1
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Yilmaz S, Alkan T, Ballar Kirmizibayrak P. A new underlying mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of bosutinib: Reverting toxicity-induced PARylation in SIN1-mediated neurotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22915. [PMID: 34519134 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play an important role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The overproduction of these highly reactive chemical species leads to DNA damage and subsequent activation of the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) enzyme. Several studies have demonstrated the potential use of PARP inhibitors for neuroprotection. We previously reported that the dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor bosutinib (BOS) decreases PARP activity and acts as a chemosensitizer in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of BOS with respect to its inhibitory effect on cellular poly(ADP-ribos)ylation (PARylation) using a 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN1)-mediated cellular toxicity model. Our data suggest that pretreatment with BOS, especially at lower doses, significantly decreased the level of SIN1-induced cellular PARylation. This regulation pattern of PARylation was found to be associated with the protective effect of BOS against SIN1 on the viability of retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, while PARP-1 expression was decreased, phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK was not reverted at the observed neuroprotective doses of BOS. In conclusion, we suggest a novel mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of BOS involving the inhibition of cellular PARylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Yilmaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alanya Aladdin Keykubat, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tolgaç Alkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Petek Ballar Kirmizibayrak
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Chaouhan HS, Jha RR, Patel DK, Kar Chowdhuri D. Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage is lessened by the modulation of hsp70 via increased GSH de novo synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22819. [PMID: 34056787 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a genotoxic chemical, and in the chemical-exposed organism, oxidative stress is one of the leading causative mechanisms of genotoxicity. Heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) is reported to be modulated in environmental chemical exposed organisms. Inadequate information on the protective role of Hsp70 in chemical-induced DNA lesions prompted us to investigate this possibility in a well-studied genetically tractable in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster. In the midgut cells of Cr(VI)-exposed hsp70-knockout (KO), -knockdown (KD), and -overexpression Drosophila strains, no significant change in double-strand breaks generation was observed in comparison to similarly exposed w 1118 and the respective genetic control strain after 48 h. Therefore, the role of hsp70 was investigated on oxidative DNA damage induction in the exposed organisms after 24 h. Oxidized DNA lesions (particularly oxidized purine-based lesions), 8-oxo-dG level, and oxidative stress endpoints were found to be significantly elevated in hsp70-KO and -KD strains in comparison to similarly exposed w 1118 and respective genetic control strain. On the contrary, in ubiquitous hsp70-overexpression strain exposed to Cr(VI), these endpoints were significantly lowered concurrently with increased GSH level through elevated gclc, and gclm expression, Gclc level, and GCL activity. The study suggests that as a consequence of hsp70 overexpression, the augmented GSH level in cells vis-a-vis GSH de novo synthesis can counteract Cr(VI)-induced oxidized DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Chaouhan
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh R Jha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra K Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Iuchi K, Ema M, Suzuki M, Yokoyama C, Hisatomi H. Oxidized unsaturated fatty acids induce apoptotic cell death in cultured cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2767-2773. [PMID: 30720142 PMCID: PMC6423586 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are oxidized by non-enzymatic or enzymatic reactions. The oxidized products are multifunctional. In this study, we investigated how oxidized fatty acids inhibit cell proliferation in cultured cells. We used polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2), and palmitic acid (16:0). Oxidized fatty acids were produced by autoxidation of fatty acids for 2 days in the presence of a gas mixture (20% O2 and 80% N2). We found that oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (OxDHA, OxEPA and OxLA) inhibited cell proliferation much more effectively compared with un-oxidized fatty acids (DHA, EPA and LA, respectively) in THP-1 (a human monocytic leukemia cell line) and DLD-1 (a human colorectal cancer cell line) cells. In particular, OxDHA markedly inhibited cell proliferation. DHA has the largest number of double bonds and is most susceptible to oxidation among the fatty acids. OxDHA has the largest number of highly active oxidized products. Therefore, the oxidative levels of fatty acids are associated with the anti-proliferative activity. Moreover, caspase-3/7 was activated in the cells treated with OxDHA, but not in those treated with DHA. A pan-caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk) reduced the cell death induced by OxDHA. These results indicated that oxidized products from polyunsaturated fatty acids induced apoptosis in cultured cells. Collectively, the switch between cell survival and cell death may be regulated by the activity and/or number of oxidized products from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Iuchi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, Tokyo 180‑8633, Japan
| | - Mika Ema
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, Tokyo 180‑8633, Japan
| | - Moe Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, Tokyo 180‑8633, Japan
| | - Chikako Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992‑8510, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hisatomi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, Tokyo 180‑8633, Japan
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4
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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5
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Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Shows Protection against PPAR γ Inactivation in Nitrosative Neurons. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9101740. [PMID: 30410641 PMCID: PMC6206554 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosative stress in the brain has been associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. Recent evidence highlights peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a critical neuroprotective factor in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we observed the effect of the herb hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) during nitrosative stress in neurons and investigated the mechanism based on PPARγ protection. We found that a single exposure of primary neurons to peroxynitrite donor SIN-1 caused neuronal injury, which was accompanied by the increase of PPARγ nitration status and lack of activation of the receptor, as measured by PPARγ DNA-binding activity, by agonist (15d-PGJ2 or rosiglitazone) stimulation. The crucial role of PPARγ in neuronal defense against nitrosative stress was verified by showing that pretreatment with 15d-PGJ2 or rosiglitazone attenuated SIN-1-induced neuronal injury but pretreatment with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, aggravated SIN-1-induced neuronal injury. The addition of HSYA not only inhibited SIN-1-induced neuronal damage but prevented PPARγ nitrative modification and resumed PPARγ activity stimulated by either 15d-PGJ2 or rosiglitazone. Furthermore, HSYA also showed the ability to rescue the neuroprotective effect of 15d-PGJ2 or rosiglitazone when the agonists were coincubated with SIN-1. Finally, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the administration of HSYA also efficiently blocked PPARγ nitration and loss of activity in the SIN-1-injected hippocampus and reversed the increased neuronal susceptibility which was supported by the inhibition of Bcl-2 protein downregulation induced by SIN-1. The results suggest that HSYA protects neurons from nitrosative stress through keeping PPARγ as a functional receptor, allowing a more effective activation of this neuroprotective factor by the endogenous or exogenous agonist. Our findings provide new clues in understanding the role of the neuroprotective potential of the herbal HSYA.
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6
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An JM, Moon SA, Hong SY, Kang JW, Seo JT. Neuroprotective effect of 3-morpholinosydnonimine against Zn2+-induced PC12 cell death. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 748:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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A mutation in Drosophila methuselah resists paraquat induced Parkinson-like phenotypes. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2419.e1-2419.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Shukla AK, Pragya P, Chaouhan HS, Tiwari AK, Patel DK, Abdin MZ, Chowdhuri DK. Heat shock protein-70 (Hsp-70) suppresses paraquat-induced neurodegeneration by inhibiting JNK and caspase-3 activation in Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98886. [PMID: 24887138 PMCID: PMC4041817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders with limited clinical interventions. A number of epidemiological as well as case-control studies have revealed an association between pesticide exposure, especially of paraquat (PQ) and occurrence of PD. Hsp70, a molecular chaperone by function, has been shown as one of the modulators of neurological disorders. However, paucity of information regarding the protective role of Hsp70 on PQ-induced PD like symptoms led us to hypothesize that modulation of hsp70 expression in the dopaminergic neurons would improve the health of these cells. We took advantage of Drosophila, which is a well-established model for neurological research and also possesses genetic tools for easy manipulation of gene expression with limited ethical concern. Over-expression of hsp70 was found to reduce PQ-induced oxidative stress along with JNK and caspase-3 mediated dopaminergic neuronal cell death in exposed organism. Further, anti-apoptotic effect of hsp70 was shown to confer better homeostasis in the dopaminergic neurons of PQ-exposed organism as evidenced by their improved locomotor performance and survival. The study has merit in the context of human concern since we observed protection of dopaminergic neurons in PQ-exposed organism by over-expressing a human homologue of hsp70, HSPA1L, in these cells. The effect was parallel to that observed with Drosophila hsp70. These findings reflect the potential therapeutic applicability of hsp70 against PQ-induced PD like symptoms in an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Shukla
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Prakash Pragya
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Hitesh Singh Chaouhan
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Krishna Tiwari
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujrat, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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9
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Pragya P, Shukla AK, Murthy RC, Abdin MZ, Kar Chowdhuri D. Over-expression of superoxide dismutase ameliorates Cr(VI) induced adverse effects via modulating cellular immune system of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88181. [PMID: 24505420 PMCID: PMC3913750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved innate immune system plays critical role for maintaining the health of an organism. However, a number of environmental chemicals including metals are known to exert adverse effects on immune system. The present study assessed the in vivo effect of a major environmental chemical, Cr(VI), on cellular immune response using Drosophila melanogaster and subsequently the protective role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) based on the comparable performance of the tested anti-oxidant enzymes. The immuno-modulatory potential of Cr(VI) was demonstrated by observing a significant reduction in the total hemocyte count along with impaired phagocytic activity in exposed organism. Concurrently, a significant increase in the percentage of Annexin V-FITC positive cells, activation of DEVDase activity, generation of free radical species along with inhibition of anti-oxidant enzyme activities was observed in the hemocytes of exposed organism. In addition, we have shown that ONOO(-) is primarily responsible for Cr(VI) induced adverse effects on Drosophila hemocytes along with O2(-). While generation of O2(-)/ONOO(-) in Cr(VI) exposed Drosophila hemocytes was found to be responsible for the suppression of Drosophila cellular immune response, Cr(VI) induced alteration was significantly reduced by the over-expression of sod in Drosophila hemocytes. Overall, our results suggest that manipulation of one of the anti-oxidant genes, sod, benefits the organism from Cr(VI) induced alteration in cellular immunity. Further, this study demonstrates the applicability of D. melanogaster to examine the possible effects of environmental chemicals on innate immunity which can be extrapolated to higher organisms due to evolutionary conservation of innate immune system between Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Pragya
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Murthy
- Analytical Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Kang ES, Hwang JS, Ham SA, Park MH, Kim GH, Paek KS, Yoo T, Lee WJ, Kang KR, Lee JH, Choi YJ, Seo HG. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2prevents oxidative injury by upregulating the expression of aldose reductase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:218-29. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.860224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Lu SC. Glutathione synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3143-53. [PMID: 22995213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1509] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) is present in all mammalian tissues as the most abundant non-protein thiol that defends against oxidative stress. GSH is also a key determinant of redox signaling, vital in detoxification of xenobiotics, and regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune function, and fibrogenesis. Biosynthesis of GSH occurs in the cytosol in a tightly regulated manner. Key determinants of GSH synthesis are the availability of the sulfur amino acid precursor, cysteine, and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), which is composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modifier (GCLM) subunit. The second enzyme of GSH synthesis is GSH synthetase (GS). SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes key functions of GSH and focuses on factors that regulate the biosynthesis of GSH, including pathological conditions where GSH synthesis is dysregulated. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS GCL subunits and GS are regulated at multiple levels and often in a coordinated manner. Key transcription factors that regulate the expression of these genes include NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) via the antioxidant response element (ARE), AP-1, and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). There is increasing evidence that dysregulation of GSH synthesis contributes to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions. These include diabetes mellitus, pulmonary and liver fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, cholestatic liver injury, endotoxemia and drug-resistant tumor cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH is a key antioxidant that also modulates diverse cellular processes. A better understanding of how its synthesis is regulated and dysregulated in disease states may lead to improvement in the treatment of these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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13
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Hirata Y, Furuta K, Suzuki M, Oh-hashi K, Ueno Y, Kiuchi K. Neuroprotective cyclopentenone prostaglandins up-regulate neurotrophic factors in C6 glioma cells. Brain Res 2012; 1482:91-100. [PMID: 22982731 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we developed newly synthesized arylthio derivatives of cyclopentenone prostaglandins (GIF-0642, GIF-0643, GIF-0644, GIF-0745 and GIF-0747), which are neuroprotective against both manganese toxicity in PC12 cells and glutamate toxicity in HT22 cells. In the present study, we showed that these compounds and their lead compound, NEPP11, are potent inducers of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in C6 glioma cells and primary astrocytes. These neuroprotective cyclopentenone prostaglandins also induced the gene expression of nerve growth factor and, to a lesser extent, brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The induction of GDNF mRNA was transcription-dependent, and the overexpression of dominant-negative Nrf2 attenuated the ability of the (arylthio)cyclopentenone prostaglandins to stimulate GDNF gene expression. These results suggest that (arylthio)cyclopentenone prostaglandins increase GDNF gene expression partly via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. A growing number of reports demonstrate the importance of increasing the amounts of neurotrophic factors, especially GDNF, in neuropathological states. Although the precise mechanisms by which the GIF compounds inhibit cell death are under investigation, an increase in neurotrophic factors may contribute to the diverse pharmacological properties of (arylthio)cyclopentenone prostaglandins in vivo and will make them potentially valuable in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hirata
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501 1193, Japan.
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14
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Abdo H, Mahé MM, Derkinderen P, Bach-Ngohou K, Neunlist M, Lardeux B. The omega-6 fatty acid derivative 15-deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-prostaglandin J2 is involved in neuroprotection by enteric glial cells against oxidative stress. J Physiol 2012; 590:2739-50. [PMID: 22473776 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.222935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that enteric glial cells (EGCs) are critical for enteric neuron survival and functions. In particular, EGCs exert direct neuroprotective effects mediated in part by the release of glutathione. However, other glial factors such as those identified as regulating the intestinal epithelial barrier and in particular the omega-6 fatty acid derivative 15-deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) could also be involved in EGC-mediated neuroprotection. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the putative role of EGC-derived 15d-PGJ2 in their neuroprotective effects. We first showed that pretreatment of primary cultures of enteric nervous system(ENS)or humann euroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y)with 15d-PGJ2 dose dependently prevented hydrogen peroxide neurotoxicity. Furthermore, neuroprotective effects of EGCs were significantly inhibited following genetic invalidation in EGCs of the key enzyme involved in 15d-PGJ2 synthesis, i.e. L-PGDS. We next showed that 15d-PGJ2 effects were mediated by an Nrf2 dependent pathway but were not blocked by PPARγ inhibitor (GW9662) in SH-SY5Y cells and enteric neurons. Finally, 15d-PGJ2 induced a significant increase in glutamate cysteine ligase expression and intracellular glutathione in SH cells and enteric neurons. In conclusion, we identified 15d-PGJ2 as a novel glial-derived molecule with neuroprotective effects in the ENS. This study further supports the concept that omega-6 derivatives such as 15d-PGJ2 might be used in preventive and/or therapeutic strategies for the treatment of enteric neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Abdo
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44000, France
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15
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Li WL, Liang X, Wang X, Zhang XD, Liu R, Zhang W, Chen HL, Qin XJ, Bai H, Hai CX. Protective effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, ligand rosiglitazone on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced QZG cell injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:527-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Surh YJ, Na HK, Park JM, Lee HN, Kim W, Yoon IS, Kim DD. 15-Deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-prostaglandin J₂, an electrophilic lipid mediator of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1335-51. [PMID: 21843512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostagandin J(2) (15d-PGJ2) is produced in the inflamed cells and tissues as a consequence of upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 15d-PGJ2 is known to be the endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) with multiple physiological properties. Though one of the terminal products of the COX-2-catalyzed reactions, this cyclopentenone prostaglandin exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions, in part, by antagonizing the activities of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, such as NF-κB, STAT3, and AP-1, while stimulating the anti-inflammatory transcription factor Nrf2. These effects are not necessarily dependent on its activation of PPARγ, but often involves direct interaction with the above signaling molecules and their regulators. The locally produced 15d-PGJ2 is also involved in the resolution of inflammatory responses. Thus, 15d-PGJ2, especially formed during the late phase of inflammation, might inhibit cytokine secretion and other events by antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells or macrophages. 15d-PGJ2 can also affect the priming and effector functions of T lymphocytes and induce their apoptotic cell death. These represent a negative feedback explaining how once-initiated immunologic and inflammatory responses are switched off and terminated. In this context, 15d-PGJ2 and its synthetic derivatives have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Surh
- WCU Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Song NY, Kim DH, Kim EH, Na HK, Kim NJ, Suh YG, Surh YJ. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 Mediates 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-Induced Expression of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Expression via Nrf2 Signaling in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1231-41. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200090n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 136-742, South Korea
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Prevention of Oxidative Stress-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Death by the PPARgamma Agonists, 15-Deoxy-Delta 12, 14-Prostaglandin J(2). PPAR Res 2011; 2008:720163. [PMID: 18382621 PMCID: PMC2276681 DOI: 10.1155/2008/720163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress plays an important role in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell death during aging and the development of age-related macular degeneration. Early reports indicate that during phagocytosis of rod outer segments, there is an increase of RPE oxidative stress and an upregulation of PPARγ mRNA in these cells. These studies suggest that activation of PPARγ may modulate cellular oxidative stress. This paper presents a brief review of recent studies that investigate RPE oxidative stress under various experimental conditions. This is followed by a detailed review on those reports that examine the protective effect of the natural PPARγ ligand, 15d-PGJ2, against RPE oxidative stress. This agent can upregulate glutathione and prevent oxidant-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis. The cytoprotective effect of this agent, however, is not shared by other PPARγ agonists. Nonetheless, this property of 15d-PGJ2 may be useful in future development of pharmacological tools against retinal diseases caused by oxidative stress.
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(Arylthio)cyclopentenones derivatives prevent glutamate-induced HT22 cell death through a PPARγ-dependent pathway. Brain Res 2009; 1296:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Brechbuhl HM, Min E, Kariya C, Frederick B, Raben D, Day BJ. Select cyclopentenone prostaglandins trigger glutathione efflux and the role of ABCG2 transport. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:722-30. [PMID: 19520157 PMCID: PMC2730198 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs), such as 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2)), initiate redox-based cell signaling responses including increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis. We investigated whether cyPGs facilitated GSH efflux and if members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family mediated the efflux. Four human cell lines were treated with 1-6 microM cyPGs for 48 h. Media and cells were harvested for GSH measurements using HPLC-EC. CyPG treatment increased extracellular GSH levels two- to threefold over controls in HN4 and C38 cells and five- to sixfold in SAEC and MDA 1586 cells and was dependent on increased GSH synthesis. Our studies show that prostaglandin D(2) and its metabolites, prostaglandin J(2) and 15dPGJ(2), specifically induce GSH efflux compared to other eicosanoids. These higher extracellular GSH levels were associated with protection from tert-butylhydroperoxide. Superarray analysis of ABC transporters suggested only ABCG2 expression had a positive relationship in the four cell types compared with extracellular GSH increases after cyPG treatment. The ABCG2 substrate Hoechst 33342 inhibited extracellular GSH increase after 15dPGJ(2) treatment. We report for the first time that ABCG2 may play a role in GSH efflux in response to cyPG treatment and may link inflammatory signaling with antioxidant adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Brechbuhl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Chirag Kariya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Barbara Frederick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Role of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 upregulation in adaptive survival response to nitrosative stress. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1163-76. [PMID: 19727608 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosative stress caused by reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite overproduced during inflammation leads to cell death and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human ailments. However, relatively mild nitrosative stress may fortify cellular defense capacities, rendering cells tolerant or adaptive to ongoing and subsequent cytotoxic challenges, a phenomenon known as 'preconditioning' or 'hormesis'. One of the key components of cellular stress response is heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate limiting enzyme in the process of degrading potentially toxic free heme into biliverdin, free iron and carbon monoxide. HO-1 is upregulated by a wide array of stimuli and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other cytoprotective functions. This review is intended to provide readers with a welldocumented account of the research done in the area of cellular adaptive survival response against nitrosative stress with special focus on the role of HO-1 upregulation, especially through activation of the transcription factor, Nrf2.
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22
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Garrel C, Ceballos-Picot I, Germain G, Al-Gubory KH. Oxidative stress-inducible antioxidant adaptive response during prostaglandin F2α-induced luteal cell deathin vivo. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:251-9. [PMID: 17364952 DOI: 10.1080/10715760601067493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced antioxidant adaptive response would be particularly important to cells in high reactive oxygen species (ROS) environments. We aimed to determine the dynamic adaptive response of antioxidant enzymatic systems in sheep corpus luteum (CL) during PGF2alpha-induced luteal cell death. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GSR), and in situ DNA fragmentation were determined in CL at day 10 of the estrous cycle (0 h) and at 12, 24 or 48 h after PGF2alpha injection. A decrease in plasma progesterone concentration was first observed at 6 h after treatment (P < 0.05). Apoptotic cells were rarely observed in the CL at 0 h (less than 0.7%), and their incidence increased (P < 0.01) by 12 h post-PGF2alpha (11.7%) and remained thereafter elevated through 48 h. Activities of SOD1, SOD2, GPX and GSR were not changed at any time points after PGF2alpha treatment. CAT activity increased at 12 h (P < 0.01) and at 24 h (P < 0.05) after PGF2alpha treatment as compared to that at 0 h. These findings demonstrate that PGF2alpha induce luteal cell death without depressing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It is suggested that transient increase in CAT activity is an adaptive response of the CL to oxidative stress induced by PGF2alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Garrel
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Stress Oxydant, Département de Biologie Intégrée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, France
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15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 rescues PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1: Potential roles of Akt and ERK1/2. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1577-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chang JY, Tsai PF. Prevention of methylmercury-induced mitochondrial depolarization, glutathione depletion and cell death by 15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J(2). Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:1054-61. [PMID: 18778734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental toxin that causes severe neurological complications in humans and experimental animals. In addition to neurons, glia in the central nervous system are very susceptible to MeHg toxicity. Pretreatment of glia with the prostaglandin derivative, 15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), caused a significant protection against MeHg cytotoxicity. Results with the C6 glioma cells demonstrated that the protection was dependent on the duration of pretreatment, suggesting that time was required for the up-regulation of cellular defenses. Subsequent experiments indicated that 15d-PGJ(2) prevented MeHg induced mitochondrial depolarization. Similar protection against MeHg cytotoxicity was observed in primary cultures of mouse glia. Analysis of cellular glutathione (GSH) levels indicated that 15d-PGJ(2) caused an up-regulation of GSH and prevented MeHg-induced GSH depletion. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, completely inhibited the GSH induction by 15d-PGJ(2). However, BSO did not prevent the stabilization of mitochondrial potential and only partially prevented the protection caused by 15d-PGJ(2). While induction of heme oxygenase-1 was implicated in the cytoprotection by 15d-PGJ(2) under some experimental conditions, additional experiments indicated that this enzyme was not involved in the cytoprotection observed in this system. Together, these results suggested that while up-regulation of GSH by 15d-PGJ(2) might help cells to defend against MeHg toxicity, there may be other yet unidentified mechanism(s) initiated by 15d-PGJ(2) treatment that contributed to its protection against MeHg cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y Chang
- Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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25
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The role of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, in tumor angiogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1544-53. [PMID: 18771658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear hormone receptor, is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), an endogenous ligand of PPARgamma, has multifaceted cellular functions. Angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic and neoplastic disorders, especially cancer. 15d-PGJ(2) is involved in regulation of angiogenic mediators including vascular endothelial growth factor and hence participates in the blood vessel formation by means of angiogenesis. However, depending on the experimental conditions, this cyclopentenone prostaglandin can exert opposite effects on angiogenesis. 15d-PGJ(2) inhibits angiogenesis via suppression of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, while it also stimulates angiogenesis via induction of heme oxygenase-1, endothelial nitric-oxide synthase, and hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha. The aim of this review is to highlight such dual effects of 15d-PGJ(2) on angiogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Fico A, Manganelli G, Cigliano L, Bergamo P, Abrescia P, Franceschi C, Martini G, Filosa S. 2-deoxy-d-ribose induces apoptosis by inhibiting the synthesis and increasing the efflux of glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:211-7. [PMID: 18472016 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biological system ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or repair the resulting damage. 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib) is known to induce apoptosis by provoking an oxidative stress by depleting glutathione (GSH). In this paper, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying GSH depletion in response to dRib treatment. We demonstrated that the observed GSH depletion is not only due to inhibition of synthesis, by inhibiting gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase, but also due to its increased efflux, by the activity of multidrug resistance associated proteins transporters. We conclude that dRib interferes with GSH homeostasis and that likely cellular oxidative stress is a consequence of GSH depletion. Various GSH fates, such as direct oxidation, lack of synthesis or of storage, characterize different kinds of oxidative stress. In the light of our observations we conclude that dRib does not induce GSH oxidation but interferes with GSH synthesis and storage. Lack of GSH allows accumulation of ROS and cells, disarmed against oxidative insults, undergo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Fico
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati Traverso, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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27
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Lu SC. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2008; 30:42-59. [PMID: 18601945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1373] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous intracellular peptide with diverse functions that include detoxification, antioxidant defense, maintenance of thiol status, and modulation of cell proliferation. GSH is synthesized in the cytosol of all mammalian cells in a tightly regulated manner. The major determinants of GSH synthesis are the availability of cysteine, the sulfur amino acid precursor, and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). GCL is composed for a catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunit and they are regulated at multiple levels and at times differentially. The second enzyme of GSH synthesis, GSH synthase (GS) is also regulated in a coordinated manner as GCL subunits and its up-regulation can further enhance the capacity of the cell to synthesize GSH. Oxidative stress is well known to induce the expression of GSH synthetic enzymes. Key transcription factors identified thus far include Nrf2/Nrf1 via the antioxidant response element (ARE), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB). Dysregulation of GSH synthesis is increasingly being recognized as contributing to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions. These include diabetes mellitus, pulmonary fibrosis, cholestatic liver injury, endotoxemia and drug-resistant tumor cells. Manipulation of the GSH synthetic capacity is an important target in the treatment of many of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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28
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Bergamo P, Maurano F, D’Arienzo R, David C, Rossi M. Association between activation of phase 2 enzymes and down-regulation of dendritic cell maturation by c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid. Immunol Lett 2008; 117:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Kim EH, Na HK, Kim DH, Park SA, Kim HN, Song NY, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 induces COX-2 expression through Akt-driven AP-1 activation in human breast cancer cells: a potential role of ROS. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:688-95. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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30
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Burdo J, Schubert D, Maher P. Glutathione production is regulated via distinct pathways in stressed and non-stressed cortical neurons. Brain Res 2007; 1189:12-22. [PMID: 18048013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite-mediated damage has been linked to numerous neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Studies on the toxic effects of peroxynitrite in neurons have focused primarily on adverse effects resulting from the nitration of cellular proteins as the principal mode of toxicity while the consequences of the modulation of kinase pathways by peroxynitrite have received relatively less attention. Our results show that treatment of primary rat neurons with the peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, leads to decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels and cell viability via a novel extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK)/c-Myc phosphorylation pathway and a reduction in the nuclear expression of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) that down-regulate the expression of glutamate cysteine ligase, the rate limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis. The flavonoid fisetin protects against the SIN-1-mediated alterations in ERK/c-Myc phosphorylation, nuclear Nrf2 levels, glutamate cysteine ligase levels, GSH concentration and cell viability. We also show that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase or Raf kinase can increase GSH levels in unstressed primary rat neurons through the same ERK/c-Myc phosphorylation pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that distinct signaling pathways modulate GSH metabolism in unstressed and stressed cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Burdo
- The Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Li MH, Jang JH, Na HK, Cha YN, Surh YJ. Carbon monoxide produced by heme oxygenase-1 in response to nitrosative stress induces expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase in PC12 cells via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Nrf2 signaling. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28577-28586. [PMID: 17681938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701916200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression has been associated with adaptive cytoprotection against a wide array of toxic insults, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated the potential role of carbon monoxide (CO), one of the by-products of the HO-1 reaction, in the adaptive survival response to peroxynitrite-induced PC12 cell death. Upon treatment of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with the peroxynitrite generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), the cellular GSH level decreased initially, but was gradually restored to the basal level. This was accompanied by increased expression of the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH biosynthesis. The SIN-1-induced GCLC up-regulation was preceded by induction of HO-1 and subsequent CO production. Inhibition of HO activity by zinc protoporphyrin IX or knockdown of HO-1 gene expression by small interfering RNA abrogated the up-regulation of GCLC expression and the subsequent GSH restoration induced by SIN-1. In contrast, additional exposure to the CO-releasing molecule (CO-RM) restored the GSH level previously reduced by inhibition of CO production using zinc protoporphyrin IX. Furthermore, CO-RM treatment up-regulated GCLC expression through activation of Nrf2. The CO-RM-induced activation of Nrf2 was under the control of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. In conclusion, CO produced by HO-1 rescues PC12 cells from nitrosative stress through induction of GCLC, which is mediated by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and subsequently Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Li
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Jang
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Young-Nam Cha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 382-751, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.
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32
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Bergamo P, Maurano F, Rossi M. Phase 2 enzyme induction by conjugated linoleic acid improves lupus-associated oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:71-9. [PMID: 17561095 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) exhibits anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Its ability to increase total GSH (GSH+GSSG) amount and gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (gammaGCL) protein expression was recently associated with the inhibition of typical pathological signs in MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice (MRL/lpr). In the present study the ability of CLA to modulate oxidative stress and phase 2 enzyme activity in the same animal model was investigated. Disease severity was associated with age-dependent production of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA IgGs) and with enhanced extent of oxidative stress markers: reduced total GSH, increased protein 3-nitrotyrosines (3-NT), and protein-bound carbonyl (PC) amounts. To examine the effect of CLA on antioxidant status, CLA or olive oil (as control) was administered to pregnant MRL/lpr mice. Significantly higher total GSH and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) levels were measured in serum of CLA-treated dams (and their pups), as compared with controls. Finally, the antioxidant and chemopreventive properties of CLA were investigated in old MRL/lpr mice. Sera of CLA-treated mice contained higher concentrations of total GSH which were negatively correlated with the levels of oxidative stress markers. Moreover, increased GSH, gammaGCL, glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activities were measured in liver and spleen of CLA-treated animals. In conclusion our data indicate that the activation of detoxifying enzymes may be one of the mechanisms whereby dietary CLA down-regulates oxidative stress in MRL/lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bergamo
- Istituto di Scienze dell' Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISA), via Roma 52, 83100, Avellino, Italy.
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33
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Saito Y, Nishio K, Numakawa Y, Ogawa Y, Yoshida Y, Noguchi N, Niki E. Protective effects of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2against glutamate-induced cell death in primary cortical neuron cultures: induction of adaptive response and enhancement of cell tolerance primarily through up-regulation of cellular glutathione. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1625-1634. [PMID: 17697048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that reactive oxygen species, including a variety of lipid oxidation products and other physiologically existing oxidative stimuli, can induce an adaptive response and enhance cell tolerance. In the present study, by using cultured cortical neurons, we investigated the effect of electrophilic lipids, such as 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) against the cell death induced by H(2)O(2) and glutamate. Pre-treatment with both 15d-PGJ(2) and 4-HNE at sublethal concentrations resulted in a significant protective effect against oxidative stress, and 15d-PGJ(2), in particular, exhibited a complete protective effect against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death. Pre-treatment with 15d-PGJ(2) increased the intracellular glutathione (GSH) as well as the gene expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis. 15d-PGJ(2) protected cells from glutamate-induced GSH depletion, while the inhibition of cellular GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine abolished the adaptive response induced by 15d-PGJ(2). These findings indicate that at low levels, 15d-PGJ(2) acts as a potent survival mediator against glutamate-induced insults via the induction of an adaptive response primarily through the up-regulation of the intracellular GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Saito
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Nishio
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Numakawa
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Noguchi
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuo Niki
- Human Stress Signal Research Center (HSSRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka, JapanLaboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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Aquilano K, Filomeni G, Di Renzo L, Vito MD, Stefano CD, Salimei PS, Ciriolo MR, Marfè G. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are involved in sorbitol-induced apoptosis of human erithroleukaemia cells K562. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:452-60. [PMID: 17454127 DOI: 10.1080/10715760601134459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that production of both reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species is a very early event related to treatment with hyperosmotic concentration of sorbitol. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was paralleled by the increase of the mRNA and protein level of the inducible form of the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). ROS and RNS enhancement, process concomitant to the failure of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential (DeltaPsi), was necessary for the induction of apoptosis as demonstrated by the protection against sorbitol-mediated toxicity observed after treatment with ROS scavengers or NOS inhibitors. The synergistic action of ROS and RNS was finally demonstrated by pre-treatment with rosmarinic acid that, by powerfully buffering both these species, prevents impairment of DeltaPsi and cell death. Overall results suggest that the occurrence of apoptosis upon sorbitol treatment is an event mediated by oxidative/nitrosative stress rather than a canonical hyperosmotic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
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Bergamo P, Luongo D, Maurano F, Mazzarella G, Stefanile R, Rossi M. Conjugated linoleic acid enhances glutathione synthesis and attenuates pathological signs in MRL/MpJ-Faslpr mice. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2382-91. [PMID: 16877747 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600187-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a naturally occurring peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) ligand, exhibits proapoptotic, immunomodulatory, and anticancer properties. In this study, we examined the biological effects of CLA administration in the MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mouse, an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We found that CLA exerted apparently opposed activities in in vitro experiments, depending on its concentration: 100 microM CLA downregulated IFN gamma synthesis and cell proliferation of splenocytes, in association with apoptosis induction and a decrease of intracellular thiols (GSH + GSSG), whereas 25 microM CLA did not significantly influence cell proliferation but enhanced the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and intracellular GSH concentration. Interestingly, the antiproliferative effect at 100 microM was not inhibited by the PPAR gamma antagonist GW9662. In vivo, CLA administration drastically reduced SLE signs (splenomegaly, autoantibodies, and cytokine synthesis), a condition paralleled by the enhancement of GCLC expression and intracellular GSH content. Moreover, CLA administration significantly downregulated nuclear factor kappaB activity independent of PPAR gamma activation and apoptosis induction. In conclusion, enhanced GSH content and GCLC expression in CLA-treated mice suggest a novel biochemical mechanism underlying its immunomodulatory activity and the beneficial effects on murine SLE signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bergamo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy.
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Li MH, Cha YN, Surh YJ. Peroxynitrite induces HO-1 expression via PI3K/Akt-dependent activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 in PC12 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1079-91. [PMID: 16962933 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant produced by rapid interaction between superoxide anion and nitric oxide radicals and induces oxidative stress and cell death. Treatment of PC12 cells with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a generator of peroxynitrite, induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant cytoprotective enzyme. Inhibition of the HO activity by zinc protoporphyrin IX or knockdown of HO-1 gene expression with siRNA exacerbated the SIN-1-induced apoptosis. After SIN-1 treatment, there was a time-related increase in nuclear localization and subsequent binding of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE). Transfection of PC12 cells with dominant-negative Nrf2 abolished the SIN-1-induced increase in Nrf2-ARE binding and subsequent upregulation of HO-1 expression, leading to enhanced cell death. Upon exposure of PC12 cells to SIN-1, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity was increased in a time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of cells with LY294002, a pharmacologic inhibitor of PI3K or transfection with the kinase-dead mutant Akt abrogated the SIN-1-induced Nrf2 activation and HO-1 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that peroxynitrite activates Nrf2 via PI3K/Akt signaling and enhances Nrf2-ARE binding, which leads to upregulation of HO-1 expression. The SIN-1-induced HO-1 upregulation may confer the adaptive survival response against nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Li
- National Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Li MH, Cha YN, Surh YJ. Carbon monoxide protects PC12 cells from peroxynitrite-induced apoptotic death by preventing the depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:984-90. [PMID: 16598857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in catalyzing heme degradation into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide (CO), serves as a protective enzyme against oxidative and nitrosative stresses. In the present study, we investigated the cytoprotective effects of HO-1 upregulation and its product CO against the peroxynitrite-induced PC12 cell death. PC12 cells treated with 3-morphoinosydonimine (SIN-1), a generator of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), underwent apoptotic cell death as evidenced by dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim), release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytoplasm, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and fragmentation of internucleosomal DNA. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with a low non-toxic concentration of SIN-1 (0.5 mM) induced HO-1 expression and abrogated the cell death caused by subsequent challenge with high dose SIN-1 (2.5 mM). Furthermore, pretreatment of PC12 cells with SnCl2, a potent inducer of HO-1 expression, increased endogenous production of CO (HO activity) and rescued the PC12 cells from peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis. The cytoprotective effect of SnCl2 was abolished when the HO activity was inhibited by zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX). PC12 cells treated directly with the CO-releasing molecule, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer ([Ru(CO)3Cl2]2) became tolerant to the depolarization of DeltaPsim and apoptosis induced by high dose peroxynitrite. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the adaptive protection against peroxynitrite-induced apoptotic death in PC12 cells is mediated by CO formed as a consequence of HO-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Li
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Chen ZH, Yoshida Y, Saito Y, Sekine A, Noguchi N, Niki E. Induction of adaptive response and enhancement of PC12 cell tolerance by 7-hydroxycholesterol and 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 through up-regulation of cellular glutathione via different mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14440-5. [PMID: 16565077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600260200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests an adaptive response induced by reactive oxygen species and other physiologically existing oxidative stimuli. We have recently reported that a variety of lipid peroxidation products at sublethal concentrations could induce adaptive response and enhance PC12 cell tolerance, although the detailed underlying molecular mechanisms have not been clearly clarified. In the present study, we found that both 7-hydroxycholesterol (7-OHCh) and 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) at sublethal concentrations significantly increased the cellular GSH as well as the enzyme activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis. Depletion of cellular GSH by buthionine sulfoximine completely abolished the adaptive response. Interestingly, treatment with 15d-PGJ2 significantly increased the gene expression of both subunits of GCL in an NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent manner, whereas neither 7-OHCh induced any considerable changes on the GCL gene expression nor did the Nrf2-small interfering RNA treatment exert any appreciable effects on the GSH elevation and subsequent adaptive response induced by 7-OHCh. These results demonstrate that the adaptive response induced by both 7-OHCh and 15d-PGJ2 is mediated similarly through the up-regulation of GSH but via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Chen
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan.
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Jawerbaum A, Higa R, White V, Capobianco E, Pustovrh C, Sinner D, Martínez N, González E. Peroxynitrites and impaired modulation of nitric oxide concentrations in embryos from diabetic rats during early organogenesis. Reproduction 2006; 130:695-703. [PMID: 16264098 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes significantly increases the risk of congenital malformation, a syndrome known as diabetic embryopathy. Nitric oxide (NO), implicated in embryogenesis, has been found elevated in embryos from diabetic rats during organogenesis. The developmental signaling molecules endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 15-deoxy delta(12,14)prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) downregulate embryonic NO levels. In the presence of NO and superoxide, formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite may occur. Therefore, we investigated peroxynitrite-induced damage, ET-1 and 15dPGJ2 concentrations, and the capability of ET-1, 15dPGJ2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to regulate NO production in embryos from severely diabetic rats (streptozotocin-induced before pregnancy). We found intense nitrotyrosine immunostaining (an index of peroxynitrite-induced damage) in neural folds, neural tube and developing heart of embryos from diabetic rats (P < 0.001 vs controls). We also found reduced ET-1 (P < 0.001) and 15dPGJ2 (P < 0.001) concentrations in embryos from diabetic rats when compared with controls. In addition, the inhibitory effect of ET-1, 15dPGJ2 and PGE2 on NO production found in control embryos was not observed in embryos from severely diabetic rats. In conclusion, both the demonstrated peroxynitrite-induced damage and the altered levels and function of multiple signaling molecules involved in the regulation of NO production provide supportive evidence of nitrosative stress in diabetic embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jawerbaum
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Serrano 669, (C1414DEM) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chen ZH, Yoshida Y, Saito Y, Noguchi N, Niki E. Adaptive response induced by lipid peroxidation products in cell cultures. FEBS Lett 2005; 580:479-83. [PMID: 16386737 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive response induced by the lipid peroxidation products, such as phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide, lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 7-hydroxycholesterol, and cholesterol 5beta,6beta-epoxide, was investigated in this study. Although these products have been implicated in oxidative stress-related diseases, pretreatment with such compounds at sublethal concentrations significantly protected PC12 cells against subsequent oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Moreover, 4-HNE and LysoPC also exhibited adaptive protection in human arterial endothelial cells. These findings suggest a general hormetic effect of such compounds in cell cultures and may lead to a reappraisal of the eventual role of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Chen
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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41
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Zhou W, Freed CR. DJ-1 up-regulates glutathione synthesis during oxidative stress and inhibits A53T alpha-synuclein toxicity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:43150-8. [PMID: 16227205 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is the third gene that has been linked to Parkinson disease. Mutations in the DJ-1 gene cause early onset PD with autosomal recessive inheritance. To clarify the mechanism of DJ-1 protection, we have overexpressed the gene in cultured dopaminergic cells that were then subjected to chemical stress. In the rat dopaminergic cell line, N27, and in primary dopamine neurons, overexpression of wild type DJ-1 protected cells from death induced by hydrogen peroxide and 6-hydroxydopamine. Overexpressing the L166P mutant DJ-1 had no protective effect. By contrast, knocking down endogenous DJ-1 with antisense DJ-1 rendered cells more susceptible to oxidative damage. We have found that DJ-1 improves survival by increasing cellular glutathione levels through an increase in the rate-limiting enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase. Blocking glutathione synthesis eliminated the beneficial effect of DJ-1. Protection could be restored by adding exogenous glutathione. Wild type DJ-1 reduced cellular reactive oxygen species and reduced the levels of protein oxidation caused by oxidative stress. By a separate mechanism, overexpressing wild type DJ-1 inhibited the protein aggregation and cytotoxicity usually caused by A53T human alpha-synuclein. Under these circumstances, DJ-1 increased the level of heat shock protein 70 but did not change the glutathione level. Our data indicate that DJ-1 protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress through up-regulation of glutathione synthesis and from the toxic consequences of mutant humanalpha-synuclein through increased expression of heat shock protein 70. We conclude that DJ-1 has multiple specific mechanisms for protecting dopamine neurons from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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42
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Chen ZH, Saito Y, Yoshida Y, Sekine A, Noguchi N, Niki E. 4-Hydroxynonenal induces adaptive response and enhances PC12 cell tolerance primarily through induction of thioredoxin reductase 1 via activation of Nrf2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41921-7. [PMID: 16219762 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508556200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is one of the major end products of lipid peroxidation. It has been widely accepted that 4-HNE can induce oxidative stress, implicating into extensive stress-related diseases. In the present study, however, 4-HNE was found to exert adaptive cytoprotective effect at low concentrations, which was primarily through induction of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) via transcriptional activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Pretreatment with 4-HNE at sublethal concentrations significantly protected PC12 cells against the subsequent oxidative cell death induced by H2O2 and 6-hydroxydopamine. The cellular antioxidative glutathione system did not show any considerable changes, whereas the TR1 activity as well as the mRNA level was significantly elevated by the 4-HNE treatment. Cells treated with TR1 small interfering RNA exhibited less resistance to oxidative stress, and the adaptive response was completely abolished. The Nrf2 was transcriptionally activated by 4-HNE. Cells treated with Nrf2-small interfering RNA exerted lower constitutive levels of TR1 and exhibited less resistance to oxidative stress, and the 4-HNE-induced TR1 expression and subsequent adaptive response were again abolished in such cells. Treatment with 4-HNE at the adaptive concentration induced transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and Akt/protein kinase B. Pharmacological inhibition of both these kinase pathways effectively attenuated 4-HNE-induced TR1 expression and subsequent adaptive protection. The above findings, taken together, suggest that stimulation with 4-HNE at sublethal concentrations induces adaptive response and enhances cell tolerance, primarily through induction of TR1 via transcriptional activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby protecting cells against the forthcoming oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Chen
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577.
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43
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Rahman I. Regulation of glutathione in inflammation and chronic lung diseases. Mutat Res 2005; 579:58-80. [PMID: 16054171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, a major cause of cell damage, is the hallmark for lung inflammation. Glutathione (GSH), a ubiquitous tripeptide thiol, is a vital intra- and extra-cellular protective antioxidant against oxidative stress, which plays a key role in the control of signaling and pro-inflammatory processes in the lungs. The rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis is glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL). GSH is essential for development as GCL knock-out mouse died from apoptotic cell death. The promoter (5'-flanking) region of human GCL is regulated by activator protein-1 (AP-1) and antioxidant response element (ARE), and are modulated by oxidants, phenolic antioxidants, growth factors, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents in various cells. Recent evidences have indicated that Nrf2 protein, which binds to the erythroid transcription factor (NF-E2) binding sites, and its interaction with other oncoproteins such as c-Jun, Jun D, Fra1 and Maf play a key role in the regulation of GCL. Alterations in alveolar and lung GSH metabolism are widely recognized as a central feature of many chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Knowledge of the mechanisms of GSH regulation could lead to the pharmacological manipulation of the production and/or gene transfer of this important antioxidant in lung inflammation and injury. This article describes the role of AP-1 and ARE in the regulation of cellular GSH biosynthesis and assesses the potential protective and therapeutic role of glutathione in oxidant-induced lung injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Division of Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Musiek ES, Milne GL, McLaughlin BA, Morrow JD. Cyclopentenone eicosanoids as mediators of neurodegeneration: a pathogenic mechanism of oxidative stress-mediated and cyclooxygenase-mediated neurotoxicity. Brain Pathol 2005; 15:149-58. [PMID: 15912888 PMCID: PMC2881556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of cyclooxygenase enzymes in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions. Similarly, oxidative stress is believed to be a major contributor to many forms of neurodegeneration. These 2 distinct processes are united by a common characteristic: the generation of electrophilic cyclopentenone eicosanoids. These cyclopentenone compounds are defined structurally by the presence of an unsaturated carbonyl moiety in their prostane ring, and readily form Michael adducts with cellular thiols, including those found in glutathione and proteins. The cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) PGA2, PGJ2, and 15-deoxy-delta(12,14) PGJ2, enzymatic products of cyclooxygenase-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism, exert a complex array of potent neurodegenerative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Cyclopentenone isoprostanes (A2/J2-IsoPs), products of non-enzymatic, free radical-mediated arachidonate oxidation, are also highly bioactive, and can exert direct neurodegenerative effects. In addition, cyclopentenone products of docosahexaenoic acid oxidation (cyclopentenone neuroprostanes) are also formed abundantly in the brain. For the first time, the formation and biological actions of these various classes of reactive cyclopentenone eicosanoids are reviewed, with emphasis on their potential roles in neurodegeneration. The accumulating evidence suggests that the formation of cyclopentenone eicosanoids in the brain may represent a novel pathogenic mechanism, which contributes to many neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beth Ann McLaughlin
- Departments of Pharmacology and
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
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45
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Fuenzalida KM, Aguilera MC, Piderit DG, Ramos PC, Contador D, Quiñones V, Rigotti A, Bronfman FC, Bronfman M. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Is a Novel Target of the Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in PC12 Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9604-9. [PMID: 15632188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409447200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is subject to considerable interest because of its role in adipocyte differentiation, metabolic control, and anti-inflammatory action. PPARgamma research in brain cells is presently focused on glial PPARgamma because of its potential as a pharmacological target in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory component. In neurons PPARgamma function is far from clear, and PPARgamma agonist-dependent and -independent effects on cell survival or differentiation have been reported. We used PC12 cells, widely used to study neuronal signaling, such as nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation and survival or epidermal growth factor-dependent cell proliferation to dissect the possible involvement of PPARgamma in these pathways. We show that NGF but not epidermal growth factor increases the transcriptional activity of PPARgamma, and modulates the expression of this transcription factor. Because NGF signals through the tyrosine kinase (TrkA) NGF receptor and/or the p75NTR receptor, we used rescue experiments with a PC12 cell mutant lacking TrkA to show that NGF-induced PPARgamma activation is dependent on TrkA activation. Our results point out PPARgamma as a novel target of the TrkA-mediated neuronal cell survival and differentiating pathway and suggest a potential new inflammatory-independent therapeutic approach for pharmacological intervention in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Fuenzalida
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología and Millennium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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