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Fogal V, Michopoulos F, Jarnuczak AF, Hamza GM, Harlfinger S, Davey P, Hulme H, Atkinson SJ, Gabrowski P, Cheung T, Grondine M, Hoover C, Rose J, Bray C, Foster AJ, Askin S, Majumder MM, Fitzpatrick P, Miele E, Macdonald R, Keun HC, Coen M. Mechanistic safety assessment via multi-omic characterisation of systemic pathway perturbations following in vivo MAT2A inhibition. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03771-w. [PMID: 38755480 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2A and the metabolic gene, methyl-thio-adenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), are frequently co-deleted in some of the most aggressive and currently untreatable cancers. Cells with MTAP deletion are vulnerable to inhibition of the metabolic enzyme, methionine-adenosyl transferase 2A (MAT2A), and the protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT5). This synthetic lethality has paved the way for the rapid development of drugs targeting the MAT2A/PRMT5 axis. MAT2A and its liver- and pancreas-specific isoform, MAT1A, generate the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from ATP and methionine. Given the pleiotropic role SAM plays in methylation of diverse substrates, characterising the extent of SAM depletion and downstream perturbations following MAT2A/MAT1A inhibition (MATi) is critical for safety assessment. We have assessed in vivo target engagement and the resultant systemic phenotype using multi-omic tools to characterise response to a MAT2A inhibitor (AZ'9567). We observed significant SAM depletion and extensive methionine accumulation in the plasma, liver, brain and heart of treated rats, providing the first assessment of both global SAM depletion and evidence of hepatic MAT1A target engagement. An integrative analysis of multi-omic data from liver tissue identified broad perturbations in pathways covering one-carbon metabolism, trans-sulfuration and lipid metabolism. We infer that these pathway-wide perturbations represent adaptive responses to SAM depletion and confer a risk of oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis and an associated disturbance in plasma and cellular lipid homeostasis. The alterations also explain the dramatic increase in plasma and tissue methionine, which could be used as a safety and PD biomarker going forward to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fogal
- Oncology Safety, Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filippos Michopoulos
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew F Jarnuczak
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ghaith M Hamza
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, USA
| | | | - Paul Davey
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heather Hulme
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Piotr Gabrowski
- Biological Insights Knowledge Graph, R&D IT, AstraZeneca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tony Cheung
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, USA
| | | | - Clare Hoover
- Oncology Safety Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, USA
| | - Jonathan Rose
- Animal Science & Technologies, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chandler Bray
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison J Foster
- Regulatory Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean Askin
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sci, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muntasir Mamun Majumder
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Fitzpatrick
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Miele
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, Waltham, USA
| | - Ruth Macdonald
- Animal Science & Technologies, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hector C Keun
- Cancer Metabolism & Systems Toxicology Group, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Oncology Safety, Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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Jin H, Xia P, Deng Z, Hou T, Li J, Li B. Effects of Konjac Glucomannan on Weight Management and Liver Health: Insights from Liver Lipidomics in Obese and Nonobese Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7906-7918. [PMID: 38530902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a water-soluble dietary fiber and is used for weight management. However, there is a lack of research on KGM for weight management in nonobese groups and the effects of high-dose KGM supplementation on liver function. This study investigated the metabolic responses to KGM intervention in obese and nonobese mice and explored the underlying mechanisms based on lipidomics. The findings demonstrated that KGM supplementation decreased body weight and mitigated lipid metabolism disorders at the mRNA and protein levels in obese mice. In contrast, no significant impact on these parameters was observed in nonobese mice. Interestingly, KGM had a more significant impact on remodeling hepatic lipid composition in obese mice compared to nonobese mice, leading to reducing harmful lipids and increasing beneficial lipids. However, high-dose KGM increased the risk of hepatocyte bile acid toxicity in obese mice and did not promote liver antioxidant status in nonobese mice. In summary, this study identified distinct metabolic responses to KGM intervention between obese and nonobese mice, providing insights for weight management using KGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengkui Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhichang Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yang J, Dai M, Wang Y, Yan Z, Mao S, Liu A, Lu C. A CDAHFD-induced mouse model mimicking human NASH in the metabolism of hepatic phosphatidylcholines and acyl carnitines. Food Funct 2024; 15:2982-2995. [PMID: 38411344 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the hepatic manifestation of a cluster of conditions associated with lipid metabolism disorders. Ideal animal models mimicking the human NASH need to be explored to better understand the pathogenesis. A choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) has recently been used to induce the NASH model, but the advantages are not established. NASH models were induced using the well-known traditional methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 5 weeks and the recently used CDAHFD for 3 weeks. Liver phenotypes were analyzed to evaluate the differences in markers related to NASH. Lipidomics and metabolism analyses were used to investigate the effects of dietary regimens on the lipidome of the liver. The CDAHFD induced stronger NASH responses than the MCD, including lipid deposition, liver injury, inflammation, bile acid overload and hepatocyte proliferation. A significant difference in the hepatic lipidome was revealed between the CDAHFD and MCD-induced NASH models. In particular, the CDAHFD reduced the hepatic levels of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and acylcarnitines (ACs), which was supported by the metabolism analysis and in line with the tendency of human NASH. Pathologically, the CDAHFD could effectively induce a more human-like NASH model over the traditional MCD. The hepatic PCs, ACs and their metabolism in CDAHFD-treated mice were down-regulated, similar to those in human NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
| | - Manyun Dai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Zheng Yan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Shuqi Mao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
| | - Aiming Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Caide Lu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
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Wang W, Wang W, Li Z, Deng J, Li D, Zhang J. Insight into anammox granular system operation in wet/dry weather. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130419. [PMID: 38325610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Effects of short hydraulic retention time (HRT) in wet weather and long HRT in dry weather on sludge properties, microbial community, and metabolomic of anammox granular system were studied. Results showed under equal nitrogen loading rate (0.4 kg N/(m3 · d)) conditions, an HRT of 4.41 h was beneficial for total nitrogen removal efficiency (78.9 %). The shorter the HRT, the lower the particle density (1.01±0.34 g/cm3), the lower the settling performance (1.18±0.28 cm/s), and the worse the biomass retention (1.04±0.18 g/L), but the higher the mechanical strength (85.22 Pa). Properly decreasing HRT could increase the permeability of anammox granules, ensuring their activity. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria was promoted by stimulating the metabolic pathways of amino acids and glycerophospholipids. In summary, this research clarified the effect of wet/dry weather on anammox granular system and provided theoretical guidance for the application in engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Li S, Zhi Y, Mu W, Li M, Lv G. Exploring the effects of epigallocatechin gallate on lipid metabolism in the rat steatotic liver during normothermic machine perfusion: Insights from lipidomics and RNA sequencing. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176300. [PMID: 38141939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is the leading cause of discarded liver grafts. Defatting steatotic liver grafts using drug combinations during ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has been reported. However, the effectiveness of NMP in reducing fat content using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a single defatting agent and its effect on lipid metabolism are poorly investigated. METHODS In this study, an NMP system was set up to perfuse a steatotic liver from a rat model with 10 mM EGCG. Livers without EGCG served as NMP controls, whereas static cold-preserved livers in the University of Wisconsin medium were used as static cold storage controls. Liver enzyme, reactive oxygen species (ROS), histology, and lipid content assessments were conducted post-perfusion, complemented by lipidomics, RNA sequencing, and western blotting to determine the lipid metabolism changes. RESULTS EGCG during NMP reduced hepatocellular injury markers and defatted steatotic liver grafts. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in triglyceride (TG) content in the perfusate post-NMP in the NMP + EGCG group, suggesting TG output from the liver. Furthermore, lipidomics analysis revealed that EGCG primarily affected metabolites involved in glycerophospholipid (GP) and glycerolipid (GL) metabolism. Further, the RNA sequencing indicated the modulation of these metabolic pathways via ECGC, which was associated with the downregulated Lpin1 and Gpat3 expression. CONCLUSIONS EGCG defats steatotic livers as a single defatting agent during NMP by promoting GL and GP metabolism via decreasing Lpin1 and Agpat9 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Sánchez V, Baumann A, Brandt A, Wodak MF, Staltner R, Bergheim I. Oral Supplementation of Phosphatidylcholine Attenuates the Onset of a Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis in Female C57BL/6J Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:785-800. [PMID: 38262589 PMCID: PMC10966192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Changes in phosphatidylcholine levels in the liver have been associated with the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Here, the effects of supplementing phosphatidylcholine on the development of early signs of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis were assessed. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed a liquid control or a fructose-, fat-, and/or cholesterol-rich diet for 7 or 8 weeks. The diets of female mice were fortified ± phosphatidylcholine (12.5 mg/g diet). In liver tissue and portal blood, indices of liver damage, inflammation, and bacterial endotoxemia were measured. J774A.1 cells and human monocytes preincubated with phosphatidylcholine (0.38 mmol/L) were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (50-100 ng/mL) ± the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activator pioglitazone (10 μmol/L) or ± a liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) antagonist 1-(3'-[1-(2-[4-morpholinyl]ethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-biphenylyl)ethanon (1-10 μmol/L). RESULTS In fructose-, fat-, and/or cholesterol-rich diet-fed mice the development of fatty liver and the beginning of inflammation were associated with significantly lower hepatic phosphatidylcholine levels when compared with controls. Supplementing phosphatidylcholine significantly attenuated the development of fatty liver and inflammation, being associated with protection against the induction of PPARγ2, and activation of nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor α whereas Lrh1 expression was unchanged. The protective effects of phosphatidylcholine on the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of J774A.1 cells and human monocytes were attenuated significantly by the PPARγ activator pioglitazone and the LRH-1 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that phosphatidylcholine levels in the liver are lower in early metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in mice and that supplementation of phosphatidylcholine can diminish the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease through mechanisms involving LRH-1/PPARγ2/ nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B-cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sánchez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian F Wodak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Zhu H, Wu Y, Zhuang Z, Xu J, Chen F, Wang Q, Tang Q. Ampelopsis japonica aqueous extract improves ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS by modulating lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116093. [PMID: 38159378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder that is closely associated with the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). Ampelopsis japonica (AJ) is the dried tuberous root of Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (A. japonica), with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, wound-healing, and antitumor properties; however, it is unclear whether this herb has a therapeutic effect on PCOS. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effect of AJ on PCOS and reveal its potential mechanism of action. A PCOS rat model was established using letrozole. After establishing the PCOS model, the rats received oral treatment of AJ and Diane-35 (Positive drug: ethinylestradiol + cyproterone tablets) for 2 weeks. Lipidomics was conducted using liquid-phase mass spectrometry and chromatography. AJ significantly regulated serum hormone levels and attenuated pathological variants in the ovaries of rats with PCOS. Furthermore, AJ significantly reduced the apoptotic rate of ovarian GCs. Lipidomic analysis revealed that AJ modulated glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways mediated by lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (Chpt1), and choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase (Cept1). Therefore, we established that AJ may reduce ovarian GC apoptosis by modulating lipid metabolism, ultimately improving ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS. Therefore, AJ is a novel candidate for PCOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziming Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feilong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qingfa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhou X, Zhang J, Shen J, Cheng B, Bi C, Ma Q. Branched-chain amino acid modulation of lipid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and inflammation in a finishing pig model: targeting leucine and valine. Food Funct 2023; 14:10119-10134. [PMID: 37882496 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) play a regulatory role in adipogenesis and energy balance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of BCAA supplements, especially leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) supplementation, on lipid metabolism and related disorders in a finishing pig model. The results demonstrated that Leu (1%) and Val decreased serum as well as hepatic lipid accumulation. Moreover, metabolomics and lipidomics analyses revealed that Leu and Val markedly downregulated the level of various lipid species in the liver. This outcome may be explained by Leu and Val promoting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase (HSL) signaling pathways. Leu and Val altered the fatty acid composition in distinct adipose tissues and decreased the levels of inflammatory factors. Additionally, they significantly decreased back fat thickness, and the results of the fatty acid profiles demonstrated that Leu and Val significantly increased the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) while decreasing those of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), especially in back fat and abdominal fat. Besides, Leu and Val restored glucose homeostasis by suppressing gluconeogenesis through the serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT)/transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) signaling pathway in the liver and back fat. In summary, these results suggest that Leu and Val may serve as key regulators for modulating lipid metabolism and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Baojing Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Chongpeng Bi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Qingquan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Koshovyi O, Vlasova I, Laur H, Kravchenko G, Krasilnikova O, Granica S, Piwowarski JP, Heinämäki J, Raal A. Chemical Composition and Insulin-Resistance Activity of Arginine-Loaded American Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Ericaceae) Leaf Extracts. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2528. [PMID: 38004508 PMCID: PMC10675343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key pathogenetic links in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the formation of insulin resistance (IR). Besides a wide selection of synthetic antidiabetic drugs, various plant-origin extracts are also available to support the treatment of T2DM. This study aimed to investigate and gain knowledge of the chemical composition and potential IR correction effect of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) leaf extracts and formulate novel 3D-printed oral dosage forms for such extracts. The bioactivity and IR of L-arginine-loaded cranberry leaf extracts were studied in vivo in rats. The cranberry leaf extracts consisted of quinic, 3-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic), p-coumaroylquinic acids, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-O-arabino pyranoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, and quercetin-O-p-coumaroyl hexoside-2 identified by HPLC. In vivo studies with rats showed that the oral administration of the cranberry leaf extracts had a positive effect on insulin sensitivity coefficients under the insulin tolerance test and affected homeostasis model assessment IR levels and liver lipid content with experimental IR. A novel 3D-printed immediate-release dosage form was developed for the oral administration of cranberry leaf extracts using polyethylene oxide as a carrier gel in semi-solid extrusion 3D printing. In conclusion, American cranberry leaf extracts loaded with L-arginine could find uses in preventing health issues associated with IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Koshovyi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (O.K.); (J.H.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine (G.K.)
| | - Inna Vlasova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine (G.K.)
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (J.P.P.)
| | - Heleriin Laur
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (O.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Ganna Kravchenko
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine (G.K.)
| | - Oksana Krasilnikova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine (G.K.)
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (J.P.P.)
| | - Jakub P. Piwowarski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (J.P.P.)
| | - Jyrki Heinämäki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (O.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Ain Raal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (O.K.); (J.H.)
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10
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Pu Q, Yang F, Zhao R, Jiang S, Tang Y, Han T. Investigation of the potential ameliorative effects of DHA-enriched phosphatidylserine on bisphenol A-induced murine nephrotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114012. [PMID: 37666289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the amelioration of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylserine (DHA-PS) on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced nephrotoxicity, the murine nephrotoxicity model was established by intragastric administration of BPA (5 mg/kg/B.W.) for 6 weeks. The biochemical indices, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, kidney metabolomics, and related protein expression levels of SIRT1-AMPK pathway were then determined. Our results indicated that DHA-PS (100 mg/kg/B.W.) ameliorated the BPA-induced nephrotoxicity after 6 weeks of intragastric administration, primarily by decreasing the serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal inflammatory cytokines and lipid levels, and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, the untargeted metabolomics of the kidney indicated that BPA perturbed the tryptophan metabolism, pyridine metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, while DHA-PS administration significantly affected the glycerophospholipid metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis to ameliorate the BPA-induced metabolic disorder. Moreover, DHA-PS administration could ameliorate the BPA-induced lipid disturbance by upregulating the expressions of AMPKα1, SIRT1, and PPARα while downregulating the expression of SREBP-1c through the SIRT1-AMPK pathway. This is the first time that the amelioration effects of DHA-PS on BPA-induced nephrotoxicity have been investigated from multiple perspectives, suggesting that DHA-PS might be a potential dietary supplement for reducing BPA-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Pu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Su Jiang
- ECA Healthcare Inc, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Yunping Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China.
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11
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Uehara K, Santoleri D, Whitlock AEG, Titchenell PM. Insulin Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4785-4809. [PMID: 37358513 PMCID: PMC10760932 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes (T2DM) continues to rise worldwide. The liver is a central insulin-responsive metabolic organ that governs whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, defining the mechanisms underlying insulin action in the liver is essential to our understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. During periods of fasting, the liver catabolizes fatty acids and stored glycogen to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In postprandial conditions, insulin signals to the liver to store excess nutrients into triglycerides, cholesterol, and glycogen. In insulin-resistant states, such as T2DM, hepatic insulin signaling continues to promote lipid synthesis but fails to suppress glucose production, leading to hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular and kidney disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Of note, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of diseases encompassing fatty liver, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, is linked to abnormalities in insulin-mediated lipid metabolism. Therefore, understanding the role of insulin signaling under normal and pathologic states may provide insights into preventative and therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a review of the field of hepatic insulin signaling and lipid regulation, including providing historical context, detailed molecular mechanisms, and address gaps in our understanding of hepatic lipid regulation and the derangements under insulin-resistant conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4785-4809, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahealani Uehara
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna E. Garcia Whitlock
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M. Titchenell
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Chehab RF, Ferrara A, Zheng S, Barupal DK, Ngo AL, Chen L, Fiehn O, Zhu Y. In utero metabolomic signatures of refined grain intake and risk of gestational diabetes: A metabolome-wide association study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:731-740. [PMID: 36781127 PMCID: PMC10273195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence has linked refined grain intake to a higher risk of gestational diabetes (GDM), but the biological underpinnings remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify and validate refined grain-related metabolomic biomarkers for GDM risk. METHODS In a metabolome-wide association study of 91 cases with GDM and 180 matched controls without GDM (discovery set) nested in the prospective Pregnancy Environment and Lifestyle Study (PETALS), refined grain intake during preconception and early pregnancy and serum untargeted metabolomics were assessed at gestational weeks 10-13. We identified refined grain-related metabolites using multivariable linear regression and examined their prospective associations with GDM risk using conditional logistic regression. We further examined the predictivity of refined grain-related metabolites selected by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression in the discovery set and validation set (a random PETALS subsample of 38 individuals with and 336 without GDM). RESULTS Among 821 annotated serum (87.4% fasting) metabolites, 42 were associated with refined grain intake, of which 17 (70.6% in glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids clusters) were associated with subsequent GDM risk (all false discovery rate-adjusted P values <0.05). Adding 7 of 17 metabolites to a conventional risk factor-based prediction model increased the C-statistic for GDM risk in the discovery set from 0.71 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.77) to 0.77 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.83) and in the validation set from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.86) to 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.89), both with P-for-difference <0.05. CONCLUSIONS Clusters of glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids may be implicated in the association between refined grain intake and GDM risk, as demonstrated by the significant associations of these metabolites with both refined grains and GDM risk and the incremental predictive value of these metabolites for GDM risk beyond the conventional risk factors. These findings provide evidence on the potential biological underpinnings linking refined grain intake to the risk of GDM and help identify novel disease-related dietary biomarkers to inform diet-related preventive strategies for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana F Chehab
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA.
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Siwen Zheng
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Dinesh K Barupal
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
| | - Amanda L Ngo
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
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13
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Zhong W, Li Y, Zhong H, Cheng Y, Chen Q, Zhao X, Liu Z, Li R, Zhang R. Exploring the mechanism of anti-chronic heart failure effect of qiweiqiangxin І granules based on metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111007. [PMID: 36860302 PMCID: PMC9968974 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Qiweiqiangxin І granules (QWQX І) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation based on the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, which produces a good curative effect in treating chronic heart failure (CHF). However, its pharmacological effect and potential mechanism for CHF remain unknown. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study is to clarify the efficacy of QWQX І and its possible mechanisms. Materials and methods: A total of 66 patients with CHF were recruited and randomly assigned to the control or QWQX І groups. The primary endpoint was the effect of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after 4 weeks of treatment. The LAD artery of rats was occluded to establish the model of CHF. Echocardiography, HE and Masson staining were performed to evaluate the pharmacological effect of QWQX І against CHF. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) untargeted metabolomics was to screen endogenous metabolites in rat plasma and heart and elucidate the mechanism of QWQX І against CHF. Results: In the clinical study, a total of 63 heart failure patients completed the 4-week follow-up, including 32 in the control group and 31 in QWQX І group. After 4 weeks of treatment, LVEF was significantly improved in QWQX І group compared with the control group. In addition, the patients in QWQX І group had better quality of life than the control group. In animal studies, QWQX І significantly improved cardiac function, decreased B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibited collagen fibril rate. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 23 and 34 differential metabolites were screened in the plasma and heart of chronic heart failure rats, respectively. 17 and 32 differential metabolites appeared in plasma and heart tissue after QWQX І treatment, which were enriched to taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and linolenic acid metabolism by KEGG analysis. LysoPC (16:1 (9Z)) is a common differential metabolite in plasma and heart, which is produced by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), hydrolyzes oxidized linoleic acid to produce pro-inflammatory substances. QWQX І regulates the level of LysoPC (16:1 (9Z)) and Lp-PLA2 to normal. Conclusion: QWQX І combined with western medicine can improve the cardiac function of patients with CHF. QWQX І can effectively improve the cardiac function of LAD-induced CHF rats through regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism and linolenic acid metabolism-mediated inflammatory response. Thus, QWQX I might provide a potential strategy for CHF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Li
- The first clinical medical college, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixiang Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhongqiu Liu, ; Rong Li, ; Rong Zhang,
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Zhongqiu Liu, ; Rong Li, ; Rong Zhang,
| | - Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhongqiu Liu, ; Rong Li, ; Rong Zhang,
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14
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Barboza TK, Susta L, zur Linden A, Gardhouse S, Beaufrère H. Association of plasma metabolites and diagnostic imaging findings with hepatic lipidosis in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and effects of gemfibrozil therapy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0274060. [PMID: 36735707 PMCID: PMC9897564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between plasma metabolites, biochemical analytes, diagnostic imaging findings, and the histologic diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis in bearded dragons. To assess the effects of gemfibrozil therapy on hepatic lipid accumulation and associated diagnostic tests. ANIMALS Fourteen bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) with varying severity of hepatic lipid accumulation (with and without hepatic lipidosis) were included. PROCEDURES Animals underwent coelomic ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, and coelioscopic hepatic biopsies. Clinical pathology tests included lipidologic tests, hepatic biomarkers, and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Animals were medicated with gemfibrozil 6mg/kg orally once a day for 2 months in a randomized blinded clinical trial prior to repeating previous diagnostic testing. RESULTS Hounsfield units on CT were negatively associated with increased hepatic vacuolation, while ultrasound and gross evaluation of the liver were not reliable. Beta-hydroxybutyric-acid (BHBA) concentrations were significantly associated with hepatic lipidosis. Metabolomics and lipidomics data found BHBA and succinic acid to be potential biomarkers for diagnosing hepatic lipidosis in bearded dragons. Succinic acid concentrations were significantly lower in the gemfibrozil treatment group. There was a tendency for improvement in the biomarkers and reduced hepatic fat in bearded dragons with hepatic lipidosis when treated with gemfibrozil, though the improvement was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide information on the antemortem assessment of hepatic lipidosis in bearded dragons and paves the way for further research in diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinita K. Barboza
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex zur Linden
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Gardhouse
- Health Sciences Center, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Cao P, Wu Y, Li Y, Xiang L, Cheng B, Hu Y, Jiang X, Wang Z, Wu S, Si L, Yang Q, Xu J, Huang J. The important role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the protective effects of polyphenol-enriched Tartary buckwheat extract against alcoholic liver disease. Food Funct 2022; 13:10415-10425. [PMID: 36149348 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a mounting public health problem with significant medical, economic and social burdens. Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn, bitter buckwheat) is a kind of healthy and nutritious food, which has been demonstrated to protect against ALD, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully studied. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the beneficial effects of Tartary buckwheat extract (mainly composed of polyphenols including rutin, quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) in terms of lipid metabolism with the aid of lipidomic analysis. In our study, we employed C57BL/6J mice and a Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet to construct an ALD model and found that Tartary buckwheat extract was able to prevent ALD-induced histopathological lesions, liver injury and abnormal plasma lipid levels. These beneficial effects might be attributed to the regulation of energy metabolism-related genes (SIRT1, LKB1 and AMPK), lipid synthesis-related genes (ACC, SREBP1c and HMGR) and lipid oxidation-related genes (PPARα, CPT1 and CPT2). In addition, lipidomic profiling and KEGG pathway analysis showed that glycerophospholipid metabolism contributed the most to elucidating the regulatory mechanism of Tartary buckwheat extract. In specific, chronic ethanol intake reduced the level of phosphatidylcholines (PC) and increased the level of phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) in the liver, resulting in a decrease in the PC/PE ratio, which could be all significantly restored by Tartary buckwheat extract intervention, indicating that the Tartary buckwheat extract might regulate PC/PE homeostasis to exert its lipid-lowering effect. Overall, we demonstrated that Tartary buckwheat extract could prevent ALD by modulating hepatic glycerophospholipid metabolism, providing the theoretical basis for its further exploitation as a medical plant or nutritional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Liping Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bingyu Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd, Daye 435100, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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16
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Mostofa MG, Tran M, Gilling S, Lee G, Fraher O, Jin L, Kang H, Park YK, Lee JY, Wang L, Shin DJ. MicroRNA-200c coordinates HNF1 homeobox B and apolipoprotein O functions to modulate lipid homeostasis in alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101966. [PMID: 35460694 PMCID: PMC9127369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is an initial manifestation of alcoholic liver disease. An imbalance of hepatic lipid processes including fatty acid uptake, esterification, oxidation, and triglyceride secretion leads to alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AFL remain elusive. Here, we show that mice deficient in microRNAs (miRs)-141 and -200c display resistance to the development of AFL. We found that miR-200c directly targets HNF1 homeobox B (Hnf1b), a transcriptional activator for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp), as well as apolipoprotein O (ApoO), an integral component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system complex. We show that expression of these miRs is significantly induced by chronic ethanol exposure, which is accompanied by reduced HNF1B and APOO levels. Furthermore, miR-141/200c deficiency normalizes ethanol-mediated impairment of triglyceride secretion, which can be attributed to the restored levels of HNF1B and MTTP, as well as phosphatidylcholine abundance. Moreover, we demonstrate that miR-141/200c deficiency restores ethanol-mediated inhibition of APOO expression and mitochondrial dysfunction, improving mitochondrial antioxidant defense capacity and fatty acid oxidation. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-200c contributes to the modulation of lipid homeostasis in AFL disease by cooperatively regulating Hnf1b and ApoO functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golam Mostofa
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melanie Tran
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shaynian Gilling
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ondine Fraher
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dong-Ju Shin
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
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17
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Characterization and Roles of Membrane Lipids in Fatty Liver Disease. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040410. [PMID: 35448380 PMCID: PMC9025760 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions and it affects the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Membrane lipids are important structural and signaling components of the cell membrane. Recent studies highlight their importance in lipid homeostasis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. Here, we discuss the numerous membrane lipid species and their metabolites including, phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, and how dysregulation of their composition and physiology contribute to the development of fatty liver disease. The development of new genetic and pharmacological mouse models has shed light on the role of lipid species on various mechanisms/pathways; these lipids impact many aspects of the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease and could potentially be targeted for the treatment of fatty liver disease.
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18
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Muta K, Saito K, Kemmochi Y, Masuyama T, Kobayashi A, Saito Y, Sugai S. Phosphatidylcholine (18:0/20:4), a potential biomarker to predict ethionamide-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1533-1547. [PMID: 35315511 PMCID: PMC9546090 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH), a second-line drug for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, is known to cause hepatic steatosis in rats and humans. To investigate predictive biomarkers for ETH-induced steatosis, we performed lipidomics analysis using plasma and liver samples collected from rats treated orally with ETH at 30 and 100 mg/kg for 14 days. The ETH-treated rats developed hepatic steatosis with Oil Red O staining-positive vacuolation in the centrilobular hepatocytes accompanied by increased hepatic contents of triglycerides (TG) and decreased plasma TG and total cholesterol levels. A multivariate analysis for lipid profiles revealed differences in each of the 35 lipid species in the plasma and liver between the control and the ETH-treated rats. Of those lipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) (18:0/20:4) decreased dose-dependently in both the plasma and liver. Moreover, serum TG-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, especially the large particle fraction of VLDL composed of PC containing arachidonic acid (20:4) involved in hepatic secretion of TG, were decreased dose-dependently. In conclusion, the decreased PC (18:0/20:4) in the liver, possibly leading to suppression of hepatic TG secretion, was considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of the ETH-induced hepatic steatosis. Therefore, plasma PC (18:0/20:4) levels are proposed as mechanism-related biomarkers for ETH-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyotaka Muta
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kemmochi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Masuyama
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Sugai
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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19
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Guerra S, Mocciaro G, Gastaldelli A. Adipose tissue insulin resistance and lipidome alterations as the characterizing factors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13695. [PMID: 34695228 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now 25% in the general population but increases to more than 55% in subjects with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Simple steatosis (NAFL) can develop into more severe forms, that is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma leading to death. METHODS In this narrative review, we have discussed the current knowledge in the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease, including both metabolic and non-metabolic factors, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, as well as the markers of liver damage, giving attention to the alterations in lipid metabolism and production of lipotoxic lipids. RESULTS Insulin resistance, particularly in the adipose tissue, is the main driver of NAFLD due to the excess release of fatty acids. Lipidome analyses have shown that several lipids, including DAGs and ceramides, and especially if they contain saturated lipids, act as bioactive compounds, toxic to the cells. Lipids can also affect mitochondrial function. Not only lipids, but also amino acid metabolism is impaired in NAFL/NASH, and some amino acids, as branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, glutamate, serine and glycine, have been linked to impaired metabolism, insulin resistance and severity of NAFLD and serine is a precursor of ceramides. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of lipotoxic species and adipose tissue dysfunction can help to identify individuals at risk of progression to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerra
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mocciaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Uehara K, Sostre-Colón J, Gavin M, Santoleri D, Leonard KA, Jacobs RL, Titchenell PM. Activation of Liver mTORC1 Protects Against NASH via Dual Regulation of VLDL-TAG Secretion and De Novo Lipogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1625-1647. [PMID: 35240344 PMCID: PMC9046248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulation of liver lipid metabolism is associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a spectrum of liver diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the liver, insulin controls lipid homeostasis by increasing triglyceride (TAG) synthesis, suppressing fatty acid oxidation, and enhancing TAG export via very low-density lipoproteins. Downstream of insulin signaling, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), is a key regulator of lipid metabolism. Here, we define the role of hepatic mTORC1 activity in mouse models of NASH and investigate the mTORC1-dependent mechanisms responsible for protection against liver damage in NASH. METHODS Utilizing 2 rodent NASH-promoting diets, we demonstrate that hepatic mTORC1 activity was reduced in mice with NASH, whereas under conditions of insulin resistance and benign fatty liver, mTORC1 activity was elevated. To test the beneficial effects of hepatic mTORC1 activation in mouse models of NASH, we employed an acute, liver-specific knockout model of TSC1 (L-TSC-KO), a negative regulator of mTORC1. RESULTS L-TSC-KO mice are protected from and have improved markers of NASH including reduced steatosis, decreased circulating transaminases, and reduced expression of inflammation and fibrosis genes. Mechanistically, protection from hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by constitutive mTORC1 activity occurred via promotion of the phosphatidylcholine synthesizing enzyme, CCTα, and enhanced very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride export. Additionally, activation of mTORC1 protected from hepatic steatosis via negative feedback of the mTORC2-AKT-FOXO-SREBP1c lipogenesis axis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study identifies a protective role for liver mTORC1 signaling in the initiation and progression of NASH in mice via dual control of lipid export and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly-Ann Leonard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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21
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Lee KS, Rim JH, Lee YH, Lee SG, Lim JB, Kim JH. Association of circulating metabolites with incident type 2 diabetes in an obese population from a national cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 180:109077. [PMID: 34599972 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is the most common risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, not all obese individuals develop diabetes. In the era of precision medicine, metabolomics may reveal the fundamental metabolic status of an individual. Our aim was to assess the association of metabolites with incident type 2 diabetes in obese individuals using Korean Genome and Epidemiology Cohort Study. METHODS Using 12 years of metabolomic data from 2,580 individuals, we performed a metabolomic study to define metabolically healthy obesity in an obese population (n = 704) with incident type 2 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards regression model and survival analysis were performed adjusted for the traditional risk factors of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Our study revealed that spermine, acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholines (C34:3, C36:3, C42:1), hydroxy sphingomyelin (C22:2, C14:1), and sphingomyelin (C16:0) were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in obese individuals after the adjustment for risk factors and correction of multiple comparisons by Bonferroni method. Five metabolites (except hydroxy sphingomyelin C14:1 and sphingomyelin C16:0) were also significantly associated with incident type 2 diabetes in lean individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for defining metabolically healthy obesity based on serum metabolites and elucidates potential biomarkers for type 2 diabetes in an obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seob Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hoon Rim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Baeck Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Perspectives on Mitochondria-ER and Mitochondria-Lipid Droplet Contact in Hepatocytes and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092273. [PMID: 34571924 PMCID: PMC8472694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrion–endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion–lipid droplet (LD) contact sites are critical in regulating lipid metabolism in cells. It is well established that intracellular organelles communicate with each other continuously through membrane contact sites to maintain organelle function and cellular homeostasis. The accumulation of LDs in hepatocytes is an early indicator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), which may indicate a breakdown in proper inter-organelle communication. In this review, we discuss previous findings in mitochondrion–ER and mitochondrion–LD contact, focusing on their roles in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. We also present evidence of a unique mitochondrion–LD contact structure in hepatocytes under various physiological and pathological conditions and propose a working hypothesis to speculate about the role of these structures in regulating the functions of mitochondria and LDs and their implications in NAFLD and ALD.
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23
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Aldana-Hernández P, Azarcoya-Barrera J, van der Veen JN, Leonard KA, Zhao YY, Nelson R, Goruk S, Field CJ, Curtis JM, Richard C, Jacobs RL. Dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation reduces atherosclerosis in Ldlr -/- male mice 2. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 92:108617. [PMID: 33705949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient required for various biological processes. Eggs, dairy, and meat are rich in phosphatidylcholine (PC), whereas cereal and legumes are rich in free choline. Excess dietary choline leads to increase plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Epidemiological studies suggest that plasma TMAO is a biomarker for atherosclerosis and it has been suggested that a lower intake of eggs and meat would reduce choline consumption and thus reduce atherosclerosis development. To investigate whether the form of dietary choline influences atherosclerosis development in Ldlr-/-, we randomly fed Ldlr-/-male mice (aged 8 - 10 wk) one of the three 40% (calories) high fat diets (with 0.5% w/w of cholesterol): Control (0.1% w/w free-choline, CON), choline-supplemented (0.4% free-choline, CS), or PC-supplemented (0.1% free-choline and 0.3% choline from PC, PCS). After 12-wk of dietary intervention, the animals were euthanized and tissues and blood collected. Aortic atherosclerotic plaque area, plasma choline, lipid metabolites, and spleen and peripheral blood cell phenotypes were quantified. Surprisingly, the PCS group had significantly lower atherosclerotic lesions while having 2-fold higher plasma TMAO levels compared with both CON and CS groups (P<0.05). In the fasting state, we found that PCS decreased plasma very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and apolipoprotein B48 (APOB48), and increased plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). However, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion was not affected by dietary treatment. We observed lower levels of circulating pro-atherogenic chemokines in the PCS group. Our study suggests that increased dietary PC intake does not induce a pro-atherogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Aldana-Hernández
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessy Azarcoya-Barrera
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kelly-Ann Leonard
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Randal Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Agricultural, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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24
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Tamai Y, Chen Z, Wu Y, Okabe J, Kobayashi Y, Chiba H, Hui SP, Eguchi A, Iwasa M, Ito M, Takei Y. Branched-chain amino acids and l-carnitine attenuate lipotoxic hepatocellular damage in rat cirrhotic liver. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111181. [PMID: 33395607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) reverse malnutrition and l-carnitine leads to the reduction of hyperammonemia and muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. BCAA and l-carnitine are involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism, however their mechanistic activity in cirrhotic liver is not fully understood. We aim to define the molecular mechanism(s) and combined effects of BCAA and l-carnitine using a cirrhotic rat model. Rats were administered carbon tetrachloride for 10 weeks to induce cirrhosis. During the last 6 weeks of administration, cirrhotic rats received BCAA, l-carnitine or a combination of BCAA and l-carnitine daily via gavage. We found that BCAA and l-carnitine treatments significantly improved hepatocellular function associated with reduced triglyceride level, lipid deposition and adipophilin expression, in cirrhotic liver. Lipidomic analysis revealed dynamic changes in hepatic lipid composition by BCAA and l-carnitine administrations. BCAA and l-carnitine globally increased molecular species of phosphatidylcholine. Liver triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides were significantly decreased by BCAA and l-carnitine. Furthermore, serum and liver ATP levels were significantly increased in all treatments, which were attributed to the elevation of mature cardiolipins and mitochondrial component gene expressions. Finally, BCAA and l-carnitine dramatically reduced hepatocellular death. In conclusion, BCAA and l-carnitine treatments attenuate hepatocellular damage through the reduction of lipid peroxides and the overall maintenance of mitochondrial integrity within the cirrhotic liver. These effectiveness of BCAA and l-carnitine support the therapeutic strategies in human chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tamai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yue Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Okabe
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Diseases, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Yoshinao Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan; Center for Physical and Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan; PRETO, JST, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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25
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Cai Y, Xu Y, Ban Y, Li J, Sun Z, Zhang M, Wang B, Hou X, Hao Y, Ouyang Q, Wu B, Wang M, Wang W. Plasma Lipid Profile and Intestinal Microflora in Pregnancy Women With Hypothyroidism and Their Correlation With Pregnancy Outcomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:792536. [PMID: 35126311 PMCID: PMC8807684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.792536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the lipid profiles and intestinal microflora in pregnant patients with hypothyroidism and their correlation with pregnancy outcomes. METHODS In total, 27 pregnant women with hypothyroidism (study case) and 28 normal pregnant women (control group) were enrolled in this study. The lipid profiles and intestinal microflora in the two groups were compared using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively. The association among the differential metabolites, intestinal microflora, serological indicators and pregnancy outcomes was further analyzed. RESULTS Patients in study case had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P = 0.025) and lower birth weight (P=0.005) than the control group. A total of 42 differential lipid metabolites and 7 enrichment KEGG pathways were obtained between the two groups (VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05). Ten lipid metabolites can be used as characteristic metabolites of study case, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM). The richness and diversity of intestinal microflora in study case were lower than those in the control group (P>0.05). LEfSe analysis revealed that patients in study case had higher abundance of Prevotella and Haemophilus and lower abundance of Blautia than the control group (P < 0.05). Blautia was positively correlated with SM and negatively correlated with PC and PE; the CRP level and Prevotella were positively correlated; the neonatal weight and PC level were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The lipid profile and intestinal microflora of pregnant women with hypothyroidism significantly differed from those of normal pregnant women and were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The interaction between lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora may be a potential target for further studies investigating the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism during pregnancy.
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26
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Lim K, Haider A, Adams C, Sleigh A, Savage DB. Lipodistrophy: a paradigm for understanding the consequences of "overloading" adipose tissue. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:907-993. [PMID: 33356916 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophies have been recognized since at least the nineteenth century and, despite their rarity, tended to attract considerable medical attention because of the severity and somewhat paradoxical nature of the associated metabolic disease that so closely mimics that of obesity. Within the last 20 yr most of the monogenic subtypes have been characterized, facilitating family genetic screening and earlier disease detection as well as providing important insights into adipocyte biology and the systemic consequences of impaired adipocyte function. Even more recently, compelling genetic studies have suggested that subtle partial lipodystrophy is likely to be a major factor in prevalent insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), justifying the longstanding interest in these disorders. This progress has also underpinned novel approaches to treatment that, in at least some patients, can be of considerable therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koini Lim
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Afreen Haider
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Adams
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Östlund C, Hernandez-Ono A, Shin JY. The Nuclear Envelope in Lipid Metabolism and Pathogenesis of NAFLD. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100338. [PMID: 33076344 PMCID: PMC7602593 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The liver is a major organ regulating lipid metabolism and a proper liver function is essential to health. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition with abnormal fat accumulation in the liver without heavy alcohol use. NAFLD is becoming one of the most common liver diseases with the increase in obesity in many parts of the world. There is no approved cure for the disease and a better understanding of disease mechanism is needed for effective prevention and treatment. The nuclear envelope, a membranous structure that surrounds the cell nucleus, is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum where the vast majority of cellular lipids are synthesized. Growing evidence indicates that components in the nuclear envelope are involved in cellular lipid metabolism. We review published studies with various cell and animal models, indicating the essential roles of nuclear envelope proteins in lipid metabolism. We also discuss how defects in these proteins affect cellular lipid metabolism and possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning public health problem worldwide. Despite its tremendous significance for public health, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and its more advanced stage, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Identification of novel pathways or cellular mechanisms that regulate liver lipid metabolism has profound implications for the understanding of the pathology of NAFLD and NASH. The nuclear envelope is topologically connected to the ER, where protein synthesis and lipid synthesis occurs. Emerging evidence points toward that the nuclear lamins and nuclear membrane-associated proteins are involved in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. We review published reports that link these nuclear envelope proteins to lipid metabolism. In particular, we focus on the recent work demonstrating the essential roles for the nuclear envelope-localized torsinA/lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP1) complex in hepatic steatosis, lipid secretion, and NASH development. We also discuss plausible pathogenic mechanisms by which the loss of either protein in hepatocytes leads to hepatic dyslipidemia and NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Östlund
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.Ö.); (A.H.-O.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Ono
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.Ö.); (A.H.-O.)
| | - Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.Ö.); (A.H.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-4088
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28
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Kartsoli S, Kostara CE, Tsimihodimos V, Bairaktari ET, Christodoulou DK. Lipidomics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:436-450. [PMID: 32952872 PMCID: PMC7475773 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i8.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder in Western countries, comprises steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter having the potential to progress to cirrhosis. The transition from isolated steatosis to NASH is still poorly understood, but lipidomics approach revealed that the hepatic lipidome is extensively altered in the setting of steatosis and steatohepatitis and these alterations correlate with disease progression. Recent data suggest that both quantity and quality of the accumulated lipids are involved in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Changes in glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, and fatty acid composition have been described in both liver biopsies and plasma of patients with NAFLD, implicating that specific lipid species are involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. In this article, we summarize the findings of main human lipidomics studies in NAFLD and delineate the currently available information on the pathogenetic role of each lipid class in lipotoxicity and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kartsoli
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Christina E Kostara
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasilis Tsimihodimos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Eleni T Bairaktari
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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29
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Seeßle J, Gan-Schreier H, Kirchner M, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W, Merle U. Plasma Lipidome, PNPLA3 polymorphism and hepatic steatosis in hereditary hemochromatosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:230. [PMID: 32680469 PMCID: PMC7368730 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with increased intestinal iron absorption and therefore iron Overload. iron overload leads to increased levels of toxic non-transferrin bound iron which results in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The impact of iron on lipid metabolism is so far not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid metabolism including lipoproteins (HDL, LDL), neutral (triglycerides, cholesterol) and polar lipids (sphingo- and phospholipids), and PNPLA3 polymorphism (rs738409/I148M) in HH. Methods We conducted a cohort study of 54 subjects with HH and 20 healthy subjects. Patients were analyzed for their iron status including iron, ferritin, transferrin and transferrin saturation and serum lipid profile on a routine follow-up examination. Results HH group showed significantly lower serum phosphatidylcholine (PC) and significantly higher phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) compared to healthy control group. The ratio of PC/PE was clearly lower in HH group indicating a shift from PC to PE. Triglycerides were significantly higher in HH group. No differences were seen for HDL, LDL and cholesterol. Hepatic steatosis was significantly more frequent in HH. PNPLA3 polymorphism (CC vs. CG/GG) did not reveal any significant correlation with iron and lipid parameters including neutral and polar lipids, grade of steatosis and fibrosis. Conclusion Our study strengthens the hypothesis of altered lipid metabolism in HH and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Disturbed phospholipid metabolism may represent an important factor in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Seeßle
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marietta Kirchner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sowton AP, Padmanabhan N, Tunster SJ, McNally BD, Murgia A, Yusuf A, Griffin JL, Murray AJ, Watson ED. Mtrr hypomorphic mutation alters liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 23:100580. [PMID: 32257815 PMCID: PMC7109458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dietary folate deficiency and mutations in genes required for one‑carbon metabolism. However, the mechanism through which this occurs is unclear. To improve our understanding of this link, we investigated liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in adult mice with a hypomorphic mutation in the gene methionine synthase reductase (Mtrr gt ). MTRR enzyme is a key regulator of the methionine and folate cycles. The Mtrr gt mutation in mice was previously shown to disrupt one‑carbon metabolism and cause a wide-spectrum of developmental phenotypes and late adult-onset macrocytic anaemia. Here, we showed that livers of Mtrr gt/gt female mice were enlarged compared to control C57Bl/6J livers. Histological analysis of these livers revealed eosinophilic hepatocytes with decreased glycogen content, which was associated with down-regulation of genes involved in glycogen synthesis (e.g., Ugp2 and Gsk3a genes). While female Mtrr gt/gt livers showed evidence of reduced β-oxidation of fatty acids, there were no other associated changes in the lipidome in female or male Mtrr gt/gt livers compared with controls. Defects in glycogen storage and lipid metabolism often associate with disruption of mitochondrial electron transfer system activity. However, defects in mitochondrial function were not detected in Mtrr gt/gt livers as determined by high-resolution respirometry analysis. Overall, we demonstrated that adult Mtrr gt/gt female mice showed abnormal liver morphology that differed from the NAFLD phenotype and that was accompanied by subtle changes in their hepatic metabolism and fuel storage.
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Key Words
- 5-methyl-THF, 5-methyltetrahydofolate
- Agl, amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase,4-alpha-glucanotransferase gene
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- Bhmt, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase gene
- CE, cholesteryl-ester
- Cebpa, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha gene
- Cer, ceramide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Ddit3, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 gene
- ETS, electron transport system
- FCCP, p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazine
- FFA, free fatty acid
- G6pc, glucose 6-phophastase gene
- Gbe1, glycogen branching enzyme 1 gene
- Glycogen
- Gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase gene
- Gyg, glycogenin gene
- Gys2, glycogen synthase 2 gene
- HOAD, 3-hydoxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- Hepatic fuel storage
- Isca1, iron‑sulfur cluster assembly 1 gene
- JO2, oxygen flux
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- Lipidomics
- Liver metabolism
- Mitochondrial function
- Mthfr, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene
- Mtr, methionine synthase gene (also MS)
- Mtrr, methionine synthase reductase gene (also MSR)
- Myc, myelocytomatosis oncogene
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Ndufs, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit (ETS complex I) gene
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- One‑carbon metabolism
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PAS, periodic acid Schiff
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PIP, phosphatidylinositol phosphate(s)
- PL, phospholipid
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SM, sphingomyelin
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Ugp2, UDP-glucose pyrophophorylase 2 gene
- gt, gene-trap
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P. Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Nisha Padmanabhan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Simon J. Tunster
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ben D. McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Aisha Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Erica D. Watson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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31
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O'Dwyer C, Yaworski R, Katsumura S, Ghorbani P, Gobeil Odai K, Nunes JRC, LeBlond ND, Sanjana S, Smith TTK, Han S, Margison KD, Alain T, Morita M, Fullerton MD. Hepatic Choline Transport Is Inhibited During Fatty Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity and Obesity. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:876-889. [PMID: 32490323 PMCID: PMC7262319 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient and a critical component of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, while also contributing to the methylation pathway. In the liver specifically, PC is the major membrane constituent and can be synthesized by the cytidine diphosphate-choline or the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway. With the continuing global rise in the rates of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, we sought to explore how excess fatty acids on primary hepatocytes and diet-induced obesity affect choline uptake and metabolism. Our results demonstrate that hepatocytes chronically treated with palmitate, but not oleate or a mixture, had decreased choline uptake, which was associated with lower choline incorporation into PC and lower expression of choline transport proteins. Interestingly, a reduction in the rate of degradation spared PC levels in response to palmitate when compared with control. The effects of palmitate treatment were independent of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which counterintuitively augmented choline transport and transporter expression. In a model of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis, male mice fed a 60% high-fat diet for 10 weeks had significantly diminished hepatic choline uptake compared with lean mice fed a control diet. Although the transcript and protein expression of various choline metabolic enzymes fluctuated slightly, we observed reduced protein expression of choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. Polysome profile analyses revealed that in livers of obese mice, the CTL1 transcript, despite being more abundant, was translated to a lesser extent compared with lean controls. Finally, human liver cells demonstrated a similar response to palmitate treatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the altered fatty acid milieu seen in obesity-induced fatty liver disease progression may adversely affect choline metabolism, potentially through CTL1, but that compensatory mechanisms work to maintain phospholipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Dwyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Rebecca Yaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Sakie Katsumura
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX
| | - Peyman Ghorbani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Kaelan Gobeil Odai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Julia R C Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Nicholas D LeBlond
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Sabrin Sanjana
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Tyler T K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Shauna Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Kaitlyn D Margison
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Masahiro Morita
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX.,Institute of Resource Development and Analysis Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Morgan D Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,Centre for Infection Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
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32
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Choi S, Dong B, Lin CCJ, Heo MJ, Ho Kim K, Sun Z, Wagner M, Suh JM, Wang MC, Moore DD, Moore DD. Methyl-Sensing Nuclear Receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Regulates Mitochondrial Function in Mouse Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2020; 71:1055-1069. [PMID: 31355949 PMCID: PMC6987012 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2) is a nuclear receptor that regulates metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Previous studies identified phosphatidylcholines as potential endogenous agonist ligands for LRH-1. In the liver, distinct subsets of phosphatidylcholine species are generated by two different pathways: choline addition to phosphatidic acid through the Kennedy pathway and trimethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine through phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PEMT). APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we report that a PEMT-LRH-1 pathway specifically couples methyl metabolism and mitochondrial activities in hepatocytes. We show that the loss of Lrh-1 reduces mitochondrial number, basal respiration, beta-oxidation, and adenosine triphosphate production in hepatocytes and decreases expression of mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation genes. In contrast, activation of LRH-1 by its phosphatidylcholine agonists exerts opposite effects. While disruption of the Kennedy pathway does not affect the LRH-1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial activities, genetic or pharmaceutical inhibition of the PEMT pathway recapitulates the effects of Lrh-1 knockdown on mitochondria. Furthermore, we show that S-adenosyl methionine, a cofactor required for PEMT, is sufficient to induce Lrh-1 transactivation and consequently mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A PEMT-LRH-1 axis regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and beta-oxidation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Choi
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Chun Janet Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mi Jeong Heo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;,Correspondence: David D. Moore, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-3313, Fax: 713-798-3017, , Meng C. Wang, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-1566,
| | - David D. Moore
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;,Correspondence: David D. Moore, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-3313, Fax: 713-798-3017, , Meng C. Wang, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-1566,
| | - David D. Moore
- Program in Developmental Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
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Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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34
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Männistö V, Kaminska D, Kärjä V, Tiainen M, de Mello VD, Hanhineva K, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Pihlajamäki J. Total liver phosphatidylcholine content associates with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and glycine N-methyltransferase expression. Liver Int 2019; 39:1895-1905. [PMID: 31199045 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although genetic variation in the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) enzyme synthesizing PC has been associated with disease, the functional mechanism linking PC metabolism to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. METHODS Serum PC levels and liver PC contents were measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in 169 obese individuals [age 46.6 ± 10 (mean ± SD) years, BMI 43.3 ± 6 kg/m2 , 53 men and 116 women] with histological assessment of NAFLD; 106 of these had a distinct liver phenotype. All subjects were genotyped for PEMT rs7946 and liver mRNA expression of PEMT and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) was analysed. RESULTS Liver PC content was lower in those with NASH (P = 1.8 x 10-6 ) while serum PC levels did not differ between individuals with NASH and normal liver (P = 0.591). Interestingly, serum and liver PC did not correlate (rs = -0.047, P = 0.557). Serum PC and serum cholesterol levels correlated strongly (rs = 0.866, P = 7.1 x 10-49 ), while liver PC content did not correlate with serum cholesterol (rs = 0.065, P = 0.413). Neither PEMT V175M genotype nor PEMT expression explained the association between liver PC content and NASH. Instead, liver GNMT mRNA expression was decreased in those with NASH (P = 3.8 x 10-4 ) and correlated with liver PC content (rs = 0.265, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decreased liver PC content in individuals with the NASH is independent of PEMT V175M genotype and could be partly linked to decreased GNMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Männistö
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- Department of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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35
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Lee J, Ridgway ND. Substrate channeling in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway regulates the synthesis, storage and secretion of glycerolipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158438. [PMID: 30959116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The successive acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases and acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for CDP-diacylglycerol-dependent phospholipid synthesis. PA is further dephosphorylated by LIPINs to produce diacylglycerol (DG), a substrate for the synthesis of triglyceride (TG) by DG acyltransferases and a precursor for phospholipid synthesis via the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathways. The channeling of fatty acids into TG for storage in lipid droplets and secretion in lipoproteins or phospholipids for membrane biogenesis is dependent on isoform expression, activity and localization of G3P pathway enzymes, as well as dietary and hormonal and tissue-specific factors. Here, we review the mechanisms that control partitioning of substrates into lipid products of the G3P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Lee
- Atlantic Research Center, Depts. of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Atlantic Research Center, Depts. of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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36
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Nilsson Å, Duan RD. Pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in choline phospholipid digestion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G425-G445. [PMID: 30576217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00320.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of choline phospholipids is important for choline homeostasis, lipid signaling, postprandial lipid and energy metabolism, and interaction with intestinal bacteria. The digestion is mediated by the combined action of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes. In the proximal small intestine, hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to 1-lyso-PC and free fatty acid (FFA) by the pancreatic phospholipase A2 IB coincides with the digestion of the dietary triacylglycerols by lipases, but part of the PC digestion is extended and must be mediated by other enzymes as the jejunoileal brush-border phospholipase B/lipase and mucosal secreted phospholipase A2 X. Absorbed 1-lyso-PC is partitioned in the mucosal cells between degradation and reacylation into chyle PC. Reutilization of choline for hepatic bile PC synthesis, and the reacylation of 1-lyso-PC into chylomicron PC by the lyso-PC-acyl-CoA-acyltransferase 3 are important features of choline recycling and postprandial lipid metabolism. The role of mucosal enzymes is emphasized by sphingomyelin (SM) being sequentially hydrolyzed by brush-border alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase) and neutral ceramidase to sphingosine and FFA, which are well absorbed. Ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate are generated and are both metabolic intermediates and important lipid messengers. Alk-SMase has anti-inflammatory effects that counteract gut inflammation and tumorigenesis. These may be mediated by multiple mechanisms including generation of sphingolipid metabolites and suppression of autotaxin induction and lyso-phosphatidic acid formation. Here we summarize current knowledge on the roles of pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in PC and SM digestion, and its implications in intestinal and liver diseases, bacterial choline metabolism in the gut, and cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åke Nilsson
- Department of Clow-linical Sciences Lund, Division of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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37
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Law SH, Chan ML, Marathe GK, Parveen F, Chen CH, Ke LY. An Updated Review of Lysophosphatidylcholine Metabolism in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051149. [PMID: 30845751 PMCID: PMC6429061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is increasingly recognized as a key marker/factor positively associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings from recent clinical lipidomic studies of LPC have been controversial. A key issue is the complexity of the enzymatic cascade involved in LPC metabolism. Here, we address the coordination of these enzymes and the derangement that may disrupt LPC homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. LPC is mainly derived from the turnover of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the circulation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In the presence of Acyl-CoA, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) converts LPC to PC, which rapidly gets recycled by the Lands cycle. However, overexpression or enhanced activity of PLA2 increases the LPC content in modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL, which play significant roles in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction. The intracellular enzyme LPCAT cannot directly remove LPC from circulation. Hydrolysis of LPC by autotaxin, an enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity, generates lysophosphatidic acid, which is highly associated with cancers. Although enzymes with lysophospholipase A1 activity could theoretically degrade LPC into harmless metabolites, they have not been found in the circulation. In conclusion, understanding enzyme kinetics and LPC metabolism may help identify novel therapeutic targets in LPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lin Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, MacKay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India.
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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38
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Taesuwan S, Vermeylen F, Caudill MA, Cassano PA. Relation of choline intake with blood pressure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:648-655. [PMID: 30831597 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary choline is a precursor of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite that has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanism underlying this association is unknown, but may include TMAO effects on blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVES This study assessed the association of choline intake with hypertension and BP in US adults through the use of NHANES 2007-2010 data. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in nonpregnant individuals aged ≥20 y. Choline intake was assessed with the use of two 24-h recalls. Outcomes were BP and hypertension status, which was assessed through the use of questionnaires and BP measurements. Modifying factors (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity) and dietary compared with supplemental sources of choline intake were also investigated. RESULTS The associations of total (dietary + supplemental) and dietary choline intake with the prevalence odds of hypertension differed by sex (n = 9227; P-interaction = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). In women, both total and dietary choline intake tended to be inversely associated with hypertension (n = 4748; prevalence OR per 100 mg of choline intake: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.02; P < 0.10 for both total and dietary choline). No association was observed in men (n = 4479; P = 0.54 and 0.49 for total choline and dietary choline, respectively). Use of choline supplements was inversely associated with hypertension in both sexes (user compared with nonuser; OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.92; P = 0.01). There was little to no association of total, dietary, or supplemental choline intake with systolic or diastolic BP (n = 6,554; the mean ± SEM change in BP associated with a 100-mg difference in total choline was -0.26 ± 0.22 mm Hg for systolic BP and -0.29 ± 0.19 mm Hg for diastolic BP). CONCLUSIONS Cross-sectional NHANES data do not support the hypothesis of a positive association between choline intake and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraphat Taesuwan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Agro-Industry Faculty, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Patricia A Cassano
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY
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Cornell RB, Taneva SG, Dennis MK, Tse R, Dhillon RK, Lee J. Disease-linked mutations in the phosphatidylcholine regulatory enzyme CCTα impair enzymatic activity and fold stability. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1490-1501. [PMID: 30559292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) is the key regulatory enzyme in phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis and is activated by binding to PC-deficient membranes. Mutations in the gene encoding CCTα (PCYT1A) cause three distinct pathologies in humans: lipodystrophy, spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (SMD-CRD), and isolated retinal dystrophy. Previous analyses showed that for some disease-linked PCYT1A variants steady state levels of CCTα and PC synthesis were reduced in patient fibroblasts, but other variants impaired PC synthesis with little effect on CCT levels. To explore the impact on CCT stability and function we expressed WT and mutant CCTs in COS-1 cells, which have very low endogenous CCT. Over-expression of two missense variants in the catalytic domain (V142M and P150A) generated aggregated enzymes that could not be refolded after solubilization by denaturation. Other mutations in the catalytic core that generated CCTs with reduced solubility could be purified. Five variants destabilized the catalytic domain-fold as assessed by lower transition temperatures for unfolding, and three of these manifested defects in substrate Km values. A mutation (R223S) in a signal-transducing linker between the catalytic and membrane-binding domains also impaired enzyme kinetics. E280del, a single amino acid deletion in the autoinhibitory helix increased the constitutive (lipid-independent) enzyme activity ∼4-fold. This helix also participates in membrane binding, and surprisingly E280del enhanced the enzyme's response to anionic lipid vesicles ∼4-fold. These in vitro analyses on purified mutant CCTs will complement future measurements of their impact on PC synthesis in cultured cells and in tissues with a stringent requirement for CCTα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary B Cornell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada.
| | - Svetla G Taneva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Melissa K Dennis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Ronnie Tse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Randeep K Dhillon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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Chang W, Hatch GM, Wang Y, Yu F, Wang M. The relationship between phospholipids and insulin resistance: From clinical to experimental studies. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:702-710. [PMID: 30402908 PMCID: PMC6349352 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance induced by high‐fat diet and impropriate life style is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recent studies in metabolic dysfunction have extended this beyond simply elevated cholesterol and triglycerides levels and have identified a key role for lipid metabolism. For example, altered phospholipid metabolism has now become central in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss the association between insulin sensitivity and phospholipid metabolism and highlight the most significant discoveries generated over the last several decades. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge surrounding the molecular mechanisms related to phospholipids and insulin resistance and provide new insight for future research into their relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yu Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Mboma J, Leblanc N, Wan S, Jacobs RL, Tchernof A, Dubé P, Angers P, Jacques H. Liver and plasma lipid changes induced by cyclic fatty acid monomers from heated vegetable oil in the rat. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2092-2103. [PMID: 30510710 PMCID: PMC6261175 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) generated through domestic or industrial heating of vegetable oils may alter liver enzymes and induce hepatomegaly and steatosis, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. This study aimed to assess the effects of CFAM on liver and plasma lipids and to determine whether these effects are modulated by dietary lipids. Thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats were fed either of the four isoenergetic diets consisting of canola oil or soybean oil with/without 500 mg/100 g CFAM of total fat for 28 days. Rats fed CFAM had higher liver total lipids (p = 0.03) and triacylglycerols (TAG) (p = 0.02), but less hepatic phosphatidylcholine (p = 0.02) compared to those fed the non-CFAM diets. CFAM did not alter liver phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity and CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT-α) protein levels. Rats fed CFAM diets had higher levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), VLDL + LDL cholesterol, higher ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol, and lower levels of HDL cholesterol compared with rats fed non-CFAM diets (p < 0.05). Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) was decreased with CFAM, but plasma insulin, glucose, and TAG did not vary among the four diet groups (p < 0.05). Rats fed canola oil and CFAM had higher plasma levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and AST/ALT ratio compared with the other three diet groups. These results indicate that CFAM may provoke an accumulation of TAG in the liver related to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels, but the effect of CFAM on PC concentrations may not occur through impairment of the two main PC biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mboma
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Sereana Wan
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - René L. Jacobs
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science4‐002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research InnovationsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Quebec Heart and Lung InstituteQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Pascal Dubé
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Paul Angers
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Department of Food ScienceLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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Abstract
Phospholipids are major constituents of biological membranes. The fatty acyl chain composition of phospholipids determines the biophysical properties of membranes and thereby affects their impact on biological processes. The composition of fatty acyl chains is also actively regulated through a deacylation and reacylation pathway called Lands' cycle. Recent studies of mouse genetic models have demonstrated that lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases (LPCATs), which catalyze the incorporation of fatty acyl chains into the sn-2 site of phosphatidylcholine, play important roles in pathophysiology. Two LPCAT family members, LPCAT1 and LPCAT3, have been particularly well studied. LPCAT1 is crucial for proper lung function due to its role in pulmonary surfactant biosynthesis. LPCAT3 maintains systemic lipid homeostasis by regulating lipid absorption in intestine, lipoprotein secretion, and de novo lipogenesis in liver. Mounting evidence also suggests that changes in LPCAT activity may be potentially involved in pathological conditions, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, viral infections, and cancer. Pharmacological manipulation of LPCAT activity and membrane phospholipid composition may provide new therapeutic options for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90272, USA;
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90272, USA;
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Vitamin E alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:14-25. [PMID: 30300671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC), mainly in the liver. Pemt-/- mice are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance, but develop severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when fed a HFD, mostly due to impaired VLDL secretion. Oxidative stress is thought to be an essential factor in the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that has been clinically used to improve NAFLD pathology. Our aim was to determine whether supplementation of the diet with vitamin E could attenuate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and its progression to NASH in Pemt-/- mice. Treatment with vitamin E (0.5 g/kg) for 3 weeks improved VLDL-TG secretion and normalized cholesterol metabolism, but failed to reduce hepatic TG content. Moreover, vitamin E treatment was able to reduce hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. We also observed abnormal ceramide metabolism in Pemt-/- mice fed a HFD, with elevation of ceramides and other sphingolipids and higher expression of mRNAs for acid ceramidase (Asah1) and ceramide kinase (Cerk). Interestingly, vitamin E supplementation restored Asah1 and Cerk mRNA and sphingolipid levels. Together this study shows that vitamin E treatment efficiently prevented the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis in mice lacking PEMT.
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Zhu S, Tan P, Ji R, Xiang X, Cai Z, Dong X, Mai K, Ai Q. Influence of a Dietary Vegetable Oil Blend on Serum Lipid Profiles in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9097-9106. [PMID: 30095902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum lipid metabolic responses are associated with certain metabolic disorders induced by dietary habits in mammals. However, such associations have not been reported in fish. Lipidomic analyses were performed to investigate fish lipid metabolic responses to a dietary vegetable oil (VO) blend and to elucidate the mechanism of how the dietary VO blend affects serum lipid profiles. Results showed that the dietary VO blend strongly affects serum lipid profiles, especially the ratio of triglyceride/phosphatidylcholine (TAG/PC), via inhibiting hepatic PC biosynthesis and facilitating hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein assembly. Studies in vitro suggested that changes of serum TAG/PC ratio may be partially attributed to altered fatty acid composition in diets. Additionally, the reduction of 16:0/18:1-PC induced by the dietary VO blend may play a role in abnormal lipid deposition through inhibiting PPARA-mediated activation of β-oxidation. These findings suggested that the serum TAG/PC ratio might be a predictive parameter for abnormal lipid metabolism induced by dietary nutrition in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Renlei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Zuonan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shangdong China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education) , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shangdong 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shangdong China
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Lee J, Ridgway ND. Phosphatidylcholine synthesis regulates triglyceride storage and chylomicron secretion by Caco2 cells. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1940-1950. [PMID: 30115754 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m087635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) supply fatty acids for energy, membrane biogenesis, and lipoprotein secretion. The surface monolayer of LDs is composed of phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylcholine (PC), that stabilize the neutral lipid core of triglyceride (TG). To determine the relationship between PC synthesis and TG storage and secretion in chylomicrons, we used a model of intestinal-derived human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2) cells with knockout of PCYT1A, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT)α in the CDP-choline pathway, that were treated with the fatty acid oleate. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of CCTα in Caco2 cells (Caco2-KO cells) reduced PC synthesis by 50%. Compared with Caco2 cells, Caco2-KO cells exposed to oleate had fewer and larger LDs and greater TG accumulation as a result. The addition of exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine to Caco2-KO cells reversed the LD morphology defect. Caco2-KO cells, differentiated into epithelial monolayers, accumulated intracellular TG and had deficient TG and chylomicron-associated apoB48 secretion; apoB100 secretion was unaffected by CCTα knockout or oleate. Metabolic-labeling and LD imaging of Caco2-KO cells indicated preferential shuttling of de novo synthesized TG into larger LDs rather than into chylomicrons. Thus, reduced de novo PC synthesis in Caco2 cells enhances TG storage in large LDs and inhibits apoB48 chylomicron secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Lee
- Atlantic Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Atlantic Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Kennelly JP, van der Veen JN, Nelson RC, Leonard KA, Havinga R, Buteau J, Kuipers F, Jacobs RL. Intestinal de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis is required for dietary lipid absorption and metabolic homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1695-1708. [PMID: 30007917 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis via CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase-α (CTα) is required for VLDL secretion. To determine the precise role of de novo PC synthesis in intestinal lipid metabolism, we deleted CTα exclusively in the intestinal epithelium of mice (CTαIKO mice). When fed a chow diet, CTαIKO mice showed normal fat absorption despite a ∼30% decrease in intestinal PC concentrations relative to control mice, suggesting that biliary PC can fully support chylomicron secretion under these conditions. However, when fed a high-fat diet, CTαIKO mice showed impaired passage of FAs and cholesterol from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes. Impaired intestinal lipid uptake in CTαIKO mice was associated with lower plasma triglyceride concentrations, higher plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY, and disruption of intestinal membrane lipid transporters after a high-fat meal relative to control mice. Unexpectedly, biliary bile acid and PC secretion was enhanced in CTαIKO mice due to a shift in expression of bile-acid transporters to the proximal intestine, indicative of accelerated enterohepatic cycling. These data show that intestinal de novo PC synthesis is required for dietary lipid absorption during high-fat feeding and that the reacylation of biliary lyso-PC cannot compensate for loss of CTα under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Randal C Nelson
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly-Ann Leonard
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rick Havinga
- Departments of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Buteau
- Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a group of liver disorders encompassing simple hepatic steatosis and its more aggressive forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. It is a rapidly growing health concern and the major cause for the increasing incidence of primary liver tumors. Unequivocal evidence shows that sphingolipid metabolism is altered in the course of the disease and these changes might contribute to NAFLD progression. Recent data provide solid support to the notion that deregulated ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism are present at all stages of NAFLD, i.e., steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Insulin sensitivity, de novo lipogenesis, and the resulting lipotoxicity, fibrosis, and angiogenesis are all seemingly regulated in a manner that involves either ceramide and/or sphingosine-1-phosphate. Sphingolipids might also participate in the onset of hepatocellular senescence. The latter has been shown to contribute to the advancement of cirrhosis to HCC in the classical cases of end-stage liver disease, i.e., viral- or alcohol-induced; however, emerging evidence suggests that senescence is also involved in the pathogenicity of NAFLD possibly via changes in ceramide metabolism.
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48
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McMaster CR. From yeast to humans - roles of the Kennedy pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1256-1272. [PMID: 29178478 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major phospholipid present in most eukaryotic membranes is phosphatidylcholine (PC), comprising ~ 50% of phospholipid content. PC metabolic pathways are highly conserved from yeast to humans. The main pathway for the synthesis of PC is the Kennedy (CDP-choline) pathway. In this pathway, choline is converted to phosphocholine by choline kinase, phosphocholine is metabolized to CDP-choline by the rate-determining enzyme for this pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and cholinephosphotransferase condenses CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to produce PC. This Review discusses how PC synthesis via the Kennedy pathway is regulated, its role in cellular and biological processes, as well as diseases known to be associated with defects in PC synthesis. Finally, we present the first model for the making of a membrane via PC synthesis.
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Abstract
AbstractDietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation has been shown to reduce lipid accumulation in the tissues of farmed fish; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unknown. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of PL on hepatic lipid metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. For in vivo study, four experimental diets – low lipid and low PL diet, as control diet (LL-LP diet, containing 12 % lipid and 1·5 % PL), low-lipid and high-PL diet (containing 12 % lipid and 8 % PL), high-lipid and low-PL diet (HL-LP diet, containing 20 % lipid and 1·5 % PL) and high-lipid and high-PL diet (HL-HP diet, containing 20 % lipid and 8 % PL) – were randomly allocated to four groups of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (three cages per group) with similar initial body weight (approximately 8 g). For in vitro study, primary hepatocytes isolated from large yellow croaker were incubated either with graded levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0–250 μm) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) for CTP: choline phosphate cytidylyltranferase α (CCTα) (siRNA-CCTα). Results showed that survival was independent of dietary treatments (P>0·05). Weight gain and feed efficiency in the HL-HP group were significantly higher than in the LL-LP and HL-LP groups (P<0·05). High level of dietary PL could markedly reduce abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation induced by the HL-LP diet (P<0·05). Similarly, compared with the corresponding controls, a significant decrease/increase in lipid content was observed in primary hepatocytes incubated with PC/siRNA-CCTα (P<0·05). High level of dietary PL reversed the HL-LP diet-induced increased levels of mRNA of fatty acid uptake and lipid synthesis related genes (P<0·05). In addition, High level of dietary PL markedly down-regulated the transcript levels of fatty acid oxidation-related genes and enhanced the transcript levels of VLDL assembly-related genes regardless of dietary lipid levels (P<0·05). Compared with corresponding controls, primary hepatocytes treated with PC showed significantly higher mRNA expression of lipid synthesis and VLDL assembly-related genes and lower mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes, with hepatocytes treated with siRNA-CCTα exhibiting the opposite trend (P<0·05). In summary, these results demonstrated that high level of dietary PL might reverse the HL-LP diet-induced abnormal lipid accumulation in the liver through inhibiting fatty acid uptake and lipid synthesis, together with promoting the lipid export at the transcriptional level. Lipid export-promoting effect of PC was confirmed by in vitro studies. The present study showed for the first time that PL or PC could influence various metabolic pathways to regulate hepatic lipid deposition in fish at least at the transcriptional level.
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50
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Possible Role of Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin on Fumonisin B1-mediated Toxicity. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:75-97. [PMID: 32231933 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major corn-related mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 (FB1), continues to attract attention of researchers as well as risk-assessors due to the diverse toxicological characteristics, including distinct target tissues in different animal species and opposite susceptibility in males and females in mice and rats. More than thirty years passed since the structure identification as a sphingoid-like chemical, but the causal mechanism of the toxicity remains obscure in spites of extensive studies. Considerable amounts of knowledge have been accumulated on the biochemical/toxicological actions of FB1, but the influence on lipid dynamics and mobilization in the body has not been focused well in relation to the FB1-mediated toxicity. Considerable influences of this toxin on mobilization of sphingolipids and phospholipids and also on adaptive changes in their compositions in tissues are implicated from recent studies on FB1-interacting ceramide synthases. Accumulated patho-physiological data also suggest a possible role of hepatic phospholipid on FB1-mediated toxicity. Thus, a mechanism of FB1-mediated toxicity is discussed in relation to the mobilization of phospholipids and sphingolipids in the body in this context.
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