1
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Eid RA. Acylated ghrelin protection inhibits apoptosis in the remote myocardium post-myocardial infarction by inhibiting calcineurin and activating ARC. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:215-229. [PMID: 34965150 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.2017463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if acylated ghrelin (AG) could inhibit myocardial infarction (MI)-induced apoptosis in the left ventricles (LV) of male rats and tested if this protection involves modulating ARC anti-apoptotic protein. Rats (n = 12/group) were assigned as a sham-operated, a sham + AG (100 µg/kg, 2x/d, S.C.), MI, and MI + AG. With no antioxidant activity or expression of FAS, AG inhibited caspase-3, 8, and 9 and decreased cytosolic/mitochondrial levels of cytochrome-c, Bax, Bad, and Bad-BCL-2 complex in the LVs of the sham-operated and MI-treated rats. Concomitantly, AG preserved the mitochondria structure, decreased mtPTP, and enhanced state-3 respiration in the LVs of both treated groups. These effects were associated with increased mitochondrial levels of ARC and a reduction in the activity of calcineurin. Overall, AG suppresses MI-induced ventricular apoptosis by inhibition of calcineurin, activation of ARC, and preserving mitochondria integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Harada H, Moriya K, Kobuchi H, Ishihara N, Utsumi T. Protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in the mitochondrial localization of human mitochondrial complex I accessory subunit NDUFB7. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22991. [PMID: 38151566 PMCID: PMC10752898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined human N-myristoylated proteins that specifically localize to mitochondria among the 1,705 human genes listed in MitoProteome, a mitochondrial protein database. We herein employed a strategy utilizing cellular metabolic labeling with a bioorthogonal myristic acid analog in transfected COS-1 cells established in our previous studies. Four proteins, DMAC1, HCCS, NDUFB7, and PLGRKT, were identified as N-myristoylated proteins that specifically localize to mitochondria. Among these proteins, DMAC1 and NDUFB7 play critical roles in the assembly of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. DMAC1 functions as an assembly factor, and NDUFB7 is an accessory subunit of complex I. An analysis of the intracellular localization of non-myristoylatable G2A mutants revealed that protein N-myristoylation occurring on NDUFB7 was important for the mitochondrial localization of this protein. Furthermore, an analysis of the role of the CHCH domain in NDUFB7 using Cys to Ser mutants revealed that it was essential for the mitochondrial localization of NDUFB7. Therefore, the present results showed that NDUFB7, a vital component of human mitochondrial complex I, was N-myristoylated, and protein N-myrisotylation and the CHCH domain were both indispensable for the specific targeting and localization of NDUFB7 to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Harada
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naotada Ishihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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3
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Salimi H, Haghighi AH, Ababzadeh S, Marefati H, Abbasian S, Pond AL, Gentil P. Aerobic training and vitamin E administration ameliorates cardiac apoptosis markers in rats exposed to methamphetamine. Eur J Transl Myol 2023; 33:12112. [PMID: 38112583 PMCID: PMC10811645 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2023.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is related to risks to the cardiovascular system. The present study aimed to compare the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic training (MIAT) and vitamin E (Vit.E) supplementation on markers of cardiac apoptosis following MA exposure. Fifty-four rats were randomly divided into six groups. CON group did not receive MA, while the others received MA alone or in combination with MIAT, Vit. E, MIAT+Vit E, or paraffin (PAR). These groups received MA incrementally for 23 consecutive days. Vit.E and MIAT+Vit.E groups received vitamin E three times a week for six weeks. MIAT and MIAT+Vit.E groups exercised for 25-40 min. Immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses were performed on the heart tissues. Bax and TGF-β expression was significantly higher, while Bcl-2 and VEGF expression was significantly lower in the MA and PAR groups than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Bcl-2 and VEGF expression was higher, and Bax and TGF-β expression was significantly lower in the MIAT and MIAT+Vit.E groups than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In Vit.E treated groups, Bax and TGF-β expression were lower, and VEGF was higher than that in the MA and PAR groups, but higher than those in the CON, MIAT and MIAT+Vit.E groups. MA increased the expression of Bax and TGF-β, and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF, suggesting increased cardiac apoptosis. In contrast, MIAT and Vit.E decreased the expression of Bax and TGF-β, suggesting a reduction in cardiac apoptosis induced by MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Salimi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar.
| | - Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar.
| | - Shima Ababzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom.
| | - Hamid Marefati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar.
| | - Sadegh Abbasian
- Department of Sport Sciences, Khavaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad.
| | - Amber L Pond
- Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL.
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Hypertension League, Federal University of Goias, Brazil; College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias.
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4
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Wang H, Yu W, Wang Y, Wu R, Dai Y, Deng Y, Wang S, Yuan J, Tan R. p53 contributes to cardiovascular diseases via mitochondria dysfunction: A new paradigm. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:846-858. [PMID: 37776918 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of global mortality; however, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The tumor suppressor factor p53 has been extensively studied for its role in cancer and is also known to play an important role in regulating CVDs. Abnormal p53 expression levels and modifications contribute to the occurrence and development of CVDs. Additionally, mounting evidence underscores the critical involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in CVDs. Notably, studies indicate that p53 abnormalities directly correlate with mitochondrial dysfunction and may even interact with each other. Encouragingly, small molecule inhibitors targeting p53 have exhibited remarkable effects in animal models of CVDs. Moreover, therapeutic strategies aimed at mitochondrial-related molecules and mitochondrial replacement therapy have demonstrated their advantageous potential. Therefore, targeting p53 or mitochondria holds immense promise as a pioneering therapeutic approach for combating CVDs. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the mechanisms how p53 influences mitochondrial dysfunction, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondria-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial autophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics, in various CVDs. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss the potential significance of targeting p53 or mitochondria in the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ruihao Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yifei Dai
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ye Deng
- School of Stomatology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jinxiang Yuan
- The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, China.
| | - Rubin Tan
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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A double-edged sword: role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in tumorigenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Apoptosis 2023; 28:313-325. [PMID: 36652128 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) acts as a potent and multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis, which is mainly expressed in postmitotic cells, including cardiomyocytes. ARC is special for its N-terminal caspase recruitment domain and caspase recruitment domain. Due to the powerful inhibition of apoptosis, ARC is mainly reported to act as a cardioprotective factor during ischaemia‒reperfusion (I/R) injury, preventing cardiomyocytes from being devastated by various catastrophes, including oxidative stress, calcium overload, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the circulatory system. However, recent studies have found that ARC also plays a potential regulatory role in tumorigenesis especially in colorectal cancer and renal cell carcinomas, through multiple apoptosis-associated pathways, which remains to be explored in further studies. Therefore, ARC regulates the body and maintains the balance of physiological activities with its interesting duplex. This review summarizes the current research progress of ARC in the field of tumorigenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury, to provide overall research status and new possibilities for researchers.
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Wal P, Aziz N, Singh YK, Wal A, Kosey S, Rai AK. Myocardial Infarction as a Consequence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:23-30. [PMID: 37157208 PMCID: PMC10636795 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x19666230508114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by unstable ischemic syndrome. Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood stops flowing to the cardiac tissue or myocardium and the heart muscle gets damaged due to poor perfusion and reduced oxygen supply. Mitochondria can serve as the arbiter of cell fate in response to stress. Oxidative metabolism is the function of mitochondria within the cell. Cardiac cells being highly oxidative tissue generates about 90% of their energy through oxidative metabolism. In this review, we focused on the role of mitochondria in energy generation in myocytes as well as its consequences on heart cells causing cell damage. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress, production of reactive oxygen species, and anaerobic production of lactate as a failure of oxidative metabolism are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Namra Aziz
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Yash Kumar Singh
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Ankita Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
| | - Sourabh Kosey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Awani Kumar Rai
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Bhauti, Kanpur, UP-209305, India
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7
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Javaheri A, Diab A, Zhao L, Qian C, Cohen JB, Zamani P, Kumar A, Wang Z, Ebert C, Maranville J, Kvikstad E, Basso M, van Empel V, Richards AM, Doughty R, Rietzschell E, Kammerhoff K, Gogain J, Schafer P, Seiffert DA, Gordon DA, Ramirez-Valle F, Mann DL, Cappola TP, Chirinos JA. Proteomic Analysis of Effects of Spironolactone in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e009693. [PMID: 36126144 PMCID: PMC9504263 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TOPCAT trial (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial) suggested clinical benefits of spironolactone treatment among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction enrolled in the Americas. However, a comprehensive assessment of biologic pathways impacted by spironolactone therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has not been performed. METHODS We conducted aptamer-based proteomic analysis utilizing 5284 modified aptamers to 4928 unique proteins on plasma samples from TOPCAT participants from the Americas (n=164 subjects with paired samples at baseline and 1 year) to identify proteins and pathways impacted by spironolactone therapy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Mean percentage change from baseline was calculated for each protein. Additionally, we conducted pathway analysis of proteins altered by spironolactone. RESULTS Spironolactone therapy was associated with proteome-wide significant changes in 7 proteins. Among these, CARD18 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 18), PKD2 (polycystin 2), and PSG2 (pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 2) were upregulated, whereas HGF (hepatic growth factor), PLTP (phospholipid transfer protein), IGF2R (insulin growth factor 2 receptor), and SWP70 (switch-associated protein 70) were downregulated. CARD18, a caspase-1 inhibitor, was the most upregulated protein by spironolactone (-0.5% with placebo versus +66.5% with spironolactone, P<0.0001). The top canonical pathways that were significantly associated with spironolactone were apelin signaling, stellate cell activation, glycoprotein 6 signaling, atherosclerosis signaling, liver X receptor activation, and farnesoid X receptor activation. Among the top pathways, collagens were a consistent theme that increased in patients receiving placebo but decreased in patients randomized to spironolactone. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis in the TOPCAT trial revealed proteins and pathways altered by spironolactone, including the caspase inhibitor CARD18 and multiple pathways that involved collagens. In addition to effects on fibrosis, our studies suggest potential antiapoptotic effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a hypothesis that merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Javaheri
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ahmed Diab
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lei Zhao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ
| | - Chenao Qian
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jordana B. Cohen
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Payman Zamani
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa van Empel
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rob Doughty
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ernst Rietzschell
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
| | - Julio A. Chirinos
- Perelman School of Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA
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8
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Mixotrophy in a Local Strain of Nannochloropsis granulata for Renewable High-Value Biomass Production on the West Coast of Sweden. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070424. [PMID: 35877717 PMCID: PMC9316773 DOI: 10.3390/md20070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A local strain of Nannochloropsis granulata (Ng) has been reported as the most productive microalgal strain in terms of both biomass yield and lipid content when cultivated in photobioreactors that simulate the light and temperature conditions during the summer on the west coast of Sweden. To further increase the biomass and the biotechnological potential of this strain in these conditions, mixotrophic growth (i.e., the simultaneous use of photosynthesis and respiration) with glycerol as an external carbon source was investigated in this study and compared with phototrophic growth that made use of air enriched with 1-2% CO2. The addition of either glycerol or CO2-enriched air stimulated the growth of Ng and theproduction of high-value long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA) as well as the carotenoid canthaxanthin. Bioassays in human prostate cell lines indicated the highest antitumoral activity for Ng extracts and fractions from mixotrophic conditions. Metabolomics detected betaine lipids specifically in the bioactive fractions, suggesting their involvement in the observed antitumoral effect. Genes related to autophagy were found to be upregulated by the most bioactive fraction, suggesting a possible therapeutic target against prostate cancer progression. Taken together, our results suggest that the local Ng strain can be cultivated mixotrophically in summer conditions on the west coast of Sweden for the production of high-value biomass containing antiproliferative compounds, carotenoids, and EPA.
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9
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Lee K, Yu H, Shouse S, Kong B, Lee J, Lee SH, Ko KS. RNA-Seq Reveals Different Gene Expression in Liver-Specific Prohibitin 1 Knock-Out Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717911. [PMID: 34539442 PMCID: PMC8446661 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein that stabilizes mitochondrial chaperone. Our previous studies showed that liver-specific Phb1 deficiency induced liver injuries and aggravated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate immune responses. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis with liver tissues to investigate global gene expression among liver-specific Phb1−/−, Phb1+/−, and WT mice, focusing on the differentially expressed (DE) genes between Phb1+/− and WT. When 78 DE genes were analyzed for biological functions, using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) tool, lipid metabolism-related genes, including insulin receptor (Insr), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1), Srebf2, and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (Scap) appeared to be downregulated in liver-specific Phb1+/− compared with WT. Diseases and biofunctions analyses conducted by IPA verified that hepatic system diseases, including liver fibrosis, liver hyperplasia/hyperproliferation, and liver necrosis/cell death, which may be caused by hepatotoxicity, were highly associated with liver-specific Phb1 deficiency in mice. Interestingly, of liver disease-related 5 DE genes between Phb1+/− and WT, the mRNA expressions of forkhead box M1 (Foxm1) and TIMP inhibitor of metalloproteinase (Timp1) were matched with validation for RNA-seq in liver tissues and AML12 cells transfected with Phb1 siRNA. The results in this study provide additional insights into molecular mechanisms responsible for increasing susceptibility of liver injuries associated with hepatic Phb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuwon Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Science and Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeonju Yu
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Science and Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stephanie Shouse
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Byungwhi Kong
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kwang Suk Ko
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Science and Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, CA, United States
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10
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Templin AT, Schmidt C, Hogan MF, Esser N, Kitsis RN, Hull RL, Zraika S, Kahn SE. Loss of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) worsens high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia in mice. J Endocrinol 2021; 251:125-135. [PMID: 34382577 PMCID: PMC8651217 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is an endogenous inhibitor of cell death signaling that is expressed in insulin-producing β cells. ARC has been shown to reduce β-cell death in response to diabetogenic stimuli in vitro, but its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in vivo has not been fully established. Here we examined whether loss of ARC in FVB background mice exacerbates high fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperglycemia in vivo over 24 weeks. Prior to commencing 24-week HFD, ARC-/- mice had lower body weight than wild type (WT) mice. This body weight difference was maintained until the end of the study and was associated with decreased epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue mass in ARC-/- mice. Non-fasting plasma glucose was not different between ARC-/- and WT mice prior to HFD feeding, and ARC-/- mice displayed a greater increase in plasma glucose over the first 4 weeks of HFD. Plasma glucose remained elevated in ARC-/- mice after 16 weeks of HFD feeding, at which time it had returned to baseline in WT mice. Following 24 weeks of HFD, non-fasting plasma glucose in ARC-/- mice returned to baseline and was not different from WT mice. At this final time point, no differences were observed between genotypes in plasma glucose or insulin under fasted conditions or following intravenous glucose administration. However, HFD-fed ARC-/- mice exhibited significantly decreased β-cell area compared to WT mice. Thus, ARC deficiency delays, but does not prevent, metabolic adaptation to HFD feeding in mice, worsening transient HFD-induced hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Templin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan F. Hogan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard N. Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Wilf Family
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,
USA
| | - Rebecca L. Hull
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven E. Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
Endocrinology and Nutrition, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Inhibition of α-Synuclein Accumulation Improves Neuronal Apoptosis and Delayed Postoperative Cognitive Recovery in Aged Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5572899. [PMID: 34194605 PMCID: PMC8181110 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5572899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) is a major complication after anesthesia and surgery in older adults. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn; encoded by the gene, SNCA) has recently been shown to play an important role in hippocampus-dependent working memory. Aggregated forms of α-syn are associated with multiple neurotoxic mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In this study, we found that blocking α-syn improved both mitochondrial function and mitochondria-dependent neuronal apoptosis in a mouse model of dNCR. Various forms of α-syn (including total α-syn, phosphorylated-Ser129-α-syn, and oligomers) were upregulated in hippocampal tissue and extracted mitochondria after surgical challenge. Clenbuterol is a novel transcription modulator of Scna. Clenbuterol significantly attenuated surgery-induced progressive accumulation of various toxic α-syn forms in the hippocampus, as well as mitochondrial damage and memory deficits in aged mice following surgery. We also observed excessive mitochondrial α-syn accumulation and increased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in vitro using nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons exposed to lipopolysaccharide. To further validate the neuroprotective effect of α-syn inhibition, we used a lentiviral Snca-shRNA (Lv-shSnca) to knockdown Snca. Of note, Lv-shSnca transfection significantly inhibited neuronal apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in neurons exposed to lipopolysaccharide. This α-syn inhibition improved the disruption to mitochondrial morphology and function, as well as decreased levels of apoptosis. Our results suggest that targeting pathological α-syn may achieve neuroprotection through regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and suppression of apoptosis in the aged hippocampus, further strengthening the therapeutic potential of targeting α-syn for dNCR.
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12
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McKimpson WM, Chen Y, Irving JA, Zheng M, Weinberger J, Tan WLW, Tiang Z, Jagger AM, Chua SC, Pessin JE, Foo RSY, Lomas DA, Kitsis RN. Conversion of the death inhibitor ARC to a killer activates pancreatic β cell death in diabetes. Dev Cell 2021; 56:747-760.e6. [PMID: 33667344 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells through apoptosis contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identify a pathway in which the cell death inhibitor ARC paradoxically becomes a killer during diabetes. While cytoplasmic ARC maintains β cell viability and pancreatic architecture, a pool of ARC relocates to the nucleus to induce β cell apoptosis in humans with diabetes and several pathophysiologically distinct mouse models. β cell death results through the coordinate downregulation of serpins (serine protease inhibitors) not previously known to be synthesized and secreted by β cells. Loss of the serpin α1-antitrypsin from the extracellular space unleashes elastase, triggering the disruption of β cell anchorage and subsequent cell death. Administration of α1-antitrypsin to mice with diabetes prevents β cell death and metabolic abnormalities. These data uncover a pathway for β cell loss in type 2 diabetes and identify an FDA-approved drug that may impede progression of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M McKimpson
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeremy Weinberger
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wilson Lek Wen Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zenia Tiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alistair M Jagger
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Streamson C Chua
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Roger S-Y Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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13
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Zhang J, Zheng X, Wang P, Wang J, Ding W. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cell death and cardiovascular disease. Apoptosis 2021; 26:24-37. [PMID: 33604728 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a highly effective and multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis that is mainly expressed in postmitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells. ARC contains a C-terminal region rich in proline and glutamic acid residues and an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). The CARD is originally described as a protein-binding motif that interacts with caspase through a CARD-CARD interaction. Initially, the inhibitory effect of ARC was only found in apoptosis, however, it was later found that ARC also played a regulatory role in other types of cell death. As a powerful cardioprotective factor, ARC can protect the heart by inhibiting the death of cardiomyocytes in various ways. ARC can reduce the cardiomyocyte apoptotic response to various stresses and injuries, including extrinsic apoptosis induced by death receptor ligands, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and the dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress and hypoxia. In addition, changes in ARC transcription and translation levels in the heart can cause a series of physiological and pathological changes, and ARC can also perform corresponding functions through interactions with other molecules. Although there has been much research on ARC, the functional redundancy among proteins shows that ARC still has much research value. This review summarizes the molecular characteristics of ARC, its roles in the various death modes in cardiomyocytes and the roles of ARC in cardiac pathophysiology. This article also describes the potential therapeutic effect and research prospects of ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianxin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiyan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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14
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Targeting Germ Cell Tumors with the Newly Synthesized Flavanone-Derived Compound MLo1302 Efficiently Reduces Tumor Cell Viability and Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010073. [PMID: 33430420 PMCID: PMC7826804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Less toxic treatment strategies for testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) patients are needed, as overtreatment is a concern due to the long-term side effects of platin-based chemotherapy. Although clinical benefit from classical hypomethylating agents has to date been limited, TGCTs show an abnormal DNA methylome indicating the potential of treating TGCTs with hypomethylating drugs. We tested, for the first time in TGCT cell lines, a new synthetic flavonoid compound (MLo1302) from the 3-nitroflavanone family of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors. We show that MLo1302 reduces cell viability (including of cisplatin resistant cell line NCCIT-R), with IC50s (inhibitory concentration 50) within the nanomolar range for NCCIT and NTERA-2 cells, and proved its cytotoxic effect. Exposure to MLo1302 reduced DNMT protein expression, similar to decitabine, and showed a partial effect in cell differentiation, reducing protein expression of pluripotency markers. RT2 profiler expression array indicated several dysregulated targets, related to activation of apoptosis, differentiation, and cell cycle arrest. We validated these data by showing increased apoptosis, increased protein expression of cleaved caspase 8 and activated caspase 2, and reduced proliferation (BrdU assay), with increase in CDKN1A and decrease in MIB-1 expression. Therefore, synthetic drugs designed to target DNA methylation in cells may uncover effective treatments for TGCT patients.
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15
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Mousa NO, Gado M, Assem MM, Dawood KM, Osman A. Expression profiling of some Acute Myeloid Leukemia - associated markers to assess their diagnostic / prognostic potential. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20190268. [PMID: 33432966 PMCID: PMC7802071 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the etiological causes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at the
molecular level should help in identifying targets and strategies that would
increase the efficacy of the current management regimens. Some genes may act as
molecular diagnostics, of these ASXL1 and PHF6
are involved in regulation of gene expression, and BAX , and ARC, are pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules,
respectively. In this study, peripheral blood samples were collected from 54
recently diagnosed AML patients in addition to 20 healthy individuals (the
control group). Cellular RNA was extracted from all the samples and were
subjected to quantitative analysis of the transcript levels of the four selected
markers. Our data showed a significant elevation in the expression levels of
PHF6 and ARC in AML patients, when
compared to the controls (77.8% and 83.3%, respectively). On the other hand,
ASXL1 and BAX exhibited increase, to a
lesser extent, in the expression levels of the AML patients (52% and 55.6%,
respectively). Our study also showed that the expression levels of
ARC and PHF6 exhibited a concomitant
increase and this could be correlated with poor prognosis of the cases. Thus, we
can suggest these markers as reliable prognostic markers for prediction of AML
outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla O Mousa
- Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Alexandria, Egypt.,Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Gado
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magda M Assem
- Cairo University, National Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical pathology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Alexandria, Egypt.,Ain shams University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Guan Z, Chen L, Zhou Y, Luo Y, Cui Y, Liu R, Shou B. The synergistic antitumour effect of multi-components from Pulsatilla chinensis saponins in NCI-H460 lung cancer cell line through induction of apoptosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:427-437. [PMID: 32476531 PMCID: PMC7337008 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1761404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Context: Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (Ranunculaceae) possess antitumour effects; however, its antitumour potential has not been extensively investigated.Objective: To investigate the synergetic effect of multi-components from P. chinensis induced cell apoptosis and explore the mechanism.Materials and methods: The cytotoxicity was measured against NCI-H460, SMMC-7721, HCT-116 and U251 cell lines treated with eight monomers from P. chinensis. The synergetic effect of a combination of Pulsatilla saponin D (PSD), Raddeanoside R13 (R13), and Pulsatilla saponin A (PSA) was assessed using CalcuSyn3.0. Annexin V-FITC/PI and DAPI staining analyzed apoptosis of NCI-H460 cells treated with PSD, R13 and PSA alone or in combination. Proteins differential expression was analyzed using proteomic, DAVID Bioinformatics Resources, R software environment and KEGG database, and verified by western blotting.Results: PSD, R13, and PSA displayed greater antitumor activity with IC50 values of 5.6, 5.1 and 10.5 µM against NCI-H460 cells compared with other monomers. The combination of PSD, R13, and PSA had a synergistic effect at CI = 0.27 and induced 17.53% cells apoptotic detected by flow cytometric. Bioinformatic analysis showed an overview of the differentially expressed proteins and some signalling pathways. Moreover, some candidate proteins (LDHA, PI3K, NOL3 and cleaved-caspase-3) were validated by western blotting.Discussion and Conclusion: These results show PSD, R13, and PSA are good candidates as natural products for use in the treatment of lung cancer. Potential signalling pathways and protein targets need to be further validated. The application of the drug combination approach also provides a therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guan
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lanying Chen
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yihan Zhou
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Binyao Shou
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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17
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Liu M, Yu T, Li M, Fang X, Hou B, Liu G, Wang J. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain promotes cell proliferation and phenotypic modulation through 14-3-3ε/YAP signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 147:35-48. [PMID: 32771410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In response to vascular injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) may change from a contractile phenotype to a proliferative phenotype and consequently become conducive to neointima formation. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) was initially discovered as an endogenous apoptosis inhibitor, but whether ARC plays a role in VSMCs and whether it can participate in the regulation of atherosclerosis are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Protein and mRNA levels of ARC in tissues and cells were detected by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the protein location, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect protein expression in tissues. VSMC proliferation was analysed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU assays, while migration was assessed by Transwell assay. Mechanistically, the direct binding between two proteins was verified by immunoprecipitation. We found that ARC expression was stimulated in VSMCs during cell proliferation. Our results also showed that ARC promoted cell proliferation and induced phenotypic modulation of VSMCs in vitro and vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ARC increased the nuclear localization of Yes associated protein (YAP) by binding to 14-3-3ε and that ARC played a role in promoting cell proliferation and phenotypic modulation. Additionally, the transcription factor p53 negatively regulated ARC expression at the transcriptional level during cell proliferation and phenotypic modulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a novel role for ARC in the phenotypic transition of proliferating VSMCs, which may provide a new strategy for regulating neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gaoli Liu
- Department of Cardiac surgery, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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18
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Xie F, Mei Z, Wang X, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Wang S, Qian L. Loss of nuclear ARC contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13337. [PMID: 31257698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial apoptosis are two major factors in heart failure. As a classical regulator of apoptosis, apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) has recently also been found to have a protective effect against hypertrophy. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is still not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, we established animal and cellular models to monitor the changes in total and nuclear ARC during cardiac hypertrophic processes. The preventive effects of nuclear ARC in cellular hypertrophy were verified by ARC regulation and nuclear export inhibition. To further explore the mechanism for nuclear ARC superficially, we analysed proteins that interact with ARC in the nucleus via Co-IP and mass spectrometry. RESULTS The expression of total ARC in hypertrophic myocardial tissue and H9C2 cells remained invariant, while the level of nuclear ARC decreased dramatically. By altering the content of ARC in H9C2 cells, we found that both nuclear ARC transfection and nuclear ARC export blockade attenuated norepinephrine or angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy, while ARC knockdown had an inverse effect. Co-IP data showed that ARC interacted with prohibitin (PHB) in the nucleus and might participate in maintaining the level of PHB in cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a novel mechanism for ARC in cardiac hypertrophy prevention and also indicate that the anti-hypertrophic roles of ARC are probably associated with its localization in nucleus, which imply the nuclear ARC as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhu‐Song Mei
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Shi‐Da Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Ling‐Jia Qian
- Department of Military Cognitive and Stress Medicine, Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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19
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Yu Z, Li Q, An Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao J, Aung LHH, Li P. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5691-5698. [PMID: 31788041 PMCID: PMC6865693 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, ARC is abundantly expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles and neurons. ARC serves a key role in determining cell fate, and abnormal ARC expression has been demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cell growth. Previous studies have revealed that ARC was upregulated in several different types of solid tumor, where it suppressed tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of ARC in cancer cells contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with leukemia. However, the exact role of ARC, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved, remain poorly understood. The present review summarizes the characteristics of ARC and its cytoprotective role under different conditions and describes the potential ARC as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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20
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Yu Z, Li Q, An Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao J, Aung LHH, Li P. Role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019. [PMID: 31788041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10981/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, ARC is abundantly expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscles and neurons. ARC serves a key role in determining cell fate, and abnormal ARC expression has been demonstrated to be associated with abnormal cell growth. Previous studies have revealed that ARC was upregulated in several different types of solid tumor, where it suppressed tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of ARC in cancer cells contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with leukemia. However, the exact role of ARC, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms involved, remain poorly understood. The present review summarizes the characteristics of ARC and its cytoprotective role under different conditions and describes the potential ARC as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Liu
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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21
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Li Q, Yang J, Zhang J, Liu XW, Yang CJ, Fan ZX, Wang HB, Yang Y, Zheng T, Yang J. Inhibition of microRNA-327 ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis through targeting apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3753-3767. [PMID: 31587299 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the major cause of cardiomyocyte death in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) can contribute to the regulation of cardiomyocytes apoptosis by posttranscriptional modulation of gene expression networks. However, the effects of miR-327 in regulating MI/RI-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis have not been extensively investigated. This study was performed to test whether miR-327 participate in cardiomyocytes apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, and reveal the potential molecular mechanism of miR-327 regulated MI/RI through targeting apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to MI/RI by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 30 min and reperfusion for 3 hr. H9c2 cells were exposed to hypoxia for 4 hr and reoxygenation for 12 hr to mimic I/R injury. miRNA-327 recombinant adenovirus vectors were transfected into H9c2 cells for 48 hr and rats for 72 hr before H/R and MI/RI treatment, respectively. The apoptosis rate, downstream molecules of apoptotic pathway, and the target reaction between miRNA-327 and ARC were evaluated. Our results showed that miR-327 was upregulated and ARC was downregulated in the myocardial tissues of MI/RI rats and in H9c2 cells with H/R treatment. Inhibition of miR-327 decreased the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins Fas, FasL, caspase-8, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and the release of cytochrome-C, as well as increasing the expression levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 via negative regulation of ARC both in vivo or vitro. In contrast, overexpression miR-327 showed the reverse effect. Moreover, the results of luciferase reporter assay indicated miR-327 targets ARC directly at the posttranscriptional level. Taken together, inhibition of miR-327 could attenuate cardiomyocyte apoptosis and alleviate I/R-induced myocardial injury via targeting ARC, which offers a new therapeutic strategy for MI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Chao-Jun Yang
- Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Hui-Bo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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Reduced Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Deficient in Apoptosis Repressor with Caspase Recruitment Domain (ARC). Neuroscience 2019; 416:20-29. [PMID: 31356897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), the majority of newly generated cells are eliminated by apoptotic mechanisms. The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), encoded by the Nol3 gene, is a potent and multifunctional death repressor that inhibits both death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. The aim of the present study was to parse the role of ARC in the development of new granule cell neurons. Nol3 gene expression as revealed by in situ hybridization is present in the entire dentate granule cell layer. Moreover, a comparison of Nol3 expression between FACS-sorted Sox2-positive neural stem cells and Doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons demonstrates upregulation of Nol3 during neurogenesis. Using ARC-deficient mice, we show that proliferation and survival of BrdU birth-dated cells are strongly reduced in the absence of ARC while neuronal-glial fate choice is not affected. Both the number of DCX-positive cells and the number of calretinin (CR)-positive immature postmitotic neurons are reduced in the hippocampus of ARC-/- mice. ARC knockout is not associated with increased numbers of microglia or with microglia activation. However, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein content is significantly increased in ARC-/- mice, possibly representing a compensatory response. Collectively, our results suggest that ARC plays a critical cell-autonomous role in preventing cell death during adult granule cell neogenesis.
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23
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Huang W, Su G, Huang X, Zou A, Wu J, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Liang S, Li D, Ma F, Guo L. Long noncoding RNA PCAT6 inhibits colon cancer cell apoptosis by regulating anti-apoptotic protein ARC expression via EZH2. Cell Cycle 2018; 18:69-83. [PMID: 30569799 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1558872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer-associated ncRNA transcript 6 (PCAT6) is a long intergenic noncoding RNA that is involved in the progression of prostate and lung cancer, acting as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, little is known about PCAT6 expression and its clinical significance in colon cancer. Here, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of PCAT6 in colon cancer and its underlying mechanism. The expression of PCAT6 was analyzed in colon cancer tissues using public databases, and a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments was performed to investigate the biological functions of PCAT6 in colon cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that PCAT6 was upregulated in colon cancer tissues compared with that in noncancerous tissues, correlating with poorer clinical stages and a worse survival status. In vitro and in vivo experiments illustrated PCAT6 promoted cell growth and inhibited cell apoptosis in colon cancer. Mechanistically, PCAT6 enhanced the coenrichment of EZH2 and H3K4me3 at the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) genomic region, promoting the transcriptional activity of ARC. Our data highlighted that PCAT6 acts as a key activator of ARC expression by forming a complex with EZH2, inhibiting cell apoptosis and contributing to colon cancer progression. These findings elucidated that PCAT6 may be a novel prognostic predictor and therapeutic target of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Huang
- a Department of Pathology , Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Geng Su
- b Department of Pathology , Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning , China
| | - Xiaoxian Huang
- c Clinical Laboratory , Gushang Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning , China
| | - Angru Zou
- d Department of Emergency , Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning , China
| | - Jingfang Wu
- a Department of Pathology , Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yunchu Yang
- a Department of Pathology , Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- e Department of Cerebral Surgery , Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shumei Liang
- a Department of Pathology , Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Deyu Li
- f Department of Oncology , Fujian Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou , China
| | - Feng Ma
- g Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University , Zhangjiakou , China
| | - Linlang Guo
- a Department of Pathology , Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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24
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Xu T, Ding W, Ao X, Chu X, Wan Q, Wang Y, Xiao D, Yu W, Li M, Yu F, Wang J. ARC regulates programmed necrosis and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of mPTP opening. Redox Biol 2018; 20:414-426. [PMID: 30415165 PMCID: PMC6230922 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrosis is a key factor in myocardial injury during cardiac pathological processes, such as myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure. Increasing evidence suggests that several aspects of necrosis are programmed and tightly regulated, so targeting the necrosis process has become a new trend for myocardial protection. Multiple cellular signaling pathways have been implicated in necrotic cell death, such as the death receptor-mediated extrinsic and mitochondrial intrinsic pathways. However, the precise mechanisms underlying myocardial necrosis remain unclear. In this study, we showed that apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) participated in the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and inhibited myocardial necrosis by preventing the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). ARC attenuated necrotic cell death triggered by exposure to 500 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2. In mice, ARC ameliorated myocardial necrosis, reduced the myocardial infarct size and improved long-term heart function during I/R injury. Mechanistically, it has been shown that the inhibition of necrosis by ARC was dependent on its mitochondrial localization and that ARC prevented the opening of mPTP by targeting CypD, the main regulator of mPTP. In addition, ARC expression was negatively regulated by the transcription factor p53 at the transcriptional level during the necrosis process. These findings identified the novel role of ARC in myocardial necrosis and delineated the p53-ARC-CypD/mPTP necrosis pathway during ischemia- and oxidative stress-induced myocardial damage, which can provide a new strategy for cardiac protection. ARC attenuates necrosis both in cardiomyocytes exposed to H2O2 and in mouse hearts with ischemia/reperfusion injury. The attenuation of necrosis by ARC depends on its mitochondrial localization and its inhibition of mPTP opening. ARC targets CypD and prevents mPTP opening. p53 regulates necrosis by suppression of ARC expression at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xianming Chu
- Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinggong Wan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wanpeng Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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25
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Carter BZ, Mak PY, Chen Y, Mak DH, Mu H, Jacamo R, Ruvolo V, Arold ST, Ladbury JE, Burks JK, Kornblau S, Andreeff M. Anti-apoptotic ARC protein confers chemoresistance by controlling leukemia-microenvironment interactions through a NFκB/IL1β signaling network. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20054-67. [PMID: 26956049 PMCID: PMC4991438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) protein confers drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we investigated the role of ARC in regulating leukemia-mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) interactions. In addition to the previously reported effect on AML apoptosis, we have demonstrated that ARC enhances migration and adhesion of leukemia cells to MSCs both in vitro and in a novel human extramedullary bone/bone marrow mouse model. Mechanistic studies revealed that ARC induces IL1β expression in AML cells and increases CCL2, CCL4, and CXCL12 expression in MSCs, both through ARC-mediated activation of NFκB. Expression of these chemokines in MSCs increased by AML cells in an ARC/IL1β-dependent manner; likewise, IL1β expression was elevated when leukemia cells were co-cultured with MSCs. Further, cells from AML patients expressed the receptors for and migrated toward CCL2, CCL4, and CXCL12. Inhibition of IL1β suppressed AML cell migration and sensitized the cells co-cultured with MSCs to chemotherapy. Our results suggest the existence of a complex ARC-regulated circuit that maintains intimate connection of AML with the tumor microenvironment through NFκB/IL1β-regulated chemokine receptor/ligand axes and reciprocal crosstalk resulting in cytoprotection. The data implicate ARC as a promising drug target to potentially sensitize AML cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Po Yee Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duncan H Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Mu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jacamo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian Ruvolo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - John E Ladbury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared K Burks
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Kornblau
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kumas M, Altintas O, Karatas E, Kocyigit A. Protective Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Myocardium Against Remote Tissue Injury Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Diabetic Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 109:516-526. [PMID: 29160389 PMCID: PMC5783432 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Remote ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) could provide tissue-protective
effect at a remote site by anti-inflammatory, neuronal, and humoral
signaling pathways. Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the possible protective effects of
remote IPreC on myocardium after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
(MCAo) in streptozotocin- induced diabetic (STZ) and non-diabetic rats. Methods 48 male Spraque Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: Sham, STZ, IPreC,
MCAo, IPreC+MCAo, STZ+IPreC, STZ+MCAo and STZ+IPreC+MCAo groups. We induced
transient MCAo seven days after STZ-induced diabetes, and performed IPreC 72
hours before transient MCAo. Remote myocardial injury was investigated
histopathologically. Bax, Bcl2 and caspase-3 protein levels were measured by
Western blot analysis. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status
(TOS) of myocardial tissue were measured by colorimetric assay. Oxidative
stress index(OSI) was calculated as TOS-to-TAS ratio. For all statistical
analysis, p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results We observed serious damage including necrosis, congestion and mononuclear
cell infiltration in myocardial tissue of the diabetic and ischemic groups.
In these groups TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher; TAS levels
were lower than those of IPreC related groups (p < 0.05). IPreC had
markedly improved histopathological alterations and increased TAS levels in
IPreC+MCAo and STZ+IPreC+MCAo compared to MCAo and STZ+MCAo groups (p <
0.05). In non-diabetic rats, MCAo activated apoptotic cell death via
increasing Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 levels. IPreC reduced apoptotic cell
death by suppressing pro-apoptotic proteins. Diabetes markedly increased
apoptotic protein levels and the effect did not reversed by IPreC. Conclusions We could suggest that IPreC attenuates myocardial injury via ameliorating
histological findings, activating antioxidant mechanisms, and inducing
antiapoptotic activity in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kumas
- BezmiAlem Vakif University - Vocational School of Health Services - Medical Laboratory Techniques; - Turquia
| | - Ozge Altintas
- Kirklareli State Hospital, Neurology Clinic; - Turquia
| | - Ersin Karatas
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics;- Turquia
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Bezmialem Vakif University - Medical Faculty - Medical Biochemistry Department - Turquia
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Templin AT, Samarasekera T, Meier DT, Hogan MF, Mellati M, Crow MT, Kitsis RN, Zraika S, Hull RL, Kahn SE. Apoptosis Repressor With Caspase Recruitment Domain Ameliorates Amyloid-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis and JNK Pathway Activation. Diabetes 2017; 66:2636-2645. [PMID: 28729244 PMCID: PMC5606321 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Islet amyloid is present in more than 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes, where it contributes to β-cell apoptosis and insufficient insulin secretion. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) binds and inactivates components of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways and was recently found to be expressed in islet β-cells. Using a human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mouse model of islet amyloidosis, we show ARC knockdown increases amyloid-induced β-cell apoptosis and loss, while ARC overexpression decreases amyloid-induced apoptosis, thus preserving β-cells. These effects occurred in the absence of changes in islet amyloid deposition, indicating ARC acts downstream of amyloid formation. Because islet amyloid increases c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway activation, we investigated whether ARC affects JNK signaling in amyloid-forming islets. We found ARC knockdown enhances JNK pathway activation, whereas ARC overexpression reduces JNK, c-Jun phosphorylation, and c-Jun target gene expression (Jun and Tnf). Immunoprecipitation of ARC from mouse islet lysates showed ARC binds JNK, suggesting interaction between JNK and ARC decreases amyloid-induced JNK phosphorylation and downstream signaling. These data indicate that ARC overexpression diminishes amyloid-induced JNK pathway activation and apoptosis in the β-cell, a strategy that may reduce β-cell loss in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Templin
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Tanya Samarasekera
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel T Meier
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Meghan F Hogan
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mahnaz Mellati
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael T Crow
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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28
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Ha HJ, Park HH. Molecular basis for the effect of the L31F mutation on CARD function in ARC. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2919-2928. [PMID: 28792591 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The apoptosis repressor with caspase-recruiting domain (ARC) is aberrantly overexpressed in various cancers. ARC contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) that is the main mediator of protein-protein interactions. Mutation of Leu31 within the CARD of ARC to Phe (ARC_L31F) is widely used as a functionally defective mutant of ARC despite a lack of clear experimental evidence regarding how its functionality is lost. In this study, we show that L31 in helix 2 (H2) is critical for stabilization of the helix bundle fold in the CARD domain. In addition, the L31F mutation disrupts homodimer formation that is critical to ARC functions. Our current study reveals the molecular basis for the L31F mutation disrupting the ARC CARD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Ha
- School of Natural Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Graduate school of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Natural Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Graduate school of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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29
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Interaction of ARC and Daxx: A Novel Endogenous Target to Preserve Motor Function and Cell Loss after Focal Brain Ischemia in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8132-48. [PMID: 27488634 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4428-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to explore the signaling and neuroprotective effect of transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction of the apoptosis repressor with CARD (ARC) in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia in mice. In mice, transient focal cerebral ischemia reduced endogenous ARC protein in neurons in the ischemic striatum at early reperfusion time points, and in primary neuronal cultures, RNA interference resulted in greater neuronal susceptibility to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). TAT.ARC protein delivery led to a dose-dependent better survival after OGD. Infarct sizes 72 h after 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) were on average 30 ± 8% (mean ± SD; p = 0.005; T2-weighted MRI) smaller in TAT.ARC-treated mice (1 μg intraventricularly during MCAo) compared with controls. TAT.ARC-treated mice showed better performance in the pole test compared with TAT.β-Gal-treated controls. Importantly, post-stroke treatment (3 h after MCAo) was still effective in affording reduced lesion volume by 20 ± 7% (mean ± SD; p < 0.05) and better functional outcome compared with controls. Delayed treatment in mice subjected to 30 min MCAo led to sustained neuroprotection and functional behavior benefits for at least 28 d. Functionally, TAT.ARC treatment inhibited DAXX-ASK1-JNK signaling in the ischemic brain. ARC interacts with DAXX in a CARD-dependent manner to block DAXX trafficking and ASK1-JNK activation. Our work identifies for the first time ARC-DAXX binding to block ASK1-JNK activation as an ARC-specific endogenous mechanism that interferes with neuronal cell death and ischemic brain injury. Delayed delivery of TAT.ARC may present a promising target for stroke therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Up to now, the only successful pharmacological target of human ischemic stroke is thrombolysis. Neuroprotective pharmacological strategies are needed to accompany therapies aiming to achieve reperfusion. We describe that apoptosis repressor with CARD (ARC) interacts and inhibits DAXX and proximal signals of cell death. In a murine stroke model mimicking human malignant infarction in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, TAT.ARC salvages brain tissue when given during occlusion or 3 h delayed with sustained functional benefits (28 d). This is a promising novel therapeutic approach because it appears to be effective in a model producing severe injury by interfering with an array of proximal signals and effectors of the ischemic cascade, upstream of JNK, caspases, and BIM and BAX activation.
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Toth C, Funke S, Nitsche V, Liverts A, Zlachevska V, Gasis M, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Mahotka C, Schirmacher P, Heikaus S. The role of apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain (ARC) in the therapeutic resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): the crucial role of ARC in the inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signalling. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:16. [PMID: 28464919 PMCID: PMC5414156 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) display broad resistance against conventional radio- and chemotherapies, which is due at least in part to impairments in both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. One important anti-apoptotic factor that is strongly overexpressed in RCCs and known to inhibit both apoptotic pathways is ARC (apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain). Methods Expression and subcellular distribution of ARC in RCC tissue samples and RCC cell lines were determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent immunohistochemistry, respectively. Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signalling were induced by TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), ABT-263 or topotecan. ARC knock-down was performed in clearCa-12 cells using lentiviral transduction of pGIPZ. shRNAmir constructs. Extrinsic respectively intrinsic apoptosis were induced by TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), ABT263 or topotecan. Potential synergistic effects were tested by pre-treatment with topotecan and subsequent treatment with ABT263. Activation of different caspases and mitochondrial depolarisation (JC-1 staining) were analysed by flow cytometry. Protein expression of Bcl-2 family members and ARC in RCC cell lines was measured by Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test. Results Regarding the extrinsic pathway, ARC knockdown strongly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing the activation level of caspase-8. Regarding the intrinsic pathway, ARC, which was only weakly expressed in the nuclei of RCCs in vivo, exerted its anti-apoptotic effect by impairing mitochondrial activation rather than inhibiting p53. Topotecan- and ABT-263-induced apoptosis was strongly enhanced following ARC knockdown in RCC cell lines. In addition, topotecan pre-treatment enhanced ABT-263-induced apoptosis and this effect was amplified in ARC-knockdown cells. Conclusion Taken together, our results are the first to demonstrate the importance of ARC protein in the inhibition of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis in RCCs. In this context, ARC cooperates with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members to exert its strong anti-apoptotic effects and is therefore an important factor not only in the therapeutic resistance but also in future therapy strategies (i.e., Bcl-2 inhibitors) in RCC. In sum, targeting of ARC may enhance the therapeutic response in combination therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Toth
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Funke
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Nitsche
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Liverts
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Zlachevska
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcia Gasis
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, the Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research 702 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Csaba Mahotka
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heikaus
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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31
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Xu Q, Wu X, Li Y, Kong H, Jin Y, Xie W, Wang H. Iptakalim induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in hypoxic rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:773-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Fan G, Yu J, Asare PF, Wang L, Zhang H, Zhang B, Zhu Y, Gao X. Danshensu alleviates cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis via activation of mTOR signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1908-19. [PMID: 27385290 PMCID: PMC5020629 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Danshensu (DSS) has a protective effect on cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the DSS action remain undefined. We investigated the potential role of DSS in autophagy and apoptosis using cardiac I/R injury models of cardiomyocytes and isolated rat hearts. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to 6 hrs of hypoxia followed by 18 hrs of reoxygenation to induce cell damage. The isolated rat hearts were used to perform global ischaemia for 30 min., followed by 60 min. reperfusion. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury decreased the haemodynamic parameters on cardiac function, damaged cardiomyocytes or even caused cell death. Pre-treatment of DSS significantly improved cell survival and protected against I/R-induced deterioration of cardiac function. The improved cell survival upon DSS treatment was associated with activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (as manifested by increased phosphorylation of S6K and S6), which was accompanied with attenuated autophagy flux and decreased expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins (including p62, LC3-II, Beclin-1, Bax, and Caspase-3) at both protein and mRNA levels. These results suggest that alleviation of cardiac I/R injury by pre-treatment with DSS may be attributable to inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Patrick Fordjour Asare
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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McKimpson WM, Yuan Z, Zheng M, Crabtree JS, Libutti SK, Kitsis RN. The Cell Death Inhibitor ARC Is Induced in a Tissue-Specific Manner by Deletion of the Tumor Suppressor Gene Men1, but Not Required for Tumor Development and Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145792. [PMID: 26709830 PMCID: PMC4692498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a genetic disorder characterized by tissue-specific tumors in the endocrine pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary glands. Although tumor development in these tissues is dependent upon genetic inactivation of the tumor suppressor Men1, loss of both alleles of this gene is not sufficient to induce these cancers. Men1 encodes menin, a nuclear protein that influences transcription. A previous ChIP on chip analysis suggested that menin binds promoter sequences of nol3, encoding ARC, which is a cell death inhibitor that has been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. We hypothesized that ARC functions as a co-factor with Men1 loss to induce the tissue-restricted distribution of tumors seen in MEN1. Using mouse models that recapitulate this syndrome, we found that biallelic deletion of Men1 results in selective induction of ARC expression in tissues that develop tumors. Specifically, loss of Men1 in all cells of the pancreas resulted in marked increases in ARC mRNA and protein in the endocrine, but not exocrine, pancreas. Similarly, ARC expression increased in the parathyroid with inactivation of Men1 in that tissue. To test if ARC contributes to MEN1 tumor development in the endocrine pancreas, we generated mice that lacked none, one, or both copies of ARC in the context of Men1 deletion. Studies in a cohort of 126 mice demonstrated that, although mice lacking Men1 developed insulinomas as expected, elimination of ARC in this context did not significantly alter tumor load. Cellular rates of proliferation and death in these tumors were also not perturbed in the absence of ARC. These results indicate that ARC is upregulated by loss Men1 in the tissue-restricted distribution of MEN1 tumors, but that ARC is not required for tumor development in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. McKimpson
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Ziqiang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Judy S. Crabtree
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Libutti
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Kitsis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mitchell AS, Smith IC, Gamu D, Donath S, Tupling AR, Quadrilatero J. Functional, morphological, and apoptotic alterations in skeletal muscle of ARC deficient mice. Apoptosis 2015; 20:310-26. [PMID: 25596718 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic signaling plays an important role in the development and maintenance of healthy skeletal muscle. However, dysregulation of apoptotic signals in skeletal muscle is associated with atrophy and loss of function. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent anti-apoptotic protein that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle; however, its role in this tissue has yet to be elucidated. To investigate whether ARC deficiency has morphological, functional, and apoptotic consequences, skeletal muscle from 18 week-old wild-type and ARC knockout (KO) mice was studied. In red muscle (soleus), we found lower maximum tetanic force, as well as a shift towards a greater proportion of type II fibers in ARC KO mice. Furthermore, the soleus of ARC KO mice exhibited lower total, as well as fiber type-specific cross sectional area in type I and IIA fibers. Interestingly, these changes in ARC KO mice corresponded with increased DNA fragmentation, albeit independent of caspase or calpain activation. However, cytosolic fractions of red muscle from ARC KO mice had higher apoptosis inducing factor content, suggesting increased mitochondrial-mediated, caspase-independent apoptotic signaling. This was confirmed in isolated mitochondrial preparations, as mitochondria from skeletal muscle of ARC KO mice were more susceptible to calcium stress. Interestingly, white muscle from ARC KO mice showed no signs of altered apoptotic signaling or detrimental morphological differences. Results from this study suggest that even under basal conditions ARC influences muscle apoptotic signaling, phenotype, and function, particularly in slow and/or oxidative muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
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Crystal structure of caspase recruiting domain (CARD) of apoptosis repressor with CARD (ARC) and its implication in inhibition of apoptosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9847. [PMID: 26038885 PMCID: PMC4453921 DOI: 10.1038/srep09847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruiting domain (ARC) is a multifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis that is unusually over-expressed or activated in various cancers and in the state of the pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, ARC might be an optimal target for therapeutic intervention. Human ARC is composed of two distinct domains, N-terminal caspase recruiting domain (CARD) and C-terminal P/E (proline and glutamic acid) rich domain. ARC inhibits the extrinsic apoptosis pathway by interfering with DISC formation. ARC CARD directly interacts with the death domains (DDs) of Fas and FADD, as well as with the death effector domains (DEDs) of procaspase-8. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the CARD domain of ARC at a resolution of 2.4 Å. Our structure was a dimer with novel homo-dimerization interfaces that might be critical to its inhibitory function. Interestingly, ARC did not exhibit a typical death domain fold. The sixth helix (H6), which was detected at the typical death domain fold, was not detected in the structure of ARC, indicating that H6 may be dispensable for the function of the death domain superfamily.
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MicroRNA-532-3p regulates mitochondrial fission through targeting apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1677. [PMID: 25766316 PMCID: PMC4385919 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a wide-spectrum antitumor drug, but its clinical application is limited by its cardiotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying DOX-induced cardiomyopathy remain mostly unclear. Here we observed that apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) was downregulated in mouse heart and cardiomyocytes upon DOX treatment. Furthermore, enforced expression of ARC attenuated DOX-induced cardiomyocyte mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. ARC transgenic mice demonstrated reduced cardiotoxicity upon DOX administration. DOX-induced mitochondrial fission required the activity of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). In elucidating the molecular mechanism by which ARC was downregulated upon DOX treatment, miR-532-3p was found to directly target ARC and participated in DOX-induced mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. MiR-532-3p was not involved in DOX-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that miR-532-3p and ARC constitute an antiapoptotic pathway that regulates DOX cardiotoxicity. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies based on ARC and miR-532-3p is promising for overcoming the cardiotoxicity of chemotherapy for cancer therapy.
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Dong Y, Li Y, Sun Y, Mao J, Yao F, Tian Y, Wang L, Li L, Li S, Li J. Bufei Jianpi granules improve skeletal muscle and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:51. [PMID: 25888379 PMCID: PMC4378020 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Bufei Jianpi granules has been confirmed effective in improving pulmonary function, alleviating acute exacerbations, improving six-minute walk distance and quality of life, and benefited in 12-month follow-up in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with syndrome of lung-spleen qi deficiency. Skeletal muscle dysfunction (SMD), an important extrapulmonary complication, occurs in the very initiation of COPD and is closely related to morbidity and mortality. To evaluate the efficacy of Bufei Jianpi granules on SMD, we observed skeletal muscular function and histomorphology, mitochondrial morphormetry and proteins in COPD rats induced by cigarette-smoke and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods Seventy-two Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into Control + Saline, Control + Bufei Jianpi, Control + Aminophylline, COPD + Saline, COPD + Bufei Jianpi and COPD + Aminophylline groups. From week 9 to 20, rats were administrated intragastricly by normal saline, Bufei Jianpi granules and aminophylline, respectively. Muscular tension and fatigue index of intercostal muscle, quadriceps, biceps and soleus were detected by using electrophysiological technology. Pathological and ultrastructural changes and expressions of mitochondrial Bcl-2 nineteen-kilodalton interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) and cytoplasm cytochrome C (Cyto C) in the four skeletal muscles were observed by using optical and electron microscope and western blotting. Results There was no statistical difference among the control rats treated with saline, Bufei Jianpi granules or aminophylline in above-mentioned parameters. Muscular tension, mitochondria volume density (Vv) and compared membrane surface (δm) of the four muscles were significantly lower in COPD + Saline group compared to Control + Saline group, while fatigue index, mitochondria surface area (δ), Bnip3 and Cyto C were higher (P < 0.05). COPD rats showed more morphological changes in muscle tissues than controls, such as atrophy, degeneration, necrosis and matrix hyperplasia. Utrastructurally, mitochondria populations decreased significantly in the four muscles, and were shrunken and even cavitation changed. The up-mentioned parameters were improved in Bufei Jianpi group (P < 0.05) in the four muscles. Conclusions Bufei Jianpi granules can improve skeletal muscle function via improving mitochondria population and function, reducing apoptotic factors such as Bnip3 and Cyto C, and is more effective than aminophylline.
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Sridharan V, Tripathi P, Aykin-Burns N, Krager KJ, Sharma SK, Moros EG, Melnyk SB, Pavliv O, Hauer-Jensen M, Boerma M. A tocotrienol-enriched formulation protects against radiation-induced changes in cardiac mitochondria without modifying late cardiac function or structure. Radiat Res 2015; 183:357-66. [PMID: 25710576 PMCID: PMC4688041 DOI: 10.1667/rr13915.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a common and sometimes severe late side effect of radiation therapy for intrathoracic and chest wall tumors. We have previously shown that local heart irradiation in a rat model caused prolonged changes in mitochondrial respiration and increased susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Because tocotrienols are known to protect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, in this study, we examined the effects of tocotrienols on radiation-induced alterations in mitochondria, and structural and functional manifestations of RIHD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received image-guided localized X irradiation to the heart to a total dose of 21 Gy. Twenty-four hours before irradiation, rats received a tocotrienol-enriched formulation or vehicle by oral gavage. Mitochondrial function and mitochondrial membrane parameters were studied at 2 weeks and 28 weeks after irradiation. In addition, cardiac function and histology were examined at 28 weeks. A single oral dose of the tocotrienol-enriched formulation preserved Bax/Bcl2 ratios and prevented mPTP opening and radiation-induced alterations in succinate-driven mitochondrial respiration. Nevertheless, the late effects of local heart irradiation pertaining to myocardial function and structure were not modified. Our studies suggest that a single dose of tocotrienols protects against radiation-induced mitochondrial changes, but these effects are not sufficient against long-term alterations in cardiac function or remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Preeti Tripathi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sunil K. Sharma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eduardo G. Moros
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Tampa, Florida
| | - Stepan B. Melnyk
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Oleksandra Pavliv
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Surgical Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Marjan Boerma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Mak PY, Mak DH, Mu H, Shi Y, Ruvolo P, Ruvolo V, Jacamo R, Burks JK, Wei W, Huang X, Kornblau SM, Andreeff M, Carter BZ. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain is regulated by MAPK/PI3K and confers drug resistance and survival advantage to AML. Apoptosis 2015; 19:698-707. [PMID: 24337870 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) protein is known to suppress both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. We previously reported that ARC expression is a strong, independent adverse prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we investigated the regulation and role of ARC in AML. ARC expression is upregulated in AML cells co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and suppressed by inhibition of MAPK and PI3K signaling. AML patient samples with RAS mutations (N = 64) expressed significantly higher levels of ARC than samples without RAS mutations (N = 371) (P = 0.016). ARC overexpression protected and ARC knockdown sensitized AML cells to cytarabine and to agents that selectively induce intrinsic (ABT-737) or extrinsic (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) apoptosis. NOD-SCID mice harboring ARC-overexpressing KG-1 cells had significantly shorter survival than mice injected with control cells (median 84 vs 111 days) and significantly fewer leukemia cells were present when NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice were injected with ARC knockdown as compared to control Molm13 cells (P = 0.005 and 0.03 at 2 and 3 weeks, respectively). Together, these findings demonstrate that MSCs regulate ARC in AML through activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. ARC confers drug resistance and survival advantage to AML in vitro and in vivo, suggesting ARC as a novel target in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kim SH, Park HH. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the CARD domain of apoptosis repressor with CARD (ARC). Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:82-5. [PMID: 25615975 PMCID: PMC4304754 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14026211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase-recruiting domain (ARC) is an apoptosis repressor that inhibits both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signalling. Human ARC contains an N-terminal caspase-recruiting domain (CARD domain) and a C-terminal proline- and glutamic acid-rich (P/E-rich) domain. The CARD domain in ARC is the domain that is directly involved in inhibition of the extrinsic pathway. In this study, the N-terminal CARD domain of ARC was overexpressed, purified and crystallized. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.1 Å and the crystals were found to belong to space group P6(1) or P65, with unit-cell parameters a=98.28, b=98.28, c=51.86 Å, α=90, β=90, γ=120°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Apoptosis and molecular targeting therapy in cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:150845. [PMID: 25013758 PMCID: PMC4075070 DOI: 10.1155/2014/150845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the programmed cell death which maintains the healthy survival/death balance in metazoan cells. Defect in apoptosis can cause cancer or autoimmunity, while enhanced apoptosis may cause degenerative diseases. The apoptotic signals contribute into safeguarding the genomic integrity while defective apoptosis may promote carcinogenesis. The apoptotic signals are complicated and they are regulated at several levels. The signals of carcinogenesis modulate the central control points of the apoptotic pathways, including inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins and FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). The tumor cells may use some of several molecular mechanisms to suppress apoptosis and acquire resistance to apoptotic agents, for example, by the expression of antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 or by the downregulation or mutation of proapoptotic proteins such as BAX. In this review, we provide the main regulatory molecules that govern the main basic mechanisms, extrinsic and intrinsic, of apoptosis in normal cells. We discuss how carcinogenesis could be developed via defective apoptotic pathways or their convergence. We listed some molecules which could be targeted to stimulate apoptosis in different cancers. Together, we briefly discuss the development of some promising cancer treatment strategies which target apoptotic inhibitors including Bcl-2 family proteins, IAPs, and c-FLIP for apoptosis induction.
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Sridharan V, Aykin-Burns N, Tripathi P, Krager KJ, Sharma SK, Moros EG, Corry PM, Nowak G, Hauer-Jensen M, Boerma M. Radiation-induced alterations in mitochondria of the rat heart. Radiat Res 2014; 181:324-34. [PMID: 24568130 PMCID: PMC4029615 DOI: 10.1667/rr13452.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy for the treatment of thoracic cancers may be associated with radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD), especially in long-term cancer survivors. Mechanisms by which radiation causes heart disease are largely unknown. To identify potential long-term contributions of mitochondria in the development of radiation-induced heart disease, we examined the time course of effects of irradiation on cardiac mitochondria. In this study, Sprague-Dawley male rats received image-guided local X irradiation of the heart with a single dose ranging from 3-21 Gy. Two weeks after irradiation, left ventricular mitochondria were isolated to assess the dose-dependency of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in a mitochondrial swelling assay. At time points from 6 h to 9 months after a cardiac dose of 21 Gy, the following analyses were performed: left ventricular Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels; apoptosis; mitochondrial inner membrane potential and mPTP opening; mitochondrial mass and expression of mitophagy mediators Parkin and PTEN induced putative kinase-1 (PINK-1); mitochondrial respiration and protein levels of succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA); and the 70 kDa subunit of complex II. Local heart irradiation caused a prolonged increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and induced apoptosis between 6 h and 2 weeks. The mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced until 2 weeks, and the calcium-induced mPTP opening was increased from 6 h up to 9 months. An increased mitochondrial mass together with unaltered levels of Parkin suggested that mitophagy did not occur. Lastly, we detected a significant decrease in succinate-driven state 2 respiration in isolated mitochondria from 2 weeks up to 9 months after irradiation, coinciding with reduced mitochondrial levels of succinate dehydrogenase A. Our results suggest that local heart irradiation induces long-term changes in cardiac mitochondrial membrane functions, levels of SDH and state 2 respiration. At any time after exposure to radiation, cardiac mitochondria are more prone to mPTP opening. Future studies will determine whether this makes the heart more susceptible to secondary stressors such as calcium overload or ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Preeti Tripathi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kimberly J. Krager
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sunil K. Sharma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eduardo G. Moros
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Tampa, Florida
| | - Peter M. Corry
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Grazyna Nowak
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Surgical Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Marjan Boerma
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Bo L, Su-Ling D, Fang L, Lu-Yu Z, Tao A, Stefan D, Kun W, Pei-Feng L. Autophagic program is regulated by miR-325. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:967-77. [PMID: 24531537 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is required for the maintenance of cardiomyocytes homeostasis. However, the abnormal autophagy could lead to the development of heart failure. Autophagy is enhanced during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; it remains to elucidate the molecular regulation of autophagy. We report here that miR-325, ARC and E2F1 constitute an axis that regulates autophagy. Our results showed that miR-325 expression is upregulated upon anoxia/reoxygenation and ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of the miR-325 potentiates autophagic responses and myocardial infarct sizes, whereas knockdown of miR-325 inhibited autophagy and cell death. We searched for the downstream mediator of miR-325 and identified that ARC is a target of miR-325. ARC transgenic mice could attenuate autophagy and myocardial infarction sizes upon pressure-overload-induced heart failure, whereas ARC null mice exhibited an increased autophagic accumulation in the heart. The suppression of ARC by miR-325 led to its inability to repress autophagic program. In exploring the molecular mechanism by which miR-325 expression is regulated, our results revealed that the transcription factor E2F1 contributed to promote miR-325 expression. E2F1 null mice demonstrated reduced autophagy and myocardial infarction sizes upon ischemia/reperfusion. Our present study reveals a novel autophagic regulating model that is composed of E2F1, miR-325 and ARC. Modulation of their levels may provide a new approach for tackling cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bo
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - D Su-Ling
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - L Fang
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Z Lu-Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - A Tao
- FU WAI Hospital CAMS&PUMC, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 10037, China
| | - D Stefan
- Franz-Volhard-Clinic, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - W Kun
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - L Pei-Feng
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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The apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain (ARC) gene is a direct hypoxia-inducible factor 1 target gene and promotes survival and proliferation of VHL-deficient renal cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:739-51. [PMID: 24344197 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00644-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) is essential for the adaptation of tumor cells to a low-oxygen environment. We found that the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor ARC (apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain) was induced by hypoxia in a variety of cancer cell types, and its induction is primarily HIF1 dependent. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and reporter assays also indicate that the ARC gene is regulated by direct binding of HIF1 to a hypoxia response element (HRE) located at bp -190 upstream of the transcription start site. HIFs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) under normoxic conditions, through the loss of the Von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL). Accordingly, our results show that ARC is not expressed in normal renal tissue but is highly expressed in 65% of RCC tumors, which also express high levels of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a HIF1-dependent protein. Compared to controls, ARC-deficient RCCs exhibited decreased colony formation and increased apoptosis in vitro. In addition, loss of ARC resulted in a dramatic reduction of RCC tumor growth in SCID mice in vivo. Thus, HIF-mediated increased expression of ARC in RCC can explain how loss of VHL can promote survival early in tumor formation.
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Apoptosis repressor with a CARD domain (ARC) restrains Bax-mediated pathogenesis in dystrophic skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82053. [PMID: 24312627 PMCID: PMC3846897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofiber wasting in muscular dystrophy has largely been ascribed to necrotic cell death, despite reports identifying apoptotic markers in dystrophic muscle. Here we set out to identify the contribution of canonical apoptotic pathways to skeletal muscle degeneration in muscular dystrophy by genetically deleting a known inhibitor of apoptosis, apoptosis repressor with a card domain (Arc), in dystrophic mouse models. Nol3 (Arc protein) genetic deletion in the dystrophic Sgcd or Lama2 null backgrounds showed exacerbated skeletal muscle pathology with decreased muscle performance compared with single null dystrophic littermate controls. The enhanced severity of the dystrophic phenotype associated with Nol3 deletion was caspase independent but dependent on the mitochondria permeability transition pore (MPTP), as the inhibitor Debio-025 partially rescued skeletal muscle pathology in Nol3 (-/-) Sgcd (-/-) double targeted mice. Mechanistically, Nol3 (-/-) Sgcd (-/-) mice showed elevated total and mitochondrial Bax protein levels, as well as greater mitochondrial swelling, suggesting that Arc normally restrains the cell death effects of Bax in skeletal muscle. Indeed, knockdown of Arc in mouse embryonic fibroblasts caused an increased sensitivity to cell death that was fully blocked in Bax Bak1 (genes encoding Bax and Bak) double null fibroblasts. Thus Arc deficiency in dystrophic muscle exacerbates disease pathogenesis due to a Bax-mediated sensitization of mitochondria-dependent death mechanisms.
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Takemura G, Kanoh M, Minatoguchi S, Fujiwara H. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the failing heart — A critical review from definition and classification of cell death. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:2373-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wu L, Xi Z, Guo R, Liu S, Yang S, Liu D, Dong S, Guo D. Exogenous ARC down-regulates caspase-3 expression and inhibits apoptosis of broiler chicken cardiomyocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:32-7. [PMID: 23391179 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.757289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is highly involved in apoptosis induced by oxidative stress or ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, even though the exact mechanism is still unknown, some studies suggest that exogenous ARC also possesses anti-apoptotic ability. The study investigated whether mouse-derived ARC acquires anti-apoptotic ability and the pathway of regulation in chick embryo cardiomyocytes. To evaluate whether mouse-derived ARC can inhibit chick embryo cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide, recombinant pcDNA3.1/ARC plasmid was acquired and transfected into chick embryo cardiomyocytes. ARC-related gene (caspase-2, caspase-8, caspase-3, and caspase-9, cytochrome C, bcl-2, and XIAP) mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Here we demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in chick embryo cardiomyocytes in a time-dependent manner and that this effect could be suppressed by mouse-derived ARC expression. Moreover, unlike endogenous ARC, exogenous ARC was exclusively expressed in the cytoplasm and down-regulated caspase-2, caspase-8, and caspase-3, bcl-2, and XIAP gene expression levels. However, only caspase-3 protein levels were decreased. In addition, threonine 149 phosphorylation by CK2 was required for exogenous ARC to exert an anti-apoptotic effect in chicken embryo cardiomyocytes and suggested exogenous ARC may in part share the same pathway of regulation with endogenous ARC. These results indicate that mouse-derived ARC plays an important role in protection of chick embryo cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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Wu P, Tang Y, He J, Qi L, Jiang W, Zhao S. ARC is highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and confers X-radiation and cisplatin resistance. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1807-13. [PMID: 23877130 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), an inhibitor of apoptosis, is primarily expressed in terminally differentiated tissues. Recent studies have revealed that ARC is highly expressed in a variety of human cancer cell lines and epithelial-derived cancers, which suggests that ARC plays an important role in the process of carcinogenesis. However, whether ARC is involved in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the various roles it plays in NPC remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the expression of ARC in NPC cell lines and NPC tissues and the relationship between its subcellular expression and clinicopathological grade; moreover, we explored the effect of this protein on radiation resistance and chemoresistance in NPC cells. We found that cytoplasmic ARC was expressed at high levels in NPC tissues, at moderate levels in severe atypical hyperplasia and at low levels in benign nasopharyngeal tissues. High expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear ARC was correlated with advanced local invasion. However, only a small amount of nuclear ARC was expressed in NPC in contrast to cytoplasmic ARC. We also found that attenuation of ARC expression by miRNA resulted in decreased X-radiation and cisplatin resistance in NPC CNE-2 cells. In contrast, overexpression of ARC resulted in increased X-radiation and cisplatin resistance in NPC 6-10B cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ARC appears to be critical for blocking the activation of casapse-8 and casapse-2 in NPC cells subjected to X-radiation or cisplatin. These results suggest that high expression of ARC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NPC and leads to X-radiation and cisplatin resistance in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Webster KA. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell death during myocardial infarction: roles of calcium and reactive oxygen species. Future Cardiol 2013; 8:863-84. [PMID: 23176689 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic calcium accumulation play major roles in the initiation of programmed cell death during acute myocardial infarction. Cell death may include necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, and combinations thereof. During ischemia, calcium handling between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofilament is disrupted and calcium is diverted to the mitochondria causing swelling. Reperfusion, while essential for survival, reactivates energy transduction and contractility and causes the release of ROS and additional ionic imbalance. During acute ischemia-reperfusion, the principal death pathways are programmed necrosis and apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway, initiated by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, respectively. Despite intense investigation, the mechanisms of action and modes of regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization are incompletely understood. Extrinsic apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy may also contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, the roles of dysregulated calcium and ROS and the contributions of Bcl-2 proteins, as well as mitochondrial morphology in promoting mitochondrial membrane permeability change and the ensuing cell death during myocardial infarction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Webster
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Medical Center, FL 33101, USA.
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Lu D, Liu J, Jiao J, Long B, Li Q, Tan W, Li P. Transcription factor Foxo3a prevents apoptosis by regulating calcium through the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8491-8504. [PMID: 23382383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis can occur in the myocardium under a variety of pathological conditions, including myocardial infarction and heart failure. The forkhead family of transcription factor Foxo3a plays a pivotal role in apoptosis; however, its role in regulating cardiac apoptosis remains to be fully elucidated. We showed that enforced expression of Foxo3a inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis, whereas knockdown of endogenous Foxo3a sensitizes cardiomyocytes to undergo apoptosis. The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is a potent anti-apoptotic protein. Here, we demonstrate that it attenuates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibits calcium elevations in the cytoplasm and mitochondria provoked by oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Foxo3a is shown to maintain cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis through ARC. We observed that Foxo3a knock-out mice exhibited enlarged myocardial infarction sizes upon ischemia/reperfusion, and ARC transgenic mice demonstrated reduced myocardial infarction and balanced calcium levels in mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, we showed that Foxo3a activates ARC expression by directly binding to its promoter. This study reveals that Foxo3a maintains calcium homeostasis and inhibits cardiac apoptosis through trans-activation of the ARC promoter. These findings provided novel evidence that Foxo3a and ARC constitute an anti-apoptotic pathway that regulates calcium homeostasis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyuan Lu
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianqin Jiao
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Long
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiqi Tan
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
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