheral blood monocytes. Subsequently, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is added to the cells in order to trigger the P2X7 receptor resulting in processing and secretion of mature IL-1β. However, it is often reported that secretion is due to cytotoxic effects of ATP with P2X7 receptor-activation-related cell death. We have challenged this concept and demonstrate IL-1β specific secretion, since there is no increase in cell death and IL-1α and IL-18 are not released in the same cultures. More importantly we show that these conclusions can only be drawn under stringent experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Stoffels
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Ruben Zaal
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Nina Kok
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Anna Simon
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bartlett R, Stokes L, Sluyter R. The P2X7 receptor channel: recent developments and the use of P2X7 antagonists in models of disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:638-75. [PMID: 24928329 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ATP-gated cation channel found predominantly, but not exclusively, on immune cells. P2X7 activation results in a number of downstream events, including the release of proinflammatory mediators and cell death and proliferation. As such, P2X7 plays important roles in various inflammatory, immune, neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders. This review focuses on the use of P2X7 antagonists in rodent models of neurologic disease and injury, inflammation, and musculoskeletal and other disorders. The cloning and characterization of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, and Rhesus macaque P2X7, as well as recent observations regarding the gating and permeability of P2X7, are discussed. Furthermore, this review discusses polymorphic and splice variants of P2X7, as well as the generation and use of P2X7 knockout mice. Recent evidence for emerging signaling pathways downstream of P2X7 activation and the growing list of negative and positive modulators of P2X7 activation and expression are also described. In addition, the use of P2X7 antagonists in numerous rodent models of disease is extensively summarized. Finally, the use of P2X7 antagonists in clinical trials in humans and future directions exploring P2X7 as a therapeutic target are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Roger S, Jelassi B, Couillin I, Pelegrin P, Besson P, Jiang LH. Understanding the roles of the P2X7 receptor in solid tumour progression and therapeutic perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2584-602. [PMID: 25450340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 is an intriguing ionotropic receptor for which the activation by extracellular ATP induces rapid inward cationic currents and intracellular signalling pathways associated with numerous physiological processes such as the induction of the inflammatory cascade, the survival and proliferation of cells. In contrast, long-term stimulation of P2X7 is generally associated with membrane permeabilisation and cell death. Recently, P2X7 has attracted great attention in the cancer field, and particularly in the neoplastic transformation and the progression of solid tumours. A growing number of studies were published; however they often appeared contradictory in their results and conclusions. As such, the involvement of P2X7 in the oncogenic process remains unclear so far. The present review aims to discuss the current knowledge and hypotheses on the involvement of the P2X7 receptor in the development and progression of solid tumours, and highlight the different aspects that require further clarification in order to decipher whether P2X7 could be considered as a cancer biomarker or as a target for pharmacological intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; Département de Physiologie Animale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Bilel Jelassi
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- UMR CNRS 7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Université d'Orléans, 3B rue de la Ferollerie, F-45071 Orléans, France
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Inflammation and Experimental Surgery Research Unit, CIBERehd, Clinical University Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Carretera Cartagena-Madrid s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pierre Besson
- Inserm UMR1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kido Y, Kawahara C, Terai Y, Ohishi A, Kobayashi S, Hayakawa M, Kamatsuka Y, Nishida K, Nagasawa K. Regulation of activity of P2X7 receptor by its splice variants in cultured mouse astrocytes. Glia 2013; 62:440-51. [PMID: 24375698 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Of purinergic receptors, P2X7 receptor (P2X7R, defined as a full-length receptor) has unique characteristics, and its activation leads to ion channel activity and pore formation, causing cell death. Previously, we demonstrated that P2X7R expressed by nonstimulated astrocyte cultures obtained from SJL-strain mice exhibits constitutive activation, implying its role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis. To obtain novel insights into its physiological roles, we examined whether constitutive activation of P2X7R is regulated by expression of its splice variants in such resting astrocytes, and whether their distinct expression profiles in different mouse strains affect activation levels of astrocytic P2X7Rs. In SJL- and ddY-mouse astrocytes, spontaneous YO-PRO-1 uptake, an indicator of pore activity of P2X7R, was detected, but the uptake by the formers was significantly greater than that by the latter. Between the two mouse strains, there was a difference in their sensitivity of YO-PRO-1 uptake to antagonists, but not in the expression levels and sequences of P2X7R and pannexin-1. Regarding expression of splice variants of P2X7R, expression of P2X7R variant-3 (P2X7R-v3) and -4 (P2X7R-v4), but not variant-2 and -k, was lower in SJL-mouse astrocytes than in ddY-mouse ones. On transfection of P2X7R-v3 and -v4 into SJL-mouse astrocytes, the pore activity was attenuated as in the case of the HEK293T cell-expression system. These findings demonstrate that basal activity of P2X7R expressed by resting astrocytes is negatively regulated by P2X7R-v3 and -v4, and that their distinct expression profiles result in the different activation levels of astrocytic P2X7Rs in different mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Kido
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jiang LH, Baldwin JM, Roger S, Baldwin SA. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Mammalian P2X7 Receptor Functions and Contributions in Diseases, Revealed by Structural Modeling and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23675347 PMCID: PMC3646254 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs), a member of the ionotropic P2X receptor family with distinctive functional properties, play an important part in mediating extracellular ATP signaling in health and disease. A clear delineation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the key receptor properties, such as ATP-binding, ion permeation, and large pore formation of the mammalian P2X7Rs, is still lacking, but such knowledge is crucial for a better understanding of their physiological functions and contributions in diseases and for development of therapeutics. The recent breakthroughs in determining the atomic structures of the zebrafish P2X4.1R in the closed and ATP-bound open states have provided the long-awaited structural information. The human P2RX7 gene is abundant with non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (NS-SNPs), which generate a repertoire of human P2X7Rs with point mutations. Characterizations of the NS-SNPs identified in patients of various disease conditions and the resulting mutations have informed previously unknown molecular mechanisms determining the mammalian P2X7R functions and diseases. In this review, we will discuss the new insights into such mechanisms provided by structural modeling and recent functional and genetic linkage studies of NS-SNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wesselius A, Bours MJL, Henriksen Z, Syberg S, Petersen S, Schwarz P, Jørgensen NR, van Helden S, Dagnelie PC. Association of P2X7 receptor polymorphisms with bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in a cohort of Dutch fracture patients. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:1235-46. [PMID: 22776862 PMCID: PMC3604588 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The P2X7 receptor is thought to be involved in bone physiology in a pro-osteogenic manner. Therefore, we examined associations between genetic variations in the P2X7 receptor gene and bone mineral density (BMD). We found an association between four non-synonymous polymorphism of the human P2X7 receptor and the risk of osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic variation in the P2X7 receptor gene (P2RX7) is associated with decreased BMD and risk of osteoporosis in fracture patients. METHODS Six hundred ninety women and 231 men aged≥50 years were genotyped for 15 non-synonymous P2RX7 SNPs. BMD was measured at the total hip, lumbar spine and femoral neck. RESULTS Four non-synonymous SNPs were associated with BMD. The Ala348Thr gain-of-function polymorphism was associated with increased BMD values at the lumbar spine (p=0.012). Decreased hip BMD values were associated with two loss-of-function SNPs in the P2RX7, i.e., in subjects homozygous for the Glu496Ala polymorphism as well as in subjects carrying at least one variant allele of the Gly150Arg polymorphism (p=0.018 and p=0.011; respectively). In men, we showed that subjects either heterozygous or homozygous for the Gln460Arg gain-of-function polymorphism in the P2RX7 had a significantly 40% decrease in risk of a lower T-score value (OR=0.58 [95%CI, 0.33-1.00]). CONCLUSION Thus, genetic aberrations of P2X7R function are associated with lower BMD and increased osteoporosis risk. Therefore, detection of non-synonymous SNPs within the P2RX7 might be useful for osteoporosis risk estimation at an early stage, potentially enabling better osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wesselius
- Department of Epidemiology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Peter Debyeplein 1, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Husted LB, Harsløf T, Stenkjær L, Carstens M, Jørgensen NR, Langdahl BL. Functional polymorphisms in the P2X7 receptor gene are associated with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:949-59. [PMID: 22707062 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The P2X(7) receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel. We investigated the effect of both loss-of-function and gain-of-function polymorphisms in the P2X(7) receptor gene on BMD and risk of vertebral fractures and found that five polymorphisms and haplotypes containing three of these polymorphisms were associated with BMD and fracture risk. INTRODUCTION The P2X(7) receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel. P2X(7) receptor knockout mice have reduced total bone mineral content, and because several functional polymorphisms have been identified in the human P2X(7) receptor gene, we wanted to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms on BMD and risk of vertebral fractures in a case-control study including 798 individuals. METHODS Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan assays. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and vertebral fractures were assessed by lateral spinal X-rays. RESULTS The rare allele of a splice site polymorphism, 151 + 1: G-T, was associated with increased fracture risk and reduced BMD in women. Two other loss-of-function polymorphisms, Glu496Ala and Gly150Arg, were also associated with BMD. The Glu496Ala variant allele was associated with decreased lumbar spine BMD in women and decreased total hip BMD in men. The 150Arg allele was associated with decreased total hip BMD in women and men combined. The minor allele of the gain-of-function polymorphism, Ala348Thr, was associated with reduced fracture risk and increased BMD at all sites in men. The Gln460Arg variant allele, which has been associated with increased receptor function in monocytes, was associated with increased total hip BMD in women. With the exception of His155Tyr for which we found conflicting results in men and women, our results are consistent with the phenotype of the knockout mouse. Analysis of a haplotype containing Ala348Thr, Gln460Arg, and Glu496Ala showed that the effects of the haplotypes on BMD and fracture were driven by Ala348Thr in men and by Gln460Arg and Glu496Ala in women. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found that functional polymorphisms in the P2X(7) receptor gene and haplotypes containing three of these polymorphisms are associated with osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Husted
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bahari G, Hashemi M, Taheri M, Naderi M, Moazeni-Roodi A, Kouhpayeh H, Eskandari-Nasab E. Association of P2X7 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeast Iran. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:160-6. [DOI: 10.4238/2013.january.24.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
47
|
Denlinger LC, Manthei DM, Seibold MA, Ahn K, Bleecker E, Boushey HA, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chinchili VM, Fahy JV, Hawkins GA, Icitovic N, Israel E, Jarjour NN, King T, Kraft M, Lazarus SC, Lehman E, Martin RJ, Meyers DA, Peters SP, Sheerar D, Shi L, Sutherland ER, Szefler SJ, Wechsler ME, Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF. P2X7-regulated protection from exacerbations and loss of control is independent of asthma maintenance therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 187:28-33. [PMID: 23144325 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201204-0750oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The function of the P2X(7) nucleotide receptor protects against exacerbation in people with mild-intermittent asthma during viral illnesses, but the impact of disease severity and maintenance therapy has not been studied. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between P2X(7), asthma exacerbations, and incomplete symptom control in a more diverse population. METHODS A matched P2RX7 genetic case-control was performed with samples from Asthma Clinical Research Network trial participants enrolled before July 2006, and P2X(7) pore activity was determined in whole blood samples as an ancillary study to two trials completed subsequently. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 187 exacerbations were studied in 742 subjects, and the change in asthma symptom burden was studied in an additional 110 subjects during a trial of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) dose optimization. African American carriers of the minor G allele of the rs2230911 loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphism were more likely to have a history of prednisone use in the previous 12 months, with adjustment for ICS and long-acting β(2)-agonists use (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.2; P = 0.018). Despite medium-dose ICS, attenuated pore function predicted earlier exacerbations in incompletely controlled patients with moderate asthma (hazard ratio, 3.2; confidence interval, 1.1-9.3; P = 0.033). After establishing control with low-dose ICS in patients with mild asthma, those with attenuated pore function had more asthma symptoms, rescue albuterol use, and FEV(1) reversal (P < 0.001, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively) during the ICS adjustment phase. CONCLUSIONS P2X(7) pore function protects against exacerbations of asthma and loss of control, independent of baseline severity and the maintenance therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Denlinger
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
García-Huerta P, Díaz-Hernandez M, Delicado EG, Pimentel-Santillana M, Miras-Portugal MT, Gómez-Villafuertes R. The specificity protein factor Sp1 mediates transcriptional regulation of P2X7 receptors in the nervous system. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44628-44. [PMID: 23139414 PMCID: PMC3531778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are involved not only in physiological functions but also in pathological brain processes. Although an increasing number of findings indicate that altered receptor expression has a causative role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, little is known about how expression of P2rx7 gene is controlled. Here we reported the first molecular and functional evidence that Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor plays a pivotal role in the transcriptional regulation of P2X7 receptor. We delimited a minimal region in the murine P2rx7 promoter containing four SP1 sites, two of them being highly conserved in mammals. The functionality of these SP1 sites was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis and Sp1 overexpression/down-regulation in neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation by mithramycin A reduced endogenous P2X7 receptor levels in primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes. Using P2rx7-EGFP transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of P2rx7 promoter, we found a high correlation between reporter expression and Sp1 levels in the brain, demonstrating that Sp1 is a key element in the transcriptional regulation of P2X7 receptor in the nervous system. Finally, we found that Sp1 mediates P2X7 receptor up-regulation in neuroblastoma cells cultured in the absence of serum, a condition that enhances chromatin accessibility and facilitates the exposure of SP1 binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula García-Huerta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wiley JS, Sluyter R, Gu BJ, Stokes L, Fuller SJ. The human P2X7 receptor and its role in innate immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 78:321-32. [PMID: 21988719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human P2X7 receptor is a two-transmembrane ionotropic receptor which has a ubiquitous distribution and is most highly expressed on immune cells. In macrophages and similar myeloid cells primed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activation of P2X7 by extracellular ATP opens a cation channel/pore allowing massive K+ efflux associated with processing and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. A variety of other downstream effects follows P2X7 activation over several minutes including shedding of certain surface molecules, membrane blebbing, microvesicle/exosome release and apoptosis of the cell. High concentrations of ATP (>100 µM) are required to activate P2X7 but it remains unclear where these levels exist, other than in inflammatory foci or confined spaces such as in bone. A variety of potent selective antagonists of P2X7 activation have recently become available, allowing clinical trials to be undertaken in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders. Proteomic studies have shown that P2X7 exists as a large multiprotein complex which includes non-muscle myosin heavy chain and other elements of the cytoskeleton. In the absence of its ATP ligand and serum, P2X7 has an alternate function in the recognition and phagocytosis of non-opsonized foreign particles, including bacteria and apoptotic cells. The P2RX7 gene has many polymorphic variants and isoforms which increase or decrease function of the receptor. Genetic association studies have linked loss-of-function polymorphisms with reactivation of latent tuberculosis as well as symptomatic infection with certain other obligate intracellular pathogens. The many roles involving P2X7 suggest that this receptor is essential to fundamental aspects of the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Wiley
- Ion Channels and Disease Section, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Portales-Cervantes L, Niño-Moreno P, Salgado-Bustamante M, García-Hernández MH, Baranda-Candido L, Reynaga-Hernández E, Barajas-López C, González-Amaro R, Portales-Pérez DP. The His155Tyr (489C>T) single nucleotide polymorphism of P2RX7 gene confers an enhanced function of P2X7 receptor in immune cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:168-75. [PMID: 22703695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the possible association between several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of P2RX7 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We determined the function of P2X7 receptor and the frequency of the 489C>T, 1096C>G, and 1513A>C SNP of P2RX7 gene in 111 and 122 patients with SLE and RA, and 98 healthy subjects. We found no significant association between the SNPs studied and SLE or RA. We also detected that lymphocytes from SLE and RA patients with the 489C>T SNP showed a higher ethidium bromide uptake in response to ATP than wild type or 1096C>G/1513A>C subjects. In addition, cells from RA patients and the 489C>T genotype, showed higher [Ca(2+)]i responses to ATP. Our data indicate that the 489C>T SNP of P2RX7 gene confers an enhanced function of this receptor in patients with RA, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition.
Collapse
|