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Ranieri M, Angelini I, D'Agostino M, Di Mise A, Centrone M, Venneri M, Ferrulli A, Mastrodonato M, Tamma G, Endo I, Fukumoto S, Matsumoto T, Valenti G. In vivo treatment with calcilytic of CaSR knock-in mice ameliorates renal phenotype reversing downregulation of the vasopressin-AQP2 pathway. J Physiol 2024; 602:3207-3224. [PMID: 38367250 DOI: 10.1113/jp284233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of urinary calcium counteract vasopressin action via the activation of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) expressed in the luminal membrane of the collecting duct cells, which impairs the trafficking of aquaporin-2 (AQP2). In line with these findings, we provide evidence that, with respect to wild-type mice, CaSR knock-in (KI) mice mimicking autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, display a significant decrease in the total content of AQP2 associated with significantly higher levels of AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser261, a phosphorylation site involved in AQP2 degradation. Interestingly, KI mice also had significantly higher levels of phosphorylated p38MAPK, a downstream effector of CaSR and known to phosphorylate AQP2 at Ser261. Moreover, ATF1 phosphorylated at Ser63, a transcription factor downstream of p38MAPK, was significantly higher in KI. In addition, KI mice had significantly higher levels of AQP2-targeting miRNA137 consistent with a post-transcriptional downregulation of AQP2. In vivo treatment of KI mice with the calcilytic JTT-305, a CaSR antagonist, increased AQP2 expression and reduced AQP2-targeting miRNA137 levels in KI mice. Together, these results provide direct evidence for a critical role of CaSR in impairing both short-term vasopressin response by increasing AQP2-pS261, as well as AQP2 abundance, via the p38MAPK-ATF1-miR137 pathway. KEY POINTS: Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) activating mutations are the main cause of autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH) characterized by inappropriate renal calcium excretion leading to hypocalcaemia and hypercalciuria. Current treatments of ADH patients with parathyroid hormone, although improving hypocalcaemia, do not improve hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis. In vivo treatment with calcilytic JTT-305/MK-5442 ameliorates most of the ADH phenotypes of the CaSR knock-in mice including hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis and reverses the downregulation of the vasopressin-sensitive aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression, providing direct evidence for a critical role of CaSR in impairing vasopressin response. The beneficial effect of calcilytic in reducing the risk of renal calcification may occur in a parathyroid hormone-independent action through vasopressin-dependent inhibition of cAMP synthesis in the thick ascending limb and in the collecting duct. The amelioration of most of the abnormalities in calcium metabolism including hypercalciuria, renal calcification, and AQP2-mediated osmotic water reabsorption makes calcilytic a good candidate as a novel therapeutic agent for ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Ines Angelini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | | | - Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Venneri
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SPA SB IRCCS, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Ferrulli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Mastrodonato
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Itsuro Endo
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
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2
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Centeno PP, Binmahfouz LS, Alghamdi K, Ward DT. Inhibition of the calcium-sensing receptor by extracellular phosphate ions and by intracellular phosphorylation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1154374. [PMID: 37064904 PMCID: PMC10102455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1154374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As both a sensor of extracellular calcium (Ca2+o) concentration and a key controller of Ca2+o homeostasis, one of the most interesting properties of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is its sensitivity to, and modulation by, ions and small ligands other than Ca2+. There is emerging evidence that extracellular phosphate can act as a partial, non-competitive CaR antagonist to modulate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, thus permitting the CaR to integrate mineral homeostasis more broadly. Interestingly, phosphorylation of certain intracellular CaR residues can also inhibit CaR responsiveness. Thus, negatively charged phosphate can decrease CaR activity both extracellularly (via association with arginine) and intracellularly (via covalent phosphorylation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P. Centeno
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lenah S. Binmahfouz
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaleda Alghamdi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald T. Ward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Donald T. Ward,
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Oral expressions and functional analyses of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in chicken. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17762. [PMID: 36273034 PMCID: PMC9588031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a key role in calcium homeostasis by sensing slight changes in extracellular Ca2+. CaSR is also expressed in mammals including rodent taste cells and is involved in sensing kokumi, a rich, savory quality that enhances the intensities of salty, sweet, and umami tastes. In this study, we focused on chicken CaSR (cCaSR) since calcium is an essential nutrient that is necessary for making eggshell and for the extremely rapid initial growth of bones. First we confirmed that cCaSR is expressed in taste cells. Next we cloned the cCaSR gene from kidney and transiently transfected human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells with the recombinant cCaSR, or empty vector and looked for the agonists and allosteric modulators (including kokumi substances) of cCaSR by Ca2+ imaging. We found that cCaSR was activated by extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ in a dose dependent manner. Several L-amino acids and kokumi substances such as glutathione enhanced the response of cCaSR. In addition, NPS2143 as a negative allosteric modulator of human CaSR negatively modulated the response of cCaSR. These results suggest that cCaSR can sense extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ as well as positive and negative allosteric modulators. Taken together, the results imply that CaSR might be a multifunctional receptor for calcium, amino acids, and kokumi substances in chicken. The present finding that functional CaSR is expressed in the chicken oral tissues will allow us to further elucidate the physiological role of CaSR in the chickens' taste sense, and to create new feeds that will contribute to the poultry industry.
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Hui Q, Zhao X, O K, Yang C. Effects of l-Tryptophan and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol on Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from the Compact Bones of Broilers and Layers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10476-10489. [PMID: 35993842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poultry is vulnerable to bone problems throughout their lives or production period due to rapid growth in broilers and the active laying cycle in layers. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is important in calcium and bone metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the CaSR ligand (l-Trp) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25OHD3) on the regulation of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of chicken mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the compact bones of 14-day-old Ross 308 chickens and Dekalb pullets, which can provide cell-based evidence for the prevention or alleviation of skeletal disorders in the poultry industry. First, the dose- (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mM) and time-effects (0, 7, and 14 days) of l-Trp on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in chicken MSCs were investigated. The 5 mM l-Trp had a balanced effect between proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in broiler and layer MSCs when differentiated for 7 days. The broiler and layer MSCs were then treated with (1) osteogenic medium, osteogenic medium supplemented with (2) 1 nM 1,25OHD3, (3) 2.5 mM Ca2+, (4) 2.5 mM Ca2+ + 5 mM l-Trp and (5) 2.5 mM Ca2+ + 5 mM l-Trp + 1 μM NPS-2143, separately for 7 days. Results showed that the 5 mM l-Trp significantly inhibited the proliferation of broiler and layer MSCs on day 7 (P < 0.05), but 1 nM 1,25OHD3 significantly promoted the proliferation of layer MSCs (P < 0.05). Only the 2.5 mM Ca2+ + 5 mM l-Trp group significantly increased the mineralization process during osteogenic differentiation (P < 0.05), and this treatment also significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), β-catenin, and osteogenesis genes in broiler MSCs (P < 0.05). The osteogenic differentiation process in layer MSCs was faster than that in broiler MSCs. In layer MSCs, Ca2+ alone significantly facilitated mineralization and ALP activity after 7-day osteogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). However, the 5 mM l-Trp significantly inhibited the differentiation and mineralization process by downregulating the mRNA expression of CaSR, VDR, β-catenin, and osteogenic genes (P < 0.05) in layer MSCs. Taken together, l-Trp and 1,25OHD3 can regulate proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in both broiler and layer MSCs depending on the dose, treatment time, and cell proliferation and differentiation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Hui
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Cherkashin AP, Rogachevskaja OA, Kabanova NV, Kotova PD, Bystrova MF, Kolesnikov SS. Taste Cells of the Type III Employ CASR to Maintain Steady Serotonin Exocytosis at Variable Ca 2+ in the Extracellular Medium. Cells 2022; 11:1369. [PMID: 35456048 PMCID: PMC9030112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III taste cells are the only taste bud cells which express voltage-gated (VG) Ca2+ channels and employ Ca2+-dependent exocytosis to release neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin. The taste bud is a tightly packed cell population, wherein extracellular Ca2+ is expected to fluctuate markedly due to the electrical activity of taste cells. It is currently unclear whether the Ca2+ entry-driven synapse in type III cells could be reliable enough at unsteady extracellular Ca2. Here we assayed depolarization-induced Ca2+ signals and associated serotonin release in isolated type III cells at varied extracellular Ca2+. It turned out that the same depolarizing stimulus elicited invariant Ca2+ signals in type III cells irrespective of bath Ca2+ varied within 0.5-5 mM. The serotonin release from type III cells was assayed with the biosensor approach by using HEK-293 cells co-expressing the recombinant 5-HT4 receptor and genetically encoded cAMP sensor Pink Flamindo. Consistently with the weak Ca2+ dependence of intracellular Ca2+ transients produced by VG Ca2+ entry, depolarization-triggered serotonin secretion varied negligibly with bath Ca2+. The evidence implicated the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor in mediating the negative feedback mechanism that regulates VG Ca2+ entry and levels off serotonin release in type III cells at deviating Ca2+ in the extracellular medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stanislav S. Kolesnikov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (A.P.C.); (O.A.R.); (N.V.K.); (P.D.K.); (M.F.B.)
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Goralski T, Ram JL. Extracellular Calcium Receptor as a Target for Glutathione and Its Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020717. [PMID: 35054903 PMCID: PMC8776003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) can modulate the function of the extracellular calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). The CaSR has a binding pocket in the extracellular domain of CaSR large enough to bind either GSH or GSSG, as well as the naturally occurring oxidized derivative L-cysteine glutathione disulfide (CySSG) and the compound cysteinyl glutathione (CysGSH). Modeling the binding energies (ΔG) of CySSG and CysGSH to CaSR reveals that both cysteine derivatives may have greater affinities for CaSR than either GSH or GSSG. GSH, CySSG, and GSSG are found in circulation in mammals and, among the three, CySSG is more affected by HIV/AIDs and aging than either GSH or GSSG. The beta-carbon linkage of cysteine in CysGSH may model a new class of calcimimetics, exemplified by etelcalcetide. Circulating glutathionergic compounds, particularly CySSG, may mediate calcium-regulatory responses via receptor-binding to CaSR in a variety of organs, including parathyroids, kidneys, and bones. Receptor-mediated actions of glutathionergics may thus complement their roles in redox regulation and detoxification. The glutathionergic binding site(s) on CaSR are suggested to be a target for development of drugs that can be used in treating kidney and other diseases whose mechanisms involve CaSR dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Goralski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Ram
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-200-9431
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Wen T, Wang Z, Chen X, Ren Y, Lu X, Xing Y, Lu J, Chang S, Zhang X, Shen Y, Yang X. Structural basis for activation and allosteric modulation of full-length calcium-sensing receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabg1483. [PMID: 34088669 PMCID: PMC8177707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone secretion. Here, we present multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length CaSR in distinct ligand-bound states. Ligands (Ca2+ and l-tryptophan) bind to the extracellular domain of CaSR and induce large-scale conformational changes, leading to the closure of two heptahelical transmembrane domains (7TMDs) for activation. The positive modulator (evocalcet) and the negative allosteric modulator (NPS-2143) occupy the similar binding pocket in 7TMD. The binding of NPS-2143 causes a considerable rearrangement of two 7TMDs, forming an inactivated TM6/TM6 interface. Moreover, a total of 305 disease-causing missense mutations of CaSR have been mapped to the structure in the active state, creating hotspot maps of five clinical endocrine disorders. Our results provide a structural framework for understanding the activation, allosteric modulation mechanism, and disease therapy for class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaozhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuhang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yangfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shenghai Chang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Hayashi N, Imanishi Y, Hirakawa T, Kobayashi I, Tateishi T, Miyaoka D, Nagata Y, Mori K, Morioka T, Inoue A, Harada K, Inaba M, Emoto M. Etelcalcetide decreases the PTH-calcium setpoint without changing maximum and minimum PTH secretion in mice with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:430-438. [PMID: 33196900 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Etelcalcetide binds to the extracellular domain of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), while cinacalcet binds to the 7-transmembrane domain of the CaSR; however, it is unknown, whether etelcalcetide has similar effects to cinacalcet on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PTH-calcium setpoint and maximum and minimum PTH secretion were determined using an 'in vivo setpoint analyses.' The PTH-calcium setpoint was obtained in a mouse model of primary hyperparathyroidism (PC) and wild-type (WT) mice, with PC mice divided into two groups. The setpoint was obtained after 7 days of etelcalcetide (3.0 mg/kg BW/day) or vehicle administration via anosmotic pump. After 7 days of crossover administration, the setpoint was obtained again. Parathyroid glands were obtained after crossover administration, and CaSR expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Etelcalcetide administration significantly decreased the setpoint from 9.03 ± 0.56 mg/dL to 6.80 ± 0.28 mg/dL, which was restored to 8.81 ± 0.38 mg/dL after vehicle administration. In the second group of mice, vehicle administration did not alter the setpoint (8.84 ± 0.69 mg/dL to 8.98 ± 0.63 mg/dL), but subsequent etelcalcetide administration significantly decreased it to 7.10 ± 0.72 mg/dL. There was no significant change in maximum and minimum PTH secretion. Expression levels of parathyroid CaSR were lower in PC mice than in WT mice; however, no significant differences were observed between the two mouse groups. CONCLUSION Etelcalcetide decreased the PTH-calcium setpoint without changing maximum and minimum PTH secretion in PC mice, suggesting that like cinacalcet, etelcalcetide has calcimimetic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuo Imanishi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomoe Hirakawa
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ikue Kobayashi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tateishi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Miyaoka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Atsuto Inoue
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutsune Harada
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Boisen IM, Rehfeld A, Mos I, Poulsen NN, Nielsen JE, Schwarz P, Rejnmark L, Dissing S, Bach-Mortensen P, Juul A, Bräuner-Osborne H, Lanske B, Blomberg Jensen M. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Is Essential for Calcium and Bicarbonate Sensitivity in Human Spermatozoa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1775-e1792. [PMID: 33340048 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is essential to maintain a stable calcium concentration in serum. Spermatozoa are exposed to immense changes in concentrations of CaSR ligands such as calcium, magnesium, and spermine during epididymal maturation, in the ejaculate, and in the female reproductive environment. However, the role of CaSR in human spermatozoa is unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to investigate the role of CaSR in human spermatozoa. METHODS We identified CaSR in human spermatozoa and characterized the response to CaSR agonists on intracellular calcium, acrosome reaction, and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in spermatozoa from men with either loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations in CASR and healthy donors. RESULTS CaSR is expressed in human spermatozoa and is essential for sensing extracellular free ionized calcium (Ca2+) and Mg2+. Activators of CaSR augmented the effect of sperm-activating signals such as the response to HCO3- and the acrosome reaction, whereas spermatozoa from men with a loss-of-function mutation in CASR had a diminished response to HCO3-, lower progesterone-mediated calcium influx, and were less likely to undergo the acrosome reaction in response to progesterone or Ca2+. CaSR activation increased cAMP through soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) activity and increased calcium influx through CatSper. Moreover, external Ca2+ or Mg2+ was indispensable for HCO3- activation of sAC. Two male patients with a CASR loss-of-function mutation in exon 3 presented with normal sperm counts and motility, whereas a patient with a loss-of-function mutation in exon 7 had low sperm count, motility, and morphology. CONCLUSION CaSR is important for the sensing of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- in spermatozoa, and loss-of-function may impair male sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Marie Boisen
- Group of Skeletal, Mineral, and Gonadal Endocrinology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Harvard School of Dental Medicine/Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anders Rehfeld
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iris Mos
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadia Nicholine Poulsen
- Group of Skeletal, Mineral, and Gonadal Endocrinology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Erik Nielsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schwarz
- Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Dissing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beate Lanske
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Harvard School of Dental Medicine/Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- Group of Skeletal, Mineral, and Gonadal Endocrinology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Harvard School of Dental Medicine/Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Diao J, DeBono A, Josephs TM, Bourke JE, Capuano B, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Therapeutic Opportunities of Targeting Allosteric Binding Sites on the Calcium-Sensing Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:666-679. [PMID: 33860192 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CaSR is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts as a multimodal chemosensor to maintain diverse homeostatic functions. The CaSR is a clinical therapeutic target in hyperparathyroidism and has emerged as a putative target in several other diseases. These include hyper- and hypocalcaemia caused either by mutations in the CASR gene or in genes that regulate CaSR signaling and expression, and more recently in asthma. The development of CaSR-targeting drugs is complicated by the fact that the CaSR possesses many different binding sites for endogenous and exogenous agonists and allosteric modulators. Binding sites for endogenous and exogenous ligands are located throughout the large CaSR protein and are interconnected in ways that we do not yet fully understand. This review summarizes our current understanding of CaSR physiology, signaling, and structure and how the many different binding sites of the CaSR may be targeted to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Diao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aaron DeBono
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 9 Ancora Imparo Way, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Ahmad R, Dalziel JE. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587664. [PMID: 33390961 PMCID: PMC7774309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest receptor family in mammals and are responsible for the regulation of most physiological functions. Besides mediating the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision, GPCRs also transduce signals for three basic taste qualities of sweet, umami (savory taste), and bitter, as well as the flavor sensation kokumi. Taste GPCRs reside in specialised taste receptor cells (TRCs) within taste buds. Type I taste GPCRs (TAS1R) form heterodimeric complexes that function as sweet (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) or umami (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) taste receptors, whereas Type II are monomeric bitter taste receptors or kokumi/calcium-sensing receptors. Sweet, umami and kokumi receptors share structural similarities in containing multiple agonist binding sites with pronounced selectivity while most bitter receptors contain a single binding site that is broadly tuned to a diverse array of bitter ligands in a non-selective manner. Tastant binding to the receptor activates downstream secondary messenger pathways leading to depolarization and increased intracellular calcium in TRCs, that in turn innervate the gustatory cortex in the brain. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between agonist binding and the conformational changes required for receptor activation, several major challenges and questions remain in taste GPCR biology that are discussed in the present review. In recent years, intensive integrative approaches combining heterologous expression, mutagenesis and homology modeling have together provided insight regarding agonist binding site locations and molecular mechanisms of orthosteric and allosteric modulation. In addition, studies based on transgenic mice, utilizing either global or conditional knock out strategies have provided insights to taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms and their roles in physiology. However, the need for more functional studies in a physiological context is apparent and would be enhanced by a crystallized structure of taste receptors for a more complete picture of their pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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12
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Wang M, Xia F, Wei Y, Wei X. Molecular mechanisms and clinical management of cancer bone metastasis. Bone Res 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32793401 PMCID: PMC7391760 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common metastatic sites of malignancies, bone has a unique microenvironment that allows metastatic tumor cells to grow and flourish. The fenestrated capillaries in the bone, bone matrix, and bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, together maintain the homeostasis of the bone microenvironment. In contrast, tumor-derived factors act on bone components, leading to subsequent bone resorption or excessive bone formation. The various pathways involved also provide multiple targets for therapeutic strategies against bone metastases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of bone metastases. Based on the general process of bone metastases, we specifically highlight the complex crosstalk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment and the current management of cancer bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Targets, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan P.R. China
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13
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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14
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Yuan H, Xu J, Zhu Y, Li L, Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhou B, Liu Y, Xu X, Wang Z. Activation of calcium‑sensing receptor‑mediated autophagy in high glucose‑induced cardiac fibrosis in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2021-2031. [PMID: 32705187 PMCID: PMC7411369 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a major complication of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) that is primarily caused by cardiac fibroblasts that are highly activated by persistent hyperglycemic stimulation, resulting in excessive collagen deposition. Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and regulates intracellular calcium concentrations, which are associated with numerous diseases, including myocardial infarction, tumors and pulmonary hypertension. However, whether CaSR participates in the pathological process of myocardial fibrosis in DCM remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism via which CaSR regulates high glucose (HG)-induced cardiac fibrosis in vitro. HG treated-cardiac fibroblast (CFs) were used and western blotting, immunoprecipitation, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, ELISA and transfection technology were performed to examine the role of CaSR. In the HG group, treatment with HG increased CaSR, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I/III and matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 expression and enhanced autophagosome generation and CF proliferation. Furthermore, CaSR activation upregulated the expression of Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2), which led to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, increased ubiquitination levels of SKI like proto-oncogene and Smad7 and autophagy activation. Furthermore, the CaSR agonist (R568) or the CaSR inhibitor (Calhex231) and Smurf2-small interfering RNA promoted or inhibited HG-induced alterations, including the enhanced and weakened effects, respectively. Taken together, the results from the present study suggested that increased CaSR expression in CFs activated the Smurf2-ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy, causing excessive CF proliferation and extensive collagen deposition, which resulted in HG-induced myocardial fibrosis. These findings indicated a novel pathogenesis of DCM and may provide a novel strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- Department of Medical Functional Experiment and Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Jiyu Xu
- Department of Medical Functional Experiment and Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Department of Medical Functional Experiment and Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Functional Experiment and Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Mudanjiang First People's Hospital, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Yaquan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yang Zhou Hong Quan Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Mudanjiang Cardiovascular Hospital, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Medical Functional Experiment and Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Xu
- Department of Medical Functional Experiment and Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- Department of Postgraduate Management, The First Clinical Medicine School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
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15
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Jmaeff S, Sidorova Y, Lippiatt H, Barcelona PF, Nedev H, Saragovi LM, Hancock MA, Saarma M, Saragovi HU. Small-Molecule Ligands that Bind the RET Receptor Activate Neuroprotective Signals Independent of but Modulated by Coreceptor GFR α1. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:1-12. [PMID: 32362584 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) binds the GFRα1 receptor, and the GDNF-GFRα1 complex binds to and activates the transmembrane RET tyrosine kinase to signal through intracellular Akt/Erk pathways. To dissect the GDNF-GFRα1-RET signaling complex, agents that bind and activate RET directly and independently of GFRα1 expression are valuable tools. In a focused naphthalenesulfonic acid library from the National Cancer Institute database, we identified small molecules that are genuine ligands binding to the RET extracellular domain. These ligands activate RET tyrosine kinase and afford trophic signals irrespective of GFRα1 coexpression. However, RET activation by these ligands is constrained by GFRα1, likely via an allosteric mechanism that can be overcome by increasing RET ligand concentration. In a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, monotherapy with a small-molecule RET agonist activates survival signals and reduces neuronal death significantly better than GDNF, suggesting therapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A genuine ligand of RET receptor ectodomain was identified, which acts as an agonist. Binding and agonism are independent of a coreceptor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α, which is required by the natural growth factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and are selective for cells expressing RET. The lead agent protects neurons from death in vivo. This work validates RET receptor as a druggable therapeutic target and provides for potential leads to evaluate in neurodegenerative states. We also report problems that arise when screening chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Yulia Sidorova
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Hayley Lippiatt
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Pablo F Barcelona
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Hinyu Nedev
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Lucia M Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Mark A Hancock
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - Mart Saarma
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital (S.J., H.L., P.F.B., H.N., L.M.S., H.U.S.), Pharmacology and Therapeutics (S.J., H.U.S.), and SPR-MS Facility (M.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Y.S., M.S.)
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16
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Arsova A, Møller TC, Vedel L, Hansen JL, Foster SR, Gregory KJ, Bräuner-Osborne H. Detailed In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Clinically Tested Negative Allosteric Modulators of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:49-60. [PMID: 32358164 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor has emerged as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurologic disorders. Despite the success in preclinical studies, many mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) that have reached clinical trials failed due to lack of efficacy. In this study, we provide a detailed in vitro pharmacological characterization of nine clinically and preclinically tested NAMs. We evaluated inhibition of l-glutamate-induced signaling with Ca2+ mobilization, inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and real-time receptor internalization assays on rat mGlu5 expressed in HEK293A cells. Moreover, we determined association rates (kon) and dissociation rates (koff), as well as NAM affinities with [3H]methoxy-PEPy binding experiments. kon and koff values varied greatly between the nine NAMs (34- and 139-fold, respectively) resulting in long receptor residence times (>400 min) for basimglurant and mavoglurant, medium residence times (10-30 min) for AZD2066, remeglurant, and (RS)-remeglurant, and low residence times (<10 mins) for dipraglurant, F169521, F1699611, and STX107. We found that all NAMs inhibited l-glutamate-induced mGlu5 receptor internalization, generally with a similar potency to IP1 accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas Ca2+ mobilization was less potently inhibited. Operational model of allosterism analyses revealed that dipraglurant and (RS)-remeglurant were biased toward (affinity) receptor internalization and away (cooperativity) from the ERK1/2 phosphorylation pathway, respectively. Our study is the first to measure mGlu5 NAM binding kinetics and negative allosteric modulation of mGlu5 receptor internalization and adds significant new knowledge about the molecular pharmacology of a diverse range of clinically relevant NAMs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor is important in many brain functions and implicated in several neurological pathologies. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have shown promising results in preclinical models but have so far failed in human clinical trials. Here we provide the most comprehensive and comparative molecular pharmacological study to date of nine preclinically/clinically tested NAMs at the mGlu5 receptor, which is also the first study to measure ligand binding kinetics and negative allosteric modulation of mGlu5 receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arsova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Line Vedel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Jakob Lerche Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A., T.C.M., L.V., S.R.F., H.B.-O.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.); and Cardiovascular Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.L.H.)
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17
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Josephs TM, Keller AN, Khajehali E, DeBono A, Langmead CJ, Conigrave AD, Capuano B, Kufareva I, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Negative allosteric modulators of the human calcium-sensing receptor bind to overlapping and distinct sites within the 7-transmembrane domain. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1917-1930. [PMID: 31881094 PMCID: PMC7070164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) that target the calcium-sensing receptor (CaS receptor) were originally developed for the treatment of osteoporosis by stimulating the release of endogenous parathyroid hormone, but failed in human clinical trials. Several chemically and structurally distinct NAM scaffolds have been described, but it is not known how these different scaffolds interact with the CaS receptor to inhibit receptor signalling in response to agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In the present study, we used a mutagenesis approach combined with analytical pharmacology and computational modelling to probe the binding sites of four distinct NAM scaffolds. KEY RESULTS Although all four scaffolds bind to the 7-transmembrane and/or extracellular or intracellular loops, they occupy distinct regions, as previously shown for positive allosteric modulators of the CaS receptor. Furthermore, different NAM scaffolds mediate negative allosteric modulation via distinct amino acid networks. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings aid our understanding of how different NAMs bind to and inhibit the CaS receptor. Elucidation of allosteric binding sites in the CaS receptor has implications for the discovery of novel allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M. Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Andrew N. Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Aaron DeBono
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Arthur D. Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVICAustralia
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18
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Dal Prà I, Armato U, Chiarini A. Family C G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Implications. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1282. [PMID: 31719824 PMCID: PMC6826475 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly its sporadic or late-onset form (SAD/LOAD), is the most prevalent (96–98% of cases) neurodegenerative dementia in aged people. AD’s neuropathology hallmarks are intrabrain accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and of hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) proteins, diffuse neuroinflammation, and progressive death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Mounting evidences suggest that family C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which include γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors (GABABRs), metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1-8), and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), are involved in many neurotransmitter systems that dysfunction in AD. This review updates the available knowledge about the roles of GPCRs, particularly but not exclusively those expressed by brain astrocytes, in SAD/LOAD onset and progression, taking stock of their respective mechanisms of action and of their potential as anti-AD therapeutic targets. In particular, GABABRs prevent Aβs synthesis and neuronal hyperexcitability and group I mGluRs play important pathogenetic roles in transgenic AD-model animals. Moreover, the specific binding of Aβs to the CaSRs of human cortical astrocytes and neurons cultured in vitro engenders a pathological signaling that crucially promotes the surplus synthesis and release of Aβs and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins, and also of nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and proinflammatory agents. Concurrently, Aβs•CaSR signaling hinders the release of soluble (s)APP-α peptide, a neurotrophic agent and GABABR1a agonist. Altogether these effects progressively kill human cortical neurons in vitro and likely also in vivo. Several CaSR’s negative allosteric modulators suppress all the noxious effects elicited by Aβs•CaSR signaling in human cortical astrocytes and neurons thus safeguarding neurons’ viability in vitro and raising hopes about their potential therapeutic benefits in AD patients. Further basic and clinical investigations on these hot topics are needed taking always heed that activation of the several brain family C GPCRs may elicit divergent upshots according to the models studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
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19
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Mos I, Jacobsen SE, Foster SR, Bräuner-Osborne H. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Internalization Isβ-Arrestin–Dependent and Modulated by Allosteric Ligands. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:463-474. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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20
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Extracellular Ca 2+ promotes nitric oxide production via Ca 2+-sensing receptor-G q/11 protein-endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling in human vascular endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 143:315-319. [PMID: 32505644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the possible involvement of Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) in nitric oxide (NO) production in human vascular endothelial cells. Extracellular Ca2+ elevated the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation level, and NO release from the cells. These responses were inhibited by a CaSR antagonist and a Gq/11 protein inhibitor. Application of an endothelial cell suspension induced vasorelaxation in isolated rat thoracic aorta precontracted by phenylephrine. Adding an NO scavenger to the organ bath abolished this vasorelaxation response. These results suggest that extracellular Ca2+ promotes NO generation via CaSR- and Gq/11 protein-mediated eNOS activation.
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21
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Makita N, Ando T, Sato J, Manaka K, Mitani K, Kikuchi Y, Niwa T, Ootaki M, Takeba Y, Matsumoto N, Kawakami A, Ogawa T, Nangaku M, Iiri T. Cinacalcet corrects biased allosteric modulation of CaSR by AHH autoantibody. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126449. [PMID: 30996138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism is a paradigm that may explain the selective activation of a signaling pathway via a GPCR that activates multiple signals. The autoantibody-induced inactivation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) causes acquired hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (AHH). Here, we describe an instructive case of AHH in which severe hypercalcemia was accompanied by an increased CaSR antibody titer. These autoantibodies operated as biased allosteric modulators of CaSR by targeting its Venus flytrap domain near the Ca2+-binding site. A positive allosteric modulator of CaSR, cinacalcet, which targets its transmembrane domain, overcame this autoantibody effect and successfully corrected the hypercalcemia in this patient. Hence, this is the first study to our knowledge that identifies the interaction site of a disease-causing GPCR autoantibody working as its biased allosteric modulator and demonstrates that cinacalcet can correct the AHH autoantibody effects both in vitro and in our AHH patient. Our observations provide potentially new insights into how biased agonism works and how to design a biased allosteric modulator of a GPCR. Our observations also indicate that the diagnosis of AHH is important because the severity of hypercalcemia may become fatal if the autoantibody titer increases. Calcimimetics may serve as good treatment options for some patients with severe AHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Makita
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Ando
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagasaki Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junichiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Manaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Mitani
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kikuchi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Niwa
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ootaki
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeba
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagasaki Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ogawa
- Breast Center, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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22
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Dhanasekaran S, Kannaujiya VK, Biswas RG, Singh VK. Enantioselective A3-Coupling Reaction Employing Chiral CuI-iPrpyboxdiPh/N-Boc-(l)-Proline Complex under Cooperative Catalysis: Application in the Synthesis of (Indol-2-yl)methanamines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3275-3292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankaran Dhanasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Vinod. K. Kannaujiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rayhan G. Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Vinod K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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23
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Gregory K, Kufareva I, Keller AN, Khajehali E, Mun HC, Goolam MA, Mason RS, Capuano B, Conigrave AD, Christopoulos A, Leach K. Dual Action Calcium-Sensing Receptor Modulator Unmasks Novel Mode-Switching Mechanism. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:96-109. [PMID: 32219206 PMCID: PMC7089027 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have previously failed to show efficacy in human osteoporosis clinical trials, but there is now significant interest in repurposing these drugs for hypocalcemic disorders and inflammatory lung diseases. However, little is known about how CaSR NAMs inhibit the response to endogenous activators. An improved understanding of CaSR negative allosteric modulation may afford the opportunity to develop therapeutically superior CaSR-targeting drugs. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanistic and structural basis of allosteric modulation mediated by the previously reported NAM, calhex231, we herein demonstrate that calhex231 actually potentiates or inhibits the activity of multiple CaSR agonists depending on whether it occupies one or both protomers in a CaSR dimer. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of mode-switching at a Class C G protein-coupled receptor that has implications for drug discovery and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen
J. Gregory
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, California MC 0747, United States
| | - Andrew N. Keller
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hee-Chang Mun
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mahvash A. Goolam
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur D. Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Physiology and
Bosch Institute, Building F13, University
of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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24
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Hannan FM, Olesen MK, Thakker RV. Calcimimetic and calcilytic therapies for inherited disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4083-4094. [PMID: 29127708 PMCID: PMC6177618 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaS receptor) plays a pivotal role in extracellular calcium homeostasis, and germline loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH), respectively. CaS receptor signal transduction in the parathyroid glands is probably regulated by G-protein subunit α11 (Gα11 ) and adaptor-related protein complex-2 σ-subunit (AP2σ), and recent studies have identified germline mutations of these proteins as a cause of FHH and/or ADH. Calcimimetics and calcilytics are positive and negative allosteric modulators of the CaS receptor that have potential efficacy for symptomatic forms of FHH and ADH. Cellular studies have demonstrated that these compounds correct signalling and/or trafficking defects caused by mutant CaS receptor, Gα11 or AP2σ proteins. Moreover, mouse model studies indicate that calcilytics can rectify the hypocalcaemia and hypercalciuria associated with ADH, and patient-based studies reveal calcimimetics to ameliorate symptomatic hypercalcaemia caused by FHH. Thus, calcimimetics and calcilytics represent targeted therapies for inherited disorders of the CaS receptor signalling pathway. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mie K Olesen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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25
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Chauhan J, Luthra T, Sen S. Iodine-Catalyzed Metal-Free Oxidative Ring Opening of 1-Aryltetrahydro-β-carbolines: Facile Synthesis of C-2 Aroyl and Aryl Methanimino Indole Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry; School of Natural Sciences; Shiv Nadar University; 201314 Chithera, Dadri Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Tania Luthra
- Department of Chemistry; School of Natural Sciences; Shiv Nadar University; 201314 Chithera, Dadri Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry; School of Natural Sciences; Shiv Nadar University; 201314 Chithera, Dadri Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh India
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26
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Gorvin CM. Insights into calcium-sensing receptor trafficking and biased signalling by studies of calcium homeostasis. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R1-R12. [PMID: 29599414 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is a class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that detects extracellular calcium concentrations, and modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and urinary calcium excretion to maintain calcium homeostasis. The CASR utilises multiple heterotrimeric G-proteins to mediate signalling effects including activation of intracellular calcium release; mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways; membrane ruffling; and inhibition of cAMP production. By studying germline mutations in the CASR and proteins within its signalling pathway that cause hyper- and hypocalcaemic disorders, novel mechanisms governing GPCR signalling and trafficking have been elucidated. This review focusses on two recently described pathways that provide novel insights into CASR signalling and trafficking mechanisms. The first, identified by studying a CASR gain-of-function mutation that causes autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH), demonstrated a structural motif located between the third transmembrane domain and the second extracellular loop of the CASR that mediates biased signalling by activating a novel β-arrestin-mediated G-protein-independent pathway. The second, in which the mechanism by which adaptor protein-2 σ-subunit (AP2σ) mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) was investigated, demonstrated that AP2σ mutations impair CASR internalisation and reduce multiple CASR-mediated signalling pathways. Furthermore, these studies showed that the CASR can signal from the cell surface using multiple G-protein pathways, whilst sustained signalling is mediated only by the Gq/11 pathway. Thus, studies of FHH- and ADH-associated mutations have revealed novel steps by which CASR mediates signalling and compartmental bias, and these pathways could provide new targets for therapies for patients with calcaemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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27
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Jain RA, Wolman MA, Marsden KC, Nelson JC, Shoenhard H, Echeverry FA, Szi C, Bell H, Skinner J, Cobbs EN, Sawada K, Zamora AD, Pereda AE, Granato M. A Forward Genetic Screen in Zebrafish Identifies the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor CaSR as a Modulator of Sensorimotor Decision Making. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1357-1369.e5. [PMID: 29681477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animals continuously integrate sensory information and select contextually appropriate responses. Here, we show that zebrafish larvae select a behavioral response to acoustic stimuli from a pre-existing choice repertoire in a context-dependent manner. We demonstrate that this sensorimotor choice is modulated by stimulus quality and history, as well as by neuromodulatory systems-all hallmarks of more complex decision making. Moreover, from a genetic screen coupled with whole-genome sequencing, we identified eight mutants with deficits in this sensorimotor choice, including mutants of the vertebrate-specific G-protein-coupled extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), whose function in the nervous system is not well understood. We demonstrate that CaSR promotes sensorimotor decision making acutely through Gαi/o and Gαq/11 signaling, modulated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Combined, our results identify the first set of genes critical for behavioral choice modulation in a vertebrate and reveal an unexpected critical role for CaSR in sensorimotor decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan A Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA.
| | - Marc A Wolman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kurt C Marsden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica C Nelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hannah Shoenhard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabio A Echeverry
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Christina Szi
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Hannah Bell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julianne Skinner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emilia N Cobbs
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Keisuke Sawada
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Amy D Zamora
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Alberto E Pereda
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Keller AN, Kufareva I, Josephs TM, Diao J, Mai VT, Conigrave AD, Christopoulos A, Gregory KJ, Leach K. Identification of Global and Ligand-Specific Calcium Sensing Receptor Activation Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:619-630. [PMID: 29636377 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) are therapeutically important. However, few are approved for clinical use, in part due to complexities in assessing allostery at a receptor where the endogenous agonist (extracellular calcium) is present in all biologic fluids. Such complexity impedes efforts to quantify and optimize allosteric drug parameters (affinity, cooperativity, and efficacy) that dictate PAM structure-activity relationships (SARs). Furthermore, an underappreciation of the structural mechanisms underlying CaSR activation hinders predictions of how PAM SAR relates to in vitro and in vivo activity. Herein, we combined site-directed mutagenesis and calcium mobilization assays with analytical pharmacology to compare modes of PAM binding, positive modulation, and agonism. We demonstrate that 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-((1R)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-1-propanamine (NPS R568) binds to a 7 transmembrane domain (7TM) cavity common to class C G protein-coupled receptors and used by (αR)-(-)-α-methyl-N-[3-[3-[trifluoromethylphenyl]propyl]-1-napthalenemethanamine (cinacalcet) and 1-benzothiazol-2-yl-1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanol (AC265347); however, there are subtle distinctions in the contribution of select residues to the binding and transmission of cooperativity by PAMs. Furthermore, we reveal some common activation mechanisms used by different CaSR activators, but also demonstrate some differential contributions of residues within the 7TM bundle and extracellular loops to the efficacy of the PAM-agonist, AC265347, versus cooperativity. Finally, we show that PAMS potentiate the affinity of divalent cations. Our results support the existence of both global and ligand-specific CaSR activation mechanisms and reveal that allosteric agonism is mediated in part via distinct mechanisms to positive modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Jiayin Diao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Vyvyan T Mai
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.N.K., T.M.J., J.D., V.T.M., A.C., K.J.G., K.L.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California (I.K.); and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.D.C.)
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29
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Nemeth EF, Van Wagenen BC, Balandrin MF. Discovery and Development of Calcimimetic and Calcilytic Compounds. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 57:1-86. [PMID: 29680147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium receptor (CaR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the pivotal molecule regulating systemic Ca2+ homeostasis. The CaR was a challenging target for drug discovery because its physiological ligand is an inorganic ion (Ca2+) rather than a molecule so there was no structural template to guide medicinal chemistry. Nonetheless, small molecules targeting this receptor were discovered. Calcimimetics are agonists or positive allosteric modulators of the CaR, while calcilytics are antagonists and all to date are negative allosteric modulators. The calcimimetic cinacalcet was the first allosteric modulator of a GPCR to achieve regulatory approval and is a first-in-class treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on dialysis, and for hypercalcemia in some forms of primary hyperparathyroidism. It is also useful in treating some rare genetic diseases that cause hypercalcemia. Two other calcimimetics are now on the market (etelcalcetide) or under regulatory review (evocalcet). Calcilytics stimulate the secretion of parathyroid hormone and were initially developed as treatments for osteoporosis. Three different calcilytics of two different chemotypes failed in clinical trials due to lack of efficacy. Calcilytics are now being repurposed and might be useful in treating hypoparathyroidism and several rare genetic diseases causing hypocalcemia. The challenges ahead for medicinal chemists are to design compounds that select conformations of the CaR that preferentially target a particular signalling pathway and/or that affect the CaR in a tissue-selective manner.
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30
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Walker RW, Zhang S, Coleman-Barnett JA, Hamm LL, Hering-Smith KS. Calcium receptor signaling and citrate transport. Urolithiasis 2018; 46:409-418. [PMID: 29383416 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in the distal nephron decreases the propensity for calcium stones. Here we investigate if the apical CaSR in the proximal tubule also prevents stone formation acting via regulation of apical dicarboxylate and citrate transport. Urinary citrate, partially reabsorbed as a dicarboxylate in the proximal tubule lumen, inhibits stone formation by complexing calcium. We previously demonstrated a novel apical calcium-sensitive dicarboxylate transport system in OK proximal tubule cells. This calcium-sensitive process has the potential to modulate the amount of citrate available to complex increased urinary calcium. Using isotope labeled succinate uptake in OK cells along with various pharmacologic tools we examined whether the CaSR alters apical dicarboxylate transport and through which signal transduction pathways this occurs. Our results indicate that in the proximal tubule CaSR adjusts apical dicarboxylate transport, and does so via a CaSR → Gq → PKC signaling pathway. Thus, the CaSR may decrease the propensity for stone formation via actions in both proximal and distal nephron segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Walker
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Shijia Zhang
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joycelynn A Coleman-Barnett
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - L Lee Hamm
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Kathleen S Hering-Smith
- Nephrology and Hypertension 8545, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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31
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Investigating the molecular mechanism of positive and negative allosteric modulators in the calcium-sensing receptor dimer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46355. [PMID: 28417952 PMCID: PMC5394417 DOI: 10.1038/srep46355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators that are targeting the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) hold great therapeutic potential, and elucidating the molecular basis for modulation would thus benefit the development of novel therapeutics. In the present study, we aimed at investigating the mechanism of allosteric modulation in CaSR by testing dimers carrying mutations in the allosteric site of one or both of the subunits. To ensure measurements on a well-defined dimer composition, we applied a trans-activation system in which only the specific heterodimer of two loss-of-function mutants responded to agonist. Although one of these mutants was potentiated by a positive allosteric modulator, we showed that receptor activity was further potentiated in a trans-activation heterodimer containing a single allosteric site, however only when the allosteric site was located in the subunit responsible for G protein coupling. On the contrary, preventing activation in both subunits was necessary for obtaining full inhibition by a negative allosteric modulator. These findings correlate with the proposed activation mechanism of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), in which only a single transmembrane domain is activated at a time. CaSR and mGluRs belong to the class C G protein-coupled receptors, and our findings thus suggest that the activation mechanism is common to this subfamily.
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32
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Debnath S, Malakar S, Mondal S. Synthesis of Indole-2-methylsulfonamides by Domino Sonogashira Coupling and Hydroamination Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Debnath
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
- Department of Chemistry; Visva-Bharati University; Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Suniti Malakar
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
- Department of Chemistry; Visva-Bharati University; Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
- Department of Chemistry; Visva-Bharati University; Santiniketan 731235 India
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33
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Xiao R, Su Y, Feng T, Sun M, Liu B, Zhang J, Lu Y, Li J, Wang T, Zhu L, Hu Q. Monocrotaline Induces Endothelial Injury and Pulmonary Hypertension by Targeting the Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004865. [PMID: 28330842 PMCID: PMC5533002 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocrotaline has been widely used to establish an animal model of pulmonary hypertension. The molecular target underlying monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery endothelial injury and pulmonary hypertension remains unknown. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and particularly its extracellular domain hold the potential structural basis for monocrotaline to bind. This study aimed to reveal whether monocrotaline induces pulmonary hypertension by targeting the CaSR. METHODS AND RESULTS Nuclear magnetic resonance screening through WaterLOGSY (water ligand-observed gradient spectroscopy) and saturation transfer difference on protein preparation demonstrated the binding of monocrotaline to the CaSR. Immunocytochemical staining showed colocalization of monocrotaline with the CaSR in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Cellular thermal shift assay further verified the binding of monocrotaline to the CaSR in pulmonary arteries from monocrotaline-injected rats. Monocrotaline enhanced the assembly of CaSR, triggered the mobilization of calcium signaling, and damaged pulmonary artery endothelial cells in a CaSR-dependent manner. Finally, monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats was significantly attenuated or abolished by the inhibitor, the general or lung knockdown or knockout of CaSR. CONCLUSIONS Monocrotaline aggregates on and activates the CaSR of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to trigger endothelial damage and, ultimately, induces pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxiang Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yankai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansha Li
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China .,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China .,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
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Freyd T, Warszycki D, Mordalski S, Bojarski AJ, Sylte I, Gabrielsen M. Ligand-guided homology modelling of the GABAB2 subunit of the GABAB receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173889. [PMID: 28323850 PMCID: PMC5360267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and disturbances in the GABAergic system have been implicated in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. The GABAB receptor is a heterodimeric class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) consisting of GABAB1a/b and GABAB2 subunits. Two GABAB receptor ligand binding sites have been described, namely the orthosteric GABA binding site located in the extracellular GABAB1 Venus fly trap domain and the allosteric binding site found in the GABAB2 transmembrane domain. To date, the only experimentally solved three-dimensional structures of the GABAB receptor are of the Venus fly trap domain. GABAB receptor allosteric modulators, however, show great therapeutic potential, and elucidating the structure of the GABAB2 transmembrane domain may lead to development of novel drugs and increased understanding of the allosteric mechanism of action. Despite the lack of x-ray crystal structures of the GABAB2 transmembrane domain, multiple crystal structures belonging to other classes of GPCRs than class A have been released within the last years. More closely related template structures are now available for homology modelling of the GABAB receptor. Here, multiple homology models of the GABAB2 subunit of the GABAB receptor have been constructed using templates from class A, B and C GPCRs, and docking of five clusters of positive allosteric modulators and decoys has been undertaken to select models that enrich the active compounds. Using this ligand-guided approach, eight GABAB2 homology models have been chosen as possible structural representatives of the transmembrane domain of the GABAB2 subunit. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to describe homology modelling of the transmembrane domain of the GABAB2 subunit and the docking of positive allosteric modulators in the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Freyd
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dawid Warszycki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Mordalski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Mari Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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35
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Greenberg HZE, Jahan KS, Shi J, Vanessa Ho WS, Albert AP. The calcilytics Calhex-231 and NPS 2143 and the calcimimetic Calindol reduce vascular reactivity via inhibition of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:659-668. [PMID: 27725162 PMCID: PMC5127511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of commonly used negative and positive allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) on vascular reactivity. In wire myography studies, increasing [Ca2+]o from 1mM to 6mM induced concentration-dependent relaxations of methoxamine-induced pre-contracted rabbit mesenteric arteries, with 6mM [Ca2+]o producing almost complete relaxation. [Ca2+]o-induced relaxations were attenuated in the presence of the calcilytics Calhex-231 and NPS 2143, and abolished by the removal of the endothelium. In addition to their calcilytic effects, Calhex-231 and NPS 2143 also produced concentration-dependent inhibitions of methoxamine- or KCl-induced precontracted tone, which were unaffected by removal of the endothelium and unopposed in the presence of the calcimimetic Calindol. In vessels with depleted Ca2+ stores, contractions mediated by Ca2+ influx via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) were inhibited by Calhex231. In freshly isolated single rabbit mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells, Calhex-231 and NPS 2143 inhibited whole-cell VGCC currents. Application of Calindol also inhibited methoxamine- and KCl-induced pre-contracted tone, and inhibited whole-cell VGCC currents. In conclusion, in addition to their CaSR-mediated actions in the vasculature, Calhex-231, NPS 2143 and Calindol reduce vascular contractility via direct inhibition of VGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascu lar & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Kazi S Jahan
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascu lar & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Jian Shi
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascu lar & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - W-S Vanessa Ho
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascu lar & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Anthony P Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascu lar & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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37
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Mayr B, Schnabel D, Dörr HG, Schöfl C. GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Gain and loss of function mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor and associated proteins: current treatment concepts. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R189-208. [PMID: 26646938 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is the main calcium sensor in the maintenance of calcium metabolism. Mutations of the CASR, the G protein alpha 11 (GNA11) and the adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma 1 subunit (AP2S1) genes can shift the set point for calcium sensing causing hyper- or hypo-calcemic disorders. Therapeutic concepts for these rare diseases range from general therapies of hyper- and hypo-calcemic conditions to more pathophysiology oriented approaches such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) substitution and allosteric CASR modulators. Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic that enhances receptor function and has gained approval for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Calcilytics in turn attenuate CASR activity and are currently under investigation for the treatment of various diseases. We conducted a literature search for reports about treatment of patients harboring inactivating or activating CASR, GNA11 or AP2S1 mutants and about in vitro effects of allosteric CASR modulators on mutated CASR. The therapeutic concepts for patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), neonatal hyperparathyroidism (NHPT), neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) are reviewed. FHH is usually benign, but symptomatic patients benefit from cinacalcet. In NSHPT patients pamidronate effectively lowers serum calcium, but most patients require parathyroidectomy. In some patients cinacalcet can obviate the need for surgery, particularly in heterozygous NHPT. Symptomatic ADH patients respond to vitamin D and calcium supplementation but this may increase calciuria and renal complications. PTH treatment can reduce relative hypercalciuria. None of the currently available therapies for ADH, however, prevent tissue calcifications and complications, which may become possible with calcilytics that correct the underlying pathophysiologic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mayr
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schnabel
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmuth-Günther Dörr
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christof Schöfl
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Pi M, Kapoor K, Ye R, Nishimoto SK, Smith JC, Baudry J, Quarles LD. Evidence for Osteocalcin Binding and Activation of GPRC6A in β-Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1866-80. [PMID: 27007074 PMCID: PMC4870875 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that G protein-coupled receptor family C member A (GPRC6A) is the osteocalcin (Ocn)-sensing G protein-coupled receptor that directly regulates pancreatic β-cell functions is controversial. In the current study, we found that Ocn and an Ocn-derived C-terminal hexapeptide directly activate GPRC6A-dependent ERK signaling in vitro. Computational models probe the structural basis of Ocn binding to GPRC6A and predict that the C-terminal hexapeptide docks to the extracellular side of the transmembrane domain of GPRC6A. Consistent with the modeling, mutations in the computationally identified binding pocket of GPRC6A reduced Ocn and C-terminal hexapeptide activation of this receptor. In addition, selective deletion of Gprc6a in β-cells (Gprc6a(β)(-cell-cko)) by crossing Gprc6a(flox/flox) mice with Ins2-Cre mice resulted in reduced pancreatic weight, islet number, insulin protein content, and insulin message expression. Both islet size and β-cell proliferation were reduced in Gprc6a(β)(-cell-cko) compared with control mice. Gprc6a(β)(-cell-cko) exhibited abnormal glucose tolerance, but normal insulin sensitivity. Islets isolated from Gprc6a(β)(-cell-cko) mice showed reduced insulin simulation index in response to Ocn. These data establish the structural basis for Ocn direct activation of GPRC6A and confirm a role for GPRC6A in regulating β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Karan Kapoor
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Ruisong Ye
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Satoru Kenneth Nishimoto
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Departments of Medicine (M.P., R.Y., L.D.Q.) and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics (K.K., J.C.S., J.B.), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology (J.C.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Liu D, Dal Prà I. Calcium-Sensing Receptors of Human Neural Cells Play Crucial Roles in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27199760 PMCID: PMC4844916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In aged subjects, late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) starts in the lateral entorhinal allocortex where a failure of clearance mechanisms triggers an accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ42-os). In neurons and astrocytes, Aβ42-os enhance the transcription of Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-secretase/BACE1 genes. Thus, by acting together with γ-secretase, the surpluses of APP and BACE1 amplify the endogenous production of Aβ42-os which pile up, damage mitochondria, and are oversecreted. At the plasmalemma, exogenous Aβ42-os bind neurons' and astrocytes' calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) activating a set of intracellular signaling pathways which upkeep Aβ42-os intracellular accumulation and oversecretion by hindering Aβ42-os proteolysis. In addition, Aβ42-os accumulating in the extracellular milieu spread and reach mounting numbers of adjacent and remoter teams of neurons and astrocytes which in turn are recruited, again via Aβ42-os•CaSR-governed mechanisms, to produce and release additional Aβ42-os amounts. This relentless self-sustaining mechanism drives AD progression toward upper cortical areas. Later on accumulating Aβ42-os elicit the advent of hyperphosphorylated (p)-Tau oligomers which acting together with Aβ42-os and other glial neurotoxins cooperatively destroy wider and wider cognition-related cortical areas. In parallel, Aβ42-os•CaSR signals also elicit an excess production and secretion of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor-A from astrocytes, of Aβ42-os and myelin basic protein from oligodendrocytes, and of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and (likely) Aβ42-os from microglia. Activated astrocytes and microglia survive the toxic onslaught, whereas neurons and oligodendrocytes increasingly die. However, we have shown that highly selective allosteric CaSR antagonists (calcilytics), like NPS 2143 and NPS 89626, efficiently suppress all the neurotoxic effects Aβ42-os•CaSR signaling drives in cultured cortical untransformed human neurons and astrocytes. In fact, calcilytics increase Aβ42 proteolysis and discontinue the oversecretion of Aβ42-os, nitric oxide, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A from both astrocytes and neurons. Seemingly, calcilytics would also benefit the other types of glial cells and cerebrovascular cells otherwise damaged by the effects of Aβ42-os•CaSR signaling. Thus, given at amnestic minor cognitive impairment (aMCI) or initial symptomatic stages, calcilytics could prevent or terminate the propagation of LOAD neuropathology and preserve human neurons' viability and hence patients' cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
| | - Daisong Liu
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
- Proteomics Laboratory, Institute for Burn Research, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
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Moor MB, Bonny O. Ways of calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1337-50. [PMID: 27009338 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the kidney in calcium homeostasis has been reshaped from a classic view in which the kidney was regulated by systemic calcitropic hormones such as vitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone to an organ actively taking part in the regulation of calcium handling. With the identification of the intrinsic renal calcium-sensing receptor feedback system, the regulation of paracellular calcium transport involving claudins, and new paracrine regulators such as klotho, the kidney has emerged as a crucial modulator not only of calciuria but also of calcium homeostasis. This review summarizes recent molecular and endocrine contributors to renal calcium handling and highlights the tight link between calcium and sodium reabsorption in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Moor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Leach K, Gregory KJ, Kufareva I, Khajehali E, Cook AE, Abagyan R, Conigrave AD, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Towards a structural understanding of allosteric drugs at the human calcium-sensing receptor. Cell Res 2016; 26:574-92. [PMID: 27002221 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that allosterically target the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have substantial therapeutic potential, but are currently limited. Given the absence of high-resolution structures of the CaSR, we combined mutagenesis with a novel analytical approach and molecular modeling to develop an "enriched" picture of structure-function requirements for interaction between Ca(2+)o and allosteric modulators within the CaSR's 7 transmembrane (7TM) domain. An extended cavity that accommodates multiple binding sites for structurally diverse ligands was identified. Phenylalkylamines bind to a site that overlaps with a putative Ca(2+)o-binding site and extends towards an extracellular vestibule. In contrast, the structurally and pharmacologically distinct AC-265347 binds deeper within the 7TM domains. Furthermore, distinct amino acid networks were found to mediate cooperativity by different modulators. These findings may facilitate the rational design of allosteric modulators with distinct and potentially pathway-biased pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Dong B, Endo I, Ohnishi Y, Kondo T, Hasegawa T, Amizuka N, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Abe M, Fukumoto S, Matsumoto T. Calcilytic Ameliorates Abnormalities of Mutant Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) Knock-In Mice Mimicking Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia (ADH). J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1980-93. [PMID: 25967373 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) cause autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH). ADH patients develop hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalciuria, similar to the clinical features of hypoparathyroidism. The current treatment of ADH is similar to the other forms of hypoparathyroidism, using active vitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, these treatments aggravate hypercalciuria and renal calcification. Thus, new therapeutic strategies for ADH are needed. Calcilytics are allosteric antagonists of CaSR, and may be effective for the treatment of ADH caused by activating mutations of CaSR. In order to examine the effect of calcilytic JTT-305/MK-5442 on CaSR harboring activating mutations in the extracellular and transmembrane domains in vitro, we first transfected a mutated CaSR gene into HEK cells. JTT-305/MK-5442 suppressed the hypersensitivity to extracellular Ca(2+) of HEK cells transfected with the CaSR gene with activating mutations in the extracellular and transmembrane domains. We then selected two activating mutations locating in the extracellular (C129S) and transmembrane (A843E) domains, and generated two strains of CaSR knock-in mice to build an ADH mouse model. Both mutant mice mimicked almost all the clinical features of human ADH. JTT-305/MK-5442 treatment in vivo increased urinary cAMP excretion, improved serum and urinary calcium and phosphate levels by stimulating endogenous PTH secretion, and prevented renal calcification. In contrast, PTH(1-34) treatment normalized serum calcium and phosphate but could not reduce hypercalciuria or renal calcification. CaSR knock-in mice exhibited low bone turnover due to the deficiency of PTH, and JTT-305/MK-5442 as well as PTH(1-34) increased bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) in these mice. These results demonstrate that calcilytics can reverse almost all the phenotypes of ADH including hypercalciuria and renal calcification, and suggest that calcilytics can become a novel therapeutic agent for ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzi Dong
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Itsuro Endo
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Ohnishi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Hannan FM, Walls GV, Babinsky VN, Nesbit MA, Kallay E, Hough TA, Fraser WD, Cox RD, Hu J, Spiegel AM, Thakker RV. The Calcilytic Agent NPS 2143 Rectifies Hypocalcemia in a Mouse Model With an Activating Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) Mutation: Relevance to Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1 (ADH1). Endocrinology 2015; 156:3114-21. [PMID: 26052899 PMCID: PMC4541614 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 (ADH1) is caused by germline gain-of-function mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and may lead to symptomatic hypocalcemia, inappropriately low serum PTH concentrations and hypercalciuria. Negative allosteric CaSR modulators, known as calcilytics, have been shown to normalize the gain-of-function associated with ADH-causing CaSR mutations in vitro and represent a potential targeted therapy for ADH1. However, the effectiveness of calcilytic drugs for the treatment of ADH1-associated hypocalcemia remains to be established. We have investigated NPS 2143, a calcilytic compound, for the treatment of ADH1 by in vitro and in vivo studies involving a mouse model, known as Nuf, which harbors a gain-of-function CaSR mutation, Leu723Gln. Wild-type (Leu723) and Nuf mutant (Gln723) CaSRs were expressed in HEK293 cells, and the effect of NPS 2143 on their intracellular calcium responses was determined by flow cytometry. NPS 2143 was also administered as a single ip bolus to wild-type and Nuf mice and plasma concentrations of calcium and PTH, and urinary calcium excretion measured. In vitro administration of NPS 2143 decreased the intracellular calcium responses of HEK293 cells expressing the mutant Gln723 CaSR in a dose-dependent manner, thereby rectifying the gain-of-function associated with the Nuf mouse CaSR mutation. Intraperitoneal injection of NPS 2143 in Nuf mice led to significant increases in plasma calcium and PTH without elevating urinary calcium excretion. These studies of a mouse model with an activating CaSR mutation demonstrate NPS 2143 to normalize the gain-of-function causing ADH1 and improve the hypocalcemia associated with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Gerard V Walls
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Valerie N Babinsky
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - William D Fraser
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Roger D Cox
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Jianxin Hu
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Allen M Spiegel
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit (F.M.H., G.V.W., V.N.B., M.A.N., E.K., R.V.T.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre (T.A.H., R.D.C.), MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (W.D.F.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry (J.H.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.S.), Bronx, New York 10461
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Massy ZA, Hénaut L, Larsson TE, Vervloet MG. Calcium-sensing receptor activation in chronic kidney disease: effects beyond parathyroid hormone control. Semin Nephrol 2015; 34:648-59. [PMID: 25498383 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is an important complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cinacalcet, an allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in parathyroid glands, is the only calcimimetic approved to treat SHPT in patients on dialysis. By enhancing CaSR sensitivity for plasma extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)0), cinacalcet reduces serum parathyroid hormone, Ca(2+)0, and serum inorganic phosphorous concentrations, allowing better control of SHPT and CKD-mineral and bone disorders. Of interest, the CaSR also is expressed in a variety of tissues where its activation regulates diverse cellular processes, including secretion, apoptosis, and proliferation. Thus, the existence of potential off-target effects of cinacalcet cannot be neglected. This review summarizes our current knowledge concerning the potential role(s) of the CaSR expressed in various tissues in CKD-related disorders, independently of parathyroid hormone control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Massy
- Inserm U-1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University (University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines), Paris-Boulogne Billancourt, France.
| | - Lucie Hénaut
- Inserm U-1088, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Tobias E Larsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Renal Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Nephrology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc G Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research VU (Institute for Cardiovascular Research of the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mace OJ, Tehan B, Marshall F. Pharmacology and physiology of gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015. [PMID: 26213627 PMCID: PMC4506687 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) polypeptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs). Recent technical advances and the identification of endogenous and synthetic ligands have enabled exploration of the pharmacology and physiology of EECs. Enteroendocrine signaling pathways stimulating hormone secretion involve multiple nutrient transporters and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are activated simultaneously under prevailing nutrient conditions in the intestine following a meal. The majority of studies investigate hormone secretion from EECs in response to single ligands and although the mechanisms behind how individual signaling pathways generate a hormonal output have been well characterized, our understanding of how these signaling pathways converge to generate a single hormone secretory response is still in its infancy. However, a picture is beginning to emerge of how nutrients and full, partial, or allosteric GPCR ligands differentially regulate the enteroendocrine system and its interaction with the enteric and central nervous system. So far, activation of multiple pathways underlies drug discovery efforts to harness the therapeutic potential of the enteroendocrine system to mimic the phenotypic changes observed in patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric surgery. Typically obese patients exhibit ∼30% weight loss and greater than 80% of obese diabetics show remission of diabetes. Targeting combinations of enteroendocrine signaling pathways that work synergistically may manifest with significant, differentiated EEC secretory efficacy. Furthermore, allosteric modulators with their increased selectivity, self-limiting activity, and structural novelty may translate into more promising enteroendocrine drugs. Together with the potential to bias enteroendocrine GPCR signaling and/or to activate multiple divergent signaling pathways highlights the considerable range of therapeutic possibilities available. Here, we review the pharmacology and physiology of the EEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Mace
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - B Tehan
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - F Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
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Leach K, Conigrave AD, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Towards tissue-specific pharmacology: insights from the calcium-sensing receptor as a paradigm for GPCR (patho)physiological bias. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:215-25. [PMID: 25765207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a widely expressed G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates numerous tissue-specific functions. Its multiple ligands and diverse roles attest to the need for exquisite control over the signaling pathways that mediate its effects. 'Biased signaling' is the phenomenon by which distinct ligands stabilize preferred receptor signaling states. The CaSR is subject to biased signaling in response to its endogenous ligands. Interestingly, the 'natural' bias of the CaSR is altered in disease states, and small molecule drugs engender biased allosteric modulation of downstream signaling pathways. Thus, biased signaling from the CaSR also has important implications pathophysiologically and therapeutically. As outlined in this review, this novel paradigm extends to other GPCRs, making the CaSR a model for studies of ligand-biased signaling and for understanding how it may be used to foster selective drug activity in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC, Australia.
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC, Australia
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Rodríguez M, Goodman WG, Liakopoulos V, Messa P, Wiecek A, Cunningham J. The Use of Calcimimetics for the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A 10 Year Evidence Review. Semin Dial 2015; 28:497-507. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Rodríguez
- Servicio de Nefrologia; IMIBIC; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; Córdoba Spain
| | | | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; 1st Department of Internal Medicine; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Università di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Andrzej Wiecek
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - John Cunningham
- Centre for Nephrology; UCL Medical School; Royal Free Campus; London United Kingdom
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Zhang C, Miller CL, Brown EM, Yang JJ. The calcium sensing receptor: from calcium sensing to signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:14-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hernández-Bedolla MA, Carretero-Ortega J, Valadez-Sánchez M, Vázquez-Prado J, Reyes-Cruz G. Chemotactic and proangiogenic role of calcium sensing receptor is linked to secretion of multiple cytokines and growth factors in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:166-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Calcium-Sensing Receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 132:127-50. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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