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Yang Y, Wu G, Li Q, Zheng Y, Liu M, Zhou L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Guo Q, Ji R, Zhou Y. Angiogenesis-Related Immune Signatures Correlate With Prognosis, Tumor Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Sensitivity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:690206. [PMID: 34262941 PMCID: PMC8273615 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the highly heterogeneous cancers that lacks an effective risk model for prognosis prediction. Therefore, we searched for angiogenesis-related immune genes that affected the prognosis of HCC to construct a risk model and studied the role of this model in HCC. Methods: In this study, we collected the transcriptome data of HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to identify the association between immune genes and angiogenesis-related genes. Consensus clustering was applied to divide patients into clusters A and B. Subsequently, we studied the differentially expressed angiogenesis-related immune genes (DEari-genes) that affected the prognosis of HCC. The most significant features were identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and a risk model was constructed. The reliability of the risk model was evaluated in the TCGA discovery cohort and the ICGC validation cohort. In addition, we compared the novel risk model to the previous models based on ROC analysis. ssGSEA analysis was used for function evaluation, and pRRophetic was utilized to predict the sensitivity of administering chemotherapeutic agents. Results: Cluster A patients had favorable survival rates. A total of 23 DEari-genes were correlated with the prognosis of HCC. A five-gene (including BIRC5, KITLG, PGF, SPP1, and SHC1) signature-based risk model was constructed. After regrouping the HCC patients by the median score, we could effectively discriminate between them based on the adverse survival outcome, the unique tumor immune microenvironment, and low chemosensitivity. Conclusion: The five-gene signature-based risk score established by ari-genes showed a promising clinical prediction value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingshan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaofeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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2
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D'Aguanno S, Mallone F, Marenco M, Del Bufalo D, Moramarco A. Hypoxia-dependent drivers of melanoma progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:159. [PMID: 33964953 PMCID: PMC8106186 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a condition of low oxygen availability, is a hallmark of tumour microenvironment and promotes cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Many studies reported the essential role of hypoxia in regulating invasiveness, angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and response to therapy in melanoma. Melanoma is an aggressive cancer originating from melanocytes located in the skin (cutaneous melanoma), in the uveal tract of the eye (uveal melanoma) or in mucosal membranes (mucosal melanoma). These three subtypes of melanoma represent distinct neoplasms in terms of biology, epidemiology, aetiology, molecular profile and clinical features.In this review, the latest progress in hypoxia-regulated pathways involved in the development and progression of all melanoma subtypes were discussed. We also summarized current knowledge on preclinical studies with drugs targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1, angiogenesis or vasculogenic mimicry. Finally, we described available evidence on clinical studies investigating the use of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 inhibitors or antiangiogenic drugs, alone or in combination with other strategies, in metastatic and adjuvant settings of cutaneous, uveal and mucosal melanoma.Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-independent pathways have been also reported to regulate melanoma progression, but this issue is beyond the scope of this review.As evident from the numerous studies discussed in this review, the increasing knowledge of hypoxia-regulated pathways in melanoma progression and the promising results obtained from novel antiangiogenic therapies, could offer new perspectives in clinical practice in order to improve survival outcomes of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona D'Aguanno
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Mallone
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marenco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim JH. Targeting tyrosine kinases for treatment of ocular tumors. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 42:305-318. [PMID: 30470974 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular primary malignant tumor in adults, and retinoblastoma is the one in children. Current mainstay treatment options include chemotherapy using conventional drugs and enucleation, the total removal of the eyeball. Targeted therapies based on profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of ocular tumors may increase the possibility of preserving the eyeball and the vision. Tyrosine kinases, which modulate signaling pathways regarding various cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and attachment, are one of the attractive targets for targeted therapies against uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma. In this review, the roles of both types of tyrosine kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, were summarized in relation with ocular tumors. Although the conventional treatment options for uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma are radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively, specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors will enhance our armamentarium against them by controlling cancer-associated signaling pathways related to tyrosine kinases. This review can be a stepping stone for widening treatment options and realizing targeted therapies against uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Research Center, Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Research Center, Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Tumor Microenvironment Research Center, Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Yu C, Xue P, Zhang L, Pan R, Cai Z, He Z, Sun J, Zheng M. Prediction of key genes and pathways involved in trastuzumab-resistant gastric cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:174. [PMID: 30134903 PMCID: PMC6106878 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trastuzumab has been prevailingly accepted as a beneficial treatment for gastric cancer (GC) by targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive. However, the therapeutic resistance of trastuzumab remains a major obstacle, restricting the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, identifying potential key genes and pathways is crucial to maximize the overall clinical benefits. Methods The gene expression profile GSE77346 was retrieved to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the trastuzumab resistance in GC. Next, the DEGs were annotated by the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The DEGs-coded protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and the prognostic values of the 20 hub genes were determined. Correlation of the hub genes were analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas. The prognostic values of hub genes were further validated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter. Results A total of 849 DEGs were identified, with 374 in upregulation and 475 in downregulation. Epithelium development was the most significantly enriched term in biological processes while membrane-bounded vesicle was in cellular compartments and cell adhesion molecular binding was in molecular functions. Pathways in cancer and ECM-receptor interaction were the most significantly enriched for all DEGs. Among the PPI networks, 20 hub genes were defined, including CD44 molecule (CD44), HER-2, and cadherin 1 (CDH1). Six hub genes were associated with favorable OS while eight were associated with poor OS. Mechanistically, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 3 (OAS1, OAS3) and CDH1 featured high degrees and strong correlations with other hub genes. Conclusions This bioinformatics analysis identified key genes and pathways for potential targets and survival predictors for trastuzumab treatment in GC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12957-018-1475-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijun Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhao Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui He
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Sharma A, Stei MM, Fröhlich H, Holz FG, Loeffler KU, Herwig-Carl MC. Genetic and epigenetic insights into uveal melanoma. Clin Genet 2018; 93:952-961. [PMID: 28902406 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most frequent primary intraocular tumor in Caucasian adults and is potentially fatal if metastases develop. While several prognostic genetic changes have been identified in UM, epigenetic influences are now getting closer attention. Recent technological advances have allowed to exam the human genome to a greater extent and have improved our understanding of several diseases including malignant tumors. In this context, there has been tremendous progress in the field of UM pathogenesis. Herein, we review the literature with emphasis on genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications and signaling pathways as well as possible biomarkers in UM. In addition, different research models for UM are discussed. New insights and major challenges are outlined in order to evaluate the current status for this potentially devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Stei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Fröhlich
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, BIT, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,UCB Biosciences GmbH, Monheim, Germany
| | - F G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K U Loeffler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M C Herwig-Carl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Jang EJ, Shin Y, Park HJ, Kim D, Jung C, Hong JY, Kim S, Lee SK. Anti-melanogenic activity of phytosphingosine via the modulation of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor signaling pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:19-28. [PMID: 28390782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) suppresses the expression of enzymes controlling the production of melanin. Phytosphingosine is a well-known cosmetic agent, but its anti-melanogenic activity and mechanism of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effects of phytosphingosine on melanin synthesis and elucidate the plausible mechanism of actions in vitro and ex vivo systems. METHODS Melanin content, cell viability, tyrosinase activity, p-CREB DNA binding activity, and the protein gene expression levels of the enzymes and proteins involved in melanogenesis were measured with the treatment of phytosphingosine. RESULTS Phytosphingosine inhibits melanin synthesis in cultured melan-a cells and a reconstructed human skin model. One possible mechanism of the anti-melanogenic activity of phytosphingosine appears to be associated with the modulation of MITF, which suppresses the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. Further analysis revealed that phytosphingosine suppressed paired box 3 and SRY-related HMG-box 10, critical transcription factors of MITF. Phytosphingosine also effectively downregulated the protein levels of β-catenin and the phospho-cAMP response element binding protein, an upstream regulatory factor of MITF. These results are closely related to the suppression of MITF gene expression. In addition, treatment with phytosphingosine for over 12h, which is a relatively long period of time, did not directly suppress these MITF transcriptional factors. Instead, phytosphingosine induced ERK activation, which led to MITF phosphorylation, followed by its degradation. Therefore, the downregulation of MITF protein levels by phytosphingosine with a long time exposure is in part associated with MITF protein degradation through the MAPK kinase activation pathway. CONCLUSION The modulation of MITF by phytosphingosine is closely related with the signaling pathways, such as the suppression of the MITF gene expression and the degradation of the MITF protein, depending on the duration of treatment time. These results suggest that phytosphingosine might serve as an effective melanogenesis inhibitor in melanocytes via the regulation of the MITF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonho Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen Joo Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwa Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Cholomi Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Cintra Lopes Carapeto F, Neves Comodo A, Germano A, Pereira Guimarães D, Barcelos D, Fernandes M, Landman G. Marker Protein Expression Combined With Expression Heterogeneity is a Powerful Indicator of Malignancy in Acral Lentiginous Melanomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:114-120. [PMID: 28134728 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PATIENTS AND METHODS Samples of acral lentiginous melanomas (ALMs) were obtained from the Department of Pathology at Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil. Demographic, clinical, and follow-up data were obtained from the charts of Hospital São Paulo. From 2 tissue microarrays containing 60 nevi and quadruplicate samples of ≥1.0-mm of 49 ALM, sections were stained to evaluate SCF, KIT, BRAF, CYCLIND1, MYC, and PTEN immunohistochemical protein expression. RESULTS Nevi and ALM from 2006 to 2010 were reviewed and collected. All specimens were in the vertical growth phase, and histopathological parameters indicated that tumors were at an advanced stage at diagnosis. Average tumor thickness was 6.95 mm, 63% were ulcerated, average mitotic index was 5 mitotic cells per mm, and 43% were at Clark's level V. Compared with nevi, the χ test showed that ALM significantly correlated with SCF protein expression (P = 0.001) and expression heterogeneity (P < 0.000). Similar findings were observed for KIT (P = 0.005, P = 0.003, respectively), MYC (P < 0.000, P < 0.000), and PTEN (P = 0.005, P < 0.000). Malignancy did not correlate with BRAF and CYCLIN D1 expression (P = 0.053 and P = 0.259, respectively), but it did significantly correlate with their heterogeneous expression (P < 0.000, P = 0.024, respectively). Combined protein expression had an odds ratio of greater malignancy when BRAF and MYC were positive and/or heterogeneously expressed (OR of 78 and 95, respectively). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We show that marker protein expression, when combined with heterogeneous expression as shown by immunohistochemistry, is a powerful indicator of malignancy in ALMs, especially, when protein pairs are combined.
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8
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Rushton JG, Ertl R, Klein D, Nell B. Mutation analysis and gene expression profiling of ocular melanomas in cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1403-1416. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Rushton
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - R. Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - D. Klein
- VetCore Facility for Research; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - B. Nell
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Kwon EJ, Kim MM. Agmatine modulates melanogenesis via MITF signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 49:124-130. [PMID: 27988355 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine contained in soybean is also found in Manaca, an anti-aging plant, inhabited in Amazon and induces vasodilation by the promotion of NO synthesis in blood vessel. However, the research of agmatine on melanin synthesis related to hair greying is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the melanogenic effect of agmatine via regulation of MITF signaling pathway in B16F1 cells. It was determined whether agmatine regulates melanin synthesis at cellular level in addition to the effect of agmatine on mushroom tyrosinase in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of agmatine. Furthermore, the effect of agmatine on the protein expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, C-KIT, p-p38, MITF and C-FOS were examined by western blot analysis. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was carried out to visualize the location of MITF expression in cell. Agmatine at 256μM or more increased melanin synthesis as well as tyrosinase activity. Moreover, whereas agmatine increased the expression levels of TRP-1, BMP-6, p-p38 and MITF, it reduced the expression level of BMP-4. It was also found that agmatine enhanced the expression level of MITF in nucleus. These results suggest that agmatine could induce melanin synthesis though the regulation of MITF transcription factor via BMP-6/p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Moo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
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Inhibition of Mast Cell-Derived Histamine Decreases Human Cholangiocarcinoma Growth and Differentiation via c-Kit/Stem Cell Factor-Dependent Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:123-33. [PMID: 26597881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is composed of numerous cells, including mast cells (MCs). MCs release histamine, which increases CCA progression and angiogenesis. Cholangiocytes secrete stem cell factor, which functions via the MC growth factor receptor c-Kit. Here, we show that cholangiocytes express histidine decarboxylase and its inhibition reduces CCA growth. MC recruitment in the tumor microenvironment increased CCA growth. MC infiltration and MC markers were detected by toluidine blue staining and real-time PCR in human biopsies and in tumors from athymic mice treated with saline, histamine, histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, or cromolyn sodium. Tumor growth, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)/extracellular matrix (ECM) markers were measured in mice treated with cromolyn sodium. In vitro, human CCA cells were treated with MC supernatant fluids before evaluating angiogenesis and EMT/ECM expression. Migration assays were performed with CCA cells treated with the stem cell factor inhibitor. MC supernatant fluids increased CCA histidine decarboxylase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and MC/EMT/ECM expression that decreased with pretreatment of cromolyn sodium. MCs were found in human biopsies. In mice treated with cromolyn sodium, MC infiltration and tumor growth decreased. Inhibition of CCA stem cell factor blocked MC migration and MC/EMT/ECM in CCA. MCs migrate into CCA tumor microenvironment via c-Kit/stem cell factor and increase tumor progression, angiogenesis, EMT switch, and ECM degradation.
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Santi R, Simi L, Fucci R, Paglierani M, Pepi M, Pinzani P, Merelli B, Santucci M, Botti G, Urso C, Massi D. KIT genetic alterations in anorectal melanomas. J Clin Pathol 2014; 68:130-4. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Yang S, Li WS, Dong F, Sun HM, Wu B, Tan J, Zou WJ, Zhou DS. KITLG is a novel target of miR-34c that is associated with the inhibition of growth and invasion in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2092-102. [PMID: 25213795 PMCID: PMC4244023 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-34c is considered a potent tumour suppressor because of its negative regulation of multiple target mRNAs that are critically associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. In the present study, we demonstrated a novel target of miR-34c, KITLG, which has been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC). First, we found a significant negative relationship between miR-34c and KITLG mRNA expression levels in CRC cell lines, including HT-29, HCT-116, SW480 and SW620 CRC cell lines. In silico analysis predicted putative binding sites for miR-34c in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of KITLG mRNA. A dual-luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that KITLG is a direct target of miR-34c. Then, the cell lines were infected with lentiviruses expressing miR-34c or a miR-34c specific inhibitor. Restoration of miR-34c dramatically reduced the expression of KITLG mRNA and protein, while silencing of endogenous miR-34c increased the expression of KITLG protein. The miR-34c-mediated down-regulation of KITLG was associated with the suppression on proliferation, cellular transformation, migration and invasion of CRC cells, as well as the promotion on apoptosis. Knockdown of KITLG by its specific siRNA confirmed a critical role of KITLG down-regulation for the tumour-suppressive effects of miR-34c in CRC cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that miR-34c might interfere with KITLG-related CRC and could be a novel molecular target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Calipel A, Landreville S, De La Fouchardière A, Mascarelli F, Rivoire M, Penel N, Mouriaux F. Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate in KIT-positive metastatic uveal melanoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:553-64. [PMID: 24652072 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is used in targeted therapy of cancer to inhibit type III tyrosine kinase receptors, such as KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Expression of KIT in uveal melanoma (UM) suggests that this receptor may be the target of imatinib mesylate therapy. However, phase II multicenter clinical studies have shown no effect of imatinib mesylate in patients with unresectable liver metastases of UM. We therefore investigated which molecular mechanisms promote imatinib mesylate-resistance in metastatic UM. Expression of KIT, stem cell factor (SCF), PDGFRα and PDGFRβ, was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunostaining, and Western blot in twenty-four samples of UM liver metastases, as well as UM primary tumor and metastatic cell lines. Soluble SCF was quantified in UM cell lines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability of UM cell lines treated with imatinib mesylate and grown in SCF-supplemented medium or in microvascular endothelial cells-conditioned medium was studied by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assays. UM liver metastases and cell lines expressed KIT and SCF, but not the PDGFRs. Ninety-five percent of liver metastases expressed KIT at the protein level, but PDGFRs were not detected in these samples. Imatinib mesylate reduced the viability of UM metastatic cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, but an increased resistance to this drug was observed when cells were incubated in SCF-supplemented or microvascular endothelial cells-conditioned medium. This study provides evidence that tumor microenvironment cytokines such as SCF may promote resistance to imatinib mesylate in metastatic UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Calipel
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy. GIP CYCERON, 14074, Caen, France
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen L, Zhang J. Expression analysis of genes and pathways associated with liver metastases of the uveal melanoma. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:29. [PMID: 24597767 PMCID: PMC4015751 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Uveal melanoma is an aggressive cancer which has a high percentage metastasizing to the liver, with a worse prognosis. Identification of patients at high risk of metastases may provide information for early detection of metastases and treatment. Methods Expression profiling of ocular tumor tissues from 46 liver metastatic uveal melanoma samples and 45 non-metastatic uveal melanoma samples were got from GEO database. Bioinformatic analyses such as the Gene Oncology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to identify genes and pathways specifically associated with liver metastases of the uveal melanoma. Results A total of 1138 probes were differentially expressed in two group samples. All differential gene interactions in the Signal-Net were analyzed. Of them, 768 probes were up-regulated and 370 down-regulated. They mainly participated in 125 GO terms and 16 pathways. Of the genes differentially expressed between two group cancers, HTR2B, CHL1, the ZNF family, YWHAZ and FYN were the most significantly altered. Conclusions Bioinformatics may help excavate and analyze large amounts of data in microarrays by means of rigorous experimental planning, scientific statistical analysis and collection of complete data about liver metastases of uveal melanoma patients. In the present study, a novel differential gene expression pattern was constructed and advanced study will provide new targets for diagnosis and mechanism of uveal melanoma liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The branch of the first people's hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200081, China.
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16
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Alessandrini L, Parrozzani R, Bertorelle R, Valentini E, Candiotto C, Giacomelli L, Midena E, Blandamura S. C-Kit SCF receptor (CD117) expression and KIT gene mutation in conjunctival pigmented lesions. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e641-5. [PMID: 23742652 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence of KIT gene mutations and immunoreactivity in 85 conjunctival melanocytic tumours and to clarify the role of KIT as a potential therapeutic target in this group of patients. METHODS Eighty-five conjunctival pigmented tumours [27 melanomas, 12 primary acquired melanosis (PAMs) and 46 nevi] were immunostained for KIT. Intensity and pattern of expression were evaluated. Molecular analysis to identify KIT mutations was performed in 15 selected cases (tumour-rich areas >50%). KIT immunostaining score and pattern were statistically related to patients' age, sex, diagnostic category, presence of relapse, disease-free survival, presence of metastases, metastasis-free survival, limbal versus nonlimbal tumour location and thickness of melanomas. RESULTS KIT stains were documented in 48% of melanomas, 50% of PAMs and 24% of nevi. The mean score of KIT staining in the melanomas/PAMs group was significantly different from nevi (p = 0.0076). No statistically significant differences were detected between either c-kit immunostaining score or pattern and each of the other clinico-pathologic parameters considered. No KIT gene mutations were detected in melanomas and nevi. A silent mutation/polymorphism in KIT exon 13 was found in one PAM. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high level of KIT immunostains in PAMs and melanomas, this parameter seems not to be a good predictor of the presence of molecular mutations. KIT-activating mutations should be considered an uncommon event in this tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Alessandrini
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Section of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, ItalyG.B. Bietti Foundation, IRCCS, Roma, ItalyIstituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, ItalyDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
The prognosis of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma is poor and there are limited therapeutic options. C-kit is expressed in the majority of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. In this pilot trial, we examined the toxicity and efficacy of sunitinib malate, a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. Twenty patients with metastatic uveal melanoma expressing c-kit, 17 of whom failed previous treatments, were included in this study. Patients received sunitinib malate 37.5 mg daily continuously in 4-week cycles. The evaluation of response was carried out every 8 weeks. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and differences in survivals were tested using the log-rank test. There was one partial response and 12 stable disease (SD) after sunitinib treatment. The median OS and PFS were 8.2 and 4.2 months, respectively. Three patients had SD for more than 12 months with sunitinib after failing previous treatments. The most common adverse events were fatigue (90%), diarrhea (60%), hemorrhage (55%), anorexia (45%), hand-foot syndrome (25%), hypothyroidism (25%), and rash (25%). Eleven patients required a dose reduction to 25 mg daily secondary to grade 3 adverse events. The degree of c-kit expression in melanoma cells was not associated with longer PFS or OS. Patients who developed systemic metastases after more than 5 years of their initial diagnosis had better PFS (median PFS: 5.8 vs. 2.6 months, P=0.005). Sunitinib was safely administered and showed potential clinical benefit in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. The lack of a correlation between c-kit expression and clinical outcomes requires further investigation on the mechanism of sunitinib in metastatic uveal melanoma.
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18
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Mehnert JM, Kluger HM. Driver mutations in melanoma: lessons learned from bench-to-bedside studies. Curr Oncol Rep 2013; 14:449-57. [PMID: 22723080 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-012-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of somatic driver mutations in human samples has allowed for the development of a molecular classification for melanoma. Recent breakthroughs in the treatment of metastatic melanoma have arisen as a result of these significant new insights into the molecular biology of the disease, particularly the development of inhibitors of activating BRAF(V600E) mutations. In this article the roles of several mutations known to be involved in the malignant transformation of melanocytes are reviewed including BRAF, PTEN, NRAS, ckit, and p16 as well as some of the emerging mutations in cutaneous and uveal melanoma. The bench to bedside collaborations that resulted in these discoveries are summarized, and potential therapeutic strategies to target driver mutations in specific patient subsets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Mehnert
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Rm 5543, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Todd JR, Scurr LL, Becker TM, Kefford RF, Rizos H. The MAPK pathway functions as a redundant survival signal that reinforces the PI3K cascade in c-Kit mutant melanoma. Oncogene 2012; 33:236-45. [PMID: 23246970 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase has a critical role in the development and migration of melanocytes, and oncogenic c-Kit mutants contribute to the progression of some melanomas. c-Kit signalling activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways and their relative contribution to the activities of oncogenic and ligand-dependent c-Kit remains uncertain. We show that PI3K is a major regulator of MAPK activation in response to c-Kit activity and the dominant effector of c-Kit-driven melanocyte proliferation and melanoma survival. Nevertheless, inhibition of the PI3K pathway in c-Kit mutant melanoma cells did not replicate the apoptotic efficacy of the c-Kit inhibitor, imatinib mesylate. Instead, the simultaneous suppression of the PI3K and MAPK pathways promoted a strong synergistic apoptotic effect. These data indicate that MAPK functions as a redundant survival signal that reinforces the PI3K cascade in c-Kit mutant melanoma. Thus, the concurrent inhibition of PI3K and MAPK signalling is required to suppress oncogenic c-Kit activity and may provide an effective therapeutic strategy in c-Kit mutant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Todd
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L L Scurr
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T M Becker
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R F Kefford
- 1] Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia [2] Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Rizos
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Kuonen F, Laurent J, Secondini C, Lorusso G, Stehle JC, Rausch T, Faes-Van't Hull E, Bieler G, Alghisi GC, Schwendener R, Andrejevic-Blant S, Mirimanoff RO, Rüegg C. Inhibition of the Kit ligand/c-Kit axis attenuates metastasis in a mouse model mimicking local breast cancer relapse after radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4365-74. [PMID: 22711708 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local breast cancer relapse after breast-saving surgery and radiotherapy is associated with increased risk of distant metastasis formation. The mechanisms involved remain largely elusive. We used the well-characterized 4T1 syngeneic, orthotopic breast cancer model to identify novel mechanisms of postradiation metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4T1 cells were injected in 20 Gy preirradiated mammary tissue to mimic postradiation relapses, or in nonirradiated mammary tissue, as control, of immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Molecular, biochemical, cellular, histologic analyses, adoptive cell transfer, genetic, and pharmacologic interventions were carried out. RESULTS Tumors growing in preirradiated mammary tissue had reduced angiogenesis and were more hypoxic, invasive, and metastatic to lung and lymph nodes compared with control tumors. Increased metastasis involved the mobilization of CD11b(+)c-Kit(+)Ly6G(high)Ly6C(low)(Gr1(+)) myeloid cells through the HIF1-dependent expression of Kit ligand (KitL) by hypoxic tumor cells. KitL-mobilized myeloid cells homed to primary tumors and premetastatic lungs, to give rise to CD11b(+)c-Kit(-) cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of HIF1, silencing of KitL expression in tumor cells, and inhibition of c-Kit with an anti-c-Kit-blocking antibody or with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor prevented the mobilization of CD11b(+)c-Kit(+) cells and attenuated metastasis. C-Kit inhibition was also effective in reducing mobilization of CD11b(+)c-Kit(+) cells and inhibiting lung metastasis after irradiation of established tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our work defines KitL/c-Kit as a previously unidentified axis critically involved in promoting metastasis of 4T1 tumors growing in preirradiated mammary tissue. Pharmacologic inhibition of this axis represents a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent metastasis in breast cancer patients with local relapses after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Kuonen
- Department of Radio-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Switzerland
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Impact of combined mTOR and MEK inhibition in uveal melanoma is driven by tumor genotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40439. [PMID: 22808163 PMCID: PMC3393714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanomas possess activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. MAPK activation occurs via somatic mutations in the heterotrimeric G protein subunits GNAQ and GNA11 for over 70% of tumors and less frequently via V600E BRAF mutations. In this report, we describe the impact of dual pathway inhibition upon uveal melanoma cell lines with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244/ARRY-142886) and the ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055. While synergistic reductions in cell viability were observed with AZD8055/selumetinib in both BRAF and GNAQ mutant cell lines, apoptosis was preferentially induced in BRAF mutant cells only. In vitro apoptosis assay results were predictive of in vivo drug efficacy as tumor regressions were observed only in a BRAF mutant xenograft model, but not GNAQ mutant model. We went on to discover that GNAQ promotes relative resistance to AZD8055/selumetinib-induced apoptosis in GNAQ mutant cells. For BRAF mutant cells, both AKT and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation were modulated by the combination; however, decreasing AKT phosphorylation alone was not sufficient and decreasing 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was not required for apoptosis. Instead, cooperative mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and MEK inhibition resulting in downregulation of the pro-survival protein MCL-1 was found to be critical for combination-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that the clinical efficacy of combined MEK and mTOR kinase inhibition will be determined by tumor genotype, and that BRAF mutant malignancies will be particularly susceptible to this strategy.
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Liu HG, Kong MX, Yao Q, Wang SY, Shibata R, Yee H, Martiniuk F, Wang BY. Expression of Sox10 and c-kit in sinonasal mucosal melanomas arising in the Chinese population. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 6:401-8. [PMID: 22736149 PMCID: PMC3500896 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sinonasal mucosal melanomas (SNMM) of the head and neck regions are rare and aggressive malignancies. Although they can affect patients of any ethnicity, they are more numerous in Chinese patients. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors can be challenging. Recent studies have reported that Sox10 is a sensitive melanocytic marker for cutaneous melanoma (Nonaka et al. in Am J Surg Pathol 32:1291-1298, 2008). In addition, a CD117 (c-kit) gene mutation has been identified in cutaneous melanomas, indicating that there may be potential therapeutic benefits of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Imatinib. The purpose of this study was to detect and test the immunohistochemical expression of Sox10 and c-kit in mucosal melanomas (MM) arising in the nasal cavities of Chinese patients. Twenty eight patients with mucosal melanomas of the nasal cavity were treated in two major hospitals in China. All cases had been locally diagnosed as primary SNMM. We confirmed all diagnoses with positive immunohistochemical stains for S100 and HMB-45. Additionally, automated immunohistochemistry was performed using a goat polyclonal Sox10 antibody and a monoclonal c-kit antibody counterstained using a standard avidin-biotin complex method. Immunohistochemical positive expression of Sox10 was defined by nuclear stain; and positivity for c-kit resulted in a distinct membranous staining. The extent of nuclear positivity for Sox10 and membranous stain for c-kit was graded by 4 board certified pathologists as follows: 1+, 1-25 % of positive tumor cells; 2+, 25-50 %; 3+, 50-75 %; and 4+, ≥75 %. Sox10 nuclear expression was found in all cases (100 %), with 4+ staining in 26 out of 28 cases (92.8 %) and 3+ staining in two cases with (7.1 %). The overall positivity for S100 staining was 23 out of 28 (82.1 %), with 1+ staining in 10 cases, 2+ staining in 6 cases, 3+ staining in 7 cases, and no staining in 5 cases. The sensitivity and intensity of Sox10 immunohistochemistry were both higher than with S100 immunohistochemistry. Immunopositivity of membranous stain for c-kit (CD117) was seen in 24 out of 28 cases (85.7 %), including 6 tumors that were 4+, eight that were 3+, six that were 2+, and four that showed 1+ staining. Our results demonstrate that Sox10 is a sensitive marker for SNMM and it may possess diagnostic value in addition to that of S100 protein. The expression of c-kit in the majority of MMs suggests that it may be useful in the assessment of these tumors for potential treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tong Ren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Max Xiangtian Kong
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Qian Yao
- Department of Pathology, Tong Ren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, Fu Dan University, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Shibata
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Herman Yee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Frank Martiniuk
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Beverly Y. Wang
- Department of Pathology, Continuum Health Partners, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY USA
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Chen MJ, Yang PY, Ye YZ, Hu DN, Chen MF. Arsenic Trioxide Induces Apoptosis in Uveal Melanoma Cells Through the Mitochondrial Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 38:1131-42. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10008524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, is highly resistant to most chemotherapeutic drugs. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is known to inhibit ocular melanoma cell growth. However, the effects of ATO on human uveal melanoma cells are poorly understood. Therefore, this study evaluated the mechanisms of ATO and its inhibiting effects on a human uveal melanoma cell line (SP6.5). An MTT assay indicated that, compared to human fibroblasts, ATO had a stronger inhibiting effect on SP6.5 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptosis ratio in SP6.5 cells, which was indicated by cell DNA fragmentation, was 4.1- to 7.7-fold higher after ATO-treatment. The ATO treatment substantially increased the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9, but not of caspase-8. These findings were consistent with the protein expression observed by Western blots. ATO also significantly enhanced expression of Bax and cytochrome c proteins but suppressed those of Bcl-2. Therefore, ATO-induced apoptosis in uveal melanoma cells occurs mainly through the mitochondrial pathway rather than through the death receptor pathway. This report is the first to evaluate the complete mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway of ATO in uveal melanoma cells. These results can be used to improve the clinical effectiveness of ATO treatment for uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zhen Ye
- Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Dan-Ning Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York Medical College, New York 10003, USA
| | - Ming-Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Griewank KG, Yu X, Khalili J, Sozen MM, Stempke-Hale K, Bernatchez C, Wardell S, Bastian BC, Woodman SE. Genetic and molecular characterization of uveal melanoma cell lines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:182-7. [PMID: 22236444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent identification of frequent activating mutations in GNAQ or GNA11 in uveal melanoma provides an opportunity to better understand the pathogenesis of this melanoma subtype and to develop rational therapeutics to target the cellular effects mediated by these mutations. Cell lines from uveal melanoma tumors are an essential tool for these types of analyses. We report the mutation status of relevant melanoma genes, expression levels of proteins of interest, and DNA fingerprinting of a panel of uveal melanoma cell lines used in the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Griewank
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Martí RM, Sorolla A, Yeramian A. New therapeutic targets in melanoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:579-90. [PMID: 22261672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into molecular targets for drug development in melanoma is starting to bear fruit. Of the drugs tested to date in patients with metastatic melanoma, those that have yielded the best results are V600E BRAF inhibitors in melanomas carrying the V600E mutation; c-kit tyrosine kinase activity inhibitors in melanomas carrying c-kit mutations; and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, which block the mechanisms involved in immune tolerance. Many problems have yet to be resolved in these areas, however, such as the rapid development of resistance to BRAF and c-kit inhibitors and the lack of biomarkers to predict treatment response in the case of CTLA-4 blockers. We review the results of targeted therapy with these and other drugs in metastatic melanoma and discuss what the future holds for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Martí
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain.
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27
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Gangemi R, Mirisola V, Barisione G, Fabbi M, Brizzolara A, Lanza F, Mosci C, Salvi S, Gualco M, Truini M, Angelini G, Boccardo S, Cilli M, Airoldi I, Queirolo P, Jager MJ, Daga A, Pfeffer U, Ferrini S. Mda-9/syntenin is expressed in uveal melanoma and correlates with metastatic progression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29989. [PMID: 22267972 PMCID: PMC3258266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is an aggressive cancer that metastasizes to the liver in about half of the patients, with a high lethality rate. Identification of patients at high risk of metastases may provide indication for a frequent follow-up for early detection of metastases and treatment. The analysis of the gene expression profiles of primary human uveal melanomas showed high expression of SDCBP gene (encoding for syndecan-binding protein-1 or mda-9/syntenin), which appeared higher in patients with recurrence, whereas expression of syndecans was lower and unrelated to progression. Moreover, we found that high expression of SDCBP gene was related to metastatic progression in two additional independent datasets of uveal melanoma patients. More importantly, immunohistochemistry showed that high expression of mda-9/syntenin protein in primary tumors was significantly related to metastatic recurrence in our cohort of patients. Mda-9/syntenin expression was confirmed by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in cultured uveal melanoma cells or primary tumors. Interestingly, mda-9/syntenin showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization in cell lines and in a fraction of patients, suggesting its possible involvement in nuclear functions. A pseudo-metastatic model of uveal melanoma to the liver was developed in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ null mice and the study of mda-9/syntenin expression in primary and metastatic lesions revealed higher mda-9/syntenin in metastases. The inhibition of SDCBP expression by siRNA impaired the ability of uveal melanoma cells to migrate in a wound-healing assay. Moreover, silencing of SDCBP in mda-9/syntenin-high uveal melanoma cells inhibited the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-triggered invasion of matrigel membranes and inhibited the activation of FAK, AKT and Src. Conversely syntenin overexpression in mda-9/syntenin-low uveal melanoma cells mediated opposite effects. These results suggest that mda-9/syntenin is involved in uveal melanoma progression and that it warrants further investigation as a candidate molecular marker of metastases and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Gangemi
- Immunological Therapy Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Mirisola
- Laboratory of Integrated Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gaia Barisione
- Immunological Therapy Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Fabbi
- Immunological Therapy Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzolara
- Immunological Therapy Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Lanza
- Ophthalmic Oncology Center, E.O. Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Mosci
- Ophthalmic Oncology Center, E.O. Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Gualco
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Truini
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Angelini
- Laboratory of Integrated Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Boccardo
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cilli
- Animal Model Facility, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irma Airoldi
- AIRC Laboratory of Immunology and Tumors, Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Daga
- Gene Transfer Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Laboratory of Integrated Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- Immunological Therapy Laboratory, National Cancer Research Institute, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the biology of noncutaneous melanoma differs significantly from cutaneous melanoma and may provide therapeutic opportunity. The most frequent sites of origin of noncutaneous melanoma are the eye and mucosal surfaces. Although noncutaneous melanomas are an uncommon group of cancers (representing less than 10% of all melanomas) a greater understanding of their genetic and molecular abnormalites is being translated into novel treatment strategies. These developments are important because there is currently no effective systemic therapy for noncutaneous melanoma. Significant attention has been focused on the role of c-kit (KIT, CD117), a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. In vitro and ex vivo evidence suggests that c-kit is frequently expressed/over expressed/mutated in noncutaneous melanoma. Anti-tumour effects with c-kit inhibitors are seen in pre-clinical models. A variety of multitargeted kinase inhibitors which have activity against c-kit are currently in early phase clinical trials in metastatic ocular, mucosal and acral melanoma. The few case reports of significant clinical activity with targeted therapies provides hope that greater understanding of the biology of noncutaneous melanoma can be translated into effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Wilkins
- Specialist Registrar, Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex, HA6 2RN, UK
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29
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Wallander ML, Layfield LJ, Emerson LL, Mamalis N, Davis D, Tripp SR, Holden JA. KIT mutations in ocular melanoma: frequency and anatomic distribution. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1031-5. [PMID: 21478825 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
KIT mutations are known to occur in ~15% of chronic sun damaged cutaneous, mucosal, and acral melanomas. Melanomas with demonstrated activating mutations in KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) may benefit from treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Currently, the limited data regarding KIT mutational status in ocular melanoma suggest that activating mutations are extremely rare. PDGFRA mutational status in ocular melanoma has not been determined. Seventy-five ocular melanomas (53 choroidal, 6 iris, 11 ciliary body, and 5 conjuctival) were selected from the files of the Department of Ophthalmology. High-resolution melting curve analysis and sequencing were performed to detect mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18. Results of mutational analysis were correlated with anatomical site and KIT (CD117) immunohistochemistry. Eight of 75 (11%) ocular melanomas contained mutations in either the KIT or PDGFRA gene. Five of 53 (9%) choroidal melanomas were associated with mutations (KIT exon 11=3; KIT exon 17=1; PDGFRA intron 18=1). Two of six (33%) iris melanomas and a single (9%) ciliary body melanoma harbored KIT exon 11 mutations. No mutations were identified in conjunctival melanomas. The distribution of KIT and PDGFRA mutations by ocular melanoma anatomical site did not reach statistical significance (P=0.393) CD117 positivity was not predictive of KIT mutational status as only 6 of 58 (10%) CD177-positive tumors harbored KIT mutations. In addition, a KIT exon 17 mutation was identified in one CD117-negative tumor. KIT and PDGFRA mutations do occur in ocular melanomas at a frequency (11%) that is similar to acral and mucosal melanomas. Limited correlation of CD117 positivity with mutational status suggests that all ocular melanomas should undergo mutational analysis to determine if imatinib therapy is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Wallander
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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30
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Targeted knockdown of canine KIT (stem cell factor receptor) using RNA interference. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:151-6. [PMID: 21397955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumours often express KIT mutations that result in constitutive activation of the c-kit receptor and which are associated with more aggressive disease. The aim of the current study was to determine whether small inhibitory RNA (SiRNA) molecules could specifically target canine KIT mRNA for knock-down. Canine beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and KIT sequences were cloned into the psiCHECK™-2 vector. SiRNA molecules, designed to target gene-specific sequences, were co-transfected with plasmid DNA into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Renilla and firefly luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-GLO(®) Luciferase Assay (Promega). Using this reporter system, canine housekeeping gene-specific SiRNA molecules demonstrated knockdown of their targets (72.0% knockdown for B2M and 94.5% knockdown for GAPDH). An SiRNA molecule targeting exon 2 of canine KIT successfully knocked-down reporter gene expression of a KIT(26-407) construct (90.8% knockdown). An SiRNA molecule targeting a 48 base-pair in-tandem duplication mutation in KIT exon 11 selectively knocked down expression of the KIT(1569-1966mutant) construct (93.1% knockdown) but had no effect on the KIT(1569-1918wild-type) construct. The results show that RNA interference can be used to inhibit canine KIT mRNA expression and has the potential to selectively target the mutant version of KIT that is expressed by some malignant mast cells.
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31
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Patel M, Smyth E, Chapman PB, Wolchok JD, Schwartz GK, Abramson DH, Carvajal RD. Therapeutic implications of the emerging molecular biology of uveal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2087-100. [PMID: 21444680 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma represents the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Although uveal and cutaneous melanomas both arise from melanocytes, uveal melanoma is clinically and biologically distinct from its more common cutaneous counterpart. Metastasis occurs frequently in this disease, and once distant spread occurs, outcomes are poor. No effective systemic therapies are currently available; however, recent advances in our understanding of the biology of this rare and devastating disease, combined with the growing availability of targeted agents, which can be used to rationally exploit these findings, hold the promise for novel and effective therapies in the foreseeable future. Herein, we review our rapidly growing understanding of the molecular biology of uveal melanoma, including the pathogenic roles of GNAQ (guanine nucleotide binding protein q polypeptide)/11, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), IGF (insulin-like growth factor)/IGF-1 receptor, MET (hepatocyte growth factor), BAP1 [breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1)-associated protein-1], and other key molecules, potential therapeutic strategies derived from this emerging biology, and the next generation of recently initiated clinical trials for the treatment of advanced uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinali Patel
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Posy SL, Hermsmeier MA, Vaccaro W, Ott KH, Todderud G, Lippy JS, Trainor GL, Loughney DA, Johnson SR. Trends in Kinase Selectivity: Insights for Target Class-Focused Library Screening. J Med Chem 2010; 54:54-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shana L. Posy
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark A. Hermsmeier
- Chemistry Informatics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Wayne Vaccaro
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Karl-Heinz Ott
- Bioinformatics, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gordon Todderud
- Lead Evaluation, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lippy
- Lead Evaluation, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - George L. Trainor
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Deborah A. Loughney
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephen R. Johnson
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Lin K, Baritaki S, Militello L, Malaponte G, Bevelacqua Y, Bonavida B. The Role of B-RAF Mutations in Melanoma and the Induction of EMT via Dysregulation of the NF-κB/Snail/RKIP/PTEN Circuit. Genes Cancer 2010; 1:409-420. [PMID: 20827424 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910373795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly metastatic cancer, and there are no current therapeutic modalities to treat this deadly malignant disease once it has metastasized. Melanoma cancers exhibit B-RAF mutations in up to 70% of cases. B-RAF mutations are responsible, in large part, for the constitutive hyperactivation of survival/antiapoptotic pathways such as the MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT. These hyperactivated pathways regulate the expression of genes targeting the initiation of the metastatic cascade, namely, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is the result of the expression of mesenchymal gene products such as fibronectin, vimentin, and metalloproteinases and the invasion and inhibition of E-cadherin. The above pathways cross-talk and regulate each other's activities and functions. For instance, the NF-κB pathway directly regulates EMT through the transcription of gene products involved in EMT and indirectly through the transcriptional up-regulation of the metastasis inducer Snail. Snail, in turn, suppresses the expression of the metastasis suppressor gene product Raf kinase inhibitor protein RKIP (inhibits the MAPK and the NF-κB pathways) as well as PTEN (inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway). The role of B-RAF mutations in melanoma and their direct role in the induction of EMT are not clear. This review discusses the hypothesis that B-RAF mutations are involved in the dysregulation of the NF-κB/Snail/RKIP/PTEN circuit and in both the induction of EMT and metastasis. The therapeutic implications of the dysregulation of the above circuit by B-RAF mutations are such that they offer novel targets for therapeutic interventions in the treatment of EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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34
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Kansal N, Silakari O, Ravikumar M. Three dimensional pharmacophore modelling for c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:393-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Torres-Cabala CA, Wang WL, Trent J, Yang D, Chen S, Galbincea J, Kim KB, Woodman S, Davies M, Plaza JA, Nash JW, Prieto VG, Lazar AJ, Ivan D. Correlation between KIT expression and KIT mutation in melanoma: a study of 173 cases with emphasis on the acral-lentiginous/mucosal type. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:1446-56. [PMID: 19718013 PMCID: PMC4120323 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of immunohistochemistry in the assessment of KIT status in melanomas, especially acral lentiginous/mucosal, is not well established. Although the reported prevalence of KIT mutations in acral lentiginous/mucosal melanomas is relatively low, detection of mutations in KIT can have profound therapeutic implications. We evaluated the efficacy of immunohistochemistry to predict mutations in KIT. One hundred seventy-three tumors, comprising primary and metastatic melanomas (141 acral lentiginous/mucosal, 5 nodular, 4 lentigo maligna, 3 superficial spreading, 2 uveal, 1 melanoma of soft parts, 8 metastases from unclassified primaries, and 9 metastases from unknown primaries) were studied. Immunohistochemical expression of KIT using an anti-CD117 antibody and KIT mutational analysis by gene sequencing of exons 11, 13, and 17 were performed. Eighty-one percent of acral lentiginous/mucosal melanomas, primary and metastatic, showed KIT expression by at least 5% of the tumor cells. The overall frequency of activating KIT gene mutations in acral lentiginous/mucosal melanomas was 15% (14 out of 91 cases), being the L576P mutation in exon 11 the most frequently detected (4 of 14 cases). Cases showing less than 10% positive tumor cells were negative for KIT mutations. Eighty-two percent (12 of 14) of cases positive for KIT mutation showed KIT expression in more than 50% of the cells. An association between immunohistochemical expression of KIT and mutation status was found (P=0.007). Immunohistochemical expression of KIT in less than 10% of the cells of the invasive component of acral lentiginous/mucosal melanomas appears to be a strong negative predictor of KIT mutation and therefore can potentially be used to triage cases for additional KIT genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Trent
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Galbincea
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin B Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Woodman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Plaza
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - JW Nash
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas—MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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36
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma is refractory to chemotherapy. The receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, has demonstrated antiproliferative effects against uveal melanoma cells in vitro. The effects of imatinib mesylate, alone and combined with the alklyating agent, temozolomide, were examined in vivo as well as in vitro. Proliferation and angiogenic factor production of human uveal melanoma cell lines in response to imatinib mesylate and temozolomide were examined in vitro. Tumor growth, angiogenic factor production, tumor interstitial fluid pressure, and stroma constituents in response to imatinib mesylate and temozolomide were examined in vivo in mice bearing human uveal melanoma xenografts. Imatinib mesylate in vitro antagonized the antiproliferative effects of temozolomide and increased the production of angiogenic factors. In contrast, pretreatment with imatinib mesylate in vivo could improve the antitumor activity of temozolomide. Imatinib mesylate in vivo decreased the production of angiogenic factors in the tumor stroma and tumor interstitial fluid pressure. These effects were transient. Increases in angiogenic factors, interstitial fluid pressure, and tumor infiltrating macrophages were observed with continued imatinib mesylate treatment in vivo. The antitumor effects of imatinib mesylate can vary in vivo when compared with in vitro. Imatinib mesylate can both positively and negatively modify host-tumor interactions in uveal melanoma.
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37
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Abstract
Background: The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the balance between melanocyte proliferation and differentiation. The same pathway is constitutively activated in cutaneous and uveal melanoma (UM) and related to tumour growth and survival. Whereas mutant BRAF and NRAS are responsible for the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in most cutaneous melanoma, mutations in these genes are usually absent in UM. Methods: We set out to explore the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and used mitogen-activated protein kinase profiling and tyrosine kinase arrays. Results: We identified Src as a kinase that is associated with ERK1/2 activation in UM. However, low Src levels and reduced ERK1/2 activation in metastatic cell lines suggest that proliferation in metastases can become independent of Src and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signalling. Inhibition of Src led to the growth reduction of primary UM cultures and cell lines, whereas metastatic cell line growth was only slightly reduced. Conclusion: We identified Src as an important kinase and a potential target for treatment in primary UM. Metastasis cell lines seemed largely resistant to Src inhibition and indicate that in metastases treatment, a different approach may be required.
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38
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Masson K, Rönnstrand L. Oncogenic signaling from the hematopoietic growth factor receptors c-Kit and Flt3. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1717-26. [PMID: 19540337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction in response to growth factors is a strictly controlled process with networks of feedback systems, highly selective interactions and finely tuned on-and-off switches. In the context of cancer, detailed signaling studies have resulted in the development of some of the most frequently used means of therapy, with several well established examples such as the small molecule inhibitors imatinib and dasatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Impaired function of receptor tyrosine kinases is implicated in various types of tumors, and much effort is put into mapping the many interactions and downstream pathways. Here we discuss the hematopoietic growth factor receptors c-Kit and Flt3 and their downstream signaling in normal as well as malignant cells. Both receptors are members of the same family of tyrosine kinases and crucial mediators of stem-and progenitor-cell proliferation and survival in response to ligand stimuli from the surrounding microenvironment. Gain-of-function mutations/alterations render the receptors constitutively and ligand-independently activated, resulting in aberrant signaling which is a crucial driving force in tumorigenesis. Frequently found mutations in c-Kit and Flt3 are point mutations of aspartic acid 816 and 835 respectively, in the activation loop of the kinase domains. Several other point mutations have been identified, but in the case of Flt3, the most common alterations are internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in the juxtamembrane region, reported in approximately 30% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). During the last couple of years, the increasing understanding of c-Kit and Flt3 signaling has also revealed the complexity of these receptor systems. The impact of gain-of-function mutations of c-Kit and Flt3 in different malignancies is well established and shown to be of clinical relevance in both prognosis and therapy. Many inhibitors of both c-Kit or Flt3 or of their downstream substrates are in clinical trials with encouraging results, and targeted therapy using a combination of such inhibitors is considered a promising approach for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Masson
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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39
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Cooper CD, Linbo TH, Raible DW. Kit and foxd3 genetically interact to regulate melanophore survival in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:875-86. [PMID: 19301400 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the role of foxd3 activity in conjunction with signaling by the kit tyrosine kinase receptor in zebrafish black pigment cell (melanophore) development. As loss-of-function of these molecules individually has distinct effects on melanophore number, we have examined the phenotype of double mutants. Individuals with a null mutation in kit have fewer melanophores than wild-type, with cells lost through death. When kit mutants are injected with foxd3 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides or crossed with a foxd3 zebrafish mutant, they have more melanophores than their uninjected or foxd3+ counterparts. Examination of foxd3 loss-of-function in two additional kit mutants that differentially alter kit-dependent migration and survival indicates a change in melanophore number in survival mutants only. Consistently, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end-labeling) analysis confirms a partial rescue of melanophores from cell death. Ectopic expression of foxd3 indicates that foxd3 promotes early melanophore death only when kit is inactive. Taken together, these data suggest a kit-dependent role for foxd3 in the regulation of melanophore survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Cooper
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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40
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Hofmann UB, Kauczok-Vetter CS, Houben R, Becker JC. Overexpression of the KIT/SCF in uveal melanoma does not translate into clinical efficacy of imatinib mesylate. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:324-9. [PMID: 19118061 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, gene amplification and overexpression of KIT as well as activating mutations in the KIT gene have been described to occur in certain subsets of melanoma. These findings suggest KIT as a potential target for therapy with imatinib mesylate in these melanomas. To date, data on the KIT status in uveal melanoma (UM) is limited. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the expression of the KIT protein (CD117, c-kit) and its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), in primary and metastatic UM. RESULTS By immunohistochemistry, SCF-positive tumor cells (>90%) were detectable in 43% of primary UM and in 58% of UM metastases. Strong expression of KIT (>90%) in tumor cells was present in 55% of primary UM and in 76% of UM metastases. This overexpression of both KIT and SCF suggests the clinical application of imatinib mesylate in metastatic UM. This notion was tested in a clinical study using Simon's two-stage design. Patients received imatinib (600 mg p.o. daily) until progress or unacceptable toxicities. The trial did not enter stage II as no objective response was observed in the first group. This observation prompted further molecular analysis, which revealed no mutations in the genomic sequence of KIT in exons 11, 13, 17, and 18. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was not activated in any of the tumors as measured by ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These results show the lack of clinical effectiveness of imatinib in UM, which was originally anticipated based on the high levels of KIT and SCF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta B Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
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Zhao D, Najbauer J, Garcia E, Metz MZ, Gutova M, Glackin CA, Kim SU, Aboody KS. Neural stem cell tropism to glioma: critical role of tumor hypoxia. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 6:1819-29. [PMID: 19074827 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical aspect of the microenvironment in glioma and generally signifies unfavorable clinical outcome. Effective targeting of hypoxic areas in gliomas remains a significant therapeutic challenge. New therapeutic platforms using neural stem cells (NSC) for tumor-targeted drug delivery show promise in treatment of cancers that are refractory to traditional therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms of NSC targeting to hypoxic tumor areas are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of hypoxia in directed migration of NSCs to glioma and identified the specific signaling molecules involved. Our data showed that hypoxia caused increased migration of human HB1.F3 NSCs to U251 human glioma-conditioned medium in vitro. In HB1.F3 NSCs, hypoxia led to up-regulation of CXCR4, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and c-Met receptors. Function-inhibiting antibodies to these receptors inhibited the migration of HB1.F3 cells to glioma-conditioned medium. Small interfering RNA knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in glioma cells blocked the hypoxia-induced migration of NSCs, which was due to decreased expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), uPA, and VEGF in glioma cells. Our in vivo data provided direct evidence that NSCs preferentially distributed to hypoxic areas inside intracranial glioma xenografts, as detected by pimonidazole hypoxia probe, as well as to the tumor edge, and that both areas displayed high SDF-1 expression. These observations indicate that hypoxia is a key factor in determining NSC tropism to glioma and that SDF-1/CXCR4, uPA/uPAR, VEGF/VEGFR2, and hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling pathways mediate increased NSC-to-glioma tropism under hypoxia. These results have significant implications for development of stem cell-mediated tumor-selective gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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42
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Ortega E, Marti RM, Yeramian A, Sorolla A, Dolcet X, Llobet D, Abal L, Santacana M, Pallares J, Llombart-Cussac A, Matias-Guiu X. Targeted therapies in gynecologic cancers and melanoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008; 25:262-73. [PMID: 19013892 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews the main molecular pathology alterations of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas and melanoma. Several promising drugs targeting the genes most frequently altered in these tumors are under consideration. The most promising signaling pathways to be targeted for therapies in these tumors are the tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR, HER2, c-KIT), the RAS/B-RAF/MAPK, the PI3K-mTOR, and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ortega
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dermatology, and Pathology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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43
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Overall mortality rate remains high because of the frequent development of metastatic disease, especially hepatic metastasis. While traditional systemic chemotherapies provide only marginal benefit to patients, local treatments for hepatic metastases, such as immunoembolization, have improved patient prognoses. Progress has also been made in identifying potential targets in the pathways involved in apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of uveal melanoma. Among these pathways, the c-Kit, c-Met, and IGF-1R signal pathways and the PTEN-related PI3K-Akt pathway are the most important targets. Clinical trials using blockades of these pathways in conjunction with strategies to facilitate apoptosis is a direction for future clinical trials. Application of these approaches in the adjuvant setting after primary therapy for high-risk uveal melanoma patients is also a future consideration to improve the clinical outcome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. t_sato @mail.jci.tju.edu
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44
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O-Mel-Inib: a Cancéro-pôle Nord-Ouest multicenter phase II trial of high-dose imatinib mesylate in metastatic uveal melanoma. Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:561-5. [PMID: 18551246 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, there is no consensual and effective treatment in metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM). Numerous preclinical data (for example, 75% of MUM express c-kit) suggest that imatinib mesylate (IM) may be a potential treatment of UMM. METHODS The primary objective of this phase II trial was to determine the non-progression rate at 3 months for patients receiving IM at dose of 400 mg twice per day orally. The study was based on a Simon's optimal design, which allows entry a total of 29 patients, if at least two non-progressions among ten first patients were observed. RESULT Thirteen patients including ten assessable patients were enrolled in 12 months. No objective response and only one stable disease with duration of 5 months were noted. Five and one out of 13 enrolled patients experienced grade 3 and grade 4 toxicities, respectively. The most common severe adverse events were abdominal pain. The overall survival was 10.8 months. CONCLUSIONS Despite promising preclinical data, IM is an inactive single agent in MUM. This phase II clinical trial has been stopped at the first step.
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Han ZB, Ren H, Zhao H, Chi Y, Chen K, Zhou B, Liu YJ, Zhang L, Xu B, Liu B, Yang R, Han ZC. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 directly enhances the transcriptional activity of stem cell factor (SCF) in response to hypoxia and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1853-61. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Targeted therapy for uveal melanoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 34:247-58. [PMID: 18226859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intra-ocular malignancy in adults. Overall mortality rate remains high because of the development of metastatic disease, which is highly resistant to systemic therapy. Improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancers has led to a new generation of therapeutic agents that interfere with a specific pathway critical in tumor development or progression. Although no specific genes have been linked to the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma, which differs from that of cutaneous melanoma, progress has been made in identifying potential targets involved in uveal melanoma apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the prospects for improving the systemic therapy of uveal melanoma using molecularly targeted agents that are currently in clinical use as well as agents being tested in clinical trials. Preclinical studies suggest potential benefit of inhibitors of Bcl-2, ubiquitin-proteasome, histone deactylase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT pathways, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Modifiers of adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinase, and angiogenic factors also have demonstrated potential benefit. Clinical trials of some of these approaches have been initiated in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma as well as in the adjuvant setting after primary therapy.
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Rivera RS, Nagatsuka H, Gunduz M, Cengiz B, Gunduz E, Siar CH, Tsujigiwa H, Tamamura R, Han KN, Nagai N. C-kit protein expression correlated with activating mutations in KIT gene in oral mucosal melanoma. Virchows Arch 2007; 452:27-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vassallo C, Muzio F, Brazzelli V, Ester O, Lazzarino M, Borroni G. Primary dermal melanoma occurring in a patient affected by Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:1300-1. [PMID: 17894751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Valtink M, Engelmann K. Serum-free cultivation of adult normal human choroidal melanocytes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:1487-94. [PMID: 17458555 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultures of normal choroidal melanocytes are useful in vitro models for the study of melanocyte biology. Current protocols involve the supplementation of culture media with serum, toxins, and phorbol esters, the latter being known as tumour-inducing agents. We therefore sought to establish a protocol to cultivate normal human choroidal melanocytes (NHCMs) without these supplements. METHODS NHCMs were isolated by dispase II treatment, after isolation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and seeded in serum-free Melanocyte Growth Medium M2 in uncoated T25 cell culture flasks. Purity of the established cultures was proven by immunocytochemistry. Morphology of the cultured cells was evaluated throughout the entire cultivation period. Eventually, cells were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. RESULTS The cultures underwent at least 11.5 +/- 4.5 doublings before they became senescent or culture was deliberately terminated. Mean generation time was 95.0 +/- 27.7 h. After cryopreservation, generation time was markedly increased, but proliferative capacity of the cells was not impaired. Cultured cells showed bipolar to dendritic morphology; sometimes flattened triangular cells were seen in the cultures. Cultured cells lost pigment after initial seeding but displayed continuous melanogenesis. All cultures stained positive for HMB45 antigen and S-100 and negative for RPE-specific cytokeratins 8, 18. Only few cultures contained single cells that were weakly positive for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 or MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS The cultivation protocol yields pure cultures of NHCMs that can successfully be maintained for several months without the use of serum, tumour-inducing substances, or toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Valtink
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Biotechnological Centre (BIOTEC), University of Technology Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Frota AC, Odashiro AN, Pereira PR, Fernandes BF, Godeiro KD, Filho JPS, Burnier MN. Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and c-kit in metastatic uveal melanoma. Can J Ophthalmol 2007. [DOI: 10.3129/can.j.ophthalmol.06-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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