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Manickasamy MK, Jayaprakash S, Girisa S, Kumar A, Lam HY, Okina E, Eng H, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Delineating the role of nuclear receptors in colorectal cancer, a focused review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38372868 PMCID: PMC10876515 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent form of cancer globally, causing a significant number of deaths, surpassing 0.9 million in the year 2020. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, CRC ranks third in incidence and second in mortality in both males and females. Despite extensive studies over the years, there is still a need to establish novel therapeutic targets to enhance the patients' survival rate in CRC. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) that regulate numerous essential biological processes such as differentiation, development, physiology, reproduction, and cellular metabolism. Dysregulation and anomalous expression of different NRs has led to multiple alterations, such as impaired signaling cascades, mutations, and epigenetic changes, leading to various diseases, including cancer. It has been observed that differential expression of various NRs might lead to the initiation and progression of CRC, and are correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC patients. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism and role of NRs in this cancer, it remains of significant scientific interest primarily due to the diverse functions that various NRs exhibit in regulating key hallmarks of this cancer. Thus, modulating the expression of NRs with their agonists and antagonists, based on their expression levels, holds an immense prospect in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical modalities of CRC. In this review, we primarily focus on the role and mechanism of NRs in the pathogenesis of CRC and emphasized the significance of targeting these NRs using a variety of agents, which may represent a novel and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Manickasamy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Huiyan Eng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore.
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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2
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Qi XM, Chen G. p38γ MAPK Inflammatory and Metabolic Signaling in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1674. [PMID: 37443708 PMCID: PMC10341180 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
p38γ MAPK (also called ERK6 or SAPK3) is a family member of stress-activated MAPKs and has common and specific roles as compared to other p38 proteins in signal transduction. Recent studies showed that, in addition to inflammation, p38γ metabolic signaling is involved in physiological exercise and in pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. p38γphosphorylates at least 19 substrates through which p38γ activity is further modified to regulate life-important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and transformation, thereby impacting biological outcomes of p38γ-driven pathogenesis. P38γ signaling is characterized by its unique reciprocal regulation with its specific phosphatase PTPH1 and by its direct binding to promoter DNAs, leading to transcriptional activation of targets including cancer-like stem cell drivers. This paper will review recent findings about p38γ inflammation and metabolic signaling in physiology and diseases. Moreover, we will discuss the progress in the development of p38γ-specific pharmacological inhibitors for therapeutic intervention in disease prevention and treatment by targeting the p38γ signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Guan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Research Service, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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3
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Lee KY, Liu CM, Chen LH, Lee CY, Lu TP, Chuang LL, Lai LC. Hypoxia-responsive circular RNA circAAGAB reduces breast cancer malignancy by activating p38 MAPK and sponging miR-378 h. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36899354 PMCID: PMC10007766 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a prevalent disease in women, with high prevalence worldwide. The hypoxic microenvironment of solid tumors develops during the progress of carcinogenesis and leads to greater malignancy and treatment resistance. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a pivotal role in altering cellular functions. However, the underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in breast cancer are still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of a tumor-suppressive circRNA, circAAGAB, in breast cancer by assuming down-regulation of circAAGAB under hypoxia and the properties of a tumor suppressor. METHODS Firstly, circAAGAB was identified from expression profiling by next generation sequencing. Next, the stability of circAAGAB increased by interacting with the RNA binding protein FUS. Moreover, cellular and nuclear fractionation showed that most circAAGAB resided in the cytoplasm and that it up-regulated KIAA1522, NKX3-1, and JADE3 by sponging miR-378 h. Lastly, the functions of circAAGAB were explored by identifying its down-stream genes using Affymetrix microarrays and validated by in vitro assays. RESULTS The results showed that circAAGAB reduced cell colony formation, cell migration, and signaling through p38 MAPK pathway, as well as increased radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the oxygen-responsive circAAGAB acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, and may contribute to the development of a more specific therapeutic regimen for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Liu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Han Chen
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yueh Lee
- Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Chuang
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Ieranò C, Righelli D, D'Alterio C, Napolitano M, Portella L, Rea G, Auletta F, Santagata S, Trotta AM, Guardascione G, Liotti F, Prevete N, Maiolino P, Luciano A, Barbieri A, Di Mauro A, Roma C, Esposito Abate R, Tatangelo F, Pacelli R, Normanno N, Melillo RM, Scala S. In PD-1+ human colon cancer cells NIVOLUMAB promotes survival and could protect tumor cells from conventional therapies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004032. [PMID: 35246475 PMCID: PMC8900051 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly tumors worldwide. The majority of CRC is resistant to anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-based cancer immunotherapy, with approximately 15% with high-microsatellite instability, high tumor mutation burden, and intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 signaling was described in solid tumor cells. In melanoma, liver, and thyroid cancer cells, intrinsic PD-1 signaling activates oncogenic functions, while in lung cancer cells, it has a tumor suppressor effect. Our work aimed to evaluate the effects of the anti-PD-1 nivolumab (NIVO) on CRC cells. METHODS In vitro NIVO-treated human colon cancer cells (HT29, HCT116, and LoVo) were evaluated for cell growth, chemo/radiotherapeutic sensitivity, apoptosis, and spheroid growth. Total RNA-seq was assessed in 6-24 hours NIVO-treated human colon cancer cells HT29 and HCT116 as compared with NIVO-treated PES43 human melanoma cells. In vivo mice carrying HT29 xenograft were intraperitoneally treated with NIVO, OXA (oxaliplatin), and NIVO+OXA, and the tumors were characterized for growth, apoptosis, and pERK1/2/pP38. Forty-eight human primary colon cancers were evaluated for PD-1 expression through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In PD-1+ human colon cancer cells, intrinsic PD-1 signaling significantly decreased proliferation and promoted apoptosis. On the contrary, NIVO promoted proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and protected PD-1+ cells from chemo/radiotherapy. Transcriptional profile of NIVO-treated HT29 and HCT116 human colon cancer cells revealed downregulation of BATF2, DRAM1, FXYD3, IFIT3, MT-TN, and TNFRSF11A, and upregulation of CLK1, DCAF13, DNAJC2, MTHFD1L, PRPF3, PSMD7, and SCFD1; the opposite regulation was described in NIVO-treated human melanoma PES43 cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched for interferon pathway, innate immune, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. In vivo, NIVO promoted HT29 tumor growth, thus reducing OXA efficacy as revealed through significant Ki-67 increase, pERK1/2 and pP38 increase, and apoptotic cell reduction. Eleven out of 48 primary human colon cancer biopsies expressed PD-1 (22.9%). PD-1 expression is significantly associated with lower pT stage. CONCLUSIONS In PD-1+ human colon cancer cells, NIVO activates tumor survival pathways and could protect tumor cells from conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ieranò
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Crescenzo D'Alterio
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Portella
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rea
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Auletta
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Santagata
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guardascione
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Liotti
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), CNR-NA1, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), CNR-NA1, Napoli, Italy.,Traslational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Piera Maiolino
- Pharmacy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Luciano
- Animal Facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal Facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annabella Di Mauro
- Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristin Roma
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riziero Esposito Abate
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Tatangelo
- Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), CNR-NA1, Napoli, Italy.,Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
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5
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Xu G, Yang Z, Ding Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Wang B, Tang M, Jing T, Jiao K, Xu X, Chen Z, Xiang L, Xu C, Fu Y, Zhao X, Jin W, Liu Y. The deubiquitinase USP16 functions as an oncogenic factor in K-RAS-driven lung tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2021; 40:5482-5494. [PMID: 34294846 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
K-RAS mutation and molecular alterations of its surrogates function essentially in lung tumorigenesis and malignant progression. However, it remains elusive how tumor-promoting and deleterious events downstream of K-RAS signaling are coordinated in lung tumorigenesis. Here, we show that USP16, a deubiquitinase involved in various biological processes, functions as a promoter for the development of K-RAS-driven lung tumor. Usp16 deletion significantly attenuates K-rasG12D-mutation-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice. USP16 upregulation upon RAS activation averts reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced p38 activation that would otherwise detrimentally influence the survival and proliferation of tumor cells. In addition, USP16 interacts with and deubiquitinates JAK1, and thereby promoting lung tumor growth by augmenting JAK1 signaling. Therefore, our results reveal that USP16 functions critically in the K-RAS-driven lung tumorigenesis through modulating the strength of p38 and JAK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizong Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Boshi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Jiao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lvzhu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Olajide OJ, Suvanto ME, Chapman CA. Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex that underlie its selective vulnerability during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio056796. [PMID: 33495355 PMCID: PMC7860115 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a vital component of the medial temporal lobe, and its contributions to cognitive processes and memory formation are supported through its extensive interconnections with the hippocampal formation. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), many of the earliest degenerative changes are seen within the EC. Neurodegeneration in the EC and hippocampus during AD has been clearly linked to impairments in memory and cognitive function, and a growing body of evidence indicates that molecular and functional neurodegeneration within the EC may play a primary role in cognitive decline in the early phases of AD. Defining the mechanisms underlying molecular neurodegeneration in the EC is crucial to determining its contributions to the pathogenesis of AD. Surprisingly few studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms of molecular neurodegeneration and selective vulnerability within the EC. However, there have been advancements indicating that early dysregulation of cellular and molecular signaling pathways in the EC involve neurodegenerative cascades including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, glia activation, stress kinases activation, and neuronal loss. Dysfunction within the EC can impact the function of the hippocampus, which relies on entorhinal inputs, and further degeneration within the hippocampus can compound this effect, leading to severe cognitive disruption. This review assesses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying early degeneration in the EC during AD. These mechanisms may underlie the selective vulnerability of neuronal subpopulations in this brain region to the disease development and contribute both directly and indirectly to cognitive loss.This paper has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the first author of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi Joseph Olajide
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria, PMB 1515
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Marcus E Suvanto
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Clifton Andrew Chapman
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
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7
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ROS and oncogenesis with special reference to EMT and stemness. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151073. [PMID: 32201025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) has immense implication in the biological system. On the one hand, ROS promote the signaling cascades for the maintenance of normal physiological functions, the phenomenon referred to as redox biology, and on the other hand increased ROS can cause damages to the cellular macromolecules as well as genetic material, the process known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress acts as an etiological factor for wide varieties of pathologies, cancer being one of them. ROS is regarded as a "double-edged sword" with respect to oncogenesis. It can suppress as well as promote the malignant progression depending on the type of signaling pathway it uses. Moreover, the attribution of ROS in promoting phenotypic plasticity as well as acquisition of stemness during neoplasia has become a wide area of research. The current review discussed all the aspects of ROS in the perspective of tumor biology with special reference to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells.
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8
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Targeting MAPK Signaling in Cancer: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031102. [PMID: 32046099 PMCID: PMC7037308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we focus on the role of MAPK pathways in modulating drug sensitivity and resistance in cancer. We briefly discuss new findings in the extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, but mainly focus on the mechanisms how stress activated MAPK pathways, such as p38 MAPK and the Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), impact the response of cancer cells to chemotherapies and targeted therapies. In this context, we also discuss the role of metabolic and epigenetic aberrations and new therapeutic opportunities arising from these changes.
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9
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Yuan C, Sato K, Hollis BW, Zhang S, Niedzwiecki D, Ou FS, Chang IW, O'Neil BH, Innocenti F, Lenz HJ, Blanke CD, Goldberg RM, Venook AP, Mayer RJ, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA, Ng K. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Findings from CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7497-7505. [PMID: 31548349 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have suggested that higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are associated with decreased colorectal cancer risk and improved survival. However, the influence of vitamin D status on disease progression and patient survival remains largely unknown for patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We prospectively collected blood samples in 1,041 patients with previously untreated advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer participating in a randomized phase III clinical trial of first-line chemotherapy plus biologic therapy. We examined the association of baseline plasma 25(OH)D levels with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for prognostic factors and confounders. RESULTS At study entry, 63% of patients were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL) and 31% were vitamin D insufficient (20-<30 ng/mL). Higher 25(OH)D levels were associated with an improvement in OS and PFS (P trend = 0.0009 and 0.03, respectively). Compared with patients in the bottom quintile of 25(OH)D (≤10.8 ng/mL), those in the top quintile (≥24.1 ng/mL) had a multivariable-adjusted HR of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.53-0.83) for OS and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.66-1.00) for PFS. The improved survival associated with higher 25(OH)D levels was consistent across patient subgroups of prognostic patient and tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort of patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, higher plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with improved OS and PFS. Clinical trials assessing the benefit of vitamin D supplementation in patients with colorectal cancer are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kaori Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce W Hollis
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Niedzwiecki
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fang-Shu Ou
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - I-Wen Chang
- Southeast Clinical Oncology Research (SCOR) Consortium, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bert H O'Neil
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Federico Innocenti
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles D Blanke
- SWOG Group Chair's Office/Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Alan P Venook
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Ng K, Nimeiri HS, McCleary NJ, Abrams TA, Yurgelun MB, Cleary JM, Rubinson DA, Schrag D, Miksad R, Bullock AJ, Allen J, Zuckerman D, Chan E, Chan JA, Wolpin BM, Constantine M, Weckstein DJ, Faggen MA, Thomas CA, Kournioti C, Yuan C, Ganser C, Wilkinson B, Mackintosh C, Zheng H, Hollis BW, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS. Effect of High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Progression-Free Survival Among Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The SUNSHINE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:1370-1379. [PMID: 30964527 PMCID: PMC6459117 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In observational studies, higher plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels have been associated with improved survival in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). OBJECTIVE To determine if high-dose vitamin D3 added to standard chemotherapy improves outcomes in patients with metastatic CRC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double-blind phase 2 randomized clinical trial of 139 patients with advanced or metastatic CRC conducted at 11 US academic and community cancer centers from March 2012 through November 2016 (database lock: September 2018). INTERVENTIONS mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab chemotherapy every 2 weeks and either high-dose vitamin D3 (n = 69) or standard-dose vitamin D3 (n = 70) daily until disease progression, intolerable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by the log-rank test and a supportive Cox proportional hazards model. Testing was 1-sided. Secondary end points included tumor objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and change in plasma 25(OH)D level. RESULTS Among 139 patients (mean age, 56 years; 60 [43%] women) who completed or discontinued chemotherapy and vitamin D3 (median follow-up, 22.9 months), the median PFS for high-dose vitamin D3 was 13.0 months (95% CI, 10.1 to 14.7; 49 PFS events) vs 11.0 months (95% CI, 9.5 to 14.0; 62 PFS events) for standard-dose vitamin D3 (log-rank P = .07); multivariable hazard ratio for PFS or death was 0.64 (1-sided 95% CI, 0 to 0.90; P = .02). There were no significant differences between high-dose and standard-dose vitamin D3 for tumor ORR (58% vs 63%, respectively; difference, -5% [95% CI, -20% to 100%], P = .27) or OS (median, 24.3 months vs 24.3 months; log-rank P = .43). The median 25(OH)D level at baseline for high-dose vitamin D3 was 16.1 ng/mL vs 18.7 ng/mL for standard-dose vitamin D3 (difference, -2.6 ng/mL [95% CI, -6.6 to 1.4], P = .30); at first restaging, 32.0 ng/mL vs 18.7 ng/mL (difference, 12.8 ng/mL [95% CI, 9.0 to 16.6], P < .001); at second restaging, 35.2 ng/mL vs 18.5 ng/mL (difference, 16.7 ng/mL [95% CI, 10.9 to 22.5], P < .001); and at treatment discontinuation, 34.8 ng/mL vs 18.7 ng/mL (difference, 16.2 ng/mL [95% CI, 9.9 to 22.4], P < .001). The most common grade 3 and higher adverse events for chemotherapy plus high-dose vs standard-dose vitamin D3 were neutropenia (n = 24 [35%] vs n = 21 [31%], respectively) and hypertension (n = 9 [13%] vs n = 11 [16%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with metastatic CRC, addition of high-dose vitamin D3, vs standard-dose vitamin D3, to standard chemotherapy resulted in a difference in median PFS that was not statistically significant, but with a significantly improved supportive hazard ratio. These findings warrant further evaluation in a larger multicenter randomized clinical trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01516216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmie Ng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Halla S. Nimeiri
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Miksad
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Dan Zuckerman
- St Luke’s Mountain States Tumor Institute, Boise, Idaho
| | - Emily Chan
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chen Yuan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Hui Zheng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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11
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Zhang XH, Nam S, Wu J, Chen CH, Liu X, Li H, McKeithan T, Gong Q, Chan WC, Yin HH, Yuan YC, Pillai R, Querfeld C, Horne D, Chen Y, Rosen ST. Multi-Kinase Inhibitor with Anti-p38γ Activity in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2377-2387. [PMID: 29758280 PMCID: PMC7269016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) therapies are marked by an abbreviated response, subsequent drug resistance, and poor prognosis for patients with advanced disease. An understanding of molecular regulators involved in CTCL is needed to develop effective targeted therapies. One candidate regulator is p38γ, a mitogen-activated protein kinase crucial for malignant T-cell activity and growth. p38γ gene expression is selectively increased in CTCL patient samples and cell lines but not in healthy T cells. In addition, gene silencing of p38γ reduced CTCL cell viability, showing a key role in CTCL pathogenesis. Screening p38γ inhibitors is critical for understanding the mechanism of CTCL tumorigenesis and developing therapeutic applications. We prioritized a potent p38γ inhibitor (F7, also known as PIK75) through a high-throughput kinase inhibitor screen. At nanomolar concentrations, PIK75, a multiple kinase inhibitor, selectively killed CD4+ malignant CTCL cells but spared healthy CD4+ cells; induced significant reduction of tumor size in mouse xenografts; and effectively inhibited p38γ enzymatic activity and phosphorylation of its substrate, DLGH1, in CTCL cells and mouse xenografts. Here, we report that PIK75 has a potential clinical application to serve as a scaffold molecule for the development of a more selective p38γ inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hannah Zhang
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sangkil Nam
- High-Throughput Screening Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Animal Tumor Models Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Chih-Hong Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xuxiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA; Computational Therapeutics Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Bioinformatics Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Timothy McKeithan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Qiang Gong
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Hongwei Holly Yin
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Synthetic and Biopolymer Chemistry Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - David Horne
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.
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12
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Targeting an oncogenic kinase/phosphatase signaling network for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:511-517. [PMID: 30109176 PMCID: PMC6089844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases and phosphatases signal by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation to precisely control the activities of their individual and common substrates for a coordinated cellular outcome. In many situations, a kinase/phosphatase complex signals dynamically in time and space through their reciprocal regulations and their cooperative actions on a substrate. This complex may be essential for malignant transformation and progression and can therefore be considered as a target for therapeutic intervention. p38γ is a unique MAPK family member that contains a PDZ motif at its C-terminus and interacts with a PDZ domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPH1. This PDZ-coupled binding is required for both PTPH1 dephosphorylation and inactivation of p38γ and for p38γ phosphorylation and activation of PTPH1. Moreover, the p38γ/PTPH1 complex can further regulate their substrates phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, which impacts Ras transformation, malignant growth and progression, and therapeutic response. This review will use the p38γ/PTPH1 signaling network as an example to discuss the potential of targeting the kinase/phosphatase signaling complex for development of novel targeted cancer therapy.
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13
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Li H, Huang K, Gao L, Wang L, Niu Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang L, Wang G, Wang J. TES inhibits colorectal cancer progression through activation of p38. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45819-45836. [PMID: 27323777 PMCID: PMC5216763 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human TESTIN (TES) gene has been identified as a candidate tumor suppressor based on its location at a common fragile site – a region where loss of heterozygosity has been detected in numerous types of tumors. To investigate its role in colorectal cancer (CRC), we examined TES protein levels in CRC tissue samples and cell lines. We observed that TES was markedly reduced in both CRC tissue and cell lines. Additionally, overexpression of TES significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while increasing cell apoptosis in colon cancer cells. By contrast, shRNA-mediated TES knockdown elicited the opposite effects. TES inhibited the progression of CRC by up-regulating pro-apoptotic proteins, down-regulating anti-apoptotic proteins, and simultaneously activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Collectively, these data indicate that TES functions as a necessary suppressor of CRC progression by activating p38-MAPK signaling pathways. This suggests that TES may have a potential application in CRC diagnosis and targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfeng Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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14
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Yin N, Lepp A, Ji Y, Mortensen M, Hou S, Qi XM, Myers CR, Chen G. The K-Ras effector p38γ MAPK confers intrinsic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by stimulating EGFR transcription and EGFR dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15070-15079. [PMID: 28739874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in K-Ras and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are mutually exclusive, but it is not known how K-Ras activation inactivates EGFR, leading to resistance of cancer cells to anti-EGFR therapy. Here, we report that the K-Ras effector p38γ MAPK confers intrinsic resistance to small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) by concurrently stimulating EGFR gene transcription and protein dephosphorylation. We found that p38γ increases EGFR transcription by c-Jun-mediated promoter binding and stimulates EGFR dephosphorylation via activation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1). Silencing the p38γ/c-Jun/PTPH1 signaling network increased sensitivities to TKIs in K-Ras mutant cells in which EGFR knockdown inhibited growth. Similar results were obtained with the p38γ-specific pharmacological inhibitor pirfenidone. These results indicate that in K-Ras mutant cancers, EGFR activity is regulated by the p38γ/c-Jun/PTPH1 signaling network, whose disruption may be a novel strategy to restore the sensitivity to TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Adrienne Lepp
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Yongsheng Ji
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Matthew Mortensen
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Songwang Hou
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Xiao-Mei Qi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Charles R Myers
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Guan Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and .,the Research Service, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295
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15
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Bi X, Shi Q, Zhang H, Bao Y, Hu D, Pohl N, Fang W, Dong H, Xia X, Fan D, Yang W. c-Jun NH2-teminal kinase 1 interacts with vitamin D receptor and affects vitamin D-mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:164-72. [PMID: 27174721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a chemopreventive agent that acts against colorectal carcinogenesis in vivo and in vitro through vitamin D receptor (VDR). Previous studies showed that stress-activated protein kinase JNKs (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases) and p38 cooperated to activate VDR and increase vitamin D3-dependent growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. This study is to determine whether vitamin D-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation is associated with JNK1 in colorectal cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Human colon cancer cells were treated with calcitriol, an active vitamin D3. The results showed that calcitriol significantly inhibited cell proliferation and caused cell cycle arrest in HT29 cells, which was associated with induction of phosphorylated JNK1 (p-JNK). The induction of VDR and p-JNK by calcitriol was also observed in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, VDR expression was significantly downregulated in JNK1-/- mouse intestinal epithelial cells, and VDR reporter activity was reduced in JNK1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). However, increasing activated JNK1 upregulated VDR expression and transcriptional activity in vitro. Moreover, JNK1 co-localized with VDR in nuclei and cytoplasm and physically bound together. Reduced expression of JNK1 and VDR in HT29 and Caco-2 cells and JNK1 absence in JNK1-/- MEFs attenuated calcitriol-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. CONCLUSION JNK1 physically and functionally interacted with VDR and positively regulated VDR expression at transcriptional and translational levels, which influenced calcitriol-mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Bi
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yonghua Bao
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Dong Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nicole Pohl
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xichun Xia
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, China
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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16
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The Non-Genomic Actions of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2016; 8:135. [PMID: 26950144 PMCID: PMC4808864 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1920, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating the physiological actions of vitamin D and the impact its deficiency has on human health. Despite this intense interest, there is still disagreement on what constitutes the lower boundary of adequacy and on the Recommended Dietary Allowance. There has also been a major push to elucidate the biochemistry of vitamin D, its metabolic pathways and the mechanisms that mediate its action. Originally thought to act by altering the expression of target genes, it was realized in the mid-1980s that some of the actions of vitamin D were too rapid to be accounted for by changes at the genomic level. These rapid non-genomic actions have attracted as much interest as the genomic actions and they have spawned additional questions in an already busy field. This mini-review attempts to summarise the in vitro and in vivo work that has been conducted to characterise the rapid non-genomic actions, the mechanisms that give rise to these properties and the roles that these play in the overall action of vitamin D at the cellular level. Understanding the effects of vitamin D at the cellular level should enable the design of elegant human studies to extract the full potential of vitamin D to benefit human health.
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17
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Epibrassinolide alters PI3K/MAPK signaling axis via activating Foxo3a-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Bhattacharjee V, Zhou Y, Yen TJ. A synthetic lethal screen identifies the Vitamin D receptor as a novel gemcitabine sensitizer in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3839-56. [PMID: 25558828 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.967070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer (PCa) cells should significantly extend patient survival. The current treatment modalities rely on a variety of DNA damaging agents including gemcitabine, FOLFIRINOX, and Abraxane that activate cell cycle checkpoints, which allows cells to survive these drug treaments. Indeed, these treatment regimens have only extended patient survival by a few months. The complex microenvironment of PCa tumors has been shown to complicate drug delivery thus decreasing the sensitivity of PCa tumors to chemotherapy. In this study, a genome-wide siRNA library was used to conduct a synthetic lethal screen of Panc1 cells that was treated with gemcitabine. A sublethal dose (50 nM) of the drug was used to model situations of limiting drug availability to PCa tumors in vivo. Twenty-seven validated sensitizer genes were identified from the screen including the Vitamin D receptor (VDR). Gemcitabine sensitivity was shown to be VDR dependent in multiple PCa cell lines in clonogenic survival assays. Sensitization was not achieved through checkpoint override but rather through disrupting DNA repair. VDR knockdown disrupted the cells' ability to form phospho-γH2AX and Rad51 foci in response to gemcitabine treatment. Disruption of Rad51 foci formation, which compromises homologous recombination, was consistent with increased sensitivity of PCa cells to the PARP inhibitor Rucaparib. Thus inhibition of VDR in PCa cells provides a new way to enhance the efficacy of genotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bhattacharjee
- a Fox Chase Cancer Center ; Institute for Cancer Research ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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19
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Yin N, Qi X, Tsai S, Lu Y, Basir Z, Oshima K, Thomas JP, Myers CR, Stoner G, Chen G. p38γ MAPK is required for inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2015; 35:1039-48. [PMID: 25961922 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has long been considered to causatively link to colon cancer development. However, signal transduction pathways involved remain largely unidentified. Here, we report that p38γ mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates inflammatory signaling to promote colon tumorigenesis. Inflammation activates p38γ in mouse colon tissues and intestinal epithelial cell-specific p38γ knockout (KO) attenuates colitis and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Significantly, p38γ KO inhibits tumorigenesis in a colitis-associated mouse model. The specific p38γ pharmacological inhibitor pirfenidone also suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and colon tumorigenesis. The tumor-promoting activity of epithelial p38γ was further demonstrated by xenograft studies. In addition, p38γ is required for β-catenin/Wnt activities and p38γ stimulates Wnt transcription by phosphorylating β-catenin at Ser605. These results show that p38γ activation links inflammation and colon tumorigenesis. Targeting p38γ may be a novel strategy for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - X Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - S Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - Z Basir
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - K Oshima
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - J P Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - C R Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - G Stoner
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
| | - G Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA.,Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, USA
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20
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Qi X, Xie C, Hou S, Li G, Yin N, Dong L, Lepp A, Chesnik MA, Mirza SP, Szabo A, Tsai S, Basir Z, Wu S, Chen G. Identification of a ternary protein-complex as a therapeutic target for K-Ras-dependent colon cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4269-82. [PMID: 24962213 PMCID: PMC4147322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer phenotype is driven by several proteins and targeting a cluster of functionally interdependent molecules should be more effective for therapeutic intervention. This is specifically important for Ras-dependent cancer, as mutated (MT) Ras is non-druggable and targeting its interaction with effectors may be essential for therapeutic intervention. Here, we report that a protein-complex activated by the Ras effector p38γ MAPK is a novel therapeutic target for K-Ras-dependent colon cancer. Unbiased proteomic screening and immune-precipitation analyses identified p38γ interaction with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and K-Ras in K-Ras MT, but not wild-type (WT), colon cancer cells, indicating a role of this complex in Ras-dependent growth. Further experiments showed that this complex requires p38γ and Hsp90 activity to maintain MT, but not WT, K-Ras protein expression. Additional studies demonstrated that this complex is activated by p38γ-induced Hsp90 phosphorylation at S595, which is important for MT K-Ras stability and for K-Ras dependent growth. Of most important, pharmacologically inhibition of Hsp90 or p38γ activity disrupts the complex, decreases K-Ras expression, and selectively inhibits the growth of K-Ras MT colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrated that the p38γ-activated ternary complex is a novel therapeutic target for K-Ras-dependent colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shixiu Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Research Services, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Xiong J, Gong Z, Zhou X, Liu J, Jiang HE, Wu P, Li W. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits USP22 transcription in HeLa cells. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:461-467. [PMID: 26171149 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of ubiquitin-specific processing enzyme 22 (USP22) was identified in multiple types of human cancers, and was correlated with tumorigenesis and progression. Despite an increase in the numbers of studies in the physiological function of USP22, little is known regarding the regulation of its expression. The 5' flanking sequence of the USP22 gene was recently characterized. In the present study, USP22 transcription was regulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Treatment of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells with SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, enhanced basal USP22 promoter activity and mRNA abundance. Transfection of MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6), an upstream activator of p38 MAPK, resulted in a 40% decrease in USP22 mRNA, while the dominant negative MKK6 increased the transcription level of the USP22, similar to SB203580. Dual luciferase report assays showed that mutations of the Sp1 binding site ahead of the transcription start site abolished the promoting effect of the USP22 promoter by SB203580. Cisplatin, the activator of p38 MAPK, also suppressed USP22 expression. This suppression was blocked by SB203580. In conclusion, p38 MAPK acts as an upstream negative regulator of USP22 transcription in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for the Systems Bio-Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China ; College of Basic Medical Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Gong
- College of Basic Medical Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for the Systems Bio-Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China ; College of Basic Medical Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Jianyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for the Systems Bio-Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - H E Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for the Systems Bio-Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for the Systems Bio-Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for the Systems Bio-Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
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Rudy CC, Hunsberger HC, Weitzner DS, Reed MN. The role of the tripartite glutamatergic synapse in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Dis 2015; 6:131-48. [PMID: 25821641 PMCID: PMC4365957 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in individuals over 65 years of age and is characterized by accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau. Both Aβ and tau alter synaptic plasticity, leading to synapse loss, neural network dysfunction, and eventually neuron loss. However, the exact mechanism by which these proteins cause neurodegeneration is still not clear. A growing body of evidence suggests perturbations in the glutamatergic tripartite synapse, comprised of a presynaptic terminal, a postsynaptic spine, and an astrocytic process, may underlie the pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays an important role in learning and memory, but alterations in glutamatergic signaling can lead to excitotoxicity. This review discusses the ways in which both beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau act alone and in concert to perturb synaptic functioning of the tripartite synapse, including alterations in glutamate release, astrocytic uptake, and receptor signaling. Particular emphasis is given to the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) as a possible convergence point for Aβ and tau toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn C. Rudy
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Holly C. Hunsberger
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Daniel S. Weitzner
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Miranda N. Reed
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Chen KE, Lin SY, Wu MJ, Ho MR, Santhanam A, Chou CC, Meng TC, Wang AHJ. Reciprocal allosteric regulation of p38γ and PTPN3 involves a PDZ domain-modulated complex formation. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra98. [PMID: 25314968 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38γ (also known as MAPK12) and its specific phosphatase PTPN3 (also known as PTPH1) cooperate to promote Ras-induced oncogenesis. We determined the architecture of the PTPN3-p38γ complex by a hybrid method combining x-ray crystallography, small-angle x-ray scattering, and chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry. A unique feature of the glutamic acid-containing loop (E-loop) of the phosphatase domain defined the substrate specificity of PTPN3 toward fully activated p38γ. The solution structure revealed the formation of an active-state complex between p38γ and the phosphatase domain of PTPN3. The PDZ domain of PTPN3 stabilized the active-state complex through an interaction with the PDZ-binding motif of p38γ. This interaction alleviated autoinhibition of PTPN3, enabling efficient tyrosine dephosphorylation of p38γ. Our findings may enable structure-based drug design targeting the PTPN3-p38γ interaction as an anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-En Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ju Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ru Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Abirami Santhanam
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. National Core Facility for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10717, Taiwan.
| | - Andrew H J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. National Core Facility for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10717, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11047, Taiwan.
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Grossi V, Peserico A, Tezil T, Simone C. p38α MAPK pathway: A key factor in colorectal cancer therapy and chemoresistance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9744-9758. [PMID: 25110412 PMCID: PMC4123363 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies in the world. Although surgical resection combined with adjuvant therapy is effective at the early stages of the disease, resistance to conventional therapies is frequently observed in advanced stages, where treatments become ineffective. Resistance to cisplatin, irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy has been shown to involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and recent studies identified p38α MAPK as a mediator of resistance to various agents in CRC patients. Studies published in the last decade showed a dual role for the p38α pathway in mammals. Its role as a negative regulator of proliferation has been reported in both normal (including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, hematopoietic and lung cells) and cancer cells (colon, prostate, breast, lung tumor cells). This function is mediated by the negative regulation of cell cycle progression and the transduction of some apoptotic stimuli. However, despite its anti-proliferative and tumor suppressor activity in some tissues, the p38α pathway may also acquire an oncogenic role involving cancer related-processes such as cell metabolism, invasion, inflammation and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the predominant role of the p38α MAPK pathway in CRC development and chemoresistance. In our view, this might help establish the therapeutic potential of the targeted manipulation of this pathway in clinical settings.
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Wang KW, Dong M. Vitamin D receptor and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3688-3694. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i33.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in America following lung cancer and stomach cancer. In China and other Asian countries, increasingly Westernized diets have led to a high incidence of CRC. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) can mediate 1,25(OH)2D3 to regulate cell growth and differentiation in a variety of normal tissues or tumor tissues. VDR gene polymorphisms are closely related to the occurrence and development of CRC. This article summarizes the recent progress in understanding the relationship between VDR and CRC in terms of the structure and function of VDR, mechanisms of CRC inhibition, correlation between VDR polymorphisms and CRC, and the development of analogs of VDR ligands.
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Santra M, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Lu M, Santra S, Nalani A, Santra S, Morris DC. Thymosin β 4 mediates oligodendrocyte differentiation by upregulating p38 MAPK. Glia 2012; 60:1826-38. [PMID: 23073962 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a G-actin sequestering peptide, increases oligodendrogenesis and improves functional outcome in models of neurological injury. The molecular mechanisms of Tβ4 mediated oligodendrogenesis are unclear. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) regulates oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelin gene expression in other models. Therefore, we investigated p38MAPK signaling pathways. We used primary rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and a mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) line (N20.1 cells) to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Tβ4-enhanced oligodendrogenesis. NPCs were isolated from rat subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (n = 12). Primary NPCs and N20.1 cells were grown in the presence of 0, 25, and 50 ng/mL of Tβ4 (RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD) for 14 days. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot data showed significant induction of both expression and phosphorylation of p38MAPK with simultaneous inhibition of phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), leading to reduction of phosphorylation of c-Jun, a potent negative regulator of transcription of myelin genes. These effects were reversed with transfection of Tβ4siRNA. Our data indicate that Tβ4 treatment induces OL differentiation by inducing p38MAPK with parallel inactivation of ERK1 and JNK1, thus preventing the accumulation of phosphorylated c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Santra
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Hou S, Suresh PS, Qi X, Lepp A, Mirza SP, Chen G. p38γ Mitogen-activated protein kinase signals through phosphorylating its phosphatase PTPH1 in regulating ras protein oncogenesis and stress response. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27895-905. [PMID: 22730326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase plays a crucial role in determining cellular fate by inactivating its substrate kinase, but it is not known whether a kinase can vice versa phosphorylate its phosphatase to execute this function. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1) is a specific phosphatase of p38γ mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through PDZ binding, and here, we show that p38γ is also a PTPH1 kinase through which it executes its oncogenic activity and regulates stress response. PTPH1 was identified as a substrate of p38γ by unbiased proteomic analysis, and its resultant phosphorylation at Ser-459 occurs in vitro and in vivo through their complex formation. Genetic and pharmacological analyses showed further that Ser-459 phosphorylation is directly regulated by Ras signaling and is important for Ras, p38γ, and PTPH1 oncogenic activity. Moreover, experiments with physiological stimuli revealed a novel stress pathway from p38γ to PTPH1/Ser-459 phosphorylation in regulating cell growth and cell death by a mechanism dependent on cellular environments but independent of canonical MAPK activities. These results thus reveal a new mechanism by which a MAPK regulates Ras oncogenesis and stress response through directly phosphorylating its phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwang Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Planchard D, Camara-Clayette V, Dorvault N, Soria JC, Fouret P. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, ERCC1 expression, and viability of lung cancer cells from never or light smoker patients. Cancer 2012; 118:5015-25. [PMID: 22415779 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of DNA-repair proteins and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) may differ according to smoking status. The authors investigated whether p38 MAPK activity contributed to the viability of cisplatin in lung cancer cell lines from never or light smokers and to ERCC1 mRNA expression. METHODS Activated p38 MAPK was tested as a predictor for ERCC1 levels in 117 lung adenocarcinomas. Cell viabilities of NCI-H1975, NCI-H1793, NCI-H1650, and NCI-H1651 cell lines, derived from never or light smokers, were measured after treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 and cisplatin. The role of p38α (MAPK14) and p38β (MAPK11) isoforms and ERCC1 was evaluated using RNA interference. RESULTS ERCC1 protein-level expression was predicted by activated p38 MAPK in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. The p38-specific inhibitor SB202190 strongly decreased cell viability (43%-63%). SB202190 plus cisplatin significantly decreased cell viability in every cell line, including cisplatin-resistant NCI-H1793. Genetic inhibition, targeting both MAPK11 and MAPK14, reduced the viability of the different cell lines: down-regulation of p38β accounted for most of this effect. Cisplatin's effect was greater after MAPK11 down-regulation for NCI-H1651, and MAPK14 down-regulation for NCI-H1650. In addition, both SB202190 and MAPK11 inhibition reduced excision repair cross-complementing 1 mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer cells from never or light smokers rely on p38 MAPK signaling for survival. MAPK11 is involved in that pathway and might contribute to ERCC1 expression. Sensitization to cisplatin can be achieved by pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Planchard
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research U981 Thoracic Unit, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.
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Lu R, Wu S, Xia Y, Sun J. The Vitamin D Receptor, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, and Colon Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012; 8:57-65. [PMID: 23814529 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-011-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor is an emerging therapeutic target in various human diseases. Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, mediates the biological functions of vitamin D. Classically, vitamin D is recognized as an essential contributor to mineral and bone homeostasis. Increasing evidence demonstrates that vitamin D is involved in inflammatory responses. Persistent intestinal inflammation is associated with colon cancer. This review focuses on vitamin D and VDR in inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer. We place emphasis on the regulatory roles of vitamin D/VDR on in inflammation, enteric bacteria, and tumorigenesis. We summarize the signaling pathways regulated by VDR in intestinal homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the potential application of the insights gleaned from these findings to personalized therapies in chronic inflammation and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Mechanisms of regulation of oligodendrocyte development by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Neurosci 2010; 30:11011-27. [PMID: 20720108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2546-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many extracellular and intrinsic factors regulate oligodendrocyte development, but their signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Although the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathway is implicated in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) lineage progression, its molecular targets involved in myelinogenesis are mostly unidentified. We have analyzed mechanisms by which p38MAPK regulates oligodendrocyte development and demonstrate that p38MAPK inhibition prevents OPC lineage progression and inhibits MBP (myelin basic protein) promoter activity and Sox10 function. In white-matter tissue, differential levels of MAPK phosphorylation are observed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Phosphorylated p38MAPK was found in CC1- and CNP-expressing differentiated oligodendrocytes of the adult brain and was temporally associated with a decline in the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in cells of this lineage. PDGF stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK, p38MAPK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38MAPK inhibition was associated with increased ERK, JNK, and c-Jun phosphorylation. In the presence of PDGF, simultaneous inhibition of p38MAPK and either MAPK kinase (MEK) or JNK significantly alleviates the repression of myelin gene expression and lineage progression induced by p38MAPK inhibition alone. Dominant-negative c-Jun reverses the inhibition of myelin promoter activity by active MEK1 or dominant-negative p38MAPKalpha mutants, and phosphorylated c-Jun was detected at the MBP promoter after p38MAPK inhibition, indicating c-Jun as a negative mediator of p38MAPK action. Our findings indicate that p38MAPK activity in the brain supports myelin gene expression through distinct mechanisms via positive and negative regulatory targets. We show that oligodendrocyte differentiation involves p38-mediated Sox10 regulation and cross talk with parallel ERK and JNK pathways to repress c-Jun activity.
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Exon-level transcriptome profiling in murine breast cancer reveals splicing changes specific to tumors with different metastatic abilities. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11981. [PMID: 20700505 PMCID: PMC2917353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer affecting women. We are increasingly aware that changes in mRNA splicing are associated with various characteristics of cancer. The most deadly aspect of cancer is metastasis, the process by which cancer spreads from the primary tumor to distant organs. However, little is known specifically about the involvement of alternative splicing in the formation of macroscopic metastases. Our study investigates transcript isoform changes that characterize tumors of different abilities to form growing metastases. METHODS AND FINDINGS To identify alternative splicing events (ASEs) that are associated with the fully metastatic phenotype in breast cancer, we used Affymetrix Exon Microarrays to profile mRNA isoform variations genome-wide in weakly metastatic (168FARN and 4T07) and highly metastatic (4T1) mammary carcinomas. Statistical analysis identified significant expression changes in 7606 out of 155,994 (4%) exons and in 1725 out of 189,460 (1%) intronic regions, which affect 2623 out of 16,654 (16%) genes. These changes correspond to putative alternative isoforms-several of which are novel-that are differentially expressed between tumors of varying metastatic phenotypes. Gene pathway analysis showed that 1224 of genes expressing alternative isoforms were involved in cell growth, cell interactions, cell proliferation, cell migration and cell death and have been previously linked to cancers and genetic disorders. We chose ten predicted splice variants for RT-PCR validation, eight of which were successfully confirmed (MED24, MFI2, SRRT, CD44, CLK1 and HNRNPH1). These include three novel intron retentions in CD44, a gene in which isoform variations have been previously associated with the metastasis of several cancers. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that various genes are differently spliced and/or expressed in association with the metastatic phenotype of tumor cells. Identification of metastasis-specific isoforms may contribute to the development of improved breast cancer stage identification and targeted therapies.
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Wu S, Liao AP, Xia Y, Li YC, Li JD, Sartor RB, Sun J. Vitamin D receptor negatively regulates bacterial-stimulated NF-kappaB activity in intestine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:686-97. [PMID: 20566739 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays an essential role in gastrointestinal inflammation. Most investigations have focused on the immune response; however, how bacteria regulate VDR and how VDR modulates the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway in intestinal epithelial cells remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of VDR ablation on NF-kappaB activation in intestinal epithelia and the role of enteric bacteria on VDR expression. We found that VDR(-/-) mice exhibited a pro-inflammatory bias. After Salmonella infection, VDR(-/-) mice had increased bacterial burden and mortality. Serum interleukin-6 in noninfected VDR(+/+) mice was undetectable, but was easily detectable in VDR(-/-) mice. NF-kappaB p65 formed a complex with VDR in noninfected wild-type mouse intestine. In contrast, deletion of VDR abolished VDR/P65 binding. P65 nuclear translocation occurred in colonic epithelial cells of untreated VDR(-/-) mice. VDR deletion also elevated NF-kappaB activity in intestinal epithelia. VDR was localized to the surface epithelia of germ-free mice, but to crypt epithelial cells in conventionalized mice. VDR expression, distribution, transcriptional activity, and target genes were regulated by Salmonella stimulation, independent of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Our study demonstrates that commensal and pathogenic bacteria directly regulate colonic epithelial VDR expression and location in vivo. VDR negatively regulates bacterial-induced intestinal NF-kappaB activation and attenuates response to infection. Therefore, VDR is an important contributor to intestinal homeostasis and host protection from bacterial invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Wu
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Hou SW, Zhi HY, Pohl N, Loesch M, Qi XM, Li RS, Basir Z, Chen G. PTPH1 dephosphorylates and cooperates with p38gamma MAPK to increase ras oncogenesis through PDZ-mediated interaction. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2901-10. [PMID: 20332238 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are believed to coordinate with kinases to execute biological functions, but examples of such integrated activities, however, are still missing. In this report, we have identified protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1) as a specific phosphatase for p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and shown their cooperative oncogenic activity through direct binding. p38gamma, a Ras effector known to act independent of its phosphorylation, was first shown to require its unique PDZ-binding motif to increase Ras transformation. Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vitro and in vivo analyses further identified PTPH1 as a specific p38gamma phosphatase through PDZ-mediated binding. Additional experiments showed that PTPH1 itself plays a role in Ras-dependent malignant growth in vitro and/or in mice by a mechanism depending on its p38gamma-binding activity. Moreover, Ras increases both p38gamma and PTPH1 protein expression and there is a coupling of increased p38gamma and PTPH1 protein expression in primary colon cancer tissues. These results reveal a coordinative oncogenic activity of a MAPK with its specific phosphatase and suggest that PDZ-mediated p38gamma/PTPH1 complex may be a novel target for Ras-dependent malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wang Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Loesch M, Zhi HY, Hou SW, Qi XM, Li RS, Basir Z, Iftner T, Cuenda A, Chen G. p38gamma MAPK cooperates with c-Jun in trans-activating matrix metalloproteinase 9. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15149-15158. [PMID: 20231272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate gene expression through transcription factors. However, the precise mechanisms in this critical signal event are largely unknown. Here, we show that the transcription factor c-Jun is activated by p38gamma MAPK, and the activated c-Jun then recruits p38gamma as a cofactor into the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) promoter to induce its trans-activation and cell invasion. This signaling event was initiated by hyperexpressed p38gamma that led to increased c-Jun synthesis, MMP9 transcription, and MMP9-dependent invasion through p38gamma interacting with c-Jun. p38gamma requires phosphorylation and its C terminus to bind c-Jun, whereas both c-Jun and p38gamma are required for the trans-activation of MMP9. The active p38gamma/c-Jun/MMP9 pathway also exists in human colon cancer, and there is a coupling of increased p38gamma and MMP9 expression in the primary tissues. These results reveal a new paradigm in which a MAPK acts both as an activator and a cofactor of a transcription factor to regulate gene expression leading to an invasive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Loesch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Hui-Ying Zhi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Song-Wang Hou
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Xiao-Mei Qi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Rong-Shan Li
- Departments of Pathology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Zainab Basir
- Departments of Pathology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Ana Cuenda
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Guan Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; Research Services, the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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Activation of p38 MAPK Pathway by Hepatitis C Virus E2 in Cells Transiently Expressing DC-SIGN. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 56:49-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kure S, Nosho K, Baba Y, Irahara N, Shima K, Ng K, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Vitamin D receptor expression is associated with PIK3CA and KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2765-72. [PMID: 19789368 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is associated with decreased risks of various cancers, including colon cancer. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a transcription factor, which plays an important role in cellular differentiation and inhibition of proliferation. A link between VDR and the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway has been suggested. However, the prognostic role of VDR expression or its relationship with PIK3CA or KRAS mutation remains uncertain. Among 619 colorectal cancers in two prospective cohort studies, 233 (38%) tumors showed VDR overexpression by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed for PIK3CA and KRAS mutations and LINE-1 methylation by Pyrosequencing, microsatellite instability (MSI), and DNA methylation (epigenetic changes) in eight CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific promoters [CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3, and SOCS1] by MethyLight (real-time PCR). VDR overexpression was significantly associated with KRAS mutation (odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.16) and PIK3CA mutation (odds ratio, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-3.47), both of which persisted in multivariate logistic regression analysis. VDR was not independently associated with body mass index, family history of colorectal cancer, tumor location (colon versus rectum), stage, tumor grade, signet ring cells, CIMP, MSI, LINE-1 hypomethylation, BRAF, p53, p21, beta-catenin, or cyclooxygenase-2. VDR expression was not significantly related with patient survival, prognosis, or clinical outcome. In conclusion, VDR overexpression in colorectal cancer is independently associated with PIK3CA and KRAS mutations. Our data support potential interactions between the VDR, RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways, and possible influence by KRAS or PIK3CA mutation on therapy or chemoprevention targeting VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kure
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. Of interest, it seems that ROS manifest dual roles, cancer promoting or cancer suppressing, in tumorigenesis. ROS participate simultaneously in two signaling pathways that have inverse functions in tumorigenesis, Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. It is well known that Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling is related to oncogenesis, while the p38 MAPK pathway contributes to cancer suppression, which involves oncogene-induced senescence, inflammation-induced cellular senescence, replicative senescence, contact inhibition and DNA-damage responses. Thus, ROS may not be an absolute carcinogenic factor or cancer suppressor. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the dual roles of ROS in the pathogenesis of cancer, and the signaling pathway mediating their role in tumorigenesis.
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Lovastatin induces apoptosis of k-ras-transformed thyroid cells via inhibition of ras farnesylation and by modulating redox state. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1341-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Macias-Perez I, Borza C, Chen X, Yan X, Ibanez R, Mernaugh G, Matrisian LM, Zent R, Pozzi A. Loss of integrin alpha1beta1 ameliorates Kras-induced lung cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6127-35. [PMID: 18676835 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The collagen IV binding receptor integrin alpha1beta1 has been shown to regulate lung cancer due to its proangiogenic properties; however, it is unclear whether this receptor also plays a direct role in promoting primary lung tumors. To investigate this possibility, integrin alpha1-null mice were crossed with KrasLA2 mice that carry an oncogenic mutation of the Kras gene (G12D) and develop spontaneous primary tumors with features of non-small cell lung cancer. We provide evidence that KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice have a decreased incidence of primary lung tumors and longer survival compared with KrasLA2/alpha1 wild-type controls. Tumors from KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice were also smaller, less vascularized, and exhibited reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end staining, respectively. Moreover, tumors from the KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice showed diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Primary lung tumor epithelial cells isolated from KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice showed a significant decrease in anchorage-independent colony formation, collagen-mediated cell proliferation, ERK activation, and, most importantly, tumorigenicity when injected into nude mice compared with KrasLA2/alpha1 wild-type tumor cells. These results indicate that loss of the integrin alpha1 subunit decreases the incidence and growth of lung epithelial tumors initiated by oncogenic Kras, suggesting that both Kras and integrin alpha1beta1 cooperate to drive the growth of non-small cell lung cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Macias-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Qi X, Pohl NM, Loesch M, Hou S, Li R, Qin JZ, Cuenda A, Chen G. p38α Antagonizes p38γ Activity through c-Jun-dependent Ubiquitin-proteasome Pathways in Regulating Ras Transformation and Stress Response. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31398-408. [PMID: 17724032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703857200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 MAPK family consists of four isoform proteins (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) that are activated by the same stimuli, but the information about how these proteins act together to yield a biological response is missing. Here we show a feed-forward mechanism by which p38alpha may regulate Ras transformation and stress response through depleting its family member p38gamma protein via c-Jun-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. Analyses of MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6)-p38 fusion proteins showed that constitutively active p38alpha (MKK6-p38alpha) and p38gamma (MKK6-p38gamma) stimulates and inhibits c-Jun phosphorylation respectively, leading to a distinct AP-1 regulation. Depending on cell type and/or stimuli, p38alpha phosphorylation results in either Ras-transformation inhibition or a cell-death escalation that invariably couples with a decrease in p38gamma protein expression. p38gamma, on the other hand, increases Ras-dependent growth or inhibits stress induced cell-death independent of phosphorylation. In cells expressing both proteins, p38alpha phosphorylation decreases p38gamma protein expression, whereas its inhibition increases cellular p38gamma concentrations, indicating an active role of p38alpha phosphorylation in negatively regulating p38gamma protein expression. Mechanistic analyses show that p38alpha requires c-Jun activation to deplete p38gamma proteins by ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. These results suggest that p38alpha may, upon phosphorylation, act as a gatekeeper of the p38 MAPK family to yield a coordinative biological response through disrupting its antagonistic p38gamma family protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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41
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Han J, Sun P. The pathways to tumor suppression via route p38. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:364-71. [PMID: 17624785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Besides its well-known functions in inflammation and other stresses, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway also negatively regulates cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Inactivation of the p38 pathway enhances cellular transformation and renders mice prone to tumor development with concurrent disruption of the induction of senescence. Conversely, persistent activation of p38 inhibits tumorigenesis. Mechanistic insights into this additional p38 function are starting to emerge. For example, p38 has been shown to have a crucial role in oncogene-induced senescence, replicative senescence, DNA-damage responses and contact-inhibition. In addition, the role of the p38 pathway in proliferative control and tumor suppression is mediated by its impact on several cell-cycle regulators. These findings reveal a tumor-suppressing function of the p38 pathway, and indicate that components of the p38 pathway are potential targets for novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuai Han
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Verma M, Seminara D, Arena FJ, John C, Iwamoto K, Hartmuller V. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in cancer : improving diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification. Mol Diagn Ther 2007; 10:1-15. [PMID: 16646573 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression patterns change during the initiation, progression, and development of cancer, as a result of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic changes arise due to irreversible changes in the nucleotide sequence, whereas epigenetic changes occur due to changes in chromatin conformation, histone acetylation, and methylation of the CpG islands located primarily in the promoter region of a gene. Both genetic and epigenetic markers can potentially be utilized to identify different stages of tumor development. Several such markers exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for different tumor types and can be assayed in biofluids and other specimens collected by noninvasive technologies. In spite of the availability of large numbers of diagnostic markers, only a few have been clinically validated so far. The current status and the challenges in the field of genetic and epigenetic markers in cancer diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Analytic Epidemiology Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Lu R, Wang X, Chen ZF, Sun DF, Tian XQ, Fang JY. Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway decreases DNA methylation in colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12249-59. [PMID: 17307743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608525200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) pathway is a critical intermediary for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In the human colon cancer cell line SW1116, treatment with the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) or the ERK-MAPK inhibitors PD98059 or rottlerin, or transient transfection with the MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 small interfering RNA down-regulates DNMT1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels. In this report, we found that drug treatment or small interfering RNA transfection of SW1116 cells induced promoter demethylation of the p16(INK4A) and p21(WAF1) genes, which up-regulated their mRNA and protein expression levels. Flow cytometry revealed that rottlerin treatment induced cell cycle arrest at phase G(1) (p < 0.05). Thus, the ERK-MAPK inhibitor treatment or siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERK-MAPK decreases DNA methylation via down-regulating DNMT1 expression and other unknown mediator(s) in SW1116 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
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Dolado I, Swat A, Ajenjo N, De Vita G, Cuadrado A, Nebreda AR. p38alpha MAP kinase as a sensor of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2007; 11:191-205. [PMID: 17292829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
p38alpha is a stress-activated protein kinase that negatively regulates malignant transformation induced by oncogenic H-Ras, although the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we show that p38alpha is not a general inhibitor of oncogenic signaling, but that it specifically modulates transformation induced by oncogenes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). This inhibitory effect is due to the ROS-induced activation of p38alpha early in the process of transformation, which induces apoptosis and prevents the accumulation of ROS and their carcinogenic effects. Accordingly, highly tumorigenic cancer cell lines have developed a mechanism to uncouple p38alpha activation from ROS production. Our results indicate that oxidative stress sensing plays a key role in the inhibition of tumor initiation by p38alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Dolado
- CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Center), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Li QP, Qi X, Pramanik R, Pohl NM, Loesch M, Chen G. Stress-induced c-Jun-dependent Vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation dissects the non-classical VDR pathway from the classical VDR activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:1544-51. [PMID: 17121851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604052200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates vitamin D(3)-induced gene expression. Our previous work has established that stress MAPK signaling stimulates VDR expression (Qi, X., Pramank, R., Wang, J., Schultz, R. M., Maitra, R. K., Han, J., DeLuca, H. F., and Chen, G. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 25884-25892) and VDR inhibits cell death in response to p38 MAPK activation (Qi, X., Tang, J., Pramanik, R., Schultz, R. M., Shirasawa, S., Sasazuki, T., Han, J., and Chen, G. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 22138-22144). Here we show that c-Jun is essential for VDR expression and VDR in turn inhibits c-Jun-dependent cell death by non-classical mechanisms. In response to stress c-Jun is recruited to the Vdr promoter before VDR protein expression is induced. The necessary and sufficient role of c-Jun in VDR expression was established by the fact that c-Jun knock-out decreases VDR expression, whereas c-Jun restoration recovers its activity. Existence of the non-classical VDR pathway was suggested by a requirement of both c-Jun and VDR in stress-induced VDR activity and further demonstrated by VDR inhibiting c-Jun-dependent cell death independent of its classical transcriptional activity and independent of vitamin D(3). c-Jun is also required for vitamin D(3)-induced classical VDR transcriptional activity by a mechanism likely involving physical interactions between c-Jun and VDR proteins. These results together reveal a non-classical mechanism by which VDR acts as a c-Jun/AP-1 target gene to modify c-Jun activity in stress response through increased protein expression independent of classical transcriptional regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
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46
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Schwab M, Reynders V, Shastri Y, Loitsch S, Stein J, Schröder O. Role of nuclear hormone receptors in butyrate-mediated up-regulation of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in epithelial colorectal cells. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2107-14. [PMID: 17055059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The human cathelicidin (LL-37) is one of the major antimicrobial peptides of the non-specific innate immune system in the intestinal tract. Altered expression has been associated with gastrointestinal disease. Recent studies demonstrated that butyrate induces LL-37 mRNA in colonic epithelial cells, however the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the regulatory pathways involved in butyrate-induced up-regulation of LL-37. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with butyrate led to a time-dependent up-regulation of LL-37 mRNA expression as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Up-regulation of LL-37 mRNA by butyrate was subsequently followed by an increase in LL-37 protein expression as observed by immunofluorescence. Co-incubation of butyrate with a VDR, p38 MAPK, ERK 1/2 and TGF-beta1 receptor kinase inhibitor all reduced butyrate-mediated LL-37 mRNA up-regulation. In contrast, transfection of Caco-2 cells with a dominant-negative PPARgamma mutant vector did not affect butyrate-mediated up-regulation of LL-37 mRNA. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that butyrate-mediated up-regulation of LL-37 is influenced by several signalling pathways and receptors including MAPKs as well as VDR and TGF-beta1, but not by PPARgamma. These data may provide new opportunities in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwab
- First Department of Medicine, ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Qi X, Tang J, Loesch M, Pohl N, Alkan S, Chen G. p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase integrates signaling crosstalk between Ras and estrogen receptor to increase breast cancer invasion. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7540-7. [PMID: 16885352 PMCID: PMC2174269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ras is believed to stimulate invasion and growth by different effector pathways, and yet, the existence of such effectors under physiologic conditions has not been shown. Estrogen receptor (ER), on the other hand, is both anti-invasive and proliferative in human breast cancer, with mechanisms for these paradoxical actions remaining largely unknown. Our previous work showed an essential role of p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase in Ras transformation in rat intestinal epithelial cells, and here, we show that p38gamma integrates invasive antagonism between Ras and ER to increase human breast cancer invasion without affecting their proliferative activity. Ras positively regulates p38gamma expression, and p38gamma in turn mediates Ras nonmitogenic signaling to increase invasion. Expression of the Ras/p38gamma axis, however, is trans-suppressed by ER that inhibits invasion and stimulates growth also by distinct mechanisms. Analysis of ER and its cytoplasmic localized mutant reveals that ER additionally binds to p38gamma protein, leading to its specific down-regulation in the nuclear compartment. A p38gamma-antagonistic activity of ER was further shown in a panel of breast cancer cell lines and was shown independent of estrogens by both ER depletion and ER expression. These results revealed that both Ras and ER use distinct pathways to regulate breast cancer growth and invasion, and that p38gamma specifically integrates their antagonistic activity to stimulate cell invasion. Selective targeting of p38gamma-dependent invasion pathways may be a novel strategy to control breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Mathew Loesch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nicole Pohl
- Program in Molecular Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Serhan Alkan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Guan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Program in Molecular Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Tu Z, Gui L, Wang J, Li X, Sun P, Wei L. Tumorigenesis of K-ras mutation in human endometrial carcinoma via upregulation of estrogen receptor. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:274-9. [PMID: 16303170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the tumorigenesis of mutant [12Asp]-K-ras in endometrial carcinoma and its relationship with ER. METHODS We constructed pcDI-[12Asp]K-ras4B by inserting full-length [12Asp]K-ras4B from human endometrial carcinoma Hec-1A cells, into pcDI vector. Cell proliferation of NIH3T3 after transfection with pcDI-[12Asp]K-ras4B was measured by MTT assay. The cell transformation was determined by colony formation and tumor nodule development. [12Asp]-K-ras4B-NIH3T3 cells were transfected with constitutively active pCMV-RafCAAX and dominant-negative pCMV-RafS621A. Cell growth was measured by MTT assay and [3H]thymidine incorporation. After transfected with pcDI-[12Asp]K-ras4B or pCMV-RafS621A, the cells were harvested for Western blot and reporter assay to determine the expression and transcriptional activity of ERalpha and ERbeta, respectively. RESULTS [12Asp]-K-ras4B enhanced NIH3T3 cells proliferation after 48 h post-transfection (P < 0.05). More colonies were grown 10 days after incubating pcDI-[12Asp]-K-ras4B-NIH3T3 cells (13.48%) than pcDI-NIH3T3 (4.26%) or untreated NIH3T3 (2.33%). The pcDI-[12Asp]-K-ras4B-NIH3T3 cells injected to the nude mice Balb/C developed tumor nodules with poor-differentiated cells after 12 days. An increase of ERalpha and ERbeta was observed in pcDI-[12Asp]-K-ras4B-NIH3T3 cells. RafS621A downregulated ERalpha and ERbeta expression. Estrogen induced the ER transcriptional activity by 5-fold in pcDI-NIH3T3 cells, 13-fold in pcDI-[12Asp]K-ras4B-NIH3T3 and 19-fold in HEC-1A. RafS621A suppressed the ER transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS K-ras mutation induces tumorigenesis in endometrium, and this malignant transformation involves Raf signaling pathway and ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tu
- Department of Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China
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Sensitization to apoptosis underlies KrasD12-dependent oncolysis of murine C26 colorectal carcinoma cells by reovirus T3D. J Virol 2006. [PMID: 16282499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14981–14985.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus T3D is an oncolytic agent that preferentially targets tumor cells expressing an activated Ras oncogene. Ras signaling interferes with the cellular stress response that inhibits translation of reovirus RNAs. Murine C26 colorectal carcinoma cells express a mutant KrasD12 gene. Reovirus T3D efficiently kills C26 cells, but not C26 cells in which the KrasD12 mRNA is stably repressed by expression of KrasD12-directed short-hairpin RNAs. Surprisingly, neither reovirus T3D protein synthesis nor T3D virus yields were suppressed by deletion of KrasD12. Rather, reovirus-induced tumor cell apoptosis was completely abrogated as a result of Kras knockdown. We conclude that sensitization of C26 tumor cells to reovirus-induced apoptosis underlies the Ras dependency of reovirus T3D oncolysis.
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50
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Smakman N, van den Wollenberg DJM, Borel Rinkes IHM, Hoeben RC, Kranenburg O. Sensitization to apoptosis underlies KrasD12-dependent oncolysis of murine C26 colorectal carcinoma cells by reovirus T3D. J Virol 2006; 79:14981-5. [PMID: 16282499 PMCID: PMC1287595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14981-14985.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus T3D is an oncolytic agent that preferentially targets tumor cells expressing an activated Ras oncogene. Ras signaling interferes with the cellular stress response that inhibits translation of reovirus RNAs. Murine C26 colorectal carcinoma cells express a mutant KrasD12 gene. Reovirus T3D efficiently kills C26 cells, but not C26 cells in which the KrasD12 mRNA is stably repressed by expression of KrasD12-directed short-hairpin RNAs. Surprisingly, neither reovirus T3D protein synthesis nor T3D virus yields were suppressed by deletion of KrasD12. Rather, reovirus-induced tumor cell apoptosis was completely abrogated as a result of Kras knockdown. We conclude that sensitization of C26 tumor cells to reovirus-induced apoptosis underlies the Ras dependency of reovirus T3D oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Smakman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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