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Use of Envelope Domain III Protein for the Detection of IgG Type Antibodies Specific to Zika Virus by Indirect ELISA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030462. [PMID: 36766567 PMCID: PMC9913938 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostics are crucial for proper antenatal and postnatal care and also for surveillance and serosurvey studies. Since the viremia during ZIKV infection is fleeting, serological testing is highly valuable to inform diagnosis. However, current serology tests using whole virus antigens frequently suffer from cross reactivity issues, delays, and technical complexity, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and endemic countries. Here, we describe an indirect ELISA to detect specific IgG antibodies using the ZIKV envelope domain III (EDIII) protein expressed in Drosophila S2 cells as an immunogen. Using a total of 367 clinical samples, we showed that the EDIII-ELISA was able to detect IgG antibodies against ZIKV with high sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 94.7% when compared to plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) as the gold standard and using 0.208 as the cut-off OD value. These results show the usefulness of the recombinant envelope domain III as an alternative to standard whole virus proteins for ZIKV diagnostics as it improves the sensitivity and specificity of IgG ELISA assay when used as an immunogen. This method should, therefore, be extended to serological diagnostic techniques for other members of the flavivirus genus and for use in IgM diagnostic testing.
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2
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Hruškovicová J, Bhide K, Petroušková P, Tkáčová Z, Mochnáčová E, Čurlík J, Bhide M, Kulkarni A. Engineering the Single Domain Antibodies Targeting Receptor Binding Motifs Within the Domain III of West Nile Virus Envelope Glycoprotein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801466. [PMID: 35432292 PMCID: PMC9012491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotrophic flavivirus causing mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis with long-term or permanent neurological disorders. Due to the absence of targeted therapy or vaccines, there is a growing need to develop effective anti-WNV therapy. In this study, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) were developed against the domain III (DIII) of WNV’s envelope glycoprotein to interrupt the interaction between DIII and the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the llama immunized with recombinant DIIIL297–S403 (rDIII) were used to generate a variable heavy chain only (VHH)-Escherichia coli library, and phage display was performed using the M13K07ΔpIII Hyperphages system. Phages displaying sdAbs against rDIII were panned with the synthetic analogs of the DIII receptor binding motifs, DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388, and the VHH gene from the eluted phages was subcloned into E. coli SHuffle. Soluble sdAbs purified from 96 E. coli SHuffle clones were screened to identify 20 candidates strongly binding to the synthetic analogs of DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388 on a dot blot assay. Among them, sdAbA1, sdAbA6, sdAbA9, and sdAbA10 blocked the interaction between rDIII and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) on Western blot and cell ELISA. However, optimum stability during the overexpression was noticed only for sdAbA10 and it also neutralized the WNV–like particles (WNV-VLP) in the Luciferase assay with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.48 nm. Furthermore, the hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of sdAbA10 were assessed by a hemolytic assay and XTT-based hBMEC proliferation assay resulting in 0.1% of hemolytic activity and 82% hBMEC viability, respectively. Therefore, the sdAbA10 targeting DIII-2V371–R388 of the WNV envelope glycoprotein is observed to be suitable for in vivo trials as a specific therapy for WNV–induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hruškovicová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Čurlík
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Amod Kulkarni,
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3
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Anasir MI, Poh CL. Discovery of B-cell epitopes for development of dengue vaccines and antibody therapeutics. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:1-18. [PMID: 35059822 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most frequently transmitted viral infections globally which creates a serious burden to the healthcare system in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions. To date, no vaccine has demonstrated balanced protection against the four dengue serotypes. Dengvaxia as the only vaccine that has been licensed for use in endemic areas has shown an increased risk in dengue-naïve vaccines to develop severe dengue. A crucial element in protection from dengue infection is the neutralizing antibody responses. Therefore, the identification of protective linear B-cell epitopes can guide vaccine design and facilitate the development of monoclonal antibodies as dengue therapeutics. This review summarizes the identification of dengue B-cell epitopes within the envelope (E) protein of dengue that can be incorporated into peptide vaccine constructs. These epitopes have been identified through approaches such as bioinformatics, three-dimensional structure analysis of antibody-dengue complexes, mutagenesis/alanine scanning and escape mutant studies. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies targeting the E protein of dengue is reviewed. This can provide a basis for the design of future dengue therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mertinková P, Mochnáčová E, Bhide K, Kulkarni A, Tkáčová Z, Hruškovicová J, Bhide M. Development of peptides targeting receptor binding site of the envelope glycoprotein to contain the West Nile virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20131. [PMID: 34635758 PMCID: PMC8505397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), re-emerging neurotropic flavivirus, can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause fatal encephalitis and meningitis. Infection of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), building blocks of the BBB, represents the pivotal step in neuroinvasion. Domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein is a key receptor-binding domain, thus, it is an attractive target for anti-flavivirus strategies. Here, two combinatorial phage display peptide libraries, Ph.D.-C7C and Ph.D.-12, were panned against receptor-binding site (RBS) on DIII to isolate peptides that could block DIII. From series of pannings, nine peptides (seven 7-mer cyclic and two 12-mer linear) were selected and overexpressed in E. coli SHuffle T5. Presence of disulfide bond in 7-mer peptides was confirmed with thiol-reactive maleimide labeling. Except for linear peptide 19 (HYSWSWIAYSPG), all peptides proved to be DIII binders. Among all peptides, 4 cyclic peptides (CTKTDVHFC, CIHSSTRAC, CTYENHRTC, and CLAQSHPLC) showed significant blocking of the interaction between DIII and hBMECs, and ability to neutralize infection in cultured cells. None of these peptides showed toxic or hemolytic activity. Peptides identified in this study may serve as potential candidates for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Mertinková
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Hruškovicová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Roy U. Structural and molecular analyses of functional epitopes and escape mutants in Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein domain III. Immunol Res 2021; 68:81-89. [PMID: 32445181 PMCID: PMC7243247 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the vector borne causes of encephalitis found in southeastern Asia. This positive single-stranded RNA virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which notably includes dengue, tick-borne, West Nile, Zika as well as yellow fever, and transmits to humans by infected mosquitos. The main site of interactions for antibodies against this virus is the envelope protein domain III (ED3). The present report investigates the time-dependent structural and conformational changes of JEV ED3 functional epitopes and escape mutants by computer simulations. The results indicate the presence of significant structural differences between the functional epitopes and the escape mutants. Mutation-induced structural/conformational instabilities of this type can decrease the antibody neutralization activity. Among the different escape mutants studied here, Ser40Lys/Asp41Arg appear to be most unstable, while Ser40Glu/Asp41Leu exhibit the lowest structural variations. The highest level of escape mutation observed in Ser40Lys is linked to the relatively higher values of root mean square deviation/fluctuation found in the molecular dynamics simulation of this protein. Secondary-structure deviations and depletion of H bonding are other contributing factors to the protein’s increased instability. Overall, the proteins with residue 41 mutations are found to be structurally more ordered than those with residue 40 mutations. The detailed time-based structural assessment of the mutant epitopes described here may contribute to the development of novel vaccines and antiviral drugs necessary to defend against future outbreaks of JEV escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5820, USA.
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6
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Hyatt JG, Prévost S, Devos JM, Mycroft-West CJ, Skidmore MA, Winter A. Molecular Changes in Dengue Envelope Protein Domain III upon Interaction with Glycosaminoglycans. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110935. [PMID: 33187224 PMCID: PMC7697694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a rapidly emerging vector-borne viral disease with a growing global burden of approximately 390 million new infections per annum. The Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus spread by female mosquitos of the aedes genus, but the mechanism of viral endocytosis is poorly understood at a molecular level, preventing the development of effective transmission blocking vaccines (TBVs). Recently, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been identified as playing a role during initial viral attachment through interaction with the third domain of the viral envelope protein (EDIII). Here, we report a systematic study investigating the effect of a range of biologically relevant GAGs on the structure and oligomeric state of recombinantly generated EDIII. We provide novel in situ biophysical evidence that heparin and chondroitin sulphate C induce conformational changes in EDIII at the secondary structure level. Furthermore, we report the ability of chondroitin sulphate C to bind EDIII and induce higher-order dynamic molecular changes at the tertiary and quaternary structure levels which are dependent on pH, GAG species, and the GAG sulphation state. Lastly, we conducted ab initio modelling of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) data to visualise the induced oligomeric state of EDIII caused by interaction with chondroitin sulphate C, which may aid in TBV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Hyatt
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
| | - Juliette M. Devos
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
| | - Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Anja Winter
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01782-7-33117
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7
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Hurtado-Monzón AM, Cordero-Rivera CD, Farfan-Morales CN, Osuna-Ramos JF, De Jesús-González LA, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Del Ángel RM. The role of anti-flavivirus humoral immune response in protection and pathogenesis. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2100. [PMID: 32101633 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavivirus infections are a public health threat in the world that requires the development of safe and effective vaccines. Therefore, the understanding of the anti-flavivirus humoral immune response is fundamental to future studies on flavivirus pathogenesis and the design of anti-flavivirus therapeutics. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the function and involvement of flavivirus proteins in the humoral immune response as well as the ability of the anti-envelope (anti-E) antibodies to interfere (neutralizing antibodies) or not (non-neutralizing antibodies) with viral infection, and how they can, in some circumstances enhance dengue virus infection on Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) bearing cells through a mechanism known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Thus, the dual role of the antibodies against E protein poses a formidable challenge for vaccine development. Also, we discuss the roles of antibody binding stoichiometry (the concentration, affinity, or epitope recognition) in the neutralization of flaviviruses and the "breathing" of flavivirus virions in the humoral immune response. Finally, the relevance of some specific antibodies in the design and improvement of effective vaccines is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Mahely Hurtado-Monzón
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carlos Daniel Cordero-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carlos Noe Farfan-Morales
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Fidel Osuna-Ramos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis Adrián De Jesús-González
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Reyes-Ruiz
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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8
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A simple and rapid pipeline for identification of receptor-binding sites on the surface proteins of pathogens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1163. [PMID: 31980725 PMCID: PMC6981161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-receptor interactions play a crucial role in the plethora of biological processes. Several methods have been established to reveal ligand-receptor interface, however, the majority of methods are time-consuming, laborious and expensive. Here we present a straightforward and simple pipeline to identify putative receptor-binding sites on the pathogen ligands. Two model ligands (bait proteins), domain III of protein E of West Nile virus and NadA of Neisseria meningitidis, were incubated with the proteins of human brain microvascular endothelial cells immobilized on nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane, the complex was trypsinized on-membrane, bound peptides of the bait proteins were recovered and detected on MALDI-TOF. Two peptides of DIII (~916 Da and ~2003 Da) and four peptides of NadA (~1453 Da, ~1810 Da, ~2051 Da and ~2433 Da) were identified as plausible receptor-binders. Further, binding of the identified peptides to the proteins of endothelial cells was corroborated using biotinylated synthetic analogues in ELISA and immunocytochemistry. Experimental pipeline presented here can be upscaled easily to map receptor-binding sites on several ligands simultaneously. The approach is rapid, cost-effective and less laborious. The proposed experimental pipeline could be a simpler alternative or complementary method to the existing techniques used to reveal amino-acids involved in the ligand-receptor interface.
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9
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Chen L, Wang H, Guo T, Xiao C, Liu L, Zhang X, Liu B, Li P, Liu A, Li B, Li B, Mao Y. A rapid point-of-care test for dengue virus-1 based on a lateral flow assay with a near-infrared fluorescent dye. J Immunol Methods 2018; 456:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Mary JA, Jittmittraphap A, Chattanadee S, Leaungwutiwong P, Shenbagarathai R. A synthetic peptide derived from domain III envelope glycoprotein of Dengue virus induces neutralizing antibody. Virus Genes 2017; 54:25-32. [PMID: 28948470 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arthropod-borne human pathogen that represents a severe public health threat in both endemic and non-endemic regions. So far, there is no licensed vaccine or specific drugs available for dengue fever. A fifteen-amino-acid-long peptide that includes the NGR motif was chemically synthesized and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. A standard immunization protocol was followed for the production of polyclonal antibodies by immunizing rabbits against the synthetic peptide. The immune response elicited high-titer polyclonal antibodies with the reactivity of the anti-peptide antibody against both synthetic peptide and four serotypes of DENV confirmed by DOT-ELISA. Neutralizing activity of anti-peptide antibody was found to be cross-reactive and effective resulting in 60% reduction of infectivity at 1:200 dilution in all four serotypes of DENV. Our findings have the potential to further improve our understanding of virus-host interactions and provide new insights into neutralizing antibodies and could also be used as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Asnet Mary
- Department of Zoology, Fatima College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625018, India.,PG and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India
| | - Akanitt Jittmittraphap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chattanadee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Tropical Medicine Diagnostic Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchadewee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - R Shenbagarathai
- PG and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India.
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11
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Combe M, Lacoux X, Martinez J, Méjan O, Luciani F, Daniel S. Expression, refolding and bio-structural analysis of a tetravalent recombinant dengue envelope domain III protein for serological diagnosis. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 133:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Fernando S, Fernando T, Stefanik M, Eyer L, Ruzek D. An Approach for Zika Virus Inhibition Using Homology Structure of the Envelope Protein. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 58:801-806. [PMID: 27683255 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To find an effective drug for Zika virus, it is important to understand how numerous proteins which are critical for the virus' structure and function interact with their counterparts. One approach to inhibiting the flavivirus is to deter its ability to bind onto glycoproteins; however, the crystal structures of envelope proteins of the ever-evolving viral strains that decipher glycosidic or drug-molecular interactions are not always available. To fill this gap, we are reporting a holistic, simulation-based approach to predict compounds that will inhibit ligand binding onto a structurally unresolved protein, in this case the Zika virus envelope protein (ZVEP), by developing a three-dimensional general structure and analyzing sites at which ligands and small drug-like molecules interact. By examining how glycan molecules and small-molecule probes interact with a freshly resolved ZVEP homology model, we report the susceptibility of ZVEP to inhibition via two small molecules, ZINC33683341 and ZINC49605556-by preferentially binding onto the primary receptor responsible for the virus' virulence. Antiviral activity was confirmed when ZINC33683341 was tested in cell culture. We anticipate the results to be a starting point for drug discovery targeting Zika virus and other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandun Fernando
- Biological Engineering, Texas A&M University, 303C Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Teshan Fernando
- Biological Engineering, Texas A&M University, 303C Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michal Stefanik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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13
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Barriga GP, Villalón-Letelier F, Márquez CL, Bignon EA, Acuña R, Ross BH, Monasterio O, Mardones GA, Vidal SE, Tischler ND. Inhibition of the Hantavirus Fusion Process by Predicted Domain III and Stem Peptides from Glycoprotein Gc. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004799. [PMID: 27414047 PMCID: PMC4945073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. To enter cells, hantaviruses fuse their envelope membrane with host cell membranes. Previously, we have shown that the Gc envelope glycoprotein is the viral fusion protein sharing characteristics with class II fusion proteins. The ectodomain of class II fusion proteins is composed of three domains connected by a stem region to a transmembrane anchor in the viral envelope. These fusion proteins can be inhibited through exogenous fusion protein fragments spanning domain III (DIII) and the stem region. Such fragments are thought to interact with the core of the fusion protein trimer during the transition from its pre-fusion to its post-fusion conformation. Based on our previous homology model structure for Gc from Andes hantavirus (ANDV), here we predicted and generated recombinant DIII and stem peptides to test whether these fragments inhibit hantavirus membrane fusion and cell entry. Recombinant ANDV DIII was soluble, presented disulfide bridges and beta-sheet secondary structure, supporting the in silico model. Using DIII and the C-terminal part of the stem region, the infection of cells by ANDV was blocked up to 60% when fusion of ANDV occurred within the endosomal route, and up to 95% when fusion occurred with the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the fragments impaired ANDV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion, and cross-inhibited the fusion mediated by the glycoproteins from Puumala virus (PUUV). The Gc fragments interfered in ANDV cell entry by preventing membrane hemifusion and pore formation, retaining Gc in a non-resistant homotrimer stage, as described for DIII and stem peptide inhibitors of class II fusion proteins. Collectively, our results demonstrate that hantavirus Gc shares not only structural, but also mechanistic similarity with class II viral fusion proteins, and will hopefully help in developing novel therapeutic strategies against hantaviruses. The infection of cells by enveloped viruses involves the fusion of membranes between viruses and cells. This process is mediated by viral fusion proteins that have been grouped into at least three structural classes. Membrane-enveloped hantaviruses are worldwide spread pathogens that can cause human disease with mortality rates reaching up to 50%, however, neither a therapeutic drug nor preventive measures are currently available. Here we show that the entrance of Andes hantavirus into target cells can be blocked by fragments derived from the Gc fusion protein that are analogous to inhibitory fragments of class II fusion proteins. The Gc fragments acted directly over the viral fusion process, preventing its late stages. Together, our data demonstrate that the hantavirus Gc protein shares not only structural, but also mechanistic similarity with class II fusion proteins, suggesting its evolution from a common or related ancestral fusion protein. Furthermore, the results outline novel approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo P. Barriga
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Chantal L. Márquez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Bignon
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Acuña
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Breyan H. Ross
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Octavio Monasterio
- Laboratorio de Biología Estructural y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Simon E. Vidal
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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14
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Plante JA, Torres M, Huang CYH, Beasley DWC. Plasticity of a critical antigenic determinant in the West Nile virus NY99 envelope protein domain III. Virology 2016; 496:97-105. [PMID: 27284640 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes febrile illness, encephalitis, and occasionally death in humans. The envelope protein is the main component of the WNV virion surface, and domain III of the envelope protein (EIII) is both a putative receptor binding domain and a target of highly specific, potently neutralizing antibodies. Envelope E-332 (E-332) is known to have naturally occurring variation and to be a key determinant of neutralization for anti-EIII antibodies. A panel of viruses containing all possible amino acid substitutions at E-332 was constructed. E-332 was found to be highly tolerant of mutation, and almost all of these changes had large impacts on antigenicity of EIII but only limited effects on growth or virulence phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Plante
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Claire Y-H Huang
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - David W C Beasley
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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15
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Recovery of West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Domain III Chimeras with Altered Antigenicity and Mouse Virulence. J Virol 2016; 90:4757-4770. [PMID: 26912625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02861-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flaviviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for millions of human infections annually. The envelope (E) protein of flaviviruses comprises three structural domains, of which domain III (EIII) represents a discrete subunit. The EIII gene sequence typically encodes epitopes recognized by virus-specific, potently neutralizing antibodies, and EIII is believed to play a major role in receptor binding. In order to assess potential interactions between EIII and the remainder of the E protein and to assess the effects of EIII sequence substitutions on the antigenicity, growth, and virulence of a representative flavivirus, chimeric viruses were generated using the West Nile virus (WNV) infectious clone, into which EIIIs from nine flaviviruses with various levels of genetic diversity from WNV were substituted. Of the constructs tested, chimeras containing EIIIs from Koutango virus (KOUV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and Bagaza virus (BAGV) were successfully recovered. Characterization of the chimeras in vitro and in vivo revealed differences in growth and virulence between the viruses, within vivo pathogenesis often not being correlated within vitro growth. Taken together, the data demonstrate that substitutions of EIII can allow the generation of viable chimeric viruses with significantly altered antigenicity and virulence. IMPORTANCE The envelope (E) glycoprotein is the major protein present on the surface of flavivirus virions and is responsible for mediating virus binding and entry into target cells. Several viable West Nile virus (WNV) variants with chimeric E proteins in which the putative receptor-binding domain (EIII) sequences of other mosquito-borne flaviviruses were substituted in place of the WNV EIII were recovered, although the substitution of several more divergent EIII sequences was not tolerated. The differences in virulence and tissue tropism observed with the chimeric viruses indicate a significant role for this sequence in determining the pathogenesis of the virus within the mammalian host. Our studies demonstrate that these chimeras are viable and suggest that such recombinant viruses may be useful for investigation of domain-specific antibody responses and the more extensive definition of the contributions of EIII to the tropism and pathogenesis of WNV or other flaviviruses.
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16
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Alsaleh K, Khou C, Frenkiel MP, Lecollinet S, Vàzquez A, de Arellano ER, Després P, Pardigon N. The E glycoprotein plays an essential role in the high pathogenicity of European-Mediterranean IS98 strain of West Nile virus. Virology 2016; 492:53-65. [PMID: 26896935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most widespread arbovirus in the world. Several recent outbreaks and epizootics have been reported in Europe and the Mediterranean basin with increased virulence. In contrast to the well-characterized American and Australian strains, little is known about the virulence determinants of the WNV European-Mediterranean strains. To investigate the viral factors involved in the virulence of these strains, we generated chimeras between the highly neuropathogenic Israel 1998 (IS-98-ST1, IS98) strain and the non-pathogenic Malaysian Kunjin virus (KJMP-502). In vivo analyses in a mouse model of WNV pathogenesis shows that chimeric virus where KJMP-502 E glycoprotein was replaced by that of IS98 is neuropathogenic, demonstrating that this protein is a major virulence determinant. Presence of the N-glycosylation site had limited impact on virus virulence and the 5'UTR does not seem to influence pathogenesis. Finally, mice inoculated with KJMP-502 virus were protected against lethal IS98 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cécile Khou
- Institut Pasteur, URE ERI/CIBU, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ana Vàzquez
- Arbovirus & Imported Viral Diseases, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Ctra. Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramírez de Arellano
- Arbovirus & Imported Viral Diseases, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Ctra. Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Després
- University of La Réunion Island, UM134 PIMIT, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249, Technology Platform CYROI, 97490 Saint-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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17
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Nain M, Abdin MZ, Kalia M, Vrati S. Japanese encephalitis virus invasion of cell: allies and alleys. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:129-41. [PMID: 26695690 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis globally and a major public health concern of several countries in Southeast Asia, with the potential to become a global pathogen. The virus is neurotropic, and the disease ranges from mild fever to severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic manifestations and death. The early steps of the virus life cycle, binding, and entry into the cell are crucial determinants of infection and are potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies. JEV can infect multiple cell types; however, the key receptor molecule(s) still remains elusive. JEV also has the capacity to utilize multiple endocytic pathways for entry into cells of different lineages. This review not only gives a comprehensive update on what is known about the virus attachment and receptor system (allies) and the endocytic pathways (alleys) exploited by the virus to gain entry into the cell and establish infection but also discusses crucial unresolved issues. We also highlight common themes and key differences between JEV and other flaviviruses in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Nain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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18
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Cielens I, Jackevica L, Strods A, Kazaks A, Ose V, Bogans J, Pumpens P, Renhofa R. Mosaic RNA phage VLPs carrying domain III of the West Nile virus E protein. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:459-69. [PMID: 24570176 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The virus-neutralising domain III (DIII) of the West Nile virus glycoprotein E was exposed on the surface of RNA phage AP205 virus-like particles (VLPs) in mosaic form. For this purpose, a 111 amino acid sequence of DIII was added via amber or opal termination codons to the C-terminus of the AP205 coat protein, and mosaic AP205-DIII VLPs were generated by cultivation in amber- or opal-suppressing Escherichia coli strains. After extensive purification to 95 % homogeneity, mosaic AP205-DIII VLPs retained up to 11-16 % monomers carrying DIII domains. The DIII domains appeared on the VLP surface because they were fully accessible to anti-DIII antibodies. Immunisation of BALB/c mice with AP205-DIII VLPs resulted in the induction of specific anti-DIII antibodies, of which the level was comparable to that of the anti-AP205 antibodies generated against the VLP carrier. The AP205-DIII-induced anti-DIII response was represented by a significant fraction of IgG2 isotype antibodies, in contrast to parallel immunisation with the DIII oligopeptide, which failed to induce IgG2 isotype antibodies. Formulation of AP-205-DIII VLPs in alum adjuvant stimulated the level of the anti-DIII response, but did not alter the fraction of IgG2 isotype antibodies. Mosaic AP205-DIII VLPs could be regarded as a promising prototype of a putative West Nile vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulis Cielens
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Street 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
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Elseginy SA, Massarotti A, Nawwar GAM, Amin KM, Brancale A. Small Molecule Inhibitors of West Nile Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 23:179-87. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a human pathogen which is rapidly expanding worldwide. It is a member of the Flavivirus genus and it is transmitted by mosquitos between its avian hosts and occasionally in mammalian hosts. In humans the infection is often asymptomatic, however, the most severe cases result in encephalitis or meningitis. Approximately 10% of cases of neuroinvasive disease are fatal. To date there is no effective human vaccine or effective antiviral therapy available to treat WNV infections. For this reason, research in this field is rapidly growing. In this article we will review the latest efforts in the design and development of novel WNV inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry point of view, highlighting challenges and opportunities for the researchers working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia A Elseginy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale ‘A Avogadro’, Novara, Italy
| | - Galal AM Nawwar
- Department of Chemical Industries, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamilia M Amin
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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20
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Maillard RA, Liu T, Beasley DWC, Barrett ADT, Hilser VJ, Lee JC. Thermodynamic mechanism for the evasion of antibody neutralization in flaviviruses. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10315-24. [PMID: 24950171 PMCID: PMC4111217 DOI: 10.1021/ja503318x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mutations
in the epitopes of antigenic proteins can confer viral
resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization. However, the fundamental
properties that characterize epitope residues and how mutations affect
antibody binding to alter virus susceptibility to neutralization remain
largely unknown. To address these questions, we used an ensemble-based
algorithm to characterize the effects of mutations on the thermodynamics
of protein conformational fluctuations. We applied this method to
the envelope protein domain III (ED3) of two medically important flaviviruses:
West Nile and dengue 2. We determined an intimate relationship between
the susceptibility of a residue to thermodynamic perturbations and
epitope location. This relationship allows the successful identification
of the primary epitopes in each ED3, despite their high sequence and
structural similarity. Mutations that allow the ED3 to evade detection
by the antibody either increase or decrease conformational fluctuations
of the epitopes through local effects or long-range interactions.
Spatially distant interactions originate in the redistribution of
conformations of the ED3 ensembles, not through a mechanically connected
array of contiguous amino acids. These results reconcile previous
observations of evasion of neutralization by mutations at a distance
from the epitopes. Finally, we established a quantitative correlation
between subtle changes in the conformational fluctuations of the epitope
and large defects in antibody binding affinity. This correlation suggests
that mutations that allow viral growth, while reducing neutralization,
do not generate significant structural changes and underscores the
importance of protein fluctuations and long-range interactions in
the mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Maillard
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, §Department of Pathology, ∥Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, ⊥Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and #Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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21
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Lai PY, Hsu CT, Wang SH, Lee JC, Tseng MJ, Hwang J, Ji WT, Chen HR. Production of a neutralizing antibody against envelope protein of dengue virus type 2 using the linear array epitope technique. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2155-2165. [PMID: 24948392 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV; genus Flavivirus) contains a positive-stranded RNA genome. Binding of DENV to host cells is mediated through domain III of the viral envelope protein. Many therapeutic mAbs against domain III have been generated and characterized because of its high antigenicity. We have previously established a novel PCR method named the linear array epitope (LAE) technique for producing monoclone-like polyclonal antibodies. To prove this method could be utilized to produce antibody against epitopes with low antigenicity, a region of 10 aa (V365NIEAEPPFG374) from domain III of the envelope protein in DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) was selected to design the primers for the LAE technique. A DNA fragment encoding 10 directed repeats of these 10 aa for producing the tandem-repeated peptides was obtained and fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-containing vector. This fusion protein (GST-Den EIII10-His6) was purified from Escherichia coli and used as antigen for immunizing rabbits to obtain the polyclonal antibody. Furthermore, the EIII antibody could recognize envelope proteins either ectopically overexpressed or synthesized by DENV2 infection using Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Most importantly, this antibody was also able to detect DENV2 virions by ELISA, and could block viral entry into BHK-21 cells as shown by immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR assays. Taken together, the LAE technique could be applied successfully for the production of antibodies against antigens with low antigenicity, and shows high potential to produce antibodies with good quality for academic research, diagnosis and even therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yeh Lai
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tse Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Institute of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Kao Yuan University, Luzhu District, Kaohsiung City 82151, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hung Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jen Tseng
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Jaulang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsai Ji
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Ren Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
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22
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B cell response and mechanisms of antibody protection to West Nile virus. Viruses 2014; 6:1015-36. [PMID: 24594676 PMCID: PMC3970136 DOI: 10.3390/v6031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has become the principal cause of viral encephalitis in North America since its introduction in New York in 1999. This emerging virus is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected mosquito. While there have been several candidates in clinical trials, there are no approved vaccines or WNV-specific therapies for the treatment of WNV disease in humans. From studies with small animal models and convalescent human patients, a great deal has been learned concerning the immune response to infection with WNV. Here, we provide an overview of a subset of that information regarding the humoral and antibody response generated during WNV infection.
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23
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De Filette M, Soehle S, Ulbert S, Richner J, Diamond MS, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L, Roels S, Lisziewicz J, Lorincz O, Sanders NN. Vaccination of mice using the West Nile virus E-protein in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy stimulates cell-mediated immunity and protects mice against a lethal challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87837. [PMID: 24503579 PMCID: PMC3913677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the United States. There is currently no antiviral treatment or human vaccine available to treat or prevent WNV infection. DNA plasmid-based vaccines represent a new approach for controlling infectious diseases. In rodents, DNA vaccines have been shown to induce B cell and cytotoxic T cell responses and protect against a wide range of infections. In this study, we formulated a plasmid DNA vector expressing the ectodomain of the E-protein of WNV into nanoparticles by using linear polyethyleneimine (lPEI) covalently bound to mannose and examined the potential of this vaccine to protect against lethal WNV infection in mice. Mice were immunized twice (prime – boost regime) with the WNV DNA vaccine formulated with lPEI-mannose using different administration routes (intramuscular, intradermal and topical). In parallel a heterologous boost with purified recombinant WNV envelope (E) protein was evaluated. While no significant E-protein specific humoral response was generated after DNA immunization, protein boosting of DNA-primed mice resulted in a marked increase in total neutralizing antibody titer. In addition, E-specific IL-4 T-cell immune responses were detected by ELISPOT after protein boost and CD8+ specific IFN-γ expression was observed by flow cytometry. Challenge experiments using the heterologous immunization regime revealed protective immunity to homologous and virulent WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Silke Soehle
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justin Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Roels
- Operational Direction Interactions and Surveillance, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julianna Lisziewicz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Orsolya Lorincz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Niek N. Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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24
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Zu X, Liu Y, Wang S, Jin R, Zhou Z, Liu H, Gong R, Xiao G, Wang W. Peptide inhibitor of Japanese encephalitis virus infection targeting envelope protein domain III. Antiviral Res 2014; 104:7-14. [PMID: 24468276 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of acute viral encephalitis in both humans and animals. Domain III of the virus envelope glycoprotein (E DIII) plays an important role in the interaction of viral particles with host cell receptors to facilitate viral entry. Intervention of the interaction between E DIII and its cognate host cell receptor would provide an important avenue for inhibiting JEV infection. A phage display peptide library was therefore panned against E DIII, which resulted in the identification of several peptides. One peptide, named P3, inhibited JEV infection of BHK-21 cells with an IC₅₀ of ∼1 μM and an IC₉₀ at ∼100 μM. Further characterization revealed that P3 bound to E DIII with a K(d) of 6.06 × 10⁻⁶ M and inhibited JEV infection by interfering with viral attachment to cells. Based on in silico prediction by ZDOCK, P3 was found to interact with E DIII via a hydrophobic pocket, which was confirmed by the binding assay of P3 to the V357A mutant. P3 was hypothesized to bind to E DIII by interacting with the sties adjacent to the BC and DE loops, which might interfere with the binding of JEV to cellular receptors, thus impeding viral infection. This newly isolated peptide may represent a new therapeutic candidate for treatment of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Rui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Haibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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Throsby M, Ter Meulen J, Geuijen C, Goudsmit J, de Kruif J. Mapping and analysis of West Nile virus-specific monoclonal antibodies: prospects for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:183-91. [PMID: 17408368 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal epidemics of West Nile virus (WNV) infection now occur throughout North America, causing clinical symptoms ranging from fever to encephalitis. There are no specific treatment options or licensed vaccines. Several classically developed vaccine candidates are being evaluated in clinical trials. However, questions of safety and/or immunogenicity may limit their usefulness. Mapping of human and murine antibody repertoires against the WNV envelope protein after WNV infection have revealed important insights into the protective immune response against the virus. This review will give an overview of vaccines under development and summarize current data on E-protein antigenicity that could aid in the design of next generation WNV vaccines.
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A review of vaccine approaches for West Nile virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4200-23. [PMID: 24025396 PMCID: PMC3799512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002–2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999–2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.
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Functional analysis of antibodies against dengue virus type 4 reveals strain-dependent epitope exposure that impacts neutralization and protection. J Virol 2013; 87:8826-42. [PMID: 23785205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01314-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prior studies have characterized the neutralizing activities of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against dengue virus (DENV) serotypes 1, 2, and 3 (DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3), few reports have assessed the activity of MAbs against DENV-4. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of 81 new mouse anti-DENV-4 MAbs. We observed strain- and genotype-dependent differences in neutralization of DENV-4 by MAbs mapping to epitopes on domain II (DII) and DIII of the envelope (E) protein. Several anti-DENV-4 MAbs inefficiently inhibited at least one strain and/or genotype, suggesting that the exposure or sequence of neutralizing epitopes varies within isolates of this serotype. Remarkably, flavivirus cross-reactive MAbs, which bound to the highly conserved fusion loop in DII and inhibited infection of DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3, more weakly neutralized five different DENV-4 strains encompassing the genetic diversity of the serotype after preincubation at 37°C. However, increasing the time of preincubation at 37°C or raising the temperature to 40°C enhanced the potency of DII fusion loop-specific MAbs and some DIII-specific MAbs against DENV-4 strains. Prophylaxis studies in two new DENV-4 mouse models showed that neutralization titers of MAbs after preincubation at 37°C correlated with activity in vivo. Our studies establish the complexity of MAb recognition against DENV-4 and suggest that differences in epitope exposure relative to other DENV serotypes affect antibody neutralization and protective activity.
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Zidane N, Dussart P, Bremand L, Villani ME, Bedouelle H. Thermodynamic stability of domain III from the envelope protein of flaviviruses and its improvement by molecular design. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:389-99. [PMID: 23479674 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus includes widespread and severe human pathogens like the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1 to DENV4), yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Domain III (ED3) of the viral envelope protein interacts with cell receptors and contains epitopes recognized by virus neutralizing antibodies. Its structural, antigenic and immunogenic properties have been thoroughly studied contrary to its physico-chemical properties. Here, the ED3 domains of the above pathogenic flaviviruses were produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Their thermodynamic stabilities were measured and compared in experiments of unfolding equilibriums, induced with chemicals or heat and monitored through protein fluorescence. A designed ED3 domain, with the consensus sequence of DENV strains from all serotypes, was highly stable. The low stability of the ED3 domain from DENV3 was increased by three changes of residues in the protein core without affecting its reactivity towards DENV-infected human serums. Additional changes showed that the stability of ED3 varied with the DENV3 genotype. The T(m) of ED3 was higher than 69°C for all the tested viruses and reached 86°C for the consensus ED3. The latter, deprived of its disulfide bond by mutations, was predominantly unfolded at 20°C. These results will help better understand and design the properties of ED3 for its use as diagnostic, vaccine or therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zidane
- Unit of Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Genome-wide patterns of intrahuman dengue virus diversity reveal associations with viral phylogenetic clade and interhost diversity. J Virol 2012; 86:8546-58. [PMID: 22647702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00736-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogous to observations in RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, genetic variation associated with intrahost dengue virus (DENV) populations has been postulated to influence viral fitness and disease pathogenesis. Previous attempts to investigate intrahost genetic variation in DENV characterized only a few viral genes or a limited number of full-length genomes. We developed a whole-genome amplification approach coupled with deep sequencing to capture intrahost diversity across the entire coding region of DENV-2. Using this approach, we sequenced DENV-2 genomes from the serum of 22 Nicaraguan individuals with secondary DENV infection and captured ∼75% of the DENV genome in each sample (range, 40 to 98%). We identified and quantified variants using a highly sensitive and specific method and determined that the extent of diversity was considerably lower than previous estimates. Significant differences in intrahost diversity were detected between genes and also between antigenically distinct domains of the Envelope gene. Interestingly, a strong association was discerned between the extent of intrahost diversity in a few genes and viral clade identity. Additionally, the abundance of viral variants within a host, as well as the impact of viral mutations on amino acid encoding and predicted protein function, determined whether intrahost variants were observed at the interhost level in circulating Nicaraguan DENV-2 populations, strongly suggestive of purifying selection across transmission events. Our data illustrate the value of high-coverage genome-wide analysis of intrahost diversity for high-resolution mapping of the relationship between intrahost diversity and clinical, epidemiological, and virological parameters of viral infection.
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De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN. Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination. Vet Res 2012; 43:16. [PMID: 22380523 PMCID: PMC3311072 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, a large family with 3 main genera (flavivirus, hepacivirus and pestivirus). Among these viruses, there are several globally relevant human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of WN fever and encephalitis have occurred throughout the world and WNV is now endemic in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and the Unites States. This review describes the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and highlights recent progress regarding diagnosis and vaccination against WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Moreland NJ, Susanto P, Lim E, Tay MYF, Rajamanonmani R, Hanson BJ, Vasudevan SG. Phage display approaches for the isolation of monoclonal antibodies against dengue virus envelope domain III from human and mouse derived libraries. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2618-2635. [PMID: 22489114 PMCID: PMC3317677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Domain III of the dengue virus envelope protein (EDIII, aa295-395) has an immunoglobulin fold and is the proposed receptor-binding domain of the virus. Previous studies have shown that monoclonal antibodies against EDIII can be neutralizing and have therapeutic potential. Here, cloned Fab-phage libraries of human and mouse origin were screened for DENV specific antibodies. Firstly, bacterially expressed EDIII or whole virus particles were used as bait in biopanning against a large naïve human Fab-phage library (>10 billion independent clones). Multiple panning strategies were employed, and in excess of 1000 clones were screened, but all of the antibodies identified bound the envelope in regions outside EDIII suggesting EDIII antibodies are virtually absent from the naïve human repertoire. Next, a chimeric Fab-phage library was constructed from a panel of EDIII specific mouse hybridomas by pooling the VH and VL chain sequences from the hybridomas and cloning these into the pComb3X phagemid vector with human CH and CL encoding sequences. Biopanning against EDIII identified a unique antibody (C9) that cross-reacts with EDIII from DENV1-3 and, in the IgG format, binds and neutralizes DENV2 in cell-based assays. Sequence analysis and saturation mutagenesis of complementary determining regions (CDR) in the C9 light chain suggest an antigen recognition model in which the LCDR3 is a key determinant of EDIII specificity, while modifications in LCDR1 and LCDR2 affect DENV serotype cross-reactivity. Overall, this study supports the current prevailing opinion that neutralizing anti-EDIII monoclonal antibodies can be readily generated in murine systems, but in humans the anti-DENV immune response is directed away from domain III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Moreland
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College rd, Singapore; E-Mails: (N.J.M); (M.Y.F.T)
| | - Patricia Susanto
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College rd, Singapore; E-Mails: (N.J.M); (M.Y.F.T)
| | - Elfin Lim
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College rd, Singapore; E-Mails: (N.J.M); (M.Y.F.T)
| | - Moon Y. F. Tay
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College rd, Singapore; E-Mails: (N.J.M); (M.Y.F.T)
| | | | - Brendon J. Hanson
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore; E-Mail:
| | - Subhash G. Vasudevan
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College rd, Singapore; E-Mails: (N.J.M); (M.Y.F.T)
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32
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Watterson D, Kobe B, Young PR. Residues in domain III of the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein involved in cell-surface glycosaminoglycan binding. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:72-82. [PMID: 21957126 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus (DENV) envelope (E) protein mediates virus entry into cells via interaction with a range of cell-surface receptor molecules. Cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to play an early role in this interaction, and charged oligosaccharides such as heparin bind to the E protein. We have examined this interaction using site-directed mutagenesis of a recombinant form of the putative receptor-binding domain III of the DENV-2E protein expressed as an MBP (maltose-binding protein)-fusion protein. Using an ELISA-based GAG-binding assay, cell-based binding analysis and antiviral-activity assays, we have identified two critical residues, K291 and K295, that are involved in GAG interactions. These studies have also demonstrated differential binding between mosquito and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection by mosquito-borne flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) is increasing in prevalence worldwide. The vast global, social and economic impact due to the morbidity and mortality associated with the diseases caused by these viruses necessitates therapeutic intervention. There is currently no effective clinical treatment for any flaviviral infection. Therefore, there is a great need for the identification of novel inhibitors to target the virus life cycle. DISCUSSION In this article, we discuss structural and nonstructural viral proteins that are the focus of current target validation and drug discovery efforts. Both inhibition of essential enzymatic activities and disruption of necessary protein–protein interactions are considered. In addition, we address promising new targets for future research. CONCLUSION As our molecular and biochemical understanding of the flavivirus life cycle increases, the number of targets for antiviral therapeutic discovery grows and the possibility for novel drug discovery continues to strengthen.
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Domain III peptides from flavivirus envelope protein are useful antigens for serologic diagnosis and targets for immunization. Biologicals 2011; 38:613-8. [PMID: 20817489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family includes 70 enveloped single-stranded-RNA positive-sense viruses transmitted by arthropods. Among these viruses, there are a relevant number of human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Langat virus (LGTV) and Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV). The flavivirus envelope (E) protein is a dominant antigen inducing immunologic responses in infected hosts and eliciting virus-neutralizing antibodies. The domain III (DIII) of E protein contains a panel of important epitopes that are recognized by virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Peptides of the DIII have been used with promising results as antigens for flavivirus serologic diagnosis and as targets for immunization against these viruses. We review here some important aspects of the molecular structure of the DIII as well as its use as antigens for serologic diagnosis and immunization in animal models.
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35
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Bogachek MV, Zaitsev BN, Sekatskii SK, Protopopova EV, Ternovoi VA, Ivanova AV, Kachko AV, Ivanisenko VA, Dietler G, Loktev VB. Characterization of glycoprotein E C-end of West Nile virus and evaluation of its interaction force with alphaVbeta3 integrin as putative cellular receptor. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:472-80. [PMID: 20618137 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant polypeptide containing the 260-466 amino acid sequence of West Nile virus (WNV) strain LEIV-Vlg99-27889-human glycoprotein E (gpE, E(260-466)) was constructed. Immunochemical similarity between the E(260-466) and gpE of WNV was proven by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunoblot, competitive EIA, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralization tests using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the viral gpE and recombinant E(260-466). Polypeptide E(260-466) induced formation of virus neutralizing and cross-reactive antibodies that were interactive with various epitopes of this recombinant protein. It is shown by evaluation of the interaction of E(260-466) with one of the proposed cell receptors of WNV that average E(260-466)-alphaVbeta3 integrin-specific interaction force measured using atomic force spectroscopy was 80 and 140 pN for single and double interactions, correspondingly. Taken together with previously described interaction between laminin-binding protein (LBP) and WNV gpE domain II, it is proposed that WNV gpE can interact specifically with two cellular proteins (LBP and alphaVbeta3 integrin) during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Bogachek
- FSRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
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Spohn G, Jennings GT, Martina BE, Keller I, Beck M, Pumpens P, Osterhaus AD, Bachmann MF. A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice. Virol J 2010; 7:146. [PMID: 20604940 PMCID: PMC2914671 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since its first appearance in the USA in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread in the Western hemisphere and continues to represent an important public health concern. In the absence of effective treatment, there is a medical need for the development of a safe and efficient vaccine. Live attenuated WNV vaccines have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies but might carry inherent risks due to the possibility of reversion to more virulent forms. Subunit vaccines based on the large envelope (E) glycoprotein of WNV have therefore been explored as an alternative approach. Although these vaccines were shown to protect from disease in animal models, multiple injections and/or strong adjuvants were required to reach efficacy, underscoring the need for more immunogenic, yet safe DIII-based vaccines. Results We produced a conjugate vaccine against WNV consisting of recombinantly expressed domain III (DIII) of the E glycoprotein chemically cross-linked to virus-like particles derived from the recently discovered bacteriophage AP205. In contrast to isolated DIII protein, which required three administrations to induce detectable antibody titers in mice, high titers of DIII-specific antibodies were induced after a single injection of the conjugate vaccine. These antibodies were able to neutralize the virus in vitro and provided partial protection from a challenge with a lethal dose of WNV. Three injections of the vaccine induced high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and completely protected mice from WNV infection. Conclusions The immunogenicity of DIII can be strongly enhanced by conjugation to virus-like particles of the bacteriophage AP205. The superior immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine with respect to other DIII-based subunit vaccines, its anticipated favourable safety profile and low production costs highlight its potential as an efficacious and cost-effective prophylaxis against WNV.
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Structure and function analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against dengue virus type 2. J Virol 2010; 84:9227-39. [PMID: 20592088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01087-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent insect-transmitted viral disease in humans globally, and currently no specific therapy or vaccine is available. Protection against DENV and other related flaviviruses is associated with the development of antibodies against the viral envelope (E) protein. Although prior studies have characterized the neutralizing activity of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against DENV type 2 (DENV-2), none have compared simultaneously the inhibitory activity against a genetically diverse range of strains in vitro, the protective capacity in animals, and the localization of epitopes. Here, with the goal of identifying MAbs that can serve as postexposure therapy, we investigated in detail the functional activity of a large panel of new anti-DENV-2 mouse MAbs. Binding sites were mapped by yeast surface display and neutralization escape, cell culture inhibition assays were performed with homologous and heterologous strains, and prophylactic and therapeutic activity was evaluated with two mouse models. Protective MAbs localized to epitopes on the lateral ridge of domain I (DI), the dimer interface, lateral ridge, and fusion loop of DII, and the lateral ridge, C-C' loop, and A strand of DIII. Several MAbs inefficiently inhibited at least one DENV-2 strain of a distinct genotype, suggesting that recognition of neutralizing epitopes varies with strain diversity. Moreover, antibody potency generally correlated with a narrowed genotype and serotype specificity. Five MAbs functioned efficiently as postexposure therapy when administered as a single dose, even 3 days after intracranial infection of BALB/c mice. Overall, these studies define the structural and functional complexity of antibodies against DENV-2 with protective potential.
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Chen HL, Her SY, Huang KC, Cheng HT, Wu CW, Wu SC, Cheng JW. Identification of a heparin binding peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Biopolymers 2010; 94:331-8. [PMID: 20069543 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope protein is the dominant antigen in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and plays an important role in inducing immunologic responses in the infected host. It has been shown that highly sulfated forms of heparin sulfate can bind to the envelope protein and are involved in flavivirus infection. Among the three structural domains, domain III is the major antigenic domain of the envelope protein. We have prepared an extended form of the JEV domain III protein with residues ranging from 261 to 402 and determined its heparin binding sites. Based on NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified that only the N-terminal region (residues 279-293) and some spatially adjacent residues of JEV domain III are involved in heparin binding. Moreover, a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region also demonstrates strong affinity to heparin. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the interactions of flaviviruses and glycosaminoglycans on the host cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Li Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, China
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Bioinformatics in new generation flavivirus vaccines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:864029. [PMID: 20467477 PMCID: PMC2867002 DOI: 10.1155/2010/864029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus infections are the most prevalent arthropod-borne infections world wide, often causing severe disease especially among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. In the absence of effective antiviral treatment, prevention through vaccination would greatly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with flavivirus infections. Despite the success of the empirically developed vaccines against yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus, there is an increasing need for a more rational design and development of safe and effective vaccines. Several bioinformatic tools are available to support such rational vaccine design. In doing so, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as safety for the target population, overall immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine, and efficacy and longevity of the immune responses triggered. Examples of how bio-informatics is applied to assist in the rational design and improvements of vaccines, particularly flavivirus vaccines, are presented and discussed.
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Zhang S, Bovshik EI, Maillard R, Gromowski GD, Volk DE, Schein CH, Huang CYH, Gorenstein DG, Lee JC, Barrett ADT, Beasley DWC. Role of BC loop residues in structure, function and antigenicity of the West Nile virus envelope protein receptor-binding domain III. Virology 2010; 403:85-91. [PMID: 20447672 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the BC loop (residues 329-333) of the envelope (E) protein domain III in a West Nile virus (WNV) infectious clone and in plasmids encoding recombinant WNV and dengue type 2 virus domain III proteins demonstrated a critical role for residues in this loop in the function and antigenicity of the E protein. This included a strict requirement for the tyrosine at residue 329 of WNV for virus viability and E domain III folding. The absence of an equivalent residue in this region of yellow fever group viruses and most tick-borne flavivirus suggests there is an evolutionary divergence in the molecular mechanisms of domain III folding employed by different flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Shrestha B, Brien JD, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Austin SK, Edeling MA, Kim T, O'Brien KM, Nelson CA, Johnson S, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. The development of therapeutic antibodies that neutralize homologous and heterologous genotypes of dengue virus type 1. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000823. [PMID: 20369024 PMCID: PMC2848552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody protection against flaviviruses is associated with the development of neutralizing antibodies against the viral envelope (E) protein. Prior studies with West Nile virus (WNV) identified therapeutic mouse and human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognized epitopes on domain III (DIII) of the E protein. To identify an analogous panel of neutralizing antibodies against DENV type-1 (DENV-1), we immunized mice with a genotype 2 strain of DENV-1 virus and generated 79 new MAbs, 16 of which strongly inhibited infection by the homologous virus and localized to DIII. Surprisingly, only two MAbs, DENV1-E105 and DENV1-E106, retained strong binding and neutralizing activity against all five DENV-1 genotypes. In an immunocompromised mouse model of infection, DENV1-E105 and DENV1-E106 exhibited therapeutic activity even when administered as a single dose four days after inoculation with a heterologous genotype 4 strain of DENV-1. Using epitope mapping and X-ray crystallographic analyses, we localized the neutralizing determinants for the strongly inhibitory MAbs to distinct regions on DIII. Interestingly, sequence variation in DIII alone failed to explain disparities in neutralizing potential of MAbs among different genotypes. Overall, our experiments define a complex structural epitope on DIII of DENV-1 that can be recognized by protective antibodies with therapeutic potential. Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that infects 25 to 100 million humans annually and can progress to a life-threatening hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Currently, no vaccines or specific therapies are available. Prior studies identified a highly neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against West Nile virus, a related flavivirus, as a candidate therapy for humans. In this study, we generated 79 new MAbs against the DENV type 1 (DENV-1) serotype, 16 of which strongly inhibited infection in cell culture. Using structural and molecular approaches, the binding sites of these inhibitory MAbs were localized to distinct regions on domain III of the DENV-1 envelope protein. We tested the protective capacity of all of the neutralizing MAbs in mice against infection by a strain of DENV-1 from a distinct genotype. Only two of the MAbs, DENV1-E105 and DENV1-E106, showed efficacy in a post-exposure treatment model, and these antibodies efficiently neutralized all five DENV-1 genotypes. Collectively, our studies define a complex structural binding site on domain III of the envelope protein for MAbs with therapeutic potential against DENV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimmi Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Soila Sukupolvi-Petty
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - S. Kyle Austin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Edeling
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katie M. O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Syd Johnson
- MacroGenics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Midwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Midwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wahala WMPB, Donaldson EF, de Alwis R, Accavitti-Loper MA, Baric RS, de Silva AM. Natural strain variation and antibody neutralization of dengue serotype 3 viruses. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000821. [PMID: 20333252 PMCID: PMC2841629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are emerging, mosquito-borne flaviviruses which cause dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. The DENV complex consists of 4 serotypes designated DENV1-DENV4. Following natural infection with DENV, individuals develop serotype specific, neutralizing antibody responses. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been used to map neutralizing epitopes on dengue and other flaviviruses. Most serotype-specific, neutralizing MAbs bind to the lateral ridge of domain III of E protein (EDIII). It has been widely assumed that the EDIII lateral ridge epitope is conserved within each DENV serotype and a good target for vaccines. Using phylogenetic methods, we compared the amino acid sequence of 175 E proteins representing the different genotypes of DENV3 and identified a panel of surface exposed amino acids, including residues in EDIII, that are highly variant across the four DENV3 genotypes. The variable amino acids include six residues at the lateral ridge of EDIII. We used a panel of DENV3 mouse MAbs to assess the functional significance of naturally occurring amino acid variation. From the panel of antibodies, we identified three neutralizing MAbs that bound to EDIII of DENV3. Recombinant proteins and naturally occurring variant viruses were used to map the binding sites of the three MAbs. The three MAbs bound to overlapping but distinct epitopes on EDIII. Our empirical studies clearly demonstrate that the antibody binding and neutralization capacity of two MAbs was strongly influenced by naturally occurring mutations in DENV3. Our data demonstrate that the lateral ridge “type specific” epitope is not conserved between strains of DENV3. This variability should be considered when designing and evaluating DENV vaccines, especially those targeting EDIII. Dengue viruses are mosquito-borne flaviviruses and the agents of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. It has been widely assumed that antibodies that neutralize dengue bind to regions on the viral envelope (E) protein that are conserved within each serotype. However, few studies have explored how natural variation influences dengue-antibody interactions. Mouse antibodies that strongly neutralize dengue bind to a region on domain III of E protein. This region has been the focus of much recent work because it might be the target of protective human antibodies as well. We compared a large number of E protein sequences and discovered that the region on E protein domain III targeted by neutralizing antibodies was highly variable between strains of dengue serotype 3. Using a panel of antibodies, we experimentally demonstrate that natural strain variation in dengue serotype 3 has a strong influence on antibody binding and neutralization. Our results challenge the dogma that neutralizing antibody binding regions are conserved within each serotype. The results of this study are relevant to the current global effort to develop and evaluate dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahala M. P. B. Wahala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric F. Donaldson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Accavitti-Loper
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gershoni-Yahalom O, Landes S, Kleiman-Shoval S, Ben-Nathan D, Kam M, Lachmi BE, Khinich Y, Simanov M, Samina I, Eitan A, Cohen IR, Rager-Zisman B, Porgador A. Chimeric vaccine composed of viral peptide and mammalian heat-shock protein 60 peptide protects against West Nile virus challenge. Immunology 2010; 130:527-35. [PMID: 20331473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a chimeric peptide against West Nile virus (WNV) was evaluated. This virus is the aetiological agent of West Nile fever, which has recently emerged in the western hemisphere. The rapid spread of WNV throughout North America, as well as the constantly changing epidemiology and transmission of the virus by blood transfusion and transplantation, have raised major public-health concerns. Currently, there are no effective treatments for WNV or vaccine for human use. We previously identified a novel, continuous B-cell epitope from domain III of the WNV envelope protein, termed Ep15. To test whether this epitope can protect against WNV infection, we synthesized a linear chimeric peptide composed of Ep15 and the heat-shock protein 60 peptide, p458. The p458 peptide is an effective carrier peptide for subunit vaccines against other infectious agents. We now report that mice immunized with the chimeric peptide, p458-Ep15, were resistant to lethal challenges with three different WNV strains. Moreover, their brains were free of viral genome and infectious virus. Mice immunized with Ep15 alone or with p431-Ep15, a control conjugate, were not protected. The chimeric p458-Ep15 peptide induced WNV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies that neutralized the virus and induced the secretion of interferon-gammain vitro. Challenge of chimeric peptide-immunized mice considerably enhanced WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. We conclude that this chimeric peptide can be used for formulation of a human vaccine against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Effector functions of camelid heavy-chain antibodies in immunity to West Nile virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:239-46. [PMID: 19955323 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00421-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three classes of IgG have been described for camelids. IgG1 has a conventional four-chain structure, while IgG2 and IgG3 do not incorporate light chains. The structures and antigen-binding affinities of the so-called heavy-chain classes have been studied in detail; however, their regulation and effector functions are largely undefined. The aim of this study was to examine the participation of conventional and heavy-chain IgG antibodies in the camelid immune defense directed against West Nile virus (WNV). We found that natural infection or vaccination with killed WNV induced IgG1 and IgG3. Vaccination also induced IgG1 and IgG3; IgG2 was produced during the anamnestic response to vaccination. When purified IgGs were tested in plaque-reduction neutralization titer (PRNT) tests, IgG3 demonstrated PRNT activities comparable to those of conventional IgG1. In contrast, IgG2 demonstrated only suboptimal activity at the highest concentrations tested. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that macrophages bound IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3. Furthermore, subneutralizing concentrations of all three isotypes enhanced WNV infection of cultured macrophages. Our results document distinctions in regulation and function between camelid heavy-chain isotypes. The reduced size and distinct structure of IgG3 did not negatively impact its capacity to neutralize virus. In contrast, IgG2 appeared to be less efficient in neutralization. This information advances our understanding of these unusual antibodies in ways that can be applied in the development of effective vaccines for camelids.
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46
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Volk DE, May FJ, Gandham SHA, Anderson A, Von Lindern JJ, Beasley DWC, Barrett ADT, Gorenstein DG. Structure of yellow fever virus envelope protein domain III. Virology 2009; 394:12-8. [PMID: 19818466 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The structure of recombinant domain III of the envelope protein (rED3) of yellow fever virus (YFV), containing the major neutralization site, was determined using NMR spectroscopy. The amino acid sequence and structure of the YFV-rED3 shows differences from ED3s of other mosquito-borne flaviviruses; in particular, the partially surface-exposed BC loop where methionine-304 and valine-324 were identified as being critical for the structure of the loop. Variations in the structure and surface chemistry of ED3 between flaviviruses affect neutralization sites and may affect host cell receptor interactions and play a role in the observed variations in viral pathogenesis and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Volk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1157, USA
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Nguyen BT, Koh G, Lim HS, Chua AJS, Ng MML, Toh CS. Membrane-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensor for the Detection of Virus. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7226-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900761a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binh T.T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Guiwan Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Hui Si Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Anthony J. S. Chua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Mary M. L. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Chee-Seng Toh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 3 Science Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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48
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Wahala WMPB, Kraus AA, Haymore LB, Accavitti-Loper MA, de Silva AM. Dengue virus neutralization by human immune sera: role of envelope protein domain III-reactive antibody. Virology 2009; 392:103-13. [PMID: 19631955 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are the etiological agents of dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The DENV complex consists of four closely related viruses designated DENV serotypes 1 through 4. Although infection with one serotype induces cross reactive antibody to all 4 serotypes, the long-term protective antibody response is restricted to the serotype responsible for infection. Cross reactive antibodies appear to enhance infection during a second infection with a different serotype. The goal of the present study was to characterize the binding specificity and functional properties of human DENV immune sera. The study focused on domain III of the viral envelope protein (EDIII), as this region has a well characterized epitope that is recognized by strongly neutralizing serotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Our results demonstrate that EDIII-reactive antibodies are present in primary and secondary DENV immune human sera. Human antibodies bound to a serotype specific epitope on EDIII after primary infection and a serotype cross reactive epitope on EDIII after secondary infection. However, EDIII binding antibodies constituted only a small fraction of the total antibody in immune sera binding to DENV. Studies with complete and EDIII antibody depleted human immune sera demonstrated that EDIII binding antibodies play a minor role in DENV neutralization. We propose that human antibodies directed to other epitopes on the virus are primarily responsible for DENV neutralization. Our results have implications for understanding protective immunity following natural DENV infection and for evaluating DENV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M P B Wahala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, CB#7290 University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Diamond MS. Progress on the development of therapeutics against West Nile virus. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:214-27. [PMID: 19501622 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A decade has passed since the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in humans in the Western Hemisphere in New York City. During this interval, WNV spread inexorably throughout North and South America and caused millions of infections ranging from a sub-clinical illness, to a self-limiting febrile syndrome or lethal neuroinvasive disease. Its entry into the United States triggered intensive research into the basic biology of WNV and the elements that comprise a protective host immune response. Although no therapy is currently approved for use in humans, several strategies are being pursued to develop effective prophylaxis and treatments. This review describes the current state of knowledge on epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and immunobiology of WNV infection, and highlights progress toward an effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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50
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Rajamanonmani R, Nkenfou C, Clancy P, Yau YH, Shochat SG, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Schul W, Diamond MS, Vasudevan SG, Lescar J. On a mouse monoclonal antibody that neutralizes all four dengue virus serotypes. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:799-809. [PMID: 19264660 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope glycoprotein (E) is responsible for viral attachment and entry by membrane fusion. Its ectodomain is the primary target of the humoral immune response. In particular, the C-terminal Ig-like domain III of E, which is exposed at the surface of the viral particle, forms an attractive antigen for raising protective monoclonal antibodies (mAb). 9F12, a mouse mAb raised against a dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 recombinant domain III, cross-reacts with corresponding domains from the other three DENV serotypes and also with West Nile virus. mAb 9F12 binds with nanomolar affinity to a conserved epitope that maps to the viral surface comprising residues 305, 307, 310 and 330 of the E protein. mAb 9F12 neutralizes all four DENV serotypes in plaque reduction assays. We expressed a single-chain Fv from 9F12 that retains the binding activity of the parent mAb. Adsorption and fusion inhibition assays indicate that mAb 9F12 prevents early steps of viral entry. Its virus inhibition activity and broad cross-reactivity makes mAb 9F12 a suitable candidate for optimization and humanization into a therapeutic antibody to treat severe infections by dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Rajamanonmani
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS, Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Celine Nkenfou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Paula Clancy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Biopolis, Singapore
| | | | - Soila Sukupolvi-Petty
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Wouter Schul
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS, Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Julien Lescar
- AFMB CNRS UMR6098, Marseille, France.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Biopolis, Singapore
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