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Vaghasiya J, Dalvand A, Sikarwar A, Mangat D, Ragheb M, Kowatsch K, Pandey D, Hosseini SM, Hackett TL, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S, Ravandi A, Pascoe CD, Halayko AJ. Oxidized Phosphatidylcholines Trigger TRPA1 and Ryanodine Receptor-dependent Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:649-665. [PMID: 37552547 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0457oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma pathobiology includes oxidative stress that modifies cell membranes and extracellular phospholipids. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs) in lung lavage from allergen-challenged human participants correlate with airway hyperresponsiveness and induce bronchial narrowing in murine thin-cut lung slices. OxPCs activate many signaling pathways, but mechanisms for these responses are unclear. We hypothesize that OxPCs stimulate intracellular free Ca2+ flux to trigger airway smooth muscle contraction. Intracellular Ca2+ flux was assessed in Fura-2-loaded, cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) induced an approximately threefold increase in 20 kD myosin light chain phosphorylation. This correlated with a rapid peak in intracellular cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) (143 nM) and a sustained plateau that included slow oscillations in [Ca2+]i. Sustained [Ca2+]i elevation was ablated in Ca2+-free buffer and by TRPA1 inhibition. Conversely, OxPAPC-induced peak [Ca2+]i was unaffected in Ca2+-free buffer, by TRPA1 inhibition, or by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor inhibition. Peak [Ca2+]i was ablated by pharmacologic inhibition of ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Inhibiting the upstream RyR activator cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose was sufficient to abolish OxPAPC-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ flux. OxPAPC induced ∼15% bronchial narrowing in thin-cut lung slices that could be prevented by pharmacologic inhibition of either TRPA1 or RyR, which similarly inhibited OxPC-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. In summary, OxPC mediates airway narrowing by triggering TRPA1 and RyR-mediated mobilization of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ in airway smooth muscle. These data suggest that OxPC in the airways of allergen-challenged subjects and subjects with asthma may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Vaghasiya
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Azadeh Dalvand
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anurag Sikarwar
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Divleen Mangat
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mirna Ragheb
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katarina Kowatsch
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dheerendra Pandey
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, and
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | | | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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2
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Perryman AN, Kim HYH, Payton A, Rager JE, McNell EE, Rebuli ME, Wells H, Almond M, Antinori J, Alexis NE, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Plasma sterols and vitamin D are correlates and predictors of ozone-induced inflammation in the lung: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285721. [PMID: 37186612 PMCID: PMC10184915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O3) exposure causes respiratory effects including lung function decrements, increased lung permeability, and airway inflammation. Additionally, baseline metabolic state can predispose individuals to adverse health effects from O3. For this reason, we conducted an exploratory study to examine the effect of O3 exposure on derivatives of cholesterol biosynthesis: sterols, oxysterols, and secosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D) not only in the lung, but also in circulation. METHODS We obtained plasma and induced sputum samples from non-asthmatic (n = 12) and asthmatic (n = 12) adult volunteers 6 hours following exposure to 0.4ppm O3 for 2 hours. We quantified the concentrations of 24 cholesterol precursors and derivatives by UPLC-MS and 30 cytokines by ELISA. We use computational analyses including machine learning to determine whether baseline plasma sterols are predictive of O3 responsiveness. RESULTS We observed an overall decrease in the concentration of cholesterol precursors and derivatives (e.g. 27-hydroxycholesterol) and an increase in concentration of autooxidation products (e.g. secosterol-B) in sputum samples. In plasma, we saw a significant increase in the concentration of secosterol-B after O3 exposure. Machine learning algorithms showed that plasma cholesterol was a top predictor of O3 responder status based on decrease in FEV1 (>5%). Further, 25-hydroxyvitamin D was positively associated with lung function in non-asthmatic subjects and with sputum uteroglobin, whereas it was inversely associated with sputum myeloperoxidase and neutrophil counts. CONCLUSION This study highlights alterations in sterol metabolites in the airway and circulation as potential contributors to systemic health outcomes and predictors of pulmonary and inflammatory responsiveness following O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia N. Perryman
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Alexis Payton
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Rager
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Erin E. McNell
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Heather Wells
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Martha Almond
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jamie Antinori
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Alexis
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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3
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Severance ZC, Nuñez JI, Le-McClain AT, Malinky CA, Bensen RC, Fogle RS, Manginelli GW, Sakers SH, Falcon EC, Bui RH, Snead KJ, Bourne CR, Burgett AWG. Structure-Activity Relationships of Ligand Binding to Oxysterol-Binding Protein (OSBP) and OSBP-Related Protein 4. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3866-3875. [PMID: 36916802 PMCID: PMC10786236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related protein 4 (ORP4) have emerged as potentially druggable targets in antiviral and precision cancer drug development. Multiple structurally diverse small molecules function through targeting the OSBP/ORP family of proteins, including the antiviral steroidal compounds OSW-1 and T-00127-HEV2. Here, the structure-activity relationships of oxysterols and related compound binding to human OSBP and ORP4 are characterized. Oxysterols with hydroxylation at various side chain positions (i.e., C-20, C-24, C-25, and C-27)─but not C-22─confer high affinity interactions with OSBP and ORP4. A library of 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol analogues with varying sterol side chains reveal that side chain length modifications are not well tolerated for OSBP and ORP4 interactions. This side chain requirement is contradicted by the high affinity binding of T-00127-HEV2, a steroidal compound lacking the side chain. The binding results, in combination with docking studies using homology models of OSBP and ORP4, suggest multiple modes of steroidal ligand binding to OSBP and ORP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Severance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Juan I Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh T Le-McClain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Cori A Malinky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Ryan C Bensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Robert S Fogle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Gianni W Manginelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Sophia H Sakers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Emily C Falcon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Richard Hoang Bui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Kevin J Snead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Christina R Bourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anthony W G Burgett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
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4
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Novel Immunomodulatory Therapies for Respiratory Pathologies. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8238403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Transcriptomics Underlying Pulmonary Ozone Pathogenesis Regulated by Inflammatory Mediators in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091489. [PMID: 34573120 PMCID: PMC8466999 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is the predominant oxidant air pollutant associated with airway inflammation, lung dysfunction, and the worsening of preexisting respiratory diseases. We previously demonstrated the injurious roles of pulmonary immune receptors, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), and toll-like receptor 4, as well as a transcription factor NF-κB, in response to O3 in mice. In the current study, we profiled time-dependent and TNFR- and NF-κB-regulated lung transcriptome changes by subacute O3 to illuminate the underlying molecular events and downstream targets. Mice lacking Tnfr1/Tnfr2 (Tnfr-/-) or Nfkb1 (Nfkb1-/-) were exposed to air or O3. Lung RNAs were prepared for cDNA microarray analyses, and downstream and upstream mechanisms were predicted by pathway analyses of the enriched genes. O3 significantly altered the genes involved in inflammation and redox (24 h), cholesterol biosynthesis and vaso-occlusion (48 h), and cell cycle and DNA repair (48–72 h). Transforming growth factor-β1 was a predicted upstream regulator. Lack of Tnfr suppressed the immune cell proliferation and lipid-related processes and heightened epithelial cell integrity, and Nfkb1 deficiency markedly suppressed lung cell cycle progress during O3 exposure. Common differentially regulated genes by TNFR and NF-κB1 (e.g., Casp8, Il6, and Edn1) were predicted to protect the lungs from cell death, connective tissue injury, and inflammation. Il6-deficient mice were susceptible to O3-induced protein hyperpermeability, indicating its defensive role, while Tnf-deficient mice were resistant to overall lung injury caused by O3. The results elucidated transcriptome dynamics and provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulated by TNFR and NF-κB1 in pulmonary subacute O3 pathogenesis.
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6
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Gao X, Raghavamenon AC, Atkins-Ball DS, Uppu RM. Atherogenic oxoaldehyde of cholesterol induces innate immune response in monocytes and macrophages. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:649-658. [PMID: 34129147 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation product, 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al (cholesterol 5,6-secosterol, ChSeco or Atheronal-A), formed at inflammatory sites, has been shown to promote monocyte differentiation into macrophages and cause elevated expression of macrophage scavenger receptors. Since inflammation is a key event at all stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation, the pro-inflammatory actions of ChSeco in human THP-1 monocytes and mouse J774 macrophages were investigated in the present study by employing ELISA, qRT-PCR, and functional assays. An increase in the secretion of interleukin-8 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoform AA and, to a limited extent, PDGF isoform BB was observed into the culture medium of THP-1 monocytes exposed to ChSeco. However, no changes were seen in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In J774 macrophages treated with ChSeco, there was an upregulation of gene expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors. Concomitantly, there was down-regulation of gene expression of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-10, and lymphotoxin-beta. An increase in the release of interleukin-18 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-20 from J774 macrophages (which corroborated well with their gene expression profiles) and increased binding of THP-1 monocytes to ChSeco-exposed human aortic endothelial cells were observed. The results of the present study, for the first time, demonstrate the pro-inflammatory action of ChSeco and suggest the underlying pro-atherogenic mechanisms. These could be mediated through enhanced monocyte recruitment into the sub-endothelial space and subsequent proliferation of smooth muscle cells under the influence of monocyte-derived PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Gao
- Departments of Environmental Toxicology, College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Achuthan C Raghavamenon
- Departments of Environmental Toxicology, College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Deidra S Atkins-Ball
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Rao M Uppu
- Departments of Environmental Toxicology, College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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7
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Francis M, Guo G, Kong B, Abramova EV, Cervelli JA, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of Lung Macrophage Activation and Oxidative Stress Following Ozone Exposure by Farnesoid X Receptor. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:441-453. [PMID: 32984886 PMCID: PMC7548292 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages are known to contribute to ozone toxicity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulating bile acid and lipid homeostasis; it also exerts anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing macrophage NF-κB. Herein, we analyzed the role of FXR in regulating macrophage activation in the lung following ozone exposure. Treatment of wild-type (WT) mice with ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) resulted in increases in proinflammatory (F4/80+CD11c+CD11b+Ly6CHi) and anti-inflammatory (F4/80+CD11c+CD11b+Ly6CLo) macrophages in the lung. The accumulation of proinflammatory macrophages was increased in FXR-/- mice compared with WT mice; however, anti-inflammatory macrophage activation was blunted as reflected by reduced arginase and mannose receptor expression, a response correlated with decreased Nur77. This was associated with prolonged oxidative stress, as measured by 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in the lung. Loss of FXR was accompanied by protracted increases in lung NF-κB activity and its target, inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to ozone. Levels of Tnf-α, Il-1β, Ccr2, Ccl2, Cx3cr1, and Cx3cl1 were also increased in lungs of FXR-/- relative to WT mice; conversely, genes regulating lipid homeostasis including Lxrα, Apoe, Vldlr, Abcg1, and Abca1 were downregulated, irrespective of ozone exposure. In FXR-/- mice, ozone caused an increase in total lung phospholipids, with no effect on SP-B or SP-D. Dyslipidemia was correlated with blunting of ozone-induced increases in positive end-expiratory pressure-dependent quasi-static pressure volume curves indicating a stiffer lung in FXR-/- mice. These findings identify FXR as a regulator of macrophage activation following ozone exposure suggesting that FXR ligands may be useful in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress induced by pulmonary irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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8
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Perryman A, Speen AM, Kim HYH, Hoffman JR, Clapp PW, Rivera Martin W, Snouwaert JN, Koller BH, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Oxysterols Modify NLRP2 in Epithelial Cells, Identifying a Mediator of Ozone-induced Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:500-512. [PMID: 34126877 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0032oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a prevalent air pollutant causing lung inflammation. Previous studies demonstrate that O3 oxidizes lipids, such as cholesterol, in the airway to produce oxysterols, such as secosterol-A (SecoA), which are electrophiles capable of forming covalent linkages preferentially with lysine residues and consequently modify protein function. The breadth of proteins modified by this oxysterol as well as the biological consequences in the lung are unknown. Using an alkynyl-tagged form of SecoA and shotgun proteomics, we identified 135 proteins to be modified bronchial epithelial cells. Among them was NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 2 (NLRP2) forming a SecoA-protein adduct at lysine (K1019) in the terminal leucine-rich-repeat, a known regulatory region for NLR proteins. NLRP2 expression in airway epithelial cells was characterized and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and shRNA knockdown of NLRP2 was used to determine its function in O3-induced inflammation. No evidence for NLPR2 inflammasome formation or NLRP2-dependent increase in caspase-1 activity in response to O3 was observed. O3-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression for CXCL2 and CXCL8/IL8 was further enhanced in NLRP2 knockout cells, suggesting a negative regulatory role. Reconstitution of NLRP2 KO cells with K1019R mutant NLRP2 partially blocked SecoA adduction and enhanced O3-induced IL-8 release as compared to wild type NLRP2. Together, our findings uncover NLRP2 as a highly abundant, key component of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in airway epithelial cells and as a novel mediator of O3-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Perryman
- University of North Carolina, Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Adam M Speen
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 314974, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Vanderbilt University, 5718, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jessica R Hoffman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Phillip W Clapp
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 6797, Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - John N Snouwaert
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 6797, Genetics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Ned A Porter
- Vanderbilt University, 5718, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- University of North Carolina, Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States;
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9
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Chirumbolo S, Valdenassi L, Simonetti V, Bertossi D, Ricevuti G, Franzini M, Pandolfi S. Insights on the mechanisms of action of ozone in the medical therapy against COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107777. [PMID: 34020394 PMCID: PMC8112288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of reports in the literature is showing that medical ozone (O3) is used, with encouraging results, in treating COVID-19 patients, optimizing pain and symptoms relief, respiratory parameters, inflammatory and coagulation markers and the overall health status, so reducing significantly how much time patients underwent hospitalization and intensive care. To date, aside from mechanisms taking into account the ability of O3 to activate a rapid oxidative stress response, by up-regulating antioxidant and scavenging enzymes, no sound hypothesis was addressed to attempt a synopsis of how O3 should act on COVID-19. The knowledge on how O3 works on inflammation and thrombosis mechanisms is of the utmost importance to make physicians endowed with new guns against SARS-CoV2 pandemic. This review tries to address this issue, so to expand the debate in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Luigi Valdenassi
- SIOOT, High School in Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Italy; SIOOT INTERNATIONAL, Communian Clinic, Gorle Bergamo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Simonetti
- SIOOT, High School in Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Italy; SIOOT INTERNATIONAL, Communian Clinic, Gorle Bergamo, Italy
| | - Dario Bertossi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marianno Franzini
- SIOOT, High School in Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Italy; SIOOT INTERNATIONAL, Communian Clinic, Gorle Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sergio Pandolfi
- SIOOT, High School in Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Italy; SIOOT INTERNATIONAL, Communian Clinic, Gorle Bergamo, Italy; Villa Mafalda Clinics via Monte delle Gioie, Rome, Italy
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10
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Cardiorespiratory Effects of Indoor Ozone Exposure Associated with Changes in Metabolic Profiles among Children: A Repeated-Measure Panel Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:100087. [PMID: 34557741 PMCID: PMC8454695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is one of the major gaseous pollutants associated with short-term adverse cardiopulmonary effects, even at concentrations below the current indoor air quality limits. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of cardiorespiratory changes with exposure to ozone remain unclear. To further explore molecular linkages between indoor ozone exposure and relevant cardiorespiratory effects, a repeated-measure panel study including 46 schoolchildren was conducted and real-time exposure measurements including ozone were performed inside classrooms every weekday during the study period. Repeated health measurements and urine sample collection were conducted in each participant. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and meet-in-metabolite approach were used in metabolomics analysis. Methods including mixed-effect models were adopted to identify metabolites associated with ozone exposure or health indices. Nine metabolites were found to be associated with ozone after mixed-effect model analysis, which are mainly involved in amino acid and bile acid metabolism. Boys may have a greater decrease in bile acid and RNA related metabolites. Four of the nine ozone-related metabolites were also associated with cardiorespiratory function indices. Furthermore, 26.67% of the positive association between ozone and heart rate was mediated by cholestane-3,7,12,25-tetrol-3-glucuronide. Exposure to ozone below the current indoor standards was associated with the deteriorated cardiovascular function by disturbing bile acid and endogenous nitric oxide-related oxidation and inflammation, and associated with the exacerbated airway inflammation by reducing GPx-related anti-oxidation. The results provide metabolic evidence of the cardiorespiratory effects of indoor ozone exposure. Indoor ozone pollution should be controlled further, and more attention should be paid to preventing its adverse health effects, especially in children. Indoor O3 exposure far below the indoor air quality limits disturbed amino acid and bile acid metabolism of children Exposure to indoor O3 at low concentrations was associated with the deteriorated HRV, BP by affecting bile acid- and endogenous NO-related oxidation and inflammation Exposure to indoor O3 at low concentrations was associated with the aggravated airway inflammation by reducing GPx-related anti-oxidation The cardiorespiratory effects of low-level ozone exposure indoors in children require additional attention Indoor ozone pollution should be controlled further and the current indoor ozone standards should be revised
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Miyamoto S, Lima RS, Inague A, Viviani LG. Electrophilic oxysterols: generation, measurement and protein modification. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:416-440. [PMID: 33494620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1879387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian plasma membranes. Alterations in sterol metabolism or oxidation have been linked to various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Unsaturated sterols are vulnerable to oxidation induced by singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. This process yields reactive sterol oxidation products, including hydroperoxides, epoxides as well as aldehydes. These oxysterols, in particular those with high electrophilicity, can modify nucleophilic sites in biomolecules and affect many cellular functions. Here, we review the generation and measurement of reactive sterol oxidation products with emphasis on cholesterol hydroperoxides and aldehyde derivatives (electrophilic oxysterols) and their effects on protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Inague
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Viviani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Zhan Z, Dai Y, Li Q, Lv Y. Small molecule-based bioluminescence and chemiluminescence probes for sensing and imaging of reactive species. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Duffney PF, Kim HYH, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Ozone-derived oxysterols impair lung macrophage phagocytosis via adduction of some phagocytosis receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12727-12738. [PMID: 32690608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of the ambient air pollutant ozone causes lung inflammation and can suppress host defense mechanisms, including impairing macrophage phagocytosis. Ozone reacts with cholesterol in the lung to form oxysterols, like secosterol A and secosterol B (SecoA and SecoB), which can form covalent adducts on cellular proteins. How oxysterol-protein adduction modifies the function of lung macrophages is unknown. Herein, we used a proteomic screen to identify lung macrophage proteins that form adducts with ozone-derived oxysterols. Functional ontology analysis of the adductome indicated that protein binding was a major function of adducted proteins. Further analysis of specific proteins forming adducts with SecoA identified the phagocytic receptors CD206 and CD64. Adduction of these receptors with ozone-derived oxysterols impaired ligand binding and corresponded with reduced macrophage phagocytosis. This work suggests a novel mechanism for the suppression of macrophage phagocytosis following ozone exposure through the generation of oxysterols and the formation of oxysterol-protein adducts on phagocytic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker F Duffney
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Reactive Sterol Electrophiles: Mechanisms of Formation and Reactions with Proteins and Amino Acid Nucleophiles. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 2:390-417. [PMID: 35372835 PMCID: PMC8976181 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated lipid oxidation and the formation of lipid hydroperoxides has been a focal point in the investigation of a number of human pathologies. Lipid peroxidation has long been linked to the inflammatory response and more recently, has been identified as the central tenet of the oxidative cell death mechanism known as ferroptosis. The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts has been associated with many of the disorders that involve perturbations of the cellular redox status, but the identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown. Both cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), which is the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, are oxidizable by species such as ozone and oxygen-centered free radicals. Product mixtures from radical chain processes are particularly complex, with recent studies having expanded the sets of electrophilic compounds formed. Here, we describe recent developments related to the formation of sterol-derived electrophiles and the adduction of these electrophiles to proteins. A framework for understanding sterol peroxidation mechanisms, which has significantly advanced in recent years, as well as the methods for the study of sterol electrophile-protein adduction, are presented in this review.
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Murphy RC. Lipid mass spectrometry: A path traveled for 50 years. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4492. [PMID: 31896171 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of the 1960s, I began graduate school and at the same time started on the path of using mass spectrometry to gain insight into various aspects of lipid biochemistry. This was not a straight path but one that went from organic geochemistry, to lunar sample analysis, to a pursuit of the structure of an elusive and very active, lipid mediator slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). The discovery of the structure of SRS-A opened important questions about phospholipid biochemistry and the arachidonate cycle in cells. I have written this reflection to highlight the various advances in mass spectrometry that occurred during this time that had a great impact on our ability to study lipid biochemistry. I specifically applied these new advances to studies of leukotriene biosynthesis in vivo, leukotriene metabolism, and arachidonate-containing phospholipids that are essential in providing arachidonic acid for the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Along the way, imaging mass spectrometry was shown to be a powerful tool to probe lipids as they exist in tissue slices. We found this as just one of the ways to use the emerging technology of lipidomics to study human pathophysiology. Our studies of neutral lipids and oxidized phospholipids were especially challenging due to the total number of molecular species that could be found in cells. Many challenges remain in using mass spectrometry for lipid studies, and a few are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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Wages PA, Joshi P, Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Bowman AB, Porter NA. Screening ToxCast™ for Chemicals That Affect Cholesterol Biosynthesis: Studies in Cell Culture and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuroprogenitors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17014. [PMID: 31985273 PMCID: PMC7015578 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cholesterol metabolism are common hallmarks of neurodevelopmental pathologies. A diverse array of genetic disorders of cholesterol metabolism support this claim as do multiple lines of research that demonstrate chemical inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis compromises neurodevelopment. Recent work has revealed that a number of commonly used pharmaceuticals induce changes in cholesterol metabolism that are similar to changes induced by genetic disorders with devastating neurodevelopmental deficiencies. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that common environmental toxicants may also impair cholesterol metabolism and thereby possibly contribute to neurodevelopmental toxicity. METHODS Using high-throughput screening with a targeted lipidomic analysis and the mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro-2a, the ToxCast™ chemical library was screened for compounds that impact sterol metabolism. Validation of chemical effects was conducted by assessing cholesterol biosynthesis in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuroprogenitors using an isotopically labeled cholesterol precursor and by monitoring product formation with UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS Twenty-nine compounds were identified as validated lead-hits, and four were prioritized for further study (endosulfan sulfate, tributyltin chloride, fenpropimorph, and spiroxamine). All four compounds were validated to cause hypocholesterolemia in Neuro-2a cells. The morpholine-like fungicides, fenpropimorph and spiroxamine, mirrored their Neuro-2a activity in four immortalized human cell lines and in a human neuroprogenitor model derived from hiPSCs, but endosulfan sulfate and tributyltin chloride did not. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal the existence of environmental compounds that interrupt cholesterol biosynthesis and that methodologically hiPSC neuroprogenitor cells provide a particularly sensitive system to monitor the effect of small molecules on de novo cholesterol formation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5053.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A. Wages
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Speen AM, Hoffman JR, Kim HYH, Escobar YN, Nipp GE, Rebuli ME, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Small Molecule Antipsychotic Aripiprazole Potentiates Ozone-Induced Inflammation in Airway Epithelium. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1997-2005. [PMID: 31476115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled ground level ozone (O3) has well described adverse health effects, which may be augmented in susceptible populations. While conditions, such as pre-existing respiratory disease, have been identified as factors enhancing susceptibility to O3-induced health effects, the potential for chemical interactions in the lung to sensitize populations to pollutant-induced responses has not yet been studied. In the airways, inhaled O3 reacts with lipids, such as cholesterol, to generate reactive and electrophilic oxysterol species, capable of causing cellular dysfunction and inflammation. The enzyme regulating the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol. Inhibition of DHCR7 increases the levels of 7-DHC, which is much more susceptible to oxidation than cholesterol. Chemical analysis established the capacity for a variety of small molecule antipsychotic drugs, like Aripiprazole (APZ), to inhibit DHCR7 and elevate circulating 7-DHC. Our results show that APZ and the known DHCR7 inhibitor, AY9944, increase 7-DHC levels in airway epithelial cells and potentiate O3-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression and cytokine release. Targeted immune-related gene array analysis demonstrates that APZ significantly modified O3-induced expression of 16 genes, causing dysregulation in expression of genes associated with leukocyte recruitment and inflammatory response. Additionally, we find that APZ increases O3-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression in human nasal epithelial cells from male but not female donors. Overall, the evidence we provide describes a novel molecular mechanism by which chemicals, such as APZ, that perturb cholesterol biosynthesis affect O3-induced biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Toxicology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Toxicology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
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Reaction of ionised steryl esters with ozone in the gas phase. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Chemistry, biochemistry, metabolic fate and mechanism of action of 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), a tumor promoter and cholesterol metabolite. Biochimie 2018; 153:139-149. [PMID: 29654865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation products of cholesterol, named oxysterols, were suspected since the 20th century to be involved in carcinogenesis. Among the family of oxysterol molecules, cholesterol-5,6-epoxides (5,6-EC) retained the attention of scientists because they contain a putative alkylating epoxide group. However, studies failed into demonstrating that 5,6-EC were direct carcinogens and revealed a surprising chemical stability and unreactivity towards nucleophiles in standard conditions. Analyses of 5,6-EC metabolism in normal cells showed that they were extensively transformed into cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) by the cholesterol-5,6-epoxide hydrolase (ChEH). Studies performed in cancer cells showed that CT was additionally metabolized into an oxysterol identified as the 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of type 2 (HSD2), the enzyme which inactivates cortisol into cortisone. Importantly, OCDO was shown to display tumor promoter properties in breast cancers, by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, and independently of their estrogen receptor status, revealing the existence of a new tumorigenic pathway centered on 5,6-EC. In breast tumors from patients, OCDO production as well as the expression of the enzymes involved in the pathway producing OCDO, namely ChEH subunits and HSD2, were higher compared to normal tissues, and overexpression of these enzymes correlate with a higher risk of patient death, indicating that this onco-metabolism is of major importance to breast cancer pathology. Herein, we will review the actual knowledge and the future trends in OCDO chemistry, biochemistry, metabolism and mechanism of action and will discuss the impact of OCDO discovery on new anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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Griffiths WJ, Gilmore I, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Hearn T, Dickson A, Bigger BW, Wu THY, Goenka A, Ghosh A, Jones SA, Wang Y. Identification of unusual oxysterols and bile acids with 7-oxo or 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxy functions in human plasma by charge-tagging mass spectrometry with multistage fragmentation. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1058-1070. [PMID: 29626102 PMCID: PMC5983402 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d083246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Oxocholesterol (7-OC), 5,6-epoxycholesterol (5,6-EC), and its hydrolysis product cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (3β,5α,6β-triol) are normally minor oxysterols in human samples; however, in disease, their levels may be greatly elevated. This is the case in plasma from patients suffering from some lysosomal storage disorders, e.g., Niemann-Pick disease type C, or the inborn errors of sterol metabolism, e.g., Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. A complication in the analysis of 7-OC and 5,6-EC is that they can also be formed ex vivo from cholesterol during sample handling in air, causing confusion with molecules formed in vivo. When formed endogenously, 7-OC, 5,6-EC, and 3β,5α,6β-triol can be converted to bile acids. Here, we describe methodology based on chemical derivatization and LC/MS with multistage fragmentation (MSn) to identify the necessary intermediates in the conversion of 7-OC to 3β-hydroxy-7-oxochol-5-enoic acid and 5,6-EC and 3β,5α,6β-triol to 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxycholanoic acid. Identification of intermediate metabolites is facilitated by their unusual MSn fragmentation patterns. Semiquantitative measurements are possible, but absolute values await the synthesis of isotope-labeled standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Gilmore
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell and Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Hoi-Yee Wu
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Anu Goenka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Arunabha Ghosh
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Fessler MB, Summer RS. Surfactant Lipids at the Host-Environment Interface. Metabolic Sensors, Suppressors, and Effectors of Inflammatory Lung Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:624-35. [PMID: 26859434 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0011ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of pulmonary surfactant is unlike that of any other body fluid. This extracellular lipid reservoir is also uniquely susceptible by virtue of its direct and continuous exposure to environmental oxidants, inflammatory agents, and pathogens. Historically, the greatest attention has been focused on those biophysical features of surfactant that serve to reduce surface tension at the air-liquid interface. More recently, surfactant lipids have also been recognized as bioactive molecules that maintain immune quiescence in the lung but can also be remodeled by the inhaled environment into neolipids that mediate key roles in inflammation, immunity, and fibrosis. This review focuses on the roles in inflammatory and infectious lung disease of two classes of native surfactant lipids, glycerophospholipids and sterols, and their corresponding oxidized species, oxidized glycerophospholipids and oxysterols. We highlight evidence that surfactant composition is sensitive to circulating lipoproteins and that the lipid milieu of the alveolus should thus be recognized as susceptible to diet and common systemic metabolic disorders. We also discuss intriguing evidence suggesting that oxidized surfactant lipids may represent an evolutionary link between immunity and tissue homeostasis that arose in the primordial lung. Taken together, the emerging picture is one in which the unique environmental susceptibility of the lung, together with its unique extracellular lipid requirements, may have made this organ both an evolutionary hub and an engine for lipid-immune cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Fessler
- 1 Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Ross S Summer
- 2 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Gabor KA, Fessler MB. Roles of the Mevalonate Pathway and Cholesterol Trafficking in Pulmonary Host Defense. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:27-45. [PMID: 26758950 PMCID: PMC6026538 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonic acid synthesis pathway, cholesterol, and lipoproteins play fundamental roles in lung physiology and the innate immune response. Recent literature investigating roles for cholesterol synthesis and trafficking in host defense against respiratory infection was critically reviewed. The innate immune response and the cholesterol biosynthesis/trafficking network regulate one another, with important implications for pathogen invasion and host defense in the lung. The activation of pathogen recognition receptors and downstream cellular host defense functions are critically sensitive to cellular cholesterol. Conversely, microorganisms can co-opt the sterol/lipoprotein network in order to facilitate replication and evade immunity. Emerging literature suggests the potential for harnessing these insights towards therapeutic development. Given that >50% of adults in the U.S. have serum cholesterol abnormalities and pneumonia remains a leading cause of death, the potential impact of cholesterol on pulmonary host defense is of tremendous public health significance and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Maildrop D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Gamon LF, Wille U. Oxidative Damage of Biomolecules by the Environmental Pollutants NO 2• and NO 3•. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2136-2145. [PMID: 27668965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is responsible for the premature death of about 7 million people every year. Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) are the key gaseous pollutants in the troposphere, which predominantly result from combustion processes. Their inhalation leads to reactions with constituents in the airway surface fluids (ASF) of the respiratory tract and/or lungs. ASF contain small molecular-weight antioxidants, which protect the underlying epithelial cells against oxidative damage. When this defense system is overwhelmed, proteins and lipids present on cell surfaces or within the ASF become vulnerable to attack. The resulting highly reactive protein and lipid oxidation products could subsequently damage the epithelial cells through secondary reactions, thereby causing inflammation. While reactions of NO2• with biological molecules are considered to proceed through radical pathways, the biological effect of O3 is attributed to its high reactivity with π systems. Because O3 and NO2• always coexist in the polluted ambient atmosphere, synergistic effects resulting from in situ formed strongly oxidizing nitrate radicals (NO3•) may also require consideration. For example, in vitro product studies revealed that phenylalanine, which is inert not only to oxidants produced through biochemical processes, but also to NO2• or O3 in isolation, is damaged by NO3•. The reaction is initiated by oxidation of the aromatic ring and, depending on the availability of NO2•, leads to formation of nitrophenylalanine or β-nitrooxyphenylalanine, which could serve as marker for NO3•-induced oxidative damage in peptides. More easily oxidizable aromatic amino acids are directly attacked by NO2• and are converted to the same products independent of whether O3 is also present. Remarkably, NO2•-induced oxidative damage in peptides occurs not only through the well-established radical oxidation of peptide side chains, but also through an unprecedented fragmentation/rearrangement of the peptide backbone. This process is initiated by a nonradical N-nitrosation of a peptide bond involving the dimer of NO2•, i.e., N2O4, and contracts the peptide chain in the N → C direction by expelling one amino acid residue with simultaneous fusion of the remaining molecular termini, thereby forming a new peptide bond. This peptide cleavage could potentially be highly relevant for peptide segments with "nonvulnerable" side chains closer to the terminus that are not tied up in complex secondary and tertiary structures and therefore accessible for environmental oxidants. Likewise, NO2• reacts with cholesterol at the C═C moiety through an ionic mechanism, which leads to formation of 6-nitrocholesterol in the presence of moisture. Contrary to common belief, this clearly shows that ionic chemistry, in particular nitrosation reactions by intermediately formed NO+, requires consideration when assessing NO2• toxicity. This conclusion is supported by recent work by Colussi et al. (Enami, S.; Hoffmann, M. R.; Colussi, A. J. Absorption of inhaled NO2. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2009, 113, 7977-7981), who showed that anions in the airway surfaces fluids mediate NO2• absorption by catalyzing its hydrolytic disproportionation into NO2-/HNO2 and NO3-. These findings could be the key to our understanding why NO2•, despite its low water solubility, has such pronounced biological effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F. Gamon
- School of Chemistry and Bio21
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry and Bio21
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Speen AM, Kim HYH, Bauer RN, Meyer M, Gowdy KM, Fessler MB, Duncan KE, Liu W, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Ozone-derived Oxysterols Affect Liver X Receptor (LXR) Signaling: A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR LIPID-PROTEIN ADDUCTS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25192-25206. [PMID: 27703007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When inhaled, ozone (O3) interacts with cholesterols of airway epithelial cell membranes or the lung-lining fluid, generating chemically reactive oxysterols. The mechanism by which O3-derived oxysterols affect molecular function is unknown. Our data show that in vitro exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to O3 results in the formation of oxysterols, epoxycholesterol-α and -β and secosterol A and B (Seco A and Seco B), in cell lysates and apical washes. Similarly, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from human volunteers exposed to O3 contained elevated levels of these oxysterol species. As expected, O3-derived oxysterols have a pro-inflammatory effect and increase NF-κB activity. Interestingly, expression of the cholesterol efflux pump ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1), which is regulated by activation of the liver X receptor (LXR), was suppressed in epithelial cells exposed to O3 Additionally, exposure of LXR knock-out mice to O3 enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the lung, suggesting LXR inhibits O3-induced inflammation. Using alkynyl surrogates of O3-derived oxysterols, our data demonstrate adduction of LXR with Seco A. Similarly, supplementation of epithelial cells with alkynyl-tagged cholesterol followed by O3 exposure causes observable lipid-LXR adduct formation. Experiments using Seco A and the LXR agonist T0901317 (T09) showed reduced expression of ABCA1 as compared with stimulation with T0901317 alone, indicating that Seco A-LXR protein adduct formation inhibits LXR activation by traditional agonists. Overall, these data demonstrate that O3-derived oxysterols have pro-inflammatory functions and form lipid-protein adducts with LXR, thus leading to suppressed cholesterol regulatory gene expression and providing a biochemical mechanism mediating O3-derived formation of oxidized lipids in the airways and subsequent adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Speen
- From the Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- the Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Rebecca N Bauer
- From the Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Megan Meyer
- From the Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, and
| | - Michael B Fessler
- the Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kelly E Duncan
- From the Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Wei Liu
- the Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Ned A Porter
- the Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- From the Curriculum in Toxicology, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,
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27
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Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Villani R, Tamborra R, Zerbinati C, Blonda M, Ciacciarelli M, Poli G, Vendemiale G, Iuliano L. Effects of dietary fatty acids and cholesterol excess on liver injury: A lipidomic approach. Redox Biol 2016; 9:296-305. [PMID: 27639112 PMCID: PMC5026694 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation is the hallmark of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and has been suggested to play a role in promoting fatty liver inflammation. Previous findings indicate that during oxidative stress conditions excess cholesterol autoxidizes to oxysterols. To date, the role of oxysterols and their potential interaction with fatty acids accumulation in NASH pathogenesis remains little investigated. We used the nutritional model of high fatty acids (HFA), high cholesterol (HCh) or high fat and high cholesterol (HFA+FCh) diets and explored by a lipidomic approach, the blood and liver distribution of fatty acids and oxysterols in response to dietary manipulation. We observed that HFA or HCh diets induced fatty liver without inflammation, which was otherwise observed only after supplementation of HFA+HCh. Very interestingly, the combination model was associated with a specific oxysterol fingerprint. The present work provides a complete analysis of the change in lipids and oxysterols profile induced by different lipid dietary model and their association with histological alteration of the liver. This study allows the generation of interesting hypotheses on the role of interaction of lipid and cholesterol metabolites in the liver injury during NAFLD development and progression. Moreover, the changes in the concentration and quality of oxysterols induced by a combination diet suggest a novel potential pathogenic mechanism in the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Serviddio
- CURE University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- CURE University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- CURE University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- CURE University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Maria Blonda
- CURE University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Ciacciarelli
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- CURE University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
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28
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Ward WO, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Kodavanti UP. Lung transcriptional profiling: insights into the mechanisms of ozone-induced pulmonary injury in Wistar Kyoto rats. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 27 Suppl 1:80-92. [PMID: 26667333 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.954172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation are well characterized in rats; however, mechanistic understanding of the pathways involved is limited. We hypothesized that acute exposure of healthy rats to ozone will cause transcriptional alterations, and comprehensive analysis of these changes will allow us to better understand the mechanism of pulmonary injury and inflammation. Male Wistar Kyoto rats (10-12 week) were exposed to air, or ozone (0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 ppm) for 4 h and pulmonary injury and inflammation were assessed at 0-h or 20-h (n = 8/group). Lung gene expression profiling was assessed at 0-h (air and 1.0 ppm ozone, n = 3-4/group). At 20-h bronchoalveolar lavage, fluid protein and neutrophils increased at 1 ppm ozone. Numerous genes involved in acute inflammatory response were up-regulated along with changes in genes involved in cell adhesion and migration, steroid metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle control and cell growth. A number of NRF2 target genes were also induced after ozone exposure. Based on expression changes, Rela, SP1 and TP3-mediated signaling were identified to be mediating downstream changes. Remarkable changes in the processes of endocytosis provide the insight that ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation are likely initiated by changes in cell membrane components and receptors likely from oxidatively modified lung lining lipids and proteins. In conclusion, ozone-induced injury and inflammation are preceded by changes in gene targets for cell adhesion/migration, apoptosis, cell cycle control and growth regulated by Rela, SP1 and TP53, likely mediated by the process of endocytosis and altered steroid receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- b Environmental Public Health Division , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- b Environmental Public Health Division , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- b Environmental Public Health Division , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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29
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Kulig W, Cwiklik L, Jurkiewicz P, Rog T, Vattulainen I. Cholesterol oxidation products and their biological importance. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 199:144-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Shaikh SR, Fessler MB, Gowdy KM. Role for phospholipid acyl chains and cholesterol in pulmonary infections and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:985-997. [PMID: 27286794 PMCID: PMC5069085 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4vmr0316-103r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Review on how complex mixtures of bioactive lipids and cholesterol may influence the pulmonary immune response during infection. Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections result in millions of deaths worldwide and are currently the leading cause of death from infection. Acute inflammation is an essential element of host defense against infection, but can be damaging to the host when left unchecked. Effective host defense requires multiple lipid mediators, which collectively have proinflammatory and/or proresolving effects on the lung. During pulmonary infections, phospholipid acyl chains and cholesterol can be chemically and enzymatically oxidized, as well as truncated and modified, producing complex mixtures of bioactive lipids. We review recent evidence that phospholipids and cholesterol and their derivatives regulate pulmonary innate and adaptive immunity during infection. We first highlight data that oxidized phospholipids generated in the lung during infection stimulate pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs and scavenger receptors, thereby amplifying the pulmonary inflammatory response. Next, we discuss evidence that oxidation of endogenous pools of cholesterol during pulmonary infections produces oxysterols that also modify the function of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Last, we conclude with data that n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, both in the form of phospholipid acyl chains and through enzymatic processing into endogenous proresolving lipid mediators, aid in the resolution of lung inflammation through distinct mechanisms. Unraveling the complex mechanisms of induction and function of distinct classes of bioactive lipids, both native and modified, may hold promise for developing new therapeutic strategies for improving pulmonary outcomes in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIEHS/NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA;
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31
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Zielinski ZAM, Pratt DA. Cholesterol Autoxidation Revisited: Debunking the Dogma Associated with the Most Vilified of Lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6932-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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32
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Nam Y, Kim BS, Shin I. Highly sensitive and selective bioluminescence based ozone probes and their applications to detect ambient ozone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1128-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08622a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Highly selective and sensitive bioluminescence-based ozone probes were developed and applied to measure ozone concentrations in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younseok Nam
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
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33
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Zalewski AN, Nathanael JG, White JM, Wille U. Oxidation of cholesterol and O-protected derivatives by the environmental pollutant NO2˙. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4060-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of O-protected and free cholesterol to NO2˙ leads to oxidation of the alkene moiety through non-radical pathways, demonstrating that ionic processes must be considered when assessing NO2˙ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Zalewski
- School of Chemistry
- Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - J. G. Nathanael
- School of Chemistry
- Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - J. M. White
- School of Chemistry
- Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - U. Wille
- School of Chemistry
- Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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34
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Iuliano L, Crick PJ, Zerbinati C, Tritapepe L, Abdel-Khalik J, Poirot M, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolites exported from human brain. Steroids 2015; 99:189-93. [PMID: 25668615 PMCID: PMC4503873 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The human brain contains approximately 25% of the body's cholesterol. The brain is separated from the circulation by the blood brain barrier. While cholesterol will not passes this barrier, oxygenated forms of cholesterol can cross the barrier. Here by measuring the difference in the oxysterol content of blood plasma in the jugular vein and in a forearm vein by mass spectrometry (MS) we were able to determine the flux of more than 20 cholesterol metabolites between brain and the circulation. We confirm that 24S-hydroxycholesterol is exported from brain at a rate of about 2-3mg/24h. Gas chromatography (GC)-MS data shows that the cholesterol metabolites 5α-hydroxy-6-oxocholesterol (3β,5α-dihydroxycholestan-6-one), 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-oxocholesterol, generally considered to be formed through reactive oxygen species, are similarly exported from brain at rates of about 0.1, 2 and 2mg/24h, respectively. Although not to statistical significance both GC-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS methods indicate that (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol is imported to brain, while LC-MS indicates that 7α-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-enoic acid is exported from brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, corso della Repubblica 79, Latina 04100, Italy
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, corso della Repubblica 79, Latina 04100, Italy
| | - Luigi Tritapepe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sapienza University of Rome, vial del Policlinico 163, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marc Poirot
- UMR 1037 INSERM-University Toulouse III, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, and Institut Claudius Regaud, 31052 Toulouse, France
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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35
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Bach D, Wachtel E, Miller IR. WITHDRAWN: Modulation of the kinetics of 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al/phosphatidylethanolamine Schiff base formation by cholesterol and cholesterol crystallization. Chem Phys Lipids 2015:S0009-3084(15)00021-3. [PMID: 25824555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.01.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Wachtel
- Chemical Research Infrastructure Unit, Faculty of Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - I R Miller
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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36
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Bach D, Wachtel E, Miller I. Modulation of the kinetics of 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al/phosphatidylethanolamine Schiff base formation by cholesterol and cholesterol crystallization. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 186:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Xu L, Porter NA. Free radical oxidation of cholesterol and its precursors: Implications in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:835-49. [PMID: 25381800 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.985219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Free radical oxidation of cholesterol and its precursors contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of a number of human diseases. This review intends to summarize recent developments and provide a perspective on the reactivities of sterols toward free radical oxidation, the free radical reaction mechanism, and the biological consequences of oxysterols derived from the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol. We propose that the rigid structures, additional substituents on the double bonds, and the well-aligned reactive C-H bonds in sterols make them more prone to free radical oxidation than their acyclic analogs found in unsaturated fatty acids. The mechanism of sterol peroxidation follows some well-established reaction pathways found in the free radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but sterols also undergo some reactions that are unique to these compounds. Peroxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol gives arguably the most diverse set of oxysterol products that have been observed to date. The metabolism of these oxysterols in cells and the biological consequences of their formation will be discussed in the context of the pathophysiology of the human disease Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Considering the high reactivity of sterols, we propose that a number of other cholesterol biosynthesis disorders may be associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN , USA
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38
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Windsor K, Genaro-Mattos TC, Miyamoto S, Stec DF, Kim HYH, Tallman KA, Porter NA. Assay of protein and peptide adducts of cholesterol ozonolysis products by hydrophobic and click enrichment methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1757-68. [PMID: 25185119 PMCID: PMC4203397 DOI: 10.1021/tx500229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cholesterol
undergoes ozonolysis to afford a variety of oxysterol
products, including cholesterol-5,6-epoxide (CholEp) and the isomeric
aldehydes secosterol A (seco A) and secosterol B (seco B). These oxysterols
display numerous important biological activities, including protein
adduction; however, much remains to be learned about the identity
of the reactive species and the range of proteins modified by these
oxysterols. Here, we synthesized alkynyl derivatives of cholesterol-derived
oxysterols and employed a straightforward detection method to establish
secosterols A and B as the most protein-reactive of the oxysterols
tested. Model adduction studies with an amino acid, peptides, and
proteins provide evidence for the potential role of secosterol dehydration
products in protein adduction. Hydrophobic separation methods—Folch
extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE)—were successfully
applied to enrich oxysterol-adducted peptide species, and LC-MS/MS
analysis of a model peptide–seco adduct revealed a unique fragmentation
pattern (neutral loss of 390 Da) for that species. Coupling a hydrophobic
enrichment method with proteomic analysis utilizing characteristic
fragmentation patterns facilitates the identification of secosterol-modified
peptides and proteins in an adducted protein. More broadly, these
improved enrichment methods may give insight into the role of oxysterols
and ozone exposure in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including
atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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39
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Gelzo M, Lamberti A, Spano G, Dello Russo A, Corso G, Masullo M. Sterol and steroid catabolites from cholesterol produced by the psychrophile Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:947-951. [PMID: 25230192 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, a psychrotrophilic marine bacterium of biotechnological interest, shows anti-biofilm properties and is particularly relevant for cold storage of vacuum packed seafood. We focused our interest on the activation of cholesterol metabolism in this bacterium as the presence in its genome of a putative 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1) -dehydrogenase. This study reports GC-MS and LC-MS/MS profiles of sterols/steroids and their derivatives found in cell extracts of P. haloplanktis grown in a medium with a low content of cholesterol. Here, for the first time, we suggest that P. haloplanktis produces some intermediates of cholesterol catabolism, putatively identified as 24-hydroxycholest-1,4-dien-3-one-26-oic acid, chol-1,4-dien-3-one-24-oic acid, 26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, and pregn-4-en-3-one-20-carboxylic acid, a finding already reported in other microorganisms. The presence of these compounds, also considered steroid precursors, produced by P. haloplanktis in vacuum packed seafood could be of interest for healthy of consumers, as well as, for biotechnological applications in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gelzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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40
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Jones J, Higham TFG, Oldfield R, O'Connor TP, Buckley SA. Evidence for prehistoric origins of Egyptian mummification in late Neolithic burials. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103608. [PMID: 25118605 PMCID: PMC4132097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional theories on ancient Egyptian mummification postulate that in the prehistoric period (i.e. the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, 5th and 4th millennia B.C.) bodies were naturally desiccated through the action of the hot, dry desert sand. Although molding of the body with resin-impregnated linen is believed to be an early Pharaonic forerunner to more complex processes, scientific evidence for the early use of resins in artificial mummification has until now been limited to isolated occurrences during the late Old Kingdom (c. 2200 B.C.), their use becoming more apparent during the Middle Kingdom (c. 2000-1600 BC). We examined linen wrappings from bodies in securely provenanced tombs (pit graves) in the earliest recorded ancient Egyptian cemeteries at Mostagedda in the Badari region (Upper Egypt). Our investigations of these prehistoric funerary wrappings using a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thermal desorption/pyrolysis (TD/Py)-GC-MS have identified a pine resin, an aromatic plant extract, a plant gum/sugar, a natural petroleum source, and a plant oil/animal fat in directly AMS-dated funerary wrappings. Predating the earliest scientific evidence by more than a millennium, these embalming agents constitute complex, processed recipes of the same natural products, in similar proportions, as those utilized at the zenith of Pharaonic mummification some 3,000 years later. The antibacterial properties of some of these ingredients and the localized soft-tissue preservation that they would have afforded lead us to conclude that these represent the very beginnings of experimentation that would evolve into the famous mummification practice of the Pharaonic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jones
- Department of Ancient History, Faculty of Arts, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas F. G. Higham
- Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Oldfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terry P. O'Connor
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, The Kings Manor, York, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Buckley
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, The Kings Manor, York, United Kingdom
- BioArch, Departments of Archaeology, Biology and Chemistry (S-Block), University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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41
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Gelzo M, Granato G, Albano F, Arcucci A, Dello Russo A, De Vendittis E, Ruocco MR, Corso G. Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of 7-dehydrocholesterol on melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:129-40. [PMID: 24561580 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is the main cause of skin cancers, and melanoma is the most serious form of tumor. There is no therapy for advanced-stage melanoma and its metastasis because of their high resistance to various anticancer therapies. Human skin is an important metabolic organ in which occurs photoinduced synthesis of vitamin D3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC, the precursor of cholesterol biosynthesis, is highly reactive and easily modifiable to produce 7-DHC-derived compounds. The intracellular levels of 7-DHC or its derivatives can have deleterious effects on cellular functionality and viability. In this study we evaluated the effects on melanoma cell lines of 7-DHC as such and for this aim we used much care to minimize 7-DHC modifications. We found that from 12 to 72 h of treatment 82-86% of 7-DHC entered the cells, and the levels of 7-DHC-derived compounds were not significant. Simultaneously, reactive oxygen species production was significantly increased already after 2h. After 24 h and up to 72 h, 7-DHC-treated melanoma cells showed a reduction in cell growth and viability. The cytotoxic effect of 7-DHC was associated with an increase in Bax levels, decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in apoptosis-inducing factor levels, unchanged caspase-3 activity, and absence of cleavage of PARP-1. These findings could explain the mechanism through which 7-DHC exerts its cytotoxic effects. This is the first report in which the biological effects found in melanoma cells are mainly attributable to 7-DHC as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gelzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche and
| | | | - Francesco Albano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gaetano Corso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy.
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42
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Wierzbicki AS, Louis R. Lipid-lowering drug therapies and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lung failure or just heart failure? Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68:144-51. [PMID: 24460612 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A S Wierzbicki
- Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK
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43
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Williams AS, Mathews JA, Kasahara DI, Chen L, Wurmbrand AP, Si H, Shore SA. Augmented pulmonary responses to acute ozone exposure in obese mice: roles of TNFR2 and IL-13. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:551-7. [PMID: 23434795 PMCID: PMC3673194 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ozone (O(3)) exposure results in greater inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in obese versus lean mice. OBJECTIVES We examined the hypothesis that these augmented responses to O(3) are the result of greater signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) and/or interleukin (IL)-13. METHODS We exposed lean wild-type (WT) and TNFR2-deficient (TNFR2(-/-)) mice, and obese Cpe(fat) and TNFR2-deficient Cpe(fat) mice (Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-)), to O(3) (2 ppm for 3 hr) either with or without treatment with anti-IL-13 or left them unexposed. RESULTS O(3)-induced increases in baseline pulmonary mechanics, airway responsiveness, and cellular inflammation were greater in Cpe(fat) than in WT mice. In lean mice, TNFR2 deficiency ablated O(3)-induced AHR without affecting pulmonary inflammation; whereas in obese mice, TNFR2 deficiency augmented O(3)-induced AHR but reduced inflammatory cell recruitment. O(3) increased pulmonary expression of IL-13 in Cpe(fat) but not WT mice. Flow cytometry analysis of lung cells indicated greater IL-13-expressing CD(4+) cells in Cpe(fat) versus WT mice after O(3) exposure. In Cpe(fat) mice, anti-IL-13 treatment attenuated O(3)-induced increases in pulmonary mechanics and inflammatory cell recruitment, but did not affect AHR. These effects of anti-IL-13 treatment were not observed in Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice. There was no effect of anti-IL-13 treatment in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary responses to O(3) are not just greater, but qualitatively different, in obese versus lean mice. In particular, in obese mice, O(3) induces IL-13 and IL-13 synergizes with TNF via TNFR2 to exacerbate O(3)-induced changes in pulmonary mechanics and inflammatory cell recruitment but not AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Suzanne Williams
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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44
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Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. Cholesterol-5,6-epoxides: Chemistry, biochemistry, metabolic fate and cancer. Biochimie 2013; 95:622-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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45
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Xu L, Korade Z, Rosado DA, Mirnics K, Porter NA. Metabolism of oxysterols derived from nonenzymatic oxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol in cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1135-43. [PMID: 23381570 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC)-derived oxysterols play important roles in the pathophysiology of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a metabolic disorder that is caused by defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ(7)-reductase (DHCR7). Although 14 oxysterols have been identified as the primary products of 7-DHC autoxidation in organic solution, the metabolic fate of these oxysterols in a biological environment has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we incubated these primary 7-DHC oxysterols in control Neuro2a and control human fibroblast cells and identified metabolites of these oxysterols by HPLC-MS. We also incubated Dhcr7-deficient Neuro2a cells and fibroblasts from SLOS patients with isotopically labeled 7-DHC (d(7)-7-DHC). The observation of matching d(0)- and d(7) peaks in HPLC-MS confirmed the presence of true metabolites of 7-DHC after excluding the possibility of ex vivo oxidation. The metabolites of primary 7-DHC oxysterols were found to contribute to the majority of the metabolic profile of 7-DHC in cells. Furthermore, based on this new data, we identified three new 7-DHC-derived metabolites in the brain of Dhcr7-KO mice. Our studies suggest that 7-DHC peroxidation is a major source of oxysterols observed in cells and in vivo and that the stable metabolites of primary 7-DHC oxysterols can be used as markers of 7-DHC peroxidation in these biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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46
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Li Z, Tighe RM, Feng F, Ledford JG, Hollingsworth JW. Genes of innate immunity and the biological response to inhaled ozone. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:3-16. [PMID: 23169704 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ozone has a significant impact on human health. We have made considerable progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the biological response to ozone. It is increasingly clear that genes of innate immunity play a central role in both infectious and noninfectious lung disease. The biological response to ambient ozone provides a clinically relevant environmental exposure that allows us to better understand the role of innate immunity in noninfectious airways disease. In this brief review, we focus on (1) specific cell types in the lung modified by ozone, (2) ozone and oxidative stress, (3) the relationship between genes of innate immunity and ozone, (4) the role of extracellular matrix in reactive airways disease, and (5) the effect of ozone on the adaptive immune system. We summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that ozone contributes to environmental airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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47
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Gowdy KM, Fessler MB. Emerging roles for cholesterol and lipoproteins in lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:430-7. [PMID: 22706330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, the condition of elevated serum triglycerides, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and/or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a public health problem of growing concern. Dyslipidemia clusters with other disorders of the metabolic syndrome that together influence, and may derive from, chronic inflammation. While best recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, lipid dysregulation has recently been shown to influence a variety of disease processes in several organ systems. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of cholesterol and its homeostatic trafficking in pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology. Gene-targeted mice deficient in regulatory proteins that govern reverse cholesterol transport (e.g., ATP Binding Cassette transporter G1, apolipoprotein E) have recently been shown to have abnormal lung physiology, including dysregulated pulmonary innate and adaptive immune responses to the environment. It has also recently been shown that diet-induced dyslipidemia alters trafficking of immune cells to the lung in a manner that may have important implications for the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, asthma, pneumonia, and other lung disorders. Conversely, cholesterol-targeting pharmacologic agents, such as statins, apolipoprotein mimetic peptides, and Liver X Receptor agonists, have shown early promise in the treatment of several lung disorders. An improved understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol and its trafficking modify pulmonary immunity will be required before the full implications of dyslipidemia as a lung disease modifier, and the full potential of lipid-targeting agents as pulmonary therapeutics, can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly M Gowdy
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 TW Alexander Drive, PO Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Galli F, Battistoni A, Gambari R, Pompella A, Bragonzi A, Pilolli F, Iuliano L, Piroddi M, Dechecchi MC, Cabrini G. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in cystic fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:690-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Yanagawa T. Novel roles of peroxiredoxins in inflammation, cancer and innate immunity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 50:91-105. [PMID: 22448089 PMCID: PMC3303482 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins possess thioredoxin or glutathione peroxidase and chaperone-like activities and thereby protect cells from oxidative insults. Recent studies, however, reveal additional functions of peroxiredoxins in gene expression and inflammation-related biological reactions such as tissue repair, parasite infection and tumor progression. Notably, peroxiredoxin 1, the major mammalian peroxiredoxin family protein, directly interacts with transcription factors such as c-Myc and NF-κB in the nucleus. Additionally, peroxiredoxin 1 is secreted from some cells following stimulation with TGF-β and other cytokines and is thus present in plasma and body fluids. Peroxiredoxin 1 is now recognized as one of the pro-inflammatory factors interacting with toll-like receptor 4, which triggers NF-κB activation and other signaling pathways to evoke inflammatory reactions. Some cancer cells release peroxiredoxin 1 to stimulate toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling for their progression. Interestingly, peroxiredoxins expressed in protozoa and helminth may modulate host immune responses partly through toll-like receptor 4 for their survival and progression in host. Extracellular peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 are known to enhance natural killer cell activity and suppress virus-replication in cells. Peroxiredoxin 1-deficient mice show reduced antioxidant activities but also exhibit restrained tissue inflammatory reactions under some patho-physiological conditions. Novel functions of peroxiredoxins in inflammation, cancer and innate immunity are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- Majors of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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50
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Ko JY, Choi SM, Rhee YM, Beauchamp JL, Kim HI. Studying interfacial reactions of cholesterol sulfate in an unsaturated phosphatidylglycerol layer with ozone using field induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:141-152. [PMID: 22069038 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Field-induced droplet ionization (FIDI) is a recently developed ionization technique that can transfer ions from the surface of microliter droplets to the gas phase intact. The air-liquid interfacial reactions of cholesterol sulfate (CholSO(4)) in a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) surfactant layer with ozone (O(3)) are investigated using field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry (FIDI-MS). Time-resolved studies of interfacial ozonolysis of CholSO(4) reveal that water plays an important role in forming oxygenated products. An epoxide derivative is observed as a major product of CholSO(4) oxidation in the FIDI-MS spectrum after exposure of the droplet to O(3) for 5 s. The abundance of the epoxide product then decreases with continued O(3) exposure as the finite number of water molecules at the air-liquid interface becomes exhausted. Competitive oxidation of CholSO(4) and POPG is observed when they are present together in a lipid surfactant layer at the air-liquid interface. Competitive reactions of CholSO(4) and POPG with O(3) suggest that CholSO(4) is present with POPG as a well-mixed interfacial layer. Compared with CholSO(4) and POPG alone, the overall ozonolysis rates of both CholSO(4) and POPG are reduced in a mixed layer, suggesting the double bonds of both molecules are shielded by additional hydrocarbons from one another. Molecular dynamics simulations of a monolayer comprising POPG and CholSO(4) correlate well with experimental observations and provide a detailed picture of the interactions between CholSO(4), lipids, and water molecules in the interfacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 790-784, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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